Construction Activities

PROJECT FLOW CHART

PROJECT

SUB STRUCTURE

PLANNING

PRE CONSTRUCTION

RAFT SLAB

SUPER STRUCTURE

DESIGNING

CONSTRUCTION

FOOTING

DRAWING

POST CONSTRUCTION

STEEL

ARCHITECTURAL

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PROJECT PLANNING In planning phase, plan is made and strategies are set, taking into consideration the company policies, procedures and rules Planning provides direction, unifying frame work, performance standards, and helps to reveal future opportunities and threats In Planning, the following steps are followed.  The Objectives of the projects in definite words  Goals and stages intermediate to attain the final target  Forecast and means of achieving goals i.e., activities.  Organization resources-financial, managerial and operational-to carry out activities and to determine what is feasible and what is not.  Alternatives-individual courses of action that will allow accomplishing goals.  For consistency with company’s policies  An alternative which is not only consistent with its goals and concept but also one that can be accomplished with the evaluated resources.  Decision on a Plan

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Forward Planning  Planner starts from the initial event and builds up the events and activities logically and sequentially until the end event is reached.  What event comes next?  What are dependent events?  What events can take place concurrently? Backward Planning  The planner starts with the end event, and arranges the events and activities until the initial event is reached.  The planner asks himself “if we want to achieve this, what events or activities should have taken place? Combined Planning  Combination of both forward planning and backward planning.  At any stage the planner may need to traverse the network back and forth several times until it is found to be satisfactory.  Questions of the Planner  What event or events must be completed before the particular event can start?  What event or events follow this?  What activities can be accomplished simultaneously Resource Classification  Manpower  Material  Machine  Time  Money

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PROJECT SCHEDULING  Scheduling is the allocation of resources  Resources in conceptual sense are time & energy but in practical sense are the time, manpower, equipment applied to material.  Scheduling is the process of formalizing the planned functions, assigning the starting and completion dates to each activity which proceeds in a logical sequence and in an orderly and systematic manner. In Scheduling, the following steps are followed.  Detailed control information is to be calculated.  Timings to events & activities are assigned  Consideration must be given to resources generally concerned with those resources whose availability is limited and which there by impose a constraint on the project. Important ones are skilled, technical and supervisory manpower and capital investment  Resource Allocation

PROJECT CONTROLLING  This phase is carried during the execution of the project.  The difference between the scheduled performance and actual performance are reviewed once the project starts.  Project control is established to determine deviations from the basic plan, to determine the precise effect of these deviations on the plan, and to replan and reschedule to compensate for the deviations. In Controlling, the following steps are followed.  The Standards and targets are established and targets are generally exposed in terms of time.

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 Performance is measured against the standards set down in the first step.  The Deviations from the standard are identified

SUB STRUCTURE “EXCAVATION” is the preliminary activity of the construction project. It starts from the pits for the building foundations and continues up to the handing over of the project. Materials and Tools Used: The following are the materials used for the earthwork for foundation. 1. Spade, 2. Kassi, 3. Pick Axe, 4. Crow Bar, 5. Rammer, 6. Wedge, 7. Boning Rod, 8. Sledge Hammer, 9. Basket, 10. Iron Pan, 11. Line and Pins Drawings Required 1. Centerline Drawing 2. Layout Plan Size of Foundation a. For Main Walls 4’0” Depth b. For Partition Walls 2’0” Depth

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Scope of the work:  Setting out of corner benchmarks.  Survey for ground levels.  Survey for top levels  Excavation to approved depth.  Dressing of loose soil.  Making up to cut off level  Constructing dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches.  Marking boundaries of the building.  Constructing protection bunds and drains Working Procedure  The extent of soil and rock strata is found by making trial pits in the construction site. The excavation and depth is decided according to the following guidelines in the site i.

For Isolated footing the depth to be one and half times the width of the foundation

ii.

For adjacent footings with clear spacing less than twice the width (i.e.) one and half times the length

iii.

1.5m in general and 3.5 m in black cotton soils

In this site open foundation pits for columns and trenches for CR Masonry was carried out. The maximum depth was upto 3m. Setting out or ground tracing is the process of laying down the excavation lines and center lines etc. on the ground before the excavation is started. The center line of the longest outer wall of the building is marked on the ground by stretching a string between wooden or mild steel pegs. Each peg may be

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projected about 25 to 50 mm form the ground level and 2m from the edge of the excavation. The boundary is marked with the lime powder. The center lines of other walls are marked perpendicular to the longer walls. A right angle can be formed by forming 3, 4 and 5 triangles. Similarly, outer lines of the foundation trench of each cross walls and are set out Removal of Excess Soil  Estimate the excavated stuff to be re-utilized in filling, gardening, preparing roads, etc.As far as possible try to carry excavation and filling simultaneously to avoid double handling. Select and stack the required material in such a place that it should not obstruct other construction activities. The excess or unwanted material should immediately be carried away and disposed off by employing any of the following methods. 

Departmental labour.



Tractor.



Trucks.

QUALITY CHECKS FOR EXCAVATION  Recording initial ground level and check size of bottom.  Disposal of unsuitable material for filling.  Stacking suitable material for backfilling to avoid double handling.  Strata classification approval by competent authority.  Dressing bottom and sides of pits as per drawing with respect to centerline.  Necessary safety measures observed. QUALITY CHECKS FOR FILLING  Recording initial ground level

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 Sample is approved for back filling.  Necessary marking/ reference points are established for final level of backfilling.  Back filling is being carried out in layers (15cm to 20cm).  Required watering, compaction is done.  Required density is achieved.

PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE (PCC) Materials and Tools used  Auto level instrument

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1 Nos

 Wooden /Steel rammer

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1 Nos

 Mixer machine

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1 Nos

Scope of work  Verifying levels and dimension  Ramming the earth surface  Placing the concrete.  Ramming and finishing the concrete surface Working Procedure  Excavation levels and dimensions to be checked as per drawings. Remove all the loose earth from the pits. Do water sprinkling and ramming the cleaned surface of pit by mechanical rammer. Do the shuttering by planks and runners wherever if necessary. Mix the concrete with required proportion and water cement ratio by mechanical mixer machine and place the same in to pits. Poured surface to be rammed and finished smoothly

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ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT Materials and Tools used Chemicals Used  Dildrin  Aldrin  Heptachlor  Chlordane  Chloropyripas  20 EC Equipment  Crow bar  Measuring Jar  Plastic drums 20-lit capacity.  Pouring Jar  Sprayer Working Procedure  The anti termite treatment will be done by an approved specialized agency. The earth surface to be cleaned from wooden and any other

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garbage Particles. The entire surface should be leveled to the required elevation. Making 30 cms deep holes at an interval of 15 cms will do the treatment. An emulsion of correct concentration (as mentioned in manufacturer’s specification) shall be made by adding water to the chemical. This emulsion shall be poured in the holes by pouring jars and sprayed the surface by using pressure pumps and sprayers and allowed to get soaked through the holes fully. The left out 1m external for disturbed after the treatment.

FOOTING CONCRETE Materials and Tools Used: Cement, CA, FA, Vibrators, Concrete Mixer Machine and other tools mentioned above. Drawings Required Center line Drawing, Structural Detail Drawing and Working Drawing Size of Footing Based upon the structural design of the building. Working Procedure  In this case the footing consists of a simple concrete block projecting out from the column face on all sides. The shape of the footing is kept same as the column so that equal projection is obtained for the base concrete. This offset may be 15 cm. As a thumb rule, the base dimension of the concrete base should not be less than twice the appropriate lateral dimension of the column in that direction.

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PLINTH AND BACK FILLING OF FOOTING Preparation  The ground over which the filling has to be done should be cleaned off all grass, loose stones, rubbish of all kinds etc. If there is water in the area, it should be pumped or bailed out.  If the plinth depth doesn’t exceed 45cm above ground level and if the exposed ground is B.C. soil, then remove the BC soil completely to avoid uneven settlement of the flooring.  Select the refilling material from the excavated stuff and stock it separately for reuse.  Estimate the quantity of refilling in the plinth and in pits. Judge the quantity of material available.  Place the order for any further refilling material required.  Engage laborers for refilling.  Keep all tools for refilling and compaction ready. Filling, consolidation & compaction  The sides of concrete and masonry in foundation trenches or in the column pits should be filled with suitable excavated material. Filling should be done in layers, and compacted with steel rammer or with wooden logs.  The approved excavated material, which has been stocked, shall be cleaned of all rubbish, large size stone, vegetation etc.  Filling should be done in layers each layer being of 15cm to 20cm.  Each layer is watered and compacted with heavy rammers of wooden logs or steel.  If the area of refilling is large then either electric operated or fuel operated compactors are used to compact the filling material.

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 The process of filling in plinth, watering and compaction shall be carried out till the required level is reached so as to form a thoroughly compacted base.  While compacting due care is taken to protect the foundation columns, plinth walls, etc., which are already constructed.  If the depth of filling exceeds more than 1m then for economy purpose building rabbit may be allowed as a filling material for further depth, the procedure being the same.  Under no circumstances black cotton soil shall be used for filling in plinth and footing pits.

PCC FOR FLOORING Working Procedure  After completing the filling and consolidation the surface is left for drying. And after it gets dry the top surface is leveled using earth rammer. The base course may be 7.5 to 10 cm tk in cement concrete (1:4:8). The base concrete is laid over well compacted soil, compacted properly and leveled to rough surface. It is properly cured. When the concrete has hardened, its surface is brushed with stiff broom and cleaned thoroughly. It is wetted the previous night and the excess water is grained

SUPER STRUCTURE RCC COLUMNS Materials and Machinery used  Batching plant.  Transit mixer  Concrete pump

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 Vibrators  Chute and C I Pipes. Scope  Marking the columns  Placing the reinforcement  Form work for columns  Placing the concrete Erection of Column  The size of column to be marked and checked  Form work consists of plywood board / Wall forms with rigid supports by Jacks/tubes.  Reinforcement shall be cut and placed as per the structural drawings and approved bar bending Schedules. Specified cover blocks should be provided at regular spacing and intervals. Cover blocks should be tied with reinforcement by using binding wires for preventing misplacement from its location during concreting

RCC BEAM Materials and Machinery Used  Batching plant.  Transit mixer  Concrete pump  Vibrators  Chute and C I Pipes. Scope of the work

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 Marking the grade beams  Placing the reinforcement  Form work for grade beams  Placing the concrete Erection of beam  The size of grade beam to be marked and checked  Form work consists of plywood board / Wall forms with rigid supports by Jacks/tubes.  Reinforcement shall be cut and placed as per the structural drawings and approved bar bending Schedules. Specified cover blocks should be provided at regular spacing and intervals. Cover blocks should be tied with reinforcement by using binding wires for preventing misplacement from its location during concreting. Placing of concrete 1. Verify the marking, steel reinforcements and formwork and get approvals from clients by using concrete pour cards. 2. As the Grade beam to be casted monolithic with column and the grades of the concrete are different, we follow the following procedure.

BRICK WORK IN SUPERSTRUCTURE Working Procedure All the bricks to use in construction are soaked well in water so that they don’t absorb water from the mortar. Mortar is spread on the top of the foundation course over an area to be covered by the edges of the wall. The corner of the wall is constructed first. The excess mortar from the sides will squeeze out, which is cleaned off with trowel. The level and the alignment are checked. If the brick is 14

not in level, they are pressed gently further. After having laid the first course at the corner, mortar is laid and spread over the first course and the end stretcher is laid first and hammered it on the laid mortar. Perpends must be kept vertical. This should be checked, as the work proceeds with the help of straight edge and square. After having constructed the wall, jointing and pointing is done.

LINTEL CONCRETE Working procedure RCC lintels have replaced practically all other types of lintel because of its strength and rigidity, fire resistance and economy and ease of construction. This can be used for any span. Its width is kept equal to the width of the wall. The depth of RCC lintel and the reinforcement depends upon the span and the magnitude of loading. Longitudinal reinforcement consisting of MS bars is provided near the bottom to take up the tensile stress. Half of these bars are however cranked up near the ends. Shear stirrups are provided to resist transverse shear.

RCC SLAB CASTING Materials and Machinery used  Batching plant.  Transit mixer  Concrete pump  Vibrators  Chute and CI Pipes

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Scope of the work  Marking the slab  Placing the reinforcement  Form work for slab  Placing the concrete

Reinforcement It shall be as per BBS prepared according to approved drawing. The R/F shifting and binding shall be started as soon as shuttering is completed. R/F binding shall continue as formwork and shuttering work is progresses. Concreting Construction joint The construction joint shall be pre decided and fixed prior to start of the concreting. It is planned to have two construction joints for main building as decided. In case of major break down of the Batching plant, the additional Construction joint may be left. The location of the construction joint shall be at the one-third span. Construction joint shall be straight and have profile of ‘L’shape so that successive layer of concrete shall be perfectly bonded with previous laid layer. Preparation of construction joint shall include roughening, removing all laitance adhering to the joint and application of thick slurry before start of the new concrete. Production and placement of concrete.

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Stock of material shall be sufficient to start the concrete. It shall be ensured by stores/purchase dept that concreting is not stopped on account of materials. All plant and machinery are checked and made in working conditions. Concrete of grade M-25 shall be produced from our batching plant and directly pumped to the location of concrete placement through the pipeline. The pouring sequence shall be from grid A towards construction joint. Since the grade of concrete for column is M-40 and surrounding concrete is M-25, sufficient offset around column shall be casted with M-40.The offset dimensions shall be provided by PMC. Proper walkways/platforms shall be arranged so that the supports of the pipeline and manpower are not directly stand on reinforcement. Sufficient carpenters along with supervisor shall inspect the behavior of supports below the slab during the casting. Extra Props shall be stocked below slab to provide additional supports in case of any failure of supports. Curing The curing shall be started immediately after thumb set of the concrete laid. Hessian clothe /Plastic shall be covered over the set concrete to reduce moisture evaporation from the concrete during hardening and thus to minimize shrinkage crazy cracks. These cracks are inheriting property of the concrete specially appears during casting of flat surfaces. Final curing shall be done by ponding and stacking water for minimum period of 7 days.

QUALITY CONTROL MEASURES

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 Study duties responsibilities, Tender specification, standards, codes of practice and work instruction.  Evolve

effective

acceptance/rejection

procedures

for

construction

materials in coordination with the project purchase department.  Do proper sampling and testing of steel, cement, concrete, aggregates, water, etc., and verify test results in view of standards and work specifications prior to their use in construction. Also control quality of electrodes to their use in welding.  Set procedures to control quality at the points of storage for raw materials, mixing and placing of concrete.  Follow the prescribed curing and deshuttering schedules.  Observe procedures to control quality of welded joints of structural steel members.  Evolve a system to check quality of workmanship in all construction activities.  Keep all revised Indian Standards and codes of practice available in QC laboratory and have them handy during discussion with client/consultant.  Maintain sequence of construction required under any activity.  Discuss QA/QC issues as a separate agenda during site review meetings with staff.  Observe regular schedule for maintenance, repairs and calibration of plants and equipments.  Keep spare parts/materials for laboratory equipments weigh batchers, batching plant, etc., always keep spare vibrators ready at site.  Carry work instruction cards in pocket while supervising/inspecting works.  Regularly maintain the formats prescribed under ISO 9002 Quality assurance system  Practice sound house keeping methods to achieve saving, safety and quality.

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SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION  Good house keeping should be maintained at all situations.  Safety hemlets, shoes, belts should be given to the workers to avoid the causes of injuries  Do not interfere with fire fighting equipment and electrical circuits  Proper labour shed has to be provided to the labour  Proper ventilation, lighting facilities, drinking water and sanitary facilities should be provided to the labour  Ensures Implementation of law of the land with respect to safety and health.  Create safety organization with Health and First aid facilities.  Adequate budget.  Standard, quality & timely supply of personnel protective equipment.  Neat based and adequate safety auditing and training to site management team & others  Organization for house keeping and deployment of qualified P& M person.  Incident and injury free work place.  Safety promotional activities.  Availability of recognized health care center.  Adequate provision of fire prevention systems.  No child labour.  No smoking.  Appropriate badges for identification of JMC staffs, contractors and others.  Formation of safety committee.  Workers will be covered under occupation accident policy.  Monitoring of implementation RESPONSIBILITIES OF SAFETY ENGINEER

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 Before commencing any work on site, Safety Officer is appointed who will ensure the safety measures at site  The safety measures to be adopted at the site will be the responsibilities of the Engineer executing the work  The safety officer will go for safety rounds all over the site every day and advise the concerned Supervisor regarding any unsafe act or condition and the remedial action required will be implemented.  Safety trainings will be conducted to all workers and staff before they start their work and as well as at regular intervals.  Those records of trainings will be maintained by safety officer.

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