Constitutional Law 2 Reviewer
March 22, 2017 | Author: Rache Gutierrez | Category: N/A
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CONSTITUTIONAL LAW II
ATTY. SEDFREY CANDELARIA
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW II Finals Reviewer BECAUSE SHARING IS LOVING “A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another By this everyone will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another.” John 13: 34-35
Original Material from CROMBONS (2011-‐2012). Edited by Rachelle Anne Gutierrez (2012-‐2013)
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ARTICLE(III:(BILL(OF(RIGHTS( ( Three(powers(of(government( 1. Eminent)Domain) 2. Police)Power) 3. Taxation) ) Function(of(the(Bill(of(Rights( Guarantees) that) there) are) certain) areas) of) a) person’s) life,) liberty) and) property) which) governmental)power)may)not)touch.)All)the)powers)of)government)are)limited)by)the)Bill)of) Rights.) ) ( SECTION(1.( No( person( shall( be( deprived( of( life,( liberty( or( property( without( due( process( of( law,( nor( shall(any(person(be(denied(the(equal(protection(of(laws.( ( I.(“Person”(refers(to:( 1. Natural)persons) 2. Juridical)persons) 3. Political)subdivisions) ( II.(Right(to(life( • Right(to(a(secure(life) Not)just)a)protection)of)the)right)to)be)alive)or)to)the)security)of)one’s)limb)against) physical)harm.)It’s)also)the)right)to)a)good)life.1) • Right(to(privacy) Right) to) life) also) includes) the) right) to) privacy) whose) essence) is) the) “right) to) be) alone”)Ople(v.(Torres( o The) right) to) privacy) does) not) bar) all) incursions) into) individual) privacy.) The) right)is)not)intended)to)stifle)scientific)and)technological)advancements)that) enhance) public) service) and) the) common) good.) It) merely) requires) that) the) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1
!JOAQUIN!G.!BERNAS,!S.J.,!The!1987!Philippine!Constitution:!A!Comprehensive!Reviewer!25!(2011!ed.)!
law)be)narrowly)focused)and)a)compelling)interest)justifies)such)intrusions.) Intrusions) into) the) right) must) be) accompanied) by) proper) safeguards) and) wellMdefined) standards) to) prevent) unconstitutional) invasions.) We) reiterate) that) any) law) or) order) that) invades) individual) privacy) will) be) subjected) by) this)Court)to)strict)scrutiny.) ( III.(Right(to(liberty( • “…deemed)to)embrace)the)right)of)man)to)enjoy)the)faculties)to)which)he)has)been) endowed) by) his) Creator,) subject) only) to) such) restraints) as) are) necessary) for) the) common)welfare.”2) ( IV.(Right(to(Property( • Includes) all) kinds) of) property) defined) in) the) Civil) Code.) Also) includes) vested) rights) (e.g.)perfected)mining)claim,)final)judgment).( • Right(to(practice(one’s(profession( o Right)to)property)also)includes)the)right)to)work)and)earn)a)living.( o A)profession,)trade)or)calling)is)a)property)right)within)the)meaning)of)our) constitutional) guarantees.) However,) no) right) is) absolute) and) the) proper) regulation) of) such) profession) has) always) been) held) as) a) legitimate) subject) of)a)valid)exercise)of)the)police)power)of)the)state.3) • Licenses) are) mere) privileges) and) not) property) rights) (with) exceptions)) (Mijares( v.( Ranada)( o A) license) is) merely) a) permit) or) privilege) to) do) what) otherwise) would) be) unlawful...it) is) neither) a) property) or) a) property) right,) nor) does) it) create) a) vested)right)(Tan(v.(Dir.(Of(Forestry)) ( V.(Hierarchy(of(Rights( • Those)that)are)mentioned)earlier)in)the)enumeration)are)preferred)but)all)the)rights) are) important) nonetheless.) To) protect) property) is) to) protect) life.) 4) !) Philippines( Blooming(Mills(Employees(Organization(v.(Philippine(Blooming(Mills(Co.,(Inc.) ( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !Rubi!v.!Provincial!Board!of!Mindoro,!G.R.!No.!L814078,!March!7,!1919! !JMM!Promotion!and!Management,!Inc.!v.!Court!of!Appeals,!G.R.!No.120095,!August!5,!1996! 4!JOAQUIN!G.!BERNAS,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!112!(2009!ed.)!! 2 3
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! VI.(Two(Aspects(of(Due(Process( 1. Procedural) !) “law) which) hears) before) it) condemns”1;) proper) procedure) must) be) allowed) before) a) person) is) deprived) of) life,) liberty) and) property;) procedural) fairness.) 2. Substantive( ! ( talks) about) the) substance) of) the) law;) guarantee) against) arbitrariness)(Tupas(v.(CA)) ( Section(1)of)the)Bill(of(Rights((Article(3))states)“no)person)shall)be)deprived)of)life,)liberty,)or) property)without)due)process)of)law.”) ! 2)conditions)to)fall)within)protection)of)the)provision:) 1. There)is)a)deprivation) 2. Deprivation)is)done)without)proper)observance)of)due)process.) ! Procedural)due)process)v.)Substantial)due)process.) ) Procedural(Due(Process( Substantial(Due(Process( Method)or)manner)by)which)law)is) The)law)itself)(not)merely)the)procedures)by) enforced.) which)the)law)would)be)enforced))is)fair,) reasonable,)and)just.) )
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!Daniel!Webster!as!quoted!in!Lopez!v.!Director!of!Lands!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! EQUAL&PROTECTION&OF&LAWS& & I.&STANDARDS&TO&CONFORM&TO&EPL&(SGCE)&(1)&People&v.&Cayat& 1. Rest'on'substantial'distinctions' 2. Be'germane'to'the'purpose'of'law' 3. Not'be'limited'to'existing'conditions' 4. Apply'equally'to'all'members'of'the'same'class' ' II.&General&Points&& • Constitutional'guarantee'of'the'Equality&of&the&Person& • Equality'guarantees:'legal&equality'or'equality&of&all&persons&under&the&law& • Here,'each'individual'is'dealt'with'as'an'equal'person'in'the'law,'which'does'not'treat' the'person'differently'because'of'who'he'is'or'what'he'is'or'what'he'possesses.& & III.&FIRST&REQUISITE:&SUBSTANTIAL&DISTINCTIONS'' • EPC&is¬&absolute'!'the'state'is'given'the'power'to'classify& o It' does' not' deny' the' state' the' power' to' recognize' and' act' upon' factual' difference'between'individuals'and'classes.& • No'valid'classification'can'be'made'without'the'presence'of'a'substantial'distinction.' (16)&Regala&v.&Sandiganbayan;&Dimaporo&v.&HRET;&Biraogo&v.&PTC;&NPC&v.&Pinatubo& & IV.&SECOND&REQUISITE:&GERMANE&TO&THE&PURPOSE&OF&THE&LAW& • The'proviso'of'the'said'law'violates'the'EPC'because'there'is'no'substantial'distinction' present' and' such' classification' is' not' germane' to' the' purpose' of' the' law' GSIS& v.& Montesclaros' ' V.&THIRD&REQUISITE:&NOT&LIMITED&TO&EXISTING&CONDITIONS& • Laws'(in'this'case'an'ordinance)'should'not'target'a'single'and'exclusive'company'in'a' way'that'subsequent'companies'of'the'same'nature'shall'not'be'affected'by'the'law' (6)&Ormoc&Sugar&Central&v.&Ormoc&City& & VI.&FOURTH&REQUISITE:&MUST&APPLY&EQUALLY&TO&ALL&MEMBERS&OF&THE&SAME&CLASS& • Alikes'cannot'be'treated'as'unlikes'Loong&v.&COMELEC' '
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& CASE&LAW& 1.&Alienage& • Alienage' is' a' reasonable' classification' in' the' exercise' of' police' power.' There' is' substantial'distinction'between'aliens'and'nonOaliens.'(2)&Ichong&v.&Hernandez' • A'substantial'distinction'should'be'made'among'aliens'who'are'engaged'in'different' occupations'and'therefore'are'not'on'equal'footing'(3)&Villegas&v.&Hiu&Chong' ' 2.&Election& • There' is' substantial' distinction' between' a' retiree' and' young' blood' in' terms' of' government'work'(4)&Dumlao&v.&COMELEC' • COMELEC' has' the' constitutionally' granted' power' to' enforce' and' administer' all' laws' and'regulations'relative'to'the'conduct'of'an'election;'it'cannot'be'restricted'by'mere' procedural'rules'(19)&Nolasco&v.&COMELEC' • Considering' incumbent' officials' resigned' from' their' office' upon' filing' a' COC' for' another'position'is'not'a'violation'of'the'EPC'because'it'is'germane'to'the'purpose'of' the'law'(29)&Aguinaldo&v.&COMELEC' • COMELEC' may' assign' election' officers' to' other' stations' after' 4' years' to' avoid' corruption'that'might'take'place'(32)&De&Guzman&Jr.&v.&COMELEC' • Appointive' officials' must' be' removed' from' their' position' if' they' choose' to' run' for' elections'since'they'are'prohibited'by'law'to'engage'in'partisan'political'activities'(38)& Fariñas&v.&Executive&Secretary' • There'is'substantial'difference'between'appointive'and'elective'officials'as'the'former' hold' their' office' by' virtue' of' their' designation' thereto' by' an' appointing' authority' while' the' latter' occupy' their' office' by' virtue' of' the' mandate' of' the' electorate' (54)& Quinto&v.&COMELEC' & 3.&Sexual&Discrimination& • Sexual'discrimination'may'be'made'if'the'purpose'is'in'the'nature'of'the'exercise'of' police'power'(in'this'case,'protection'of'women)'(5)&Goesart&v.&Cleary' ' 4.&Government&Powers,&Police&Power& • The' law' can' create' a' valid' classification' between' activities' controlled' and' regulated' by'law'and'those'which'are'not'(in'this'case,'games'of'chance)'(7)&BASCO&v.&PAGCOR&
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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For' the' purpose' of' the' general' welfare' of' people' (moreover' those' who' are' in' the' need)' and' exacting' social' justice,' the' state' can' use' its' police' power' to' create' a' classification'between'the'poor'and'others'(9)&Binay&v.&Domingo& A'gambling'franchise'is'always'subject'to'the'exercise'of'police'power'for'the'public' welfare'(14)&Lim&v.&Pacquing& The'government'may'require'broadcasting'stations'to'allow'them'to'communicate'to' the' public.' This' is' part' of' their' responsibility' under' R.A.& 7252' (25)& TELEBAP& v.& COMELEC& The'VFA'does'not'violate'the'EPC'because'the'certain'exemptions'and'privileges'given' to'US'military'personnel'are'just'to'serve'out'the'agreement’s'purpose'of'promoting' mutual'trust'and'peace'among'the'two'countries'(33)&BAYAN&v.&Zamora& There'is'substantial'basis'for'a'different'treatment'of'a'member'of'a'foreign'military' armed' forces' allowed' to' enter' our' territory' and' all' other' accused' (50)& Nicolas& v.& Romulo& A' motorcycle,' given' its' rather' fragile' characteristics,' may' be' singled' out' by' law' that' intends'to'protect'the'safety'of'the'public'(43)&Mirasol&v.&DPWH& Given' the' presence' of' terrorist' activity,' oil' depots' have' a' substantial' distinction' against'other'industries'because'of'the'severity'of'damage'they'may'cause'(47)&SJS&v.& Atienza& The'cities'enumerated'in'the'cityhood'laws'have'substantial'difference'against'those' not'enumerated'given'their'capability'to'become'component'cities'of'their'respective' provinces'(53)&League&of&Cities&v.&COMELEC&
& 5.&Tax&Classification& • Creating'classifications'for'the'purpose'of'taxation'is'inherent'in'the'taxing'power'of' the' State'(11)& Tolentino& v.& Sec.& of& Finance;& (17)& Sison& Jr.& v.& Ancheta;& (55)& CREBA& v.& Romulo' • The'Congress,'through'its'taxing'power'can'determine'the'extent'of'the'taxing'power' of'LGUs'as'long'as'it'is'consistent'with'the'policy'of'local'autonomy'(37)&PHILRECA&v.& Sec.&of&DILG' & 6.&Criminal&Law,&Litigation& • There' is' substantial' distinction' between' those' who' did' not' commit' any' actionable' wrong' against' those' who' instigated' and' committed' such' wrongs' (8)& Republic& v.&
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Sandiganbayan&et&al.' There'is'substantial'distinction'between'criminally'accused'policemen'and'criminally' accused'other'persons'insofar'as'the'former,'through'their'weapons'and'position,'can' intimidate'prospective'witnesses'(12)&Himagan&v.&People' There' is' substantial' distinction' between' those' who' have' pending' criminal' charges' against'those'who'have'none'(18)&Marcos&v.&CA' Criminal'Immunity'under'Section&5'is'granted'only'to'witnesses'against'an'accused'in' an'illOgotten'wealth'case.'This'proviso'gives'rise'to'a'substantial'distinction'between' principal'defendants'and'witnesses'in'such'cases'(24)&Chavez&v.&PCGG' There' is' a' substantial' distinction' between' cases' where' trial' already' begun' against' those'where'it'has'not'yet'started.'(27)&Lacson&v.&Executive&Secretary' The' grant' of' probation' does' not' require' financial' capability' on' the' part' of' the' grantee.'However,'payment'of'civil'damages'may'be'validly'made'as'a'condition'for' the'continued'enjoyment'of'such'probation'(28)&Soriano&v.&CA' Article& 267' of' the' RPC' does' not' violate' the' RPC' given' that' anyone' may' commit' the' crimes' enumerated' therein' and' be' punished' with' the' same' penalty' (34)& People& v.& Mercado' An' elective' official' who' committed' a' crime' punished' by' a' period' that' goes' beyond' their' privilegedOfromOarrest' exemption' has' no' substantial' distinction' from' other' prisoners' who' committed' crimes' punished' by' the' same' penalties' (35)& People& v.& Jalosjos' Penal' statues' do' not' go' against' the' EPC' as' they' do' not' punish' people' for' who' they' are,' rather' what' is' punished' is' what' they' do' or' how' they' conduct' themselves' (52)& People&v.&Siton'
& 7.&Employment& • There'is'substantial'distinction'between'landObased'and'seaObased'workers'in'terms' of' work' environment' and' accessibility' to' several' types' of' activities' (15)& Maritime& Manning&Agencies,&Inc.&v.&POEA' • There'is'substantial'distinction'between'people'who'get'income'through'the'exercise' their' profession' (taxable' net' income)' and' those' who' have' a' fixed' income' ' (taxable' compensation'income)'(17)&Sison&Jr.&v.&Ancheta' • There'is'substantial'distinction'between'nonOresident'aliens'and'resident'aliens'when' what'is'in'question'is'the'issuance'of'employment'permits'(22)&GMC&v.&Torres'
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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People' who' work' with' substantially' equal' qualifications,' skill,' effort' and' responsibility,'under'similar'conditions,'should'be'paid'similar'salaries'(whether'they' are'Filipino'or'not)'(31)&International&School&Alliance&of&Educators&v.&Quisumbing' Different' classifications' of' employees' in' terms' of' their' respective' wage' structures' violates' the' EPC' if' no' substantial' distinctions' are' shown' between' the' groups' (42)& Central&Bank&Employees&Association&v.&BSP' There'is'substantial'distinction'between'obese'cabin'attendants'against'others'given' that'the'former’s'immobility'can'impeded'passengers'from'evacuation'the'aircraft'in' cases'of'emergency'(46)&Yrasuegi&v.&PAL' Even'if'a'law'seeks'to'alleviate'the'burden'of'another'sector'of'society,'if'it'transfers' such' unjust' and' discriminatory' burden' on' others' (OFWs),' it' is' contrary' to' law' (51)& Serrano&v.&Galant&Maritime&Services&Inc.'
& 8.&Permits,&Benefits&and&Privileges& • A' valid' classification' with' regard' to' privileges' must' admit' of' substantial' distinctions' between' the' groups' concerned' for' it' to' be' considered' constitutional.' There' is' no' substantial'distinction'between'branches'of'government'(20)&Phil&Judges&v.&Prado' • The'Mayor'does'not'have'unbridled'discretion'in'granting'business'permits.'To'make' a' valid' classification,' the' requirements' of' the' EPC' must' still' be' coplied' with.' (21)& Olivarez&v.&Sandiganbayan' • There'is'substantial'distinction'between'nonOresident'aliens'and'resident'aliens'when' what'is'in'question'is'the'issuance'of'employment'permits'(22)&GMC&v.&Torres' • Lawmakers'have'the'discretion'to'grant'benefits'to'specific'areas'only'which'have'the' capability' of' luring' in' big' investments' and' many' employment' opportunities' for' Filipinos'(26)&Tiu&v.&CA' • If'there'is'substantial'equality'in'the'roles'people'from'different'positions'play'in'the' judiciary,' classification' for' certain' benefits' and' privileges' with' regard' to' compensation'is'prohibited'(44)&In&re&Request&of&ACA' & 9.&Office&of&the&Ombudsman&–&EPC&is&NOT&applicable& • The'Office'of'the'Ombudsman'can'choose'to'act'on'any'complaint'filed'in'any'manner' (no' need' for' verified' complaints,' sworn' statements' and' full' disclosure' of' identity)' against'public'officials'(13)&Almonte&v.&Vasquez' • The' Office' of' the' Ombudsman' has' the' sole' discretion' of' whether' or' not' to' pursue'
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preliminary'investigation'and'further'proceedings'in'cases'it'handles'(45)&Dimayuga&v.& OMB' The' Ombudsman' may' impose' suspension' to' prevent' accused' public' officers' from' committing' acts' that' would' either' affect' the' case' or' those' that' could' create' more' harm'(23)&Segovia&v.&Sandiganbayan;&(49)&Gobenciong&v.&CA'
& (14)&Lim&v.&Pacquing& • Franchise' is' not' a' simple' contract' but' a' mere' privilege' which' is' within' the' government’s'power'to'regulate'and'even'prohibit'thru'the'exercise'of'police'power.' A'gambling'franchise'is'always'subject'to'the'exercise'of'police'power'for'the'public' welfare.' ' (23)&Segovia&v.&Sandiganbayan& • Its' discretion' lies' only' during' the' preOsuspension' hearing' where' it' is' required' to' ascertain'whether'or'not • (1)'The'accused'had'been'afforded'due'preliminary'investigation'prior'to'the'filling'of' the'information'against'him, • (2)' The' acts' for' which' he' was' charged' constitute' a' violation' of' the' provisions' of' Republic' Act.' No.' 3019' or' of' the' provisions' of' title' 7,' Book' II' of' the' revised' Penal' Code,'or • (3)'The'information'against'him'can'be'quashed,'under'any'of'the'grounds'provided' in'Section'2,'Rules'117'of'the'Rules'of'Court.'(People5vs.5Albana,5etc.,5at5al.5Supra,5fn.5 26) '
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! PROCEDURAL*DUE*PROCESS* * I.*Judicial*Proceedings* A.*Requisites*for*judicial*proceedings:*CJAOJ* Banco* Español* Filipino* v.* Palanca;* State* Prosecutors* v.* Muro;* People* v.* Teehankee;* Ang* Tibay*v.*CIR* 1. Court#tribunal#clothed#with#judicial#power# 2. Jurisdiction#lawfully#acquired#over#person#or#property# 3. Defendant#must#be#given#an#opportunity#to#be#heard# 4. Judgment#must#be#rendered#upon#lawful#hearing# * II.*Administrative*and*QuasiAJudicial*Proceedings* A.*Requisites*for*administrative*proceedings,*in*general*[HEDSBIK]* Ang*Tibay*v.*CIR* 1. Right#to#a#hearing#and#to#submit#evidence# 2. Tribunal#must#consider#the#evidence# 3. Decision#must#have#something#to#support#itself# 4. Evidence#must#be#substantial1# 5. Decision#must#be#based#on#the#evidence#presented#in#the#hearing# 6. Tribunal#acts#on#its#own#independent#consideration#of#the#law#and#facts# 7. The# tribunal# should# render# its# decision# in# such# manner# that# the# parties# know# the# various#issued#involved#and#the#reason#for#the#decision# * B.*Jurisprudence*on*due*process*in*special*administrative*proceedings:* 1. Extradition#Government*of*Hong*Kong*v.*Olalia# # III.*Academic*Discipline* A.*Minimum*standards*for*imposition*of*disciplinary*sanctions*in*schools*(IAAIAC);#ADMU* v.*Capulong* 1. Students#must#be#informed#of#the#nature#and#cause#of#any#accusation#against#them# 2. Right#to#answer#the#charges,#with#assistance#of#counsel#if#desired# !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1!Substantial!evidence!!!reasonable!evidence!as!a!reasonable!mind!might!accept!as!adequate!to!support!a! conclusion*
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3. Informed#of#the#evidence#against#them# 4. Right#to#adduce#evidence#on#their#own#behalf# 5. Evidence#must#be#duty#considered#by#the#investigating#body.# # IV.*Deportation*Lao*Gi*v.*CA* A.*Elements*of*Due*Process*in*Deportation*Proceedings*(SPARP)# 1. Charges#against#an#alien#must#specify#the#acts#or#omissions#complained#of# 2. Preliminary* investigation# must# be# conducted# to# determine# if# there# is# sufficient# cause#to#charge#respondent#with#deportation# 3. Rules# of# Criminal# Procedure# should# be# followed# (with# respects# to# warrants,# bail,# motion#to#quash,#trial).# 4. Private#prosecutors#should#not#be#allowed#to#intervene.# # V.*Regulations:*Fixing*of*Rates*and*Regulations*of*Professions* A.*Fixing*of*Rates*Maceda*v.*ERB* • Distinguishing#QuasiMlegislative#and#quasiMjudicial#functions# o QuasiMlegislative#!#affects#the#general#public.# o QuasiMjudicial#!#affects#only#the#parties#to#the#case.# • Other#cases:#Globe#Telecom#v.#NTC;#Corona#v.#UHPAP# # B.*Regulation*of*Professions*Corona*v.*UHPAP* • Profession#is#a#property#right#but#it’s#not#a#vested#one.# • As# a# general# rule,# notice# and# hearing# as# fundamental# requirements# of# procedural# due#process,#are#not#essential#when#an#administrative#body#exercises#its#executive# or# quasiMjudicial# function.# In# the# performance# of# its# executive# or# legislative# functions,# such# as# issuing# rules# and# regulations,# an# administrative# body# need# not# comply#with#the#requirements#of#notice#and#hearing.# * VI.*Dismissals,*Suspensions,*Reinstatements,*etc.* A.*Dismissal*in*Government*Boards*and*Commissions*Abalos*v.*CSC* • Part# of# procedural# due# process# is# to# be# accorded# the# right# to# be# heard,# and# to# present#evidence#of#one’s#innocence.#* * B.*Dismissal*in*Private*Sector*Salaw*v.*NLRC*
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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Notice# and# Hearing# !# BOTH# must# be# given# to# the# employee,# otherwise,# the# dismissal#is#illegal.##
* C.*Preventive*Suspension*Alonzo*v.*Capulong* • Purpose# of# Preventive# Suspension:# To# prevent# the# accused# from# using# his# position# or#office#to#influence#prospective#witnesses#or#tamper#with#the#records#which#may# be#vital#in#the#prosecution#of#the#case#against#him.# • Prior# notice# and# hearing# was# not# required.# It# is# now# settled# that# the# preventive# suspension# of# a# civil# service# employee# or# officer# can# be# ordered# even# without# a# hearing#because#such#suspension#is#not#a#penalty#but#only#a#preliminary#step#in#an# administrative#investigation.# * VII.*Ordinance/Statute/Memo*CIR/Rules* A.*Challenges*to*the*validity*of*penal*laws/ordinances* • Void* for* Vagueness* Doctrine# !# a# statute# or# act# is# said# to# be# vague# when# it# lacks# comprehensible# standards# that# men# “of# common# intelligence# must# necessarily# guess#at#its#meaning#and#differ#as#to#application.#People*v.*Nazario* • Vague#laws#are#repugnant#to#the#Constitution#in#two#ways:* o Violates#due#process#for#failure#to#inform#and#give#fair#notice#to#persons#of# the#conduct#to#be#avoided.* o Leaves#law#enforcers#unbridled#discretion#in#carrying#out#its#provisions#and# becomes# an# arbitrary# flexing# of# government# muscle.# People* v.* Nazario;* Estrada*v.*Sandiganbayan* • Other#notes#on#Estrada#v.#Sandiganbayan* o Overbreadth# Doctrine# !# a# government# purpose# may# not# be# achieved# by# means# which# sweep# unnecessarily# broadly# and# thereby# invade# the# area# of# political#freedoms* o Overbreadth# and# vagueness# doctrines# (“facial# challenge”# have# special# application#only#to#free#speech#cases.* • To#invalidate#a#penal#statute,#an#“as#applied”#challenge#is#needed.* * VIII.*Suretyship*Stronghold*Insurance*v.*CA* • Due# Process# and# the# Right# to# be# Heard# !# Due# Process# is# not# violated# where# a# person#is#not#heard#because#he#has#chosen,#for#whatever#reason,#not#to#be#heard.#If#
he#opts#to#be#silent#where#he#has#a#right#to#speak,#he#cannot#later#complain#that#he# was#unduly#silenced.# * IX.*Tariff*and*Customs*Code*Feeder*v.*CA* • Due# Process# involves# the# right# to# be# presumed# innocent# until# proven# guilty# !# Petitioner,#which#is#a#corporate#entity,#has#no#personality#to#invoke#the#right#to#be# presumed#innocent,#which#right#is#only#available#to#an#individual#who#is#an#accused# in#a#criminal#case.# * X.*Closure*Proceedings*CB*v.*CA* • In#closure#proceedings,#due#process#does#not#necessarily#require#a#prior#hearing;#a# hearing#or#an#opportunity#to#be#heard#may#be#subsequent#to#the#closure.# * XI.*Cancellation*of*Property*Rights/Privileges* ABAKADA*v.*Ermita* • Due#process:#input#tax#is#not#a#property#right#but#a#statutory#right.# • Input# tax# !# tax# that# is# passed# on# to# consumers# by# manufacturers# or# product* providers.## British*American*Tobacco*v.*Camacho* Elements#of#estoppel,#as#related#to#the#party#to#be#estopped,#are:## 1. Conduct#amounting#to#false#representation#or#concealment#of#material#facts;#or#at# least# calculated# to# convey# the# impression# that# the# facts# are# other# than,# and# inconsistent#with,#those#which#the#party#subsequently#attempts#to#assert;## 2. Intent,#or#at#least#expectation#that#this#conduct#shall#be#acted#upon#by,#or#at#least# influence,#the#other#party;#and## 3. Knowledge,#actual#or#constructive,#of#the#real#facts.”# * XII.*Administrative*and*Preliminary*Investigation*–*Ombudsman* • There#is#not#constitutional#right#to#preliminary#investigation# # XIII.*Publication*Requirement* • Internal#rules#and#regulations#need#not#be#published.#However#if#it#affects#the#rights# of#the#public,#notification#is#indispensable.#(22)*Pilipinas*Kao*v.*CA*
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! SUBSTANTIVE*DUE*PROCESS* * • •
Relevance:" a" guarantee" against" the" exercise" of" arbitrary" power" even" when" the" power"is"exercised"according"to"proper"forms"and"procedure1" Primarily"a"safeguard"against"police"power."The"standards"for"substantial"due"process" are"the"standards"for"valid"exercise"of"police"power."
" I.*Police*Power* A.*General*Points** • Police"power"is"concerned"with"the:* o Legitimate"governmental"functions* o Preservation"of"the"State* o Public"health,"welfare,"and"morals2"* • “The"most"essential,"insistent"and"the"least"limitable"of"powers,"extending"as"it"does" to"all"the"great"public"needs”*3* • Exercised" by" the" legislative" but" can" be" delegated," within" limits," to" local" governments.* • A"power"to"regulate"or"to"prohibit.* • Publication" is" necessary" for" due" process." Internal" rules" and" regulations" need" not" be" published."However"if"it"affects"the"rights"of"the"public,"notification"is"indispensable." (23)*Pilipinas*Kao,*Inc.*v.*Court*of*Appeals* * B.*Requisites*of*Police*Power4* 1. Legal"Subject"!"Required"by"the"interests"of"the"public" 2. Legal"Method"!"Means"used"are"reasonably"necessary"" (1)*US*v.*Toribio;*(2)*Churchill*v.*Rafferty;*(3)*People*v.*Fajardo;*(4)*ErmitaRMalate*Hotel* and* Motel* Operators* Association,* Inc.* v.* Mayor* of* Manila;* (5)* Ynot* v.* Intermediate* Appellate* Court;* (6)* Balacuit* v.* CFI* of* Agusan* del* Norte;* (7)* National* Dev’t* Corp.* and* New* Agrix,* Inc.* v.* Philippines* Veterans* bank;* (8)* ACCFA* v.* CUGCO;* (9)* Agustin* v.* Edu;* (10)*Maranaw*Hotel*v.*NLRC;*(11)*Magtajas*v.*Pryce*Properties*Corporation" !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !JOAQUIN!G,!BERNAS,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!118!(2009!ed.)! !JMM!Promotion!and!Management,!Inc.!v.!Court!of!Appeals,!G.R.!No.120095,!August!5,!1996! 3!Ermita9Malate!Hotel!and!Motel!Operators!Association,!Inc.!v.!Mayor!of!Manila,!G.R.!No.!L924693,!July!31,!1967! 4!US!v.!Toribio,!15!Phil.!85!(1910)! 1 2
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* C.*Scope*of*Police*Power*(Lawful*Subjects)* • Scope"of"Police"Power:"Public"health,"safety,"morals,"comfort"or"general"welfare"of"the" community"(2)*Churchill*v.*Rafferty" • Police" power" however" cannot" infringe" on" constitutional" rights" such" as" permanently" depriving" an" individual" use" of" his" property" such" as" land" (3)* People* v.* Fajardo," or" legitimate"businesses"such"as"movies"houses"or"hotels"(6)*Balacuit*v.*CFI*Agusan*del* Norte;"(4)*ErmitaRMalate*Hotel* and*Motel*Operators*Association,*Inc.*v.*Mayor* of*Manila;"(50)*White*Light*Corporation*v.*City*of*Manila" o Property"right"has"to"be"a"vested"right"(38)*Espinocilla*v.*Bagong*Tanyag" • Profession"as"a"property"right"may"be"validly"regulated"especially"if"it"concerns"public" health," morals" or" welfare" (14)* JMM* Promotion* and* Management,* Inc.* v.* Court* of* Appeals;*(4)*St.*Luke’s*v.*NLRC;*Corona*v.*UHPAP* • Police"power"cannot"intrude"to"the"extent"of"intruding"a"person’s"right"to"privacy"(16)" Ople*v.*Torres;*(35)*KMU*v.*Dir.*Gen.* • Compulsory" licensing" of" intellectual" property" is" for" the" benefit" of" the" public" and" therefore"a"lawful"subject"for"the"exercise"of"police"power"(20)*Smith*Kline*v.*CA* • Regulation"of"firearms"have"long"been"held"as"a"valid"subject"for"the"exercise"of"police" power"(25)*Chavez*v.*Romulo* • Regulation" of" pension" is" possible" but" it" must" be" within" lawful" means" (e.g." prevent" deathbed"marriages)"(26)*GSIS*v.*Montescarlos* • Private" businesses" (e.g." commercial" blood" banks)" must" give" way" to" public" health" which"the"state"has"the"authority"to"regulate"(30)*Beltran*v.*Secretary*of*Health* • Traffic" congestion" is" a" lawful" subject" of" police" power." However," it" is" not" the" terminals" but" the" indiscriminate" loading" and" unloading" which" must" be" addressed." (32)*Lucena*Grand*Terminal*v.*JAC*Liner;*(43)*MMDA*v.*Viron* • Use" of" public" highways" may" be" validly" regulated" (36)* Mirasol* v.* DPWH* and* Toll* Regulatory*Board* • Computer"data"is"within"the"bounds"of"the"exercise"of"police"power."It"is"outside"of" its"bounds"only"when"there"is"reasonable"expectation"of"privacy"on"the"part"of"the" offended"party"(55)*Pollo*v.*Karina*Constantino* * II.*Validity*of*Local*Ordinances**
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONDS!(201192012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201292013)!
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! A.*Requisites*for*the*validity*of*Local*Ordinances1*" 1. Must"not"contravene"the"Constitution"or"any"statute" 2. Must"not"be"unfair"or"oppressive" 3. Must"not"be"partial"or"discriminatory" 4. Must"not"prohibit"but"may"regulate"trade" 5. Must"be"general"and"consistent"with"public"policy" 6. Must"not"be"unreasonable"" (11)*Magtajas*v.*Pryce*Properties*Corporation;*(12)*Bennis*v.*Michigan;*(13)*Cruzan*v.* Director,*Missouri*Dept.*of*Health" * III.*Doctrine*of*Informed*Consent2* A.*General*Points** • State*Interest*v.*Individual*Interest" Under" the" Due" Process" Clause," all" competent" persons" have" the" right" to" refuse" medical" treatment." But" this" is" subject" to" the" balancing" of" interests" of" the" state" against"the"individuals’"interest"(e.g."A"person"may"not"refuse"smallpox"vaccination" if"the"state"intends"to"eliminate"it)." • Informed*Consent*for*the*Incapacitated/Incompetent" If"the"person"is"incompetent,"a"surrogate"can"exercise"this"right."Surrogate’s"actions" must" be" proven," with" clear" and" convincing" evidence," that" they" conform" to" the" patient’s"wishes"while"he/she"was"still"competent." (13)*Cruzan*v.*Director,*Missouri*Dept.*of*Health* * B.*Standards*to*determine*Risk*of*Error* • The"level"of"proof"is"to"distribute"between"the"litigants"the"risk"of"error" o If" court" grant" the" termination" of" life," and" it" turns" out" to" be" erroneous" it" would"be"permanent"already" o If" court" does" not" grant" it," and" it" turns" out" to" be" erroneous," other" events" could" still" happen" to" correct" said" error" (e.g." eventual" natural" death" of" patient,"development"in"medicine,"etc.)" " IV.*Principles*on*Judicial*Review3* !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 2
!Magtajas!v.!Pryce!Properties!Corporation,!! !Cruzan!v.!Director,!Missouri!Dept.!of!Health!
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A.*Requisites*for*judicial*review:* 1. Actual"and"appropriate"case"or"controversy" 2. Locus"standi—personal"and"substantial"interest" o A" constitutional" right" must" be" being" violated" in" order" for" the" law" to" be" entitled"to"a"judicial"review"(18)*Tan*v.*People" 3. Brought"at"the"earliest"opportunity" 4. The"consitutional"question"must"be"the"lis"mota"of"the"case" * B.*The*following*acts*of*Congress*are*not*subject*to*judicial*restraint*(in*short,*the*internal* processes*of*the*Congress):* 1. Filing"of"bills"by"any"member"of"Congress" 2. Approval"of"the"bills"by"the"members"of"Congress" 3. Reconciliation"by"the"Bicameral"conference"committe" 4. Approval"of"the"reconciled"bill"by"each"chamber"of"Congress" * C.*Writ*of*Amparo*(44)*Sec.*of*DND*v.*Manalo;*(53)*Roxas*v.*Macapagal*Arroyo* • Amparo"is"a"remedy"for"any"deprivation"of"life,"liberty,"or"property." • Writ"of"Amparo"seeks"for"the"production"of"specific"items"(not"just"information)"to" be"produced"or"returned." • Amparo"provides"for"habeas&data"which"would"allow"more"questions/demands:" o Premises" o Information" • Not"the"same"as"search"and"seizure" * D.*Writ*of*Habeas*Data*(52)*MERALCO*v.*Lim;*(53)*Roxas*v.*Macapagal*Arroyo** • Habeas"Data"is"relates"generally"to"information"of"any"form." • Tapuz" v." del" Rosario" !" writs" of" amparo" and" habeas" data" will" NOT" issue" to" protect" purely"property"or"commercial"concerns"nor"when"the"grounds"invoked"in"support"of" the"petitions"therefor"are"vague"or"doubtful."Employment"constitutes"a"property"right" under"the"context"of"the"due"process"clause"of"the"Constitution." * V.*Equal*Protection*Clause*(EPC)* A.*General*Points** !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3
!Montescarlos!v.!COMELEC,!July!9,!2002!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONDS!(201192012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201292013)!
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! (14)*JMM*Promotion*and*Management,*Inc.*v.*Court*of*Appeals* • EPC" does" not" require" absolute" equality" but" merely" equal" treatment" of" persons" under"the"same"conditions." • It" does" not" forbid" classification" for" as" long" as" such" is" based" on" real" and" substantial" differences"having"a"reasonable"relation"to"the"subject"of"the"particular"legislation." • If" classification" is" the" germane" purpose" of" the" law," then" the" qualification" does" not" violate"the"EPC." (21)*People*v.*De*la*Piedra* • The"presumption"is"that"the"prosecuting"officers"regularly"performed"their"duties,"and" this" presumption" can" be" overcome" only" by" proof" to" the" contrary," not" by" mere" speculation." • The"prosecution"of"one"guilty"person"while"others"equally"guilty"are"not"prosecuted,"is" not,"by"itself,"a"denial"of"the"equal"protection"of"the"laws."The"unlawful"administration" by" officers" of" a" statute" fair" on" its" face," resulting" in" its" unequal" application" to" those" who"are"entitled"to"be"treated"alike,"is"not"a"denial"of"equal"protection"unless"there"is" shown"to"be"present"in"it"an"element"of"intentional"or"purposeful"discrimination."But" a" discriminatory" purpose" is" not" presumed," there" must" be" a" showing" of" “clear" and" intentional"discrimination." * B.*Requisites** * CONSTITUTIONALITY*OF*A*STATUTE*ON*ACCOUNT*OF:** ! *VAGUENESS*OR*ARBITRARINESS* (15)*Dans*Jr.*v.*People* • A"law"is"not"vague"if"it"clearly"defines"and/or"answers"the"basic"queries" (21)*People*v.*De*la*Piedra* • Due"process"requires"that"the"terms"of"a"penal"statute"must"be"sufficiently"explicit"to" inform"those"who"are"subject"to"it"what"conduct"on"their"part"will"render"them"liable" to"its"penalties." ! *OVERBROAD*DOCTRINE* • A" statute" may" be" said" to" be" overbroad" where" it" operates" to" inhibit" the" exercise" of" individual" freedoms" affirmatively" guaranteed" by" the" Constitution," such" as" the" freedom"of"speech"or"religion."" • A" generally" worded" statute," when" construed" to" punish" conduct" which" cannot" be"
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constitutionally"punished"is"unconstitutionally"vague"to"the"extent"that"it"fails"to"give" adequate"warning"of"the"boundary"between"the"constitutionally"permissible"and"the" constitutionally"impermissible"applications"of"the"statute." * * Other*Terms/Points* (15)*Dans*Jr.*v.*People* • Demurrer* to* evidence" !" after" the" prosecution" rests" its" case," the" accused" may" file" this"motion"to"dismiss"the"case"on"the"ground"that"there"is"no"sufficient"evidence"to" prove"one's"guilt" • Relief:" bill" of" particulars" `" defendant" may" move" for" or" demand" a" "more" definite" statement"of"any"matter"which"is"not"clear"for"him""to"properly"prepare"for"trial"" • testimonial"evidence"is""formally"offered""once"the"witness"is"called"to"the"stand" (22)*Pilipinas*Kao*v.*CA* • Internal"rules"and"regulations"need"not"be"published."However"if"it"affects"the"rights" of"the"public,"notification"is"indispensable." CREBA*v.*Romulo* • Difference"between"tax"avoidance"and"tax"evasion" Southern*Hemisphere*v.*ATC* • Human"Security"Act" • Terrorism"!"sowing"terrorism"+"predicate"crime"="give"in"to"unlawful"demand" Pollo*v.*ConstantinoRDavid* • Test*for*expectation*for*privacy:*(Privacy*right*is*twoRfold)* 1. A"person"has"a"reasonable"expectation"of"his"personal"privacy." 2. Society"must"perceive"such"expectation"as"reasonable." Government"Office" Private"Office" " Office" Home" Govt."computer"!"There" " " should"be"specific"standards" by"which"govt."offices"may" take"action"before"opening" another’s"computer." Private"computer"in"govt." office"!"Still"need"
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONDS!(201192012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201292013)!
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* SECTION(2.( The(right(of(the(people(to(be(secure(in(their(persons,(houses,(papers(and(effects(against( unreasonable( searches( and( seizures( of( whatever( nature( and( for( any( purpose( shall( be( inviolable,( and( no( search( warrant( or( warrant( of( arrest( shall( issue( except( upon( probable( cause( to( be( determined( personally( by( the( judge( after( examination( under( oath( or( affirmation( of( the( complainant( and( the( witnesses( he( may( produce,( and( particularly( describing(the(place(to(be(searched(and(the(persons(or(things(to(be(seized.( ( I.(What(is(a(“search”?( • Routine(checkpoint.!Stop!involves!only!a!brief!detention!of!travellers!during!which! the!vehicle’s!occupants!are!required!to!answer!a!brief!question!or!two.!For!as!long! as!the!vehicle!is!neither!searched!nor!its!occupants!subjected!to!a!body!search,!and! the!inspection!of!the!vehicle!is!limited!to!a!visual!search,!said!routine!checks!cannot! be!regarded!as!violative!of!an!individual’s!right!against!unreasonable!searches.1(( • Standing.! The! constitutional! right! against! unreasonable! searches! and! seizures! is! a! personal! right! invocable! only! by! those! whose! rights! have! been! infringed! or! threatened!to!be!infringed.!They!must!be!actual!parties!in!interest.!(1)(SJS(v.(DDB( Requisites(of(Standing((ITR)( 1. He!has!suffered!some!actual!or!threatened!injury!as!a!result!of!the!allegedly! illegal!government!conduct.! 2. Injury!is!fairly!traceable!to!challenged!action! 3. Injury!is!likely!to!be!redressed!by!a!favorable!action! • Rule( on( standing( can( be( relaxed.( For! nonFtraditional! plaintiffs,! like! ordinary! citizens,! taxpayers! and! legislators! when! the! public! interest! requires,! such! as! when! the!matter!is!of!transcendental!importance,!of!overarching!significance!to!society!of! paramount!public!interest.( ( II.(Requisites(of(a(valid(warrant( • Statutory( construction.( Statutes! authorizing! searches! and! seizures! or! search! warrants!must!be!strictly!construed.!(3)(Alvarez(v.(CFI! • Reasonableness( of( a( search( and( seizure( is( purely( a( judicial( question.! Determined! from! the! circumstances! involved,! such! as! the! manner! it! was! made,! place! or! thing! searched,!character!of!articles!procured.((25)(People(v.(CFI(Rizal! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1
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Requisites(of(valid(search(warrant((Revised(Rules(on(Criminal(Procedure,(Rule(126)! 1. Probable!cause! 2. Determined!personally!by!a!judge! 3. Examination!upon!oath!or!affirmation!of!the!complainant!and!the!witnesses! he!may!produce! 4. Particularly!describing!the!place!to!be!searched!and!the!things!or!persons!to! be!seized.!
( A.(Probable(Cause(! • Defined.! Such! reasons,! supported! by! facts! and! circumstances,! as! will! warrant! a! cautious! man! in! the! belief! that! his! actions,! and! the! means! taken! in! prosecuting! it,! are!legally!just!and!proper.!(9)(Corro(v.(Lising.! o When!the!search!warrant!applied!for!is!directed!against!a!newspaper! publisher!or!editor!in!connection!with!the!publication!of!subversive!materials,! as!in!the!case!at!bar,!the!application!and/or!its!supporting!affidavits!must! contain!a!specification,!stating!with!particularity!the!alleged!subversive! material!he!has!published!or!is!intending!to!publish.!Mere!generalization!will! not!suffice.!(8)(Burgos(v.(AFP(Chief(of(Staff! • One) Specific) Offense.! Under! the! rules! of! Court:! no! search! warrant! shall! issue! for! more!than!one!specific!offense! o ScatterZshot(warrant!!!warrant!issued!for!more!than!one!specific!offense! (23)(Vallejo(v.(CA! • Summary) Proceeding.! Determined! in! summary! manner! because! it! merely! implies! probability!of!guilt!and!low!quantum!and!quality!of!evidence!is!required!(16)(Webb( v.(De(Leon! • Appeal) of) finding.! An! appeal/motion! of! reinvestigation! from! a! resolution! finding! a! probable! cause! shall! not! hold! the! filing! the! information! in! court! (16)( Webb( v.( De( Leon! • Supreme) Court’s) Rule.! The! Court’s! duty! in! these! cases! is! confined! to! the! issue! of! whether! the! executive! or! judicial! determination! of! probable! cause! was! done! with! grave!abuse!of!discretions!amounting!to!lack!or!excess!of!jurisdiction.!(18)(Roberts( v.(CA! o This!is!consistent!with!the!general!rule!that!criminal!prosecution!may!not!be! stayed!by!injunction.!(18)(Roberts(v.(CA!
!Valmonte!v.!De!Villa!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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Exceptions.!! 1. To! afford! adequate! protection! to! the! constitutional! rights! of! the! accused! 2. When!necessary!for!the!orderly!administration!of!justice!or!to!avoid! oppression!or!multiplicity!of!actions! 3. When!there!is!preFjudicial!question! 4. When!the!acts!of!the!officer!are!without!or!in!excess!of!authority! 5. Where! the! prosecution! is! under! an! invalid! law,! ordinance! or! regulation! 6. When!double!jeopardy!is!clearly!apparent! 7. Where!the!court!has!no!jurisdiction!over!the!offense! 8. Where!it!is!a!case!of!persecution!rather!than!prosecution! 9. Where! the! charges! are! manifestly! flase! and! motivated! by! the! lust! for!vengeance! 10. When!there!is!clearly!no!prima!facie!case!against!the!accused!and!a! motion!to!quash!on!that!ground!has!been!denied.!
( B.( Quantum( of( evidence( required( to( establish( probable( cause( to( arrest( or( search.( (16)( Webb(v.(De(Leon! • Search)Cases.!That!the!items!sought!are!in!fact!seized!by!virtue!of!being!connected! with!criminal!activity,!and!that!the!items!will!be!found!in!place!to!be!searched.!It!is! not!also!necessary!that!a!particular!person!be!implicated.! • Arrest) Cases.) There! must! be! probable! cause! that! a! crime! has! been! committed! and! that! the! person! to! be! arrested! committed! it,! which! of! course! can! exist! without! any! showing! that! evidence! of! the! crime! will! be! found! at! premises! under! that! person’s! control.! ( C.( After( examination( upon( oath( or( affirmation( of( the( complainant( and( the( witnesses( he( may(produce! • Oath.! Any! form! of! attestation! by! which! a! party! signifies! that! he! is! bound! in! conscience!to!perform!an!act!faithfully!and!truthfully;!and!is!sometimes!defined!as! an! outward! pledge! given! by! a! person! taking! it! that! his! attestation! or! promise! is! made!under!an!immediate!sense!of!his!responsibility!to!God.!(3)(Alvarez(v.(CFI! • Probing) and) Exhaustive.! Examination! must! be! probing! and! exhaustive,! not! merely!
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routine! or! pro! forma.! Search! warrants! are! not! issued! on! loose,! vague! or! doubtful! basis!of!fact,!nor!on!mere!suspicion!or!belief.!If!the!judge!is!satisfied!with!the!affidavit! of!the!complainant,!he!may!dispense!with!that!of!the!witnesses.!(22)(Uy(v.(BIR! Personal) Knowledge.! The! oath! required! must! refer! to! the! truth! of! the! facts! within! the!personal!knowledge!of!the!petitioner!or!his!witnesses,!because!he!is!to!convince! the! magistrate,! not! the! individual! seeking! issuance! of! the! warrant,! that! probable! cause!exists.!(22)(Uy(v.(BIR! Hearsay)Evidence.!When!the!applicant’s!knowledge!of!the!facts!is!mere!hearsay,!the! affidavit! of! one! or! more! witnesses! having! a! personal! knowledge! of! the! fact! is! necessary.!(3)(Alvarez(v.(CFI! Personal)examination)unnecessary.!The!judge!is!not!required!to!personally!examine! the! complainant! and! his! witnesses.! (10)( Soliven( v.( Makasiar( dictates! that! the! judge! shall:! o Personally!evaluate!the!report!and!the!supporting!documents!submitted!by! the! fiscal! regarding! the! existence! of! probable! cause! and,! on! the! basis! thereof,!issue!a!warrant!of!arrest! o Or!if!on!the!basis!thereof!he!finds!no!probable!cause,!he!may!disregard!the! fiscal’s! report! and! require! the! submission! of! supporting! affidavits! or! witnesses! to! aid! him! in! arriving! at! a! conclusion! as! to! the! existence! of! probable!cause.!(7)(Placer(v.(Villanueva!
( D.(Particularly(describing(the(place(to(be(searched(and(the(person(or(things(to(be(seized! • Purpose) of) requirement.! To! limit! the! things! to! be! seized! to! those,! and! only! those,! particularly!described!in!the!search!warrant!–!to!leave!the!officers!of!the!law!with! no! discretion! regarding! what! articles! they! shall! seize,! that! abuses! may! not! be! committed.!(6)(Bache(&(Co.(v.(Ruiz! • Particularity.!A! search! warrant! may! be! said! to! particularly! describe! the! things! to! be! seized!when:!(21)(Yousef(Al(Ghoul(v.(CA! o The! description! therein! is! as! specific! as! the! circumstances! will! ordinarily! allow.! o The! description! expresses! a! conclusion! of! fact! –! not! of! law! –! by! which! the! warrant!officer!may!be!guided!in!making!the!search!or!seizure.! o Substantial!similarity!of!those!articles!described!as!a!class!or!species!would! suffice.((
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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* The! things! described! are! limited! to! those! which! bear! direct! relation! to! the! offense!for!which!the!warrant!is!being!issued.!( Not)Particular.!Seizure!of!items!not!specified!in!the!warrants!cannot!be!justified!by! the! directive! to! “seize! and! take! possession! of! other! properties! relative! to! such! violation,”!which!in!now!way!can!be!characterized!as!a!particular!description!of!the! things!to!be!seized.!(22)(Uy(v.(BIR! Place.! A! description! of! a! place! to! be! searched! is! sufficient! if! the! officer! with! a! warrant! can,! with! reasonable! effort,! ascertain! and! identify! the! place! intended.! (2)( People(v.(Veloso! o The! controlling! subject! of! search! warrants! is! the! place! indicated! in! the! warrant! itself! and! not! the! place! identified! by! the! police.! (20)( People( v.( Francisco! Role) of) Police/Agents.! The! place! cannot! be! changed,! enlarged,! or! amplified! by! the! police.! The! particularization! of! the! description! of! the! place! to! be! searched! may! properly!be!done!only!by!the!Judge,!and!only!in!the!warrant!itself.!A!search!warrant! is! not! a! sweeping! authority! empowering! a! reading! party! to! undertake! a! fishing! expedition!to!seize!and!confiscate!any!and!all!kinds!of!evidence!or!articles!relating! to!a!crime.!(20)(People(v.(Francisco! JOHN( DOE( Warrant.! Must! contain! the! best! description) personae! possible! to! be! obtained!of!the!person!or!persons!to!be!apprehended,!and!this!description!must!be! sufficient!to!indicate!clearly!the!proper!person!or!persons!upon!whom!the!warrant! is! to! be! served;! and! should! his! personal! appearance! and! peculiarities,! give! his! occupation!and!place!of!residence,!and!any!other!circumstances!by!means!of!which! he!can!be!identified.!(2)(People(v.(Veloso! Search( made( at( night.! Section( 101( of( General( Orders,( No.( 58! authorizes! that! the! search! be! made! at! night! when! it! is! positively! asserted! in! the! affidavits! that! the! property!is!on!the!person!or!in!the!place!ordered!to!be!searched!(3)(Alvarez(v.(CFI! General( Warrants.( General! search! warrants! are! outlawed! because! they! place! the! sanctity! of! the! domicile! and! the! privacy! of! communication! and! correspondence! at! the!mercy!of!the!whims,!caprice,!or!passion!of!peace!officers!(4)(Stonehill(v.(Diokno! o
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! III.(Exclusionary(Doctrine( • Exclusionary( Rule.! All! evidence! obtained! from! illegal! searches! and! seizures! are! deemed!inadmissible.!
Exception.! Officers! of! certain! corporations! cannot! validly! object! to! the! use! in!evidence!against!them!of!the!documents,!papers,!and!things!seized!from! the! offices! and! premises! of! the! corporations! since! the! right! to! object! to! their! admission! in! evidence! belongs! exclusively! to! the! corporations,! to! which! the! seized! effects! belong,! and! may! not! be! invoked! by! the! corporate! officers!in!proceedings!against!them!in!their!individual!capacity.! Corporations(are(protected(by(Section(2.(It!is!an!association!of!individuals!under!an! assumed! name! and! with! a! distinct! legal! entity.! In! organizing! itself! as! a! collective! body,!it!waives!no!constitutional!immunities!appropriate!to!such!body.!Its!property! cannot! be! taken! without! compensation.! It! can! only! be! proceeded! against! by! due! process!of!law,!and!is!protected!against!unlawful!discrimination.!(6)(Bache(&(Co.(v.( Ruiz.! Closure( of( a( publishing( house( in( search( warrant( issuances( is( anathema( to( a( democracy.( “[s]uch! closure! is! in! the! nature! of! previous! restraint! or! censorship! abhorrent!to!the!freedom!of!the!press!guaranteed!under!the!fundamental!law,!and! constitutes! a! virtual! denial! of! petitioners’! freedom! to! express! themselves! in! print.! This!state!of!being!is!patently!anathematic!to!a!democratic!framework!where!a!free,! alert,!and!even!militant!press!is!essential!for!the!political!enlightenment!and!growth! of!the!citizenry.”!(8)(Burgos(v.(AFP(Chief(of(Staff! o
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( IV.(Exception(to(the(General(Rule(that(prosecution(bodies(are(bereft(of(the(ability(to(issue( warrants(of(arrest:(The(arrest(of(aliens(for(deportation! • PRESIDENT(may(issue(WARRANT(OF(ARREST(of(aliens(for(deportation.(The!power! to!deport!an!alien!is!a!police!measure!against!undesirable!aliens!whose!presence!in! the!country!is!found!to!be!injurious!to!the!public!good!and!domestic!tranquility!of! the!people.! • Power( of( Commissioner( of( Immigration.! Immigration( Act( of( 1940:( Section( 37(a).! “The! following! aliens! shall! be! arrested! upon! the! warrant! of! the! Commissioner! of! Immigration!or!of!any!other!officer!designated!by!him!for!the!purpose!and!deported! upon! the! warrant! of! the! Commissioner! of! Immigration! after) a) determination) by) the) Board) of) Commissioner) of) the) existence) of) the) ground) for) deportation) as) charged) against)the)alien”!(12)(Board(of(Commissioners((CID)(v.(Dela(Rosa! o The! Commissioner! of! Immigration! may! issue! warrants! of! arrest! only! after! a! determination!by!the!Board!of!Commissioners!of!the!existence!of!the!ground!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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* for!deportation!as!charged!against!the!alien.! The!warrant!of!arrest!must!be!for!the!sole!purpose!of!executing!a!final!order! of! deportation.! A! warrant! of! arrest! issued! by! the! Commissioner! of! Immigration! for! purposes! of! investigation! only,! as! in! the! case! at! bar,! is! null! and!void!for!being!unconstitutional.! Two(types(of(Preliminary(Investigation((13)(Lim(Sr.(v.(Judge(Felix! 1. Preliminary!investigation!proper!!!made!by!the!fiscal,!executive!in!nature,!to! determine!probable!cause!for!knowing!whether!or!not!to!file!a!case.! 2. Preliminary!investigation!to!issue!warrant!!!made!by!the!judge,!judiciary!in! nature,!to!determine!probable!cause!whether!or!not!to!issue!a!warrant.! Partially(Defective(Warrant.(It!remains!valid!as!to!the!items!specifically!described!in! the!warrant.!A!search!warrant!is!severable,!the!items!not!sufficiently!described!may! be!cut!off!without!destroying!the!whole!warrant.! Superseding(Warrant.!Where!the!apparent!intent!in!issuing!another!warrant!was!to! supersede! an! earlier! warrant,! the! latter! should! be! deemed! revoked! by! the! former.! Indeed! it! would! be! absurd! for! the! judge! to! issue! on! a! single! occasion! two! warrants! authorizing!the!search!of!a!single!place!for!a!single!offense.! o
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! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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As)shown)in)People)v.)Malmstedt,)police)checkpoints)can)also)be)a)situation) where)a)moving)vehicle)can)be)searched.)(30))People)v.)Malmstedt) An)extensive)search)without)warrant)could)only)be)resorted)to)if)the)officers) conducting) the) search) had) reasonable) or) probable) cause) to) believe) before) the)search)that)either)the)motorist)was)a)law)offender)or)that)they)would)find) the) instrumentality) or) evidence) pertaining) to) the) commission) of) a) crime) in) the)vehicle)to)be)searched.)(32))Aniag)v.)COMELEC)
) I.)Exceptions)to)the)search)warrant)requirement:)(IMPECEWES)) 1. Search)incidental)to)an)arrest) 2. Search)of)moving)vehicles) 3. Seizure)of)evidence)in)plain)view) 4. Customs)searches) 5. Where)there)is)a)waiver)of)the)right) Rare)exceptions)are)the)rules)on:) 6. Exigent)circumstances)(24))MHP)Garments)v.)CA) 7. Stop)and)frisk) ) • The)requisite)of)probable)cause)must)still)be)satisfied)before)a)warrantless)search)and) seizure)can)be)lawfully)conducted.)Probable)cause)must)be)based)only)on)reasonable) ground)of)suspicion)or)belief)that)a)crime)has)been)or)about)to)be)committed.)This)is) decided)not)by)a)judge)but)by)a)searching)officer.1) ) A.)Search)incidental)to)an)arrest) • Prevailing) doctrine) is) from) the) case) of) (27)) Nolasco) v.) Paño,) where) Chief) Justice) Teehankee)opined)that)searches)incidental)to)an)arrest)should)be)a)‘strict)application) of)the)exception)provided)in)Rule)126,)Section)12)and)limited)to)dangerous)weapons) or) anything) which) may) be) used) as) proof) of) the) commission) of) the) offense’.) This) excludes)searches)in)places)other)than)the)place)of)arrest.2) ) B.)Search)of)moving)vehicle.)(25))People)v.)CFI)Rizal) • From) the) leading) case) Carrol) v.) U.S.) rose) a) portion) of) the) Volstead) Act) allowing) warrantless) arrests) “where) it) is) not) practicable) to) secure) a) warrant) because) the) vehicle)can)be)quickly)moved)out)of)the)locality)or)jurisdiction)in)which)the)warrant) must)be)sought.”) • This)exception)must)be)distinguished)from)customs)searches.) • Probable)cause)is)still)required)for)a)reasonable)search)of)moving)vehicle.)
) C.)Evidence)in)plain)view) • Harris)v.)U.S.)defined)this)exception)as)objects)“falling)in)the)plain)view)of)an)officer) who)has)the)right)to)be)in)position)to)have)that)view)are)subject)to)seizure)and)may) be)introduced)as)evidence.”) • This)was)modified)in)Coolidge)which)said)that)the)discovery)must)be)“inadvertent”.)It) is)not)inadvertent)if)the)evidence)was)discovered)by)an)officer)after)poking)around.3) Requisites)needed)under)the)Plain)View)Doctrine:)(38))Fajardo)v.)People) 1. Law)enforcer)in)search)of)the)evidence)has)a)prior)justification)for)an)intrusion)or)is)in) a)position)from)which)he)can)view)a)particular)area)) 2. Discovery)of)the)evidence)in)plain)view)is)inadvertent)and) 3. It)is)immediately)apparent)to)the)officer)that)the)item)he)observes)may)be)evidence) of)a)crime)or)subject)to)seizure) ) D.)Customs)Searches)(28))Papa)v.)Mago) • An)individual)deputized)by)the)Commission)of)Customs)for)the)purpose)of)enforcing) customs) and) tariff) laws) may) validly) search) containers) without) a) warrant) if) there) is) reasonable)cause)to)suspect)the)presence)of)dutiable)articles.) • The)Tariff)and)Customs)Code)authorizes)persons)having)police)authority)to)enter)and) search)any)land,)dwelling,)warehouse,)store)or)building,)not)being)a)dwelling)house,) and)inspect)ay)vessel)or)aircraft)suspected)of)holding)dutiable)or)prohibited)articles.) ) E.)Waiver)of)Right) • Right) against) unreasonable) searches) may) be) waived) expressly) or) impliedly.) Waiver) can)be)shown)by)failure)to)make)an)objection)or)protest.4)
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!Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!203!(2009!ed.)! 2!Id.,!p.!192.!
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! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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* A)waiver)must)be)understood)to)cover)only)what)is)included)within)the)terms)of)the) language.1) Requisites)of)a)valid)waiver)(44))People)v.)Burgos) 1. The)right)exists) 2. The)person)involved)has)knowledge,)actual)or)constructive,)of)the)existence)of)such) right.) 3. The)aid)person)had)an)actual)intention)to)relinquish)the)right) •
) F.)Exigent)Circumstance) • Came)about)during)attempts)to)overthrow)President)Cory)Aquino’s)administration.)In) People)v.)De)Gracia,)a)surveillance)team)was)fired)upon)by)a)group)of)men)coming)out) of)a)building)believed)to)be)used)as)headquarters)of)RAM.) ) G.)Stop)and)Frisk)Rule) • “Stop)and)Frisk”)(Terry)vs.)Ohio):)"a)police)officer)may)in)appropriate)circumstances) and) in) an) appropriate) manner) approach) a) person) for) the) purpose) of) investigating) possible) criminal) behaviour) even) though) there) is) no) probable) cause) to) make) an) arrest.")In)such)a)situation,)it)is)reasonable)for)an)officer)rather)than)allow)a)crime)to) occur,)to)stop)a)suspicious)individual)briefly)to)determine)his)identity)or)maintain)the) status)quo)while)obtaining)more)information.”)(31))Posadas)v.)CA) • Stop)and)Frisk)rule)serves)a)two`fold)interest:) 1. Effective) crime) prevention) and) detection) –) under) appropriate) circumstances) and) manner,) a) police) officer) may) approach) a) person) to) investigate) possible) criminal) behavior)even)without)probable)cause.)(48))Manalili)v.)CA) 2. Safety) and) self`preservation) –) for) an) officer) to) assure) himself) that) the) person) he) is) dealing)with)is)not)armed)with)a)deadly)weapon)that)can)be)fatally)used)against)him.) ) II.)SuspicionEless)drug)tests) • Two)US)decisions)(Vernonia)School)District)v.)Action)and)Board)of)Educators)v.)Earls)) upheld)the)policy)of)requiring)drug)tests)for)students.)The)latter)case)indicated)that) what) is) essential) are) the) school’s) custodial) responsibility) and) authority,) nature) of) intrusion,)confidentiality)of)test)results,)and)legitimate)government)interest.) ) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1
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WARRANTLESS)ARRESTS) ) I.)Arrests)with)warrant) • A)case)Amarga)v.)Abbas)held)that)both)search)warrants)and)warrants)of)arrest)must) satisfy)the)same)requirements)as)to)probable)cause)and)manner)of)its)determination.) • A)judge)must)personally)examine)the)complainant)and)witnesses)in)writing)and)under) oath)before)determining)probable)cause)and)issuing)a)warrant)of)arrest.) ) II.)Warrantless)Arrest) • Exceptions)to)the)requirement)of)an)arrest)warrant)are)discussed)in)Section)5,)Rule) 113,)Rules)on)Criminal)Procedure.) ) Section)5.)Arrest&without&a&warrant;&when&lawful&–&A)peace)officer)or)private) may)without)a)warrant,)arrest)a)person:) a. When)his)presence,)person)to)be)arrested)has)committed,)is)actually) committing,)or)attempting)to)commit)an)offense;) b. When) an) offense) has) been) committed,) and) he) has) personal) knowledge) of) facts) indicating) that) person) to) be) arrested) has) committed)it;) c. When)the)person)to)be)arrested)is)a)prisoner)who)has)escaped)from) penal) establishment) or) place) where) he) is) serving) final) judgment) or) temporarily)confined)while)his)case)is)pending,)or)has)escaped)while) being)transferred)from)one)confinement)to)another.) ) In)cases)falling)under)paragraphs)a)and)b)hereof,)the)person)arrested)without) a)warrant)shall)be)forthwith)delivered)to)the)nearest)police)station)or)jail,)and) he)shall)be)proceeded)against)in)accordance)with)Rule)112,)Section)7.) ) A.)Flagrante)Delicto) • Being)caught)of)possession)of)shabu)or)heroin)through)a)routine)airport)inspection)is) a)valid)arrest.)(17))People)v.)Woolock;)(37))People)v.)Canton) • A)buy`bust)operation)is)a)form)of)entrapment)where)the)officer)poses)as)a)buyer.)He) doesn’t) instigate) the) accused) to) commit) a) crime) because) the) “seller”) has) already) decided)to)commit)a)crime.)The)offense)happens)in)his)presence,)so)there)is)no)longer)
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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a)need)for)a)warrant)of)arrest)or)for)seizure)of)goods.1) The)type)of)entrapment)forbidden)by)law)is)inducing)of)another)who)is)otherwise)an) innocent)person)to)violate)the)law.)The)criminal)intent)originates)in)the)mind)of)the) entrapping)person)and)the)accused)is)lured)into)committing)the)offense.2) Where) the) criminal) intent) originates) from) the) accused) and) the) criminal) offense) is) completed,)a)person)acting)as)a)decoy)for)the)state,)or)aided)in)the)commission)of)the) crime) to) secure) evidence,) there) is) no) entrapment) and) the) accused) must) be) convicted.3)
order)for)preventive)detention)issued)by)the)president)as)Commander`in`Chief.) ) VII.)Other)Considerations)in)determining)the)validity)of)warrantless)searches)and)arrests) • Time)between)the)receipt)of)information)and)the)period)where)raid)or)arrest)was)to) be)conducted)(24))MHP)Garments)v.)CA;)(43))People)v.)Aminnudin) • Whether)or)not)the)person)to)be)arrested)or)the)placed)to)be)searched)is)known)(35)) People)v.)Aruta;)(36))Asuncion)v.)CA)
) B.) When) the) officer) has) personal) knowledge) of) (1)) the) offense) committed) or) to) be) committed)and)(2))the)identity)of)perpetrator) • When) the) knowledge) of) the) officer) came) entirely) from) another,) and) at) the) time) of) the)arrest)the)defendant)was)not)committing)a)crime)nor)seemed)to)be)in)the)process) of)committing)a)crime,)the)warrantless)arrest)is)invalid.)(44))People)v.)Burgos) • In)warrantless)arrests,)the)law)tilts)in)favor)of)the)authority.4) • In)“continuing)crimes”,)the)accused)is)assumed)to)be)always)committing)the)offense) even)when)asleep.)Hence,)he)may)be)arrested)any)time)he)may)be)encountered.5) ) V.)When)to)challenge)the)validity)of)arrest) • Section)26,)Rule)114,)Revised)Rules)in)Criminal)Procedure)says)that)an)application)for) bail)or)admission)to)bail)by)an)accused)is)not)considered)a)waiver)of)his)right)to)assail) the)warrant)issued)for)his)arrest)or)the)legalities)or)irregularities)thereof.6) ) VI.)ASSOs)and)Presidential)Commitment)Orders)(PCO)) • Arrest,)Search)and)Seizure)Orders)(ASSO))generally)issued)by)the)Minister)of)Defense) by) virtue) of) General) Order) No.) 2`A) issued) by) the) President) pursuant) to) the) proclamation)of)martial)law.)Search)and)seizures)by)the)military)of)persons)suspected) to)be)part)of)the)revolutionary)groups)used)ASSO.) • After) lifting) martial) law) came) the) Presidential) Commitment) Order) (PCO).) It) was) an) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!203!(2009!ed.),!p.!209! !Ibid.! 3!Ibid.! 4!Ibid.! 5!Id.,!p.!210.! 6!Id.,!p.!211! 1 2
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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* SECTION(3.( (1) The(privacy(of(communication(and(correspondent(shall(be(inviolable(except(upon( lawful( order( of( the( court,( or( when( public( safety( or( order( requires( otherwise( as( prescribed(by(law.( (2) Any( evidence( obtained( in( violation( of( this( or( the( preceding( section( shall( be( inadmissible(for(any(purpose(in(any(proceeding.( ( PRIVACY(OF(COMMUNICATION(! (ARTICLE(III,(SECTION(3(1)( •
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Invasion( of( communication( and( correspondence( is( one( kind( of( search.1( “Communication( and( correspondence”( is( to( be( used( in( its( general( sense.( Thus,( it( covers(all(forms(of(communication(such(as(letters,(phone(calls,(and(even(electronic( communication( like( email,( text( messaging,( etc.( (1)( SalcedoPOrtanez( v.( CA;( (2)( Zulueta(v.(CA( Part( of( a( person’s( privacy( is( his( right( to( keep( certain( information( about( himself( private.( Although( if( such( information( is( public( and( made( available( by( the( person( prior( to( the( government’s( institution( of( a( policy( asking( for( such( information( to( be( made(public,(then(such(is(not(a(violation(of(one’s(privacy.((5)(KMU(v.(NEDA(
opportunity(to(be(heard(and(defend(himself,(and(assisted(by(a(representative(if(the( employee( so( desires.( Ample( opportunity( connotes( every( kind( of( assistance( that( management( must( accord( the( employee( to( enable( him( to( prepare( adequately( for( his(defense,(including(legal(representation.((4)(Waterous(Drug(Corp.(v.(NLRC( ( WAIVER(OF(RIGHTS(! (ARTICLE(III,(SECTION(2(AND(3( •
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The( constitutional( immunity( from( unreasonable( searches( and( seizures,( being( personal( one,( cannot( be( waived( by( anyone( except( the( person( whose( rights( are( invaded(or(one(who(is(expressly(authorized(to(do(so(in(his(or(her(behalf.((6)(People( v.(Damaso( Consent(to(a(search(is(a(waiver(to(the(extent(that(the(consent(is(given.((7)(Veroy(v.( Layague(
( THE(EXCLUSIONARY(RULE(! (ARTICLE(III,(SECTION(3(2)( •
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The( present( form( of( the( exclusionary( rule( was( an( adaptation( of( the( “fruit( of( the( poisoned(tree”(doctrine(enunciated(in(Stonehill(v.(Diokno.(It(was(incorporated(into( the( 1973( Constitution( and( then( into( the( 1987( Constitution.( Thus,( it( is( no( longer( subject(to(the(vagaries(of(a(fluctuating(judicial(climate.2((1)(SalcedoPOrtanez(v.(CA( In(the(absence(of(government(interference,(constitutional(rights(cannot(be(invoked( against( the( state.( The( Bill( of( Rights( does( not( protect( citizens( from( unreasonable( searches( and( seizures( perpetrated( by( private( individuals( (although( such( act( may( result( in( civil( or( criminal( liabilities).( In( Walker( v.( State,( it( was( held( that( the( search( and( seizure( clauses( are( restraints( upon( the( government( and( its( agents,( not( upon( private(individuals.((3)(People(v.(Marti( Procedural( due( process( requires( that( an( employee( be( apprised( of( the( charge( against( him,( given( reasonable( time( to( answer( the( charge,( allowed( ample(
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!Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!203!(2009!ed.),!p.217! !Id.,!p.!229!
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* SECTION(4.( No(law(shall(be(passed(abridging(the(freedom(of(speech,(of(expression,(or(of(the(press,(or( of(the(right(of(the(people(peaceably(to(assemble(and(petition(the(government(for(redress( of(grievances.( ( I.(General(Principles( • Free(speech(and(free(press.!The!liberty!to!discuss!publicly!and!truthfully!any!matter! of! public! interest! without! censorship! and! punishment.! There! is! to! be! no! prior! restraint! on! the! communication! of! views! or! subsequent! liability! whether! in! libel! suits,! prosecution! for! sedition,! or! action! for! damages,! or! contempt! proceedings! unless!there!be!a!clear!and!present!danger!of!substantive!evil!that!Congress!has!a! right!to!prevent.!(6)(Newsounds(v.(Dy! • Free(speech(is(accorded(the(status(of(preferred(freedom.((15)(Adiong(v.(COMELEC( o This! status! arises! from! the! fact! that! it! is! an! indispensable! condition! to! of! nearly!all!other!freedoms.! • Freedom(of(Speech,(Expression,(and(of(the(Press.!(Chavez(v.(Gonzales)! o The!ideas!expressed!under!this!freedom!are!confined!not!only!to!those!who! are!conventional!and!acceptable!to!the!majority!but!also!those!that!present! the!articulation!of!the!unorthodox!view!thought!it!be!hostile!to!or!derided! by!others.!! o The!scope!of!freedom!of!expression!is!so!broad!that!it!extends!protection!to! nearly!all!forms!of!communication.! • Dichotomy(of(Free(Press:(Print(v.(Broadcast(Media((Chavez(v.(Gonzales)! o U.S.! Courts! have! excluded! broadcast! media! from! the! application! of! the! strict! scrutiny! standard! because! of! three! major! reasons! (instead! the! intermediate!approach!applies):! ! Scarcity!of!the!frequencies!by!which!the!medium!operates.! ! Pervasiveness!as!a!medium.! ! Unique!accessibility!to!children.! o However,! in! this! jurisdiction,! cases! show! two! distinct! features! of! this! dichotomy:! ! The! difference! in! treatment! is! in! the! regulatory! scheme! applied! to! broadcast!media!that!is!not!imposed!on!traditional!print!media,!and! narrowly! confined! to! unprotected! speech! (e.g.! obscenity,!
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pornography),! or! is! based! on! compelling! government! interest! that! also! has! constitutional! protection,! such! as! national! security! of! the! electoral!process.! Regardless! of! the! regulatory! schemes! that! broadcast! media! is! subjected! to,! the! Court! has! consistently! held! that! the! clear! and! present!danger!test!applies!to!contentFbased!restrictions!on!media,! without! making! a! distinction! as! to! traditional! print! or! broadcast! media.!
( II.(Differentiation:(Limits(and(Restraints(of(Free(Speech.!(Chavez(v.(Gonzales)! • 3! tests! that! determine! the! validity! of! restraints! on! freedom! of! speech! and! expression!(DBC)! 1. Dangerous* Tendency* Doctrine.! Permits! limitations! once! a! rational! connection! has! been!established!between!the!speech!restrained!and!the!danger!contemplated.! o Such! that! “If! the! words! uttered! create! a! dangerous! tendency! which! the! state! has! a! right! to! prevent,! then! such! words! are! punishable.”! It! is! not! necessary! that! some! definite! or! immediate! acts! of! force,! violence,! or! unlawfulness! be! advocated.! It! is! sufficient! that! such! acts! be! advocated! in! general!terms.!(9)(Gonzalez(v.(COMELEC! 2. Balancing*of*Interests*Test.*Used!when!there!is!a!need!to!balance!conflicting!social! values! and! individual! interests;! requires! a! conscious! and! detailed! consideration! of! the!interplay!of!interests!observable!in!a!given!situation.! 3. Clear* and* Present* Danger* Rule.! Speech! may! be! restrained! because! there! is! substantial! danger! that! the! speech! will! likely! lead! to! an! evil! the! government! has! to! prevent! (substantive,! extremely! serious! danger! where! the! degree! of! imminence! is! really!high).!(8)(Dennis(v.(US! o “Clear!and!present!danger”!does!not!mean!the!government!may!not!act!until! the!Putsch!(“uprising”/”revolt”)!has!been!plotted!and!on!is!the!verge!of!being! executed.!(8)(Dennis(v.(US(
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III.( Anatomy( of( Restrictions:( Prior( Restraint,( ContentUNeutral( and( ContentUBased( Regulations((Chavez(v.(Gonzales)! • Prior* Restraint.! Official! government! restrictions! on! the! press! or! other! forms! of! expression!in!advance!of!actual!publication!or!dissemination;!determined!on!a!caseF
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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toFcase!basis,!always!tested!by!scrutinizing!the!governmental!issuance!or!act!against! the!circumstances!in!which!they!operate,!and!then!determining!the!appropriate!test! with!which!to!evaluate.! Content9Neutral*Regulation.!Merely!concerned!with!the!incidents!of!the!speech,!or! one! that! merely! controls! the! time,! place! or! manner,! and! under! well! defined! standards.! o Regulations! of! this! type! are! not! designed! to! suppress! any! particular! message,!they!are!not!subject!to!the!strictest!form!of!judicial!scrutiny!by!an! intermediate! approach! (somewhere! between! the! mere! rationality! that! is! required! of! any! other! law! and! the! compelling! interest! standard! applied! to! contentFbased!regulations).! o O’Brien( Test( (CSUE)! "! this! test! provides! that! a! government! regulation! is! sufficiently!justified!if:!(18)(SWS(v.(COMELEC! 1. It!is!within!the!constitutional!power!of!the!government.! 2. It!furthers!an!important!or!substantial!governmental!interest.! 3. The! governmental! interest! is! unrelated! to! the! suppression! of! free! expression.! 4. The!incident!restriction!on!alleged!First!Amendment!freedoms!is!no!greater! than!is!essential!to!the!furtherance!of!that!interest.! Content9Based* Restraint* or* Censorship.! Restriction! based! on! the! subject! matter! of! the!utterance!or!speech.! o It!has!to!pass!the!clear!and!present!danger!rule!for!it!to!be!accepted.!
( IV.( Guidelines( for( inferior( courts( and( quasiUjudicial( administrative( tribunals( (6)( Newsounds(v.(Dy! 1. The! seven! requisites! of! administrative! proceedings! in! Ang! Tibay! v.! CIR! should! be! followed!before!a!broadcast!station!is!closed!or!its!operations!curtailed.! o Right!to!a!hearing!(includes!right!to!present!one’s!case!and!submit!evidence! in!support!thereof)! o Tribunal!must!consider!the!evidence!presented! o Decision!must!have!something!to!support!itself!! o Evidence!must!be!substantial! ! Substantial! evidence:! reasonable! evidence! as! a! reasonable! mind! might!accept!as!adequate!to!support!a!conclusion! o Decision!must!be!based!on!the!evidence!presented!at!the!hearing!(at!least!
contained!in!the!record!and!disclosed!to!the!parties!affected)! Tribunal,!body!or!any!of!its!judges!must!act!on!its!or!his!own!independent! consideration!of!the!law!and!facts!of!the!controversy!and!not!simply!accept! the!views!of!a!subordinate! o The! board! or! body! should! render! its! decision! in! such! a! manner! that! the! parties! to! the! proceeding! can! know! the! various! issued! involved! and! the! reasons!for!the!decision!rendered.! While! there! is! no! controlling! and! precise! definition! of! due! process,! it! furnishes! an! unavoidable!standard!to!which!government!action!must!conform!in!order!that!any! deprivation!of!life,!liberty,!or!property,!in!each!appropriate!case,!may!be!valid.! Media! is! entitled! to! the! broad! protection! of! freedom! of! speech! and! expression! clause.! The! test! for! limitations! on! freedom! of! expression! is! the! clear! and! present! danger!rule!(that!words!are!used!in!such!circumstances!and!are!of!such!nature!as!to! create! a! clear! and! present! danger! that! they! will! bring! about! the! substantive! evils! that!the!lawmaker!has!a!right!to!prevent).! Broadcasting!has!to!be!licensed.!The!freedom!of!television!and!radio!broadcasting!is! somewhat!lesser!in!scope!than!print!media.!This!is!because!(1)!broadcast!media!is! more! pervasive! and! (2)! easily! accessible! to! children.! Because! of! its! pervasiveness,! the! impact! of! inflammatory! or! offensive! speech! on! people! would! be! difficult! to! monitor! or! predict.! “Unlike! readers! of! the! printed! work,! the! radio! (and! television)! audience!has!lesser!opportunity!to!cogitate,!analyze!and!reject!the!utterance.”! The! clear! and! present! danger! test! must! take! the! particular! circumstance! of! broadcast!media!into!account.!There!has!to!be!a!balance!between!the!government’s! right!to!be!protected!against!broadcasts!which!incite!listeners!to!overthrow!it,!and! the!people’s!right!to!be!informed.! The! freedom! to! comment! on! public! affairs! is! essential! to! the! vitality! of! a! representative!democracy.! Broadcast!stations!deserve!the!special!protection!given!to!all!forms!of!media!by!the! due! process! and! freedom! of! expression! clauses! of! the! Constitution! (Section( 1( and( Section(4,(Article(3,(1987(Constitution).! o
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( V.(Free(Press(and(Speech(visUàUvis(Individual(rights((e.g.(right(to(privacy)( A.(Press((Newspapers(and(Periodicals)( • Freedom!of!the!Press((Chavez(v.(Gonzales)( o Most!pervasive!and!powerful!vehicle!of!opinion!on!public!questions.(
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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* Without! a! vigilant! press,! the! mistakes! of! every! administration! would! go! uncorrected!and!its!abuses!unexposed.( o Given!its!contributions!to!the!public,!the!press!deserves!extra!protection.( • The!liberty!of!the!press,!and!of!speech,!is!within!the!liberty!safeguarded!by!the!due! process! clause! of! the! 14th! Amendment! from! invasion! by! state! action( (1)( Near( v.( Minnesota( o This!immunity!from!previous!restraint,!however,!is!not!absolute.( ! Example:! In! times! of! war,! there! are! some! things! which! the! press! cannot!report!on!lest!it!jeopardize!military!operations.( o Enjoining!press!upon!mere!proof!of!publication!is!invalid!prior!restraint.!The! proper!remedy!for!such!kind!of!publications!is!a!libel!case!filed!against!the! publishers,! not! an! injunction.! In! a! libel! case,! the! factual! bases! of! the! publications!are!examined.( o The!burden!of!proof!is!upon!the!government!to!show!cause!as!to!why!such! articles!should!not!be!published((3)(NY(Times(v.(US( LIBEL( • Libel! laws! protect! two! separate! interests! of! the! individual( (25)( Rosenbloom( v.( Metromedia( 1. His!desire!to!preserve!privacy!from!intrusion! 2. To!preserve!his!good!name!and!reputation.! • The! immunity! enjoyed! by! the! press! presupposes! that! the! derogatory! information! they!publish!are!both!true*and*fair,*and*made*in*good*faith!without!any!comments! or!remarks.!(22)(Policarpio(v.(Manila(Times( • Treatise( of( Newell( on( Slander( and( Libel:( “Publication! of! a! person’s! photograph! in! connection!with!an!article!libelous!of!a!third!person,!is!a!libel!on!the!person!whose! picture! is! published,! where! the! acts! set! out! in! the! article! are! imputed! to! such! person.”!(23)(Lopez(v.(CA( • Retraction! or! correction! does! not! wipe! out! the! responsibility! arising! from! the! publication!of!the!first!article.!It!merely!mitigates!it.!(22)(Policarpio(v.(Manila(Times( • In!cases!of!retraction!or!correction:!(23)(Lopez(v.(CA( o Newspaper:! “should! not! be! held! to! account! to! a! point! of! suppression! for! honest!mistakes!or!imperfection!in!the!choice!of!words”!because!it!is!under! pressure!of!a!daily!deadline.( o Magazine:! there! is! no! such! pressure! so! corrections! do! not! wipe! out! the! o
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liability!for!the!first!mistake.( A!publication!is!libelous*per*se!if!the!words!tend!to!injure!a!person!in!his!reputation! or! to! bring! him! into! public! contempt.! Once! libel! per! se! has! been! established,! the! defendant! has! no! defense! as! to! stated! facts! unless! he! can! persuade! the! jury! that! they!were!true!in!all!their!particulars.!(24)(New(York(Times(Co.(v.(Sullivan( 1. A!rule!compelling!the!critic!of!official!conduct!to!guarantee!the!truth!of!all! his! factual! assertions! –! and! to! do! so! on! pain! of! libel! judgments! virtually! unlimited!in!amount!–!leads!to!a!comparable!“selfFcensorship”.! 2. The! constitutional! guarantees! require! a! federal! rule! that! prohibits! a! public! official!from!recovering!damages!for!a!defamatory!falsehood!relating!to!his! official!conduct!unless!he!proves!that!the!statement!was!made!with!actual* malice! i.e.! with! knowledge! that! it! was! false! or! with! reckless! disregard! of! whether!it!was!false!or!not.!
! B.(Motion(Picture/TV/Radio( • The!freedom!of!films,!television!and!radio!broadcasting!is!somewhat!lesser!in!scope! than!the!freedom!accorded!to!newspapers!and!other!print!media,!since!the!medium! is!more!pervasive((Chavez(v.(Gonzales)! • Nothing! in! national! law! exempts! media! entities! from! being! required! to! obtain! permits!or!licenses!from!local!governments!in!the!same!manner!as!other!businesses! are!expected!to!do!so,!so!long!as!such!requirement!has!been!duly!ordained!through! local!legislation!and!contentFneutral!in!character.!No!other!restraints!are!allowed!by! law.!(6)(Newsounds(v.(Dy! • A! noncriminal! process! which! requires! the! prior! submission! of! a! film! to! a! censor! avoids! constitutional! infirmity! only! if! it! takes! place! under! procedural! safeguards! designed!to!obviate!the!dangers!of!a!censorship!system.!(2)(Freedman(v.(Maryland! • Censorship!must!show!proof!of!a!clear!and!present!danger!of!a!substantive!evil.((31)( Gonzales(v.(KalawUKatigbak! • Three!guidelines!as!adequate!safeguards!to!protect!against!the!“undue!inhibition!of! protected!expression”!(2)(Freedman(v.(Maryland! 1. Place! the! burden! of! proving! the! film! is! unprotected! expression! upon! the! censors.! 2. Require!judicial!determination!to!impose!a!valid!determination,!and! 3. Require!prompt!determination!“within!a!specified!time!period.”!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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Power!of!the![censorship]!Board!is!limited!to!the!classification!of!films,!but!it!cannot! impose! a! censorship! in! the! production! of! movies,! which! would! constitute! a! prior! restraint.!(31)(Gonzales(v.(KalawUKatigbak! Congress! can! grant! an! administrative! body! quasiFjudicial! power! to! preview! and! classify! TV! programs! and! enforce! its! decision! subject! to! review! by! our! courts! (28)( INC(v.(CA((Section(5)! o Presumption! is! in! favor! of! the! correctness! of! his! action! and! courts! will! not! interfere!with!his!decision!unless!clearly!of!opinion!that!it!was!wrong.!
! C.(Privacy(of(private(and(public(figures/criticism(of(courts:( • The! protection! of! the! right! of! individual! persons! to! private! reputation! is! also! a! matter! of! public! interest! and! must! be! reckoned! with! as! a! factor! in! identifying! and! laying!down!the!norms!concerning!the!exercise!of!press!freedom!and!free!speech.! • Public(Figures( o “Public! Figure”! "! Person! who,! by! his! accomplishments,! fame,! or! mode! of! living,! or! by! adopting! a! profession! or! calling! which! gives! the! public! a! legitimate! interest! in! his! doings,! his! affairs,! and! his! character.! He! is! other! words!a!celebrity.!He!has!achieved!some!degree!of!reputation!by!appearing! before!the!public.!The!public!attention!is!focused!upon!him!as!a!person.!(11)( Ayer(Productions(v.(Capulong! o The! right! of! privacy! or! the! right! to! be! let! alone,! like! the! right! of! free! expression,!is!not!an!absolute!right((11)(Ayer(Productions(v.(Capulong! ! A!limited!intrusion!into!a!person’s!privacy!has!long!been!regarded!as! permissible!where:! • That!person!is!a!public!figure! • The! information! sought! to! be! elicited! from! him! or! to! be! published!about!him!constitute!of!a!public!character.! ! The! interest! sought! to! be! protected! by! the! right! of! privacy! is! the! right! to! be! free! from! unwarranted! publicity,! from! the! wrongful! publicizing!of!the!private!affairs!and!activities!of!an!individual!which! are!outside!the!realm!of!legitimate!public!conern.! o Public! figures! may! hold! a! speaker! liable! for! the! damage! to! reputation! caused!by!publication!of!a!defamatory!falsehood,!but!only!if!the!statement! was! made! “with! knowledge! that! it! was! false! or! with! reckless! disregard! of!
whether! it! was! false! or! not! (i.e.! actual! malice).”( (27)( Hustler( Magazine( v.( Falwell! ! Public! figures! and! public! officials! may! not! recover! for! the! tort! of! intentional!infliction!of!emotional!distress!by!reason!of!publications! such! as! the! one! here! at! issue! without! showing! in! addition! that! the! publication!contains!a!false!statement!of!fact!which!was!made!with! “actual!malice.”!(27)(Hustler(Magazine(v.(Falwell! • Private(Individuals((26)(Gertz.(v.(Welch! o A! publisher! or! broadcaster! of! defamatory! falsehoods! about! private! individual! figures! may! not! claim! the! New! York! Times! protection! against! liability! for! defamation! on! the! ground! that! the! defamatory! statements! concern!an!issue!of!public!or!general!interest,!because!they!are!not.!! o Differences!between!private!and!public!individuals! Public(Figure( Private(Individual( Public!figures!usually!enjoy!significantly! Private!individuals!are!more!vulnerable!to! greater!access!to!the!channels!of!effective! injury,!and!the!state!interest!in!protecting! communication!and!hence!have!a!more! them!is!correspondingly!greater.! realistic!opportunity!to!counteract!false! statements!than!private!individuals!normally! enjoy.! A!public!figure!runs!the!risk!of!closer!public! A!private!individual!has!relinquished!no!part! scrutiny!as!a!necessary!consequence!of!that! of!his!interest!in!the!protection!of!his!own! involvement!in!public!affairs.!Those!who! good!name,!and!consequently!he!has!a!more! attain!the!status!of!a!public!figure!have! compelling!call!on!the!courts!for!redress!of! assumed!roles!of!especial!prominence!in!the! injury!inflicted!by!defamatory!falsehood.! affairs! of! society! and! by! that! reason! they! invite!attention!and!comment.! • Criticism(of(the(courts! o His!letter!is!full!of!contemptuous!remarks!tending!to!degrade!the!dignitiy!of! the! Supreme! Court! (SC)! and! erode! public! confidence! that! should! be! accorded! it.! SC! does! not! prohibit! a! lawyer! to! be! critical! of! the! courts! and! judges! as! long! as! they! are! made! in! properly! respectful! terms! and! through! legitimate!channels!(12)(Roxas(v(De(Zuzuarregui! o Judges! voluntarily! subject! themselves! to! norms! of! conduct,! which! embody!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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* more! stringent! standards! of! honestly,! integrity,! and! competence! than! are! required!from!private!persons!(28)(In(re(Jurado! ! They!have!no!forfeited!any!right!to!private!honor!and!reputation! ! The! point! of! adjustment! or! accommodation! between! these! two! legitimate!interests!is!found!in!the!norm!which!requires!those!who,! invoking! freedom! of! speech,! publish! statements! which! are! clearly! defamatory!to!identifiable!judges!or!other!public!officials!to!exercise! bona! fide! care! in! ascertaining! the! truth! of! the! statements! they! publish.! • Other(Concepts:((29)(Borjal(v.(CA( o Absolute( privileged( communications( are! those! not! actionable! even! if! the! author!of!such!communication!is!in!bad!faith.(( o Qualifiedly( privileged( communications( are! those! containing! defamatory! imputations! that! are! nonFactionable! unless! they! are! found! to! be! malicious! and!false.! o Doctrine( of( Fair( Comment:( While! the! general! rule! states! that! every! discreditable! imputation! against! a! person! is! deemed! false,! the! exception! states! that! if! the! imputation! is! directed! against! a! public! official,! it! is! not! necessarily!actionable.!It!must!be!proven!to!be!a!false!allegation!based!on!a! false! supposition.! If! the! comment! is! a! mere! opinion! based! on! established! facts,!then!it!is!immaterial!that!the!opinion!be!mistaken,!as!long!as!it!may!be! reasonably!inferred!from!the!facts.! Other(Notes((from(Dean(Cadelaria’s(discussion)( • In!criticizing!courts:! o Stricter!standards!with!the!SC,!being!the!highest!court!of!the!land! o Lower!court!judges!are!open!to!criticism! • Privacy:! o Private!Persons!–!complete!protection! o Public!Official! ! Private!life!–!protected! ! Public!life!–!more!open!to!scrutiny! o A! public! figure! is! not! always! necessarily! a! public! servant! (like! Manny! Pacquiao)l!but!a!public!servant!is!always!necessarily!a!public!figure.! ! VI.(Speech(and(Electoral(Process(
A.(General(Points( • A!clear!and!present!danger!must!be!shown!to!effect!a!contentFbased!regulation((15)( Adiong(v.(COMELEC( • Regulation!of!election!campaign!may!not!pass!the!test!of!validity!if!it!is!too!general! in! its! terms! or! not! limited! in! time! and! scope! in! its! application,! if! it! restricts! one’s! expression!of!belief!in!a!candidate!or!one’s!opinion!of!his!or!her!qualifications,!if!it! cuts! off! the! flow! of! media! reporting,! and! if! the! regulatory! measure! bears! no! clear! and!reasonable!nexus!with!the!constitutionally!sanctioned!objective.! (14)(National( Press(Club(v.(COMELEC( • Prohibition! on! columnists,! commentators,! and! announcers! to! use! their! column,! radio!or!television!time!to!campaign!for!or!against!plebiscite!issues!on!plebiscite!day! is! contentFbased.! Here! the! COMELEC! has! acted! beyond! its! power! and! such! restriction!is!not!satisfied!by!the!test.!(13)(Sanidad(v.(COMELEC( • A!15F!and!7Fday!wait!period!for!the!release!of!survey!results!is!more!than(necessary( to!further!the!governmental!interest.!This!fails!the!O’Brien!Test!for!contentFneutral! restrictions((18)(SWS(v.(COMELEC(( ( B.(Not(ContentUBased(Restriction((14)(National(Press(Club(v.(COMELEC( • It!does!not!purport!in!any!way!to!restrict!the!reporting!by!newspapers!or!radio!or! television!stations!of!news!or!newsFworthy!events!relating!to!the!elections.( • It!“does!not!reach!commentaries!and!expressions!of!belief!or!opinion!by!reporters! or! broadcasters! or! editors! or! commentators! or! columnists! xxx! so! long! at! least! as! such! comments,! opinions! and! beliefs! are! not! in! fact! advertisements! for! particular! candidates!covertly!paid!for.”( ( C.(ContentUBased(Restrictions(( • The! prohibition! use! of! property! to! campaign! would! not! only! deprive! the! owner! –! who!consents!to!such!posting!–!the!use!of!his!property!but!more!important,!in!the! process,! it! would! deprive! the! citizen! of! his! right! to! free! speech! in! that! he! cannot! support,! using! his! property,! the! candidate! whom! he! wishes! to! be! elected.( (15)( Adiong(v.(COMELEC( • Exit(polls(generate!important!research!data!which!may!be!used!to!study!influencing! factors!and!trends!in!voting!behavior.!(17)(ABSUCBN(v.(COMELEC( o An!absolute!prohibition!of!such!would!thus!be!unreasonably!restrictive.(
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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Prevents!electionFday!projections.( Prevents!longFterm!research.(
( VII.(Commercial(Speech( • Commercial!speech!"!speech!that!concerns!only!commercial!or!economic!activity.! o Government’s! right! to! regulate! commercial! speech! is! greater! than! its! right! to! regulate! nonFcommercial! speech,! but! it! must! establish! a! reasonable! fit! between!its!regulation!an!the!goals!sought!to!be!achieved.((20)(Cincinnati(v.( Discovery(NetworK! • Central( Hudson( Test.! Test! to! determine! whether! a! restriction! on! commercial! speech!passes!the!scrutiny!of!the!First!Amendment!prohibition!(LSDN).! 1. Commercial!speech!must!concern!lawful!activity!and!is!not!misleading! 2. There!is!substantial!government!interest! 3. The!regulation!directly!advances!the!asserted!government!interest.! 4. Whether!it!is!not!more!extensive!than!necessary!to!serve!that!interest.! • Banning(signs(altogether(is(contentUbased.(A!time,!place!and!manner!restriction!is! permissible!(contentFneutral),!but!such!restraints!imposed!such!as!to!ban!a!mode!of! expression!without!leaving!an!alternative!medium!is!contentFbased.!It!was!not!tied! to!a!harm!that!police!power!could!prevent.!(21)(City(of(Ladue(v.(Gilleo! ( VIII.(Obscenity( • Obscenity!is!not!protected!by!the!First!Amendment.((30)(Miller(v.(California! o Nudity!"!the!showing!of!the!human!male!or!female!genitals,!pubic!area,!or! buttocks!with!less!than!a!fully!opaque!covering,!the!showing!of!the!female! breast! with! less! than! a! fully! opaque! covering! of! any! part! of! the! nipple,! or! the!showing!of!the!covered!male!genitals!in!a!discernibly!turgid!state.!(33)( Barnes(v.(Glen(Theater! • Basic(guideline(for(the(trier(of(fact((PPV)(–(U.S.(Standards! 1. Whether!the!average!person,!applying!contemporary!community!standards! would!find!the!work,!taken!as!a!whole,!appeals!to!the!prurient*interest.! 2. Whether! the! work! depicts! or! describes,! in! patently* offensive* way,* sexual! conduct!specifically!defined!by!the!applicable!state!law.! 3. Whether!the!work,!taken!as!a!whole,!lacks!serious!literary,!artistic,!political,! or!scientific!value.*!
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Offensiveness( of( the( material( to! be! determined! on! community! and! not! national! standards.!(30)(Miller(v.(California! Test( to( determine( obscenity( (Philippine( Standards).( Whether! to! the! average! person,!applying!contemporary!community!standards!would!find!the!work,!taken!as! a!whole,!appeals!to!the!prurient*interest.((31)(Gonzales(v.(KalawUKatigbak!
( IX.(Assembly(and(Petition( A.(Assembly( • Right( to( peaceable( assemble( is( limitable.! The! right! to! peaceably! assemble! and! petition! for! redress! of! grievances! enjoys! primacy! in! the! realm! of! constitutional! protection.! However,! the! exercise! of! those! rights! is! not! absolute! for! it! may! be! so! regulated! under! the! exercise! of! sovereign! police! power,! upon! showing! of! a! clear! and! present! danger! of! substantive! evil! that! the! State! has! a! right! to! prevent.! (43)( Bayan(v.(Ermita( o The! government! has! the! right! to! regulate! the! time! and! manner! of! an! assembly!to!allow!for!minimal!disruption!of!society’s!daily!life.!(34)(Navarro( v.(Villegas( o Freedom! of! speech! and! assembly! cannot! be! unduly! limited.! The! only! justifiable!restriction!on!these!fundamental!liberties!is!a!strong!showing!of!a! “clear!and!present!danger!of!a!substantive!evil!that!the!state!has!the!right! to!prevent”.!(41)(JBL(Reyes(v.(Mayor(Bagatsing! • The!right!to!assemble!is!not!subject!to!previous!restraint!or!censorship.!It!may!not! be! conditioned! upon! the! prior! issuance! of! a! permit! or! authorization! from! the! government! authorities! except! if! the! assembly! is! intended! to! be! held! in! a! public! place,! a! permit! for! the! use! of! such! place,! and! not! for! the! assembly! itself,! may! be! validly!required!(Chavez(v.(Gonzales)( • Under!B.P.(880,!the!authority!to!regulate!assemblies!and!rallies!is!lodged!with!the! LGUs.!They!have!the!power!to!issue!permits!and!to!revoke!such!permits!after!due! notice! and! hearing! on! the! determination! of! the! presence! of! clear! and! present! danger.!(Chavez(v.(Gonzales)( • Court’s!guidelines!if!the!assembly!is!to!be!held!in!school!premises:!(42)(Malabanan( v.(Ramento! 1. Permit! must! be! sought! from! its! school! authorities,! who! are! devoid! of! the! power!to!deny!such!request!arbitrarily!or!unreasonably.!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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* 2. In!granting!such!permit,!there!may!be!conditions!as!to!the!time!and!place!of! the!assembly!to!avoid!disruption!of!classes!or!stoppage!of!work!of!the!nonF academic!personnel.! 3. Even! if,! however,! there! be! violations! of! its! terms,! the! penalty! incurred! should!not!be!disproportionate!to!the!offense.! 4. Their! exercise! to! discuss! matters! affecting! their! welfare! or! involving! public! interest! is! not! to! be! subjected! to! previous! restraint! or! subsequent! punishment! unless! there! be! a! showing! of! a! clear! and! present! danger! to! a! substantive!evil!that!the!state,!has!a!right!to!present.(
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( B.(Seditious(Speech(and(Communist(Party(Association( • Criticism,!no!matter!how!severe,!on!the!Executive,!the!Legislature!or!the!Judiciary,! is!within!the!range!of!liberty!of!speech,!unless!the!intention!and!effect!be!seditious.! But! when! the! intention! and! effect! of! the! act! is! seditious,! the! constitutional! guaranties!of!freedom!of!speech!and!press!and!of!assembly!and!petition!must!yield! to! punitive! measures! designed! to! maintain! the! prestige! of! constituted! authority,! the! supremacy! of! the! constitution! and! the! laws,! and! the! existence! of! the! State!"! Dangerous(tendency(rule(is(applicable(to(seditious(speech((7)(People(v.(Perez( • “The! question! in! every! case! is! whether! the! words! used! are! used! in! such! circumstances!and!are!of!such!a!nature!as!to!create!a!clear!and!present!danger!that! they!will!bring!about!the!substantive!evils!that!Congress!has!a!right!to!prevent”!(9)( (8)(Dennis(v.(US( o The!SC!said!that!the!requisite!danger!existed!in!this!case:!Communist!Party( ! There!was!a!group!ready!to!make!the!attempt( ! Highly!organized!conspiracy( ! Ideologically!attuned( o The! effect! of! restraining! speech! here! is! only! incidental! to! suppressing! the! association;!what!is!being!restrained!is!not!discussion,!but!advocacy.( ( Religion( • It( is( only( where( it( is( unavoidably( necessary( to( prevent( an( immediate( and( grave( danger( (clear( and( present( danger)( to( the( security( and( welfare( of( the( community( that(infringement(of(religious(freedom(may(be(justified.((28)(INC(v.(CA((Section(5)! o Where!the!individual!externalized!his!belief!in!acts!or!omissions!that!affect! the! public,! his! freedom! to! do! so! becomes! subject! to! the! authority! of! the!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! SECTION(5.( No( law( shall( be( made( respecting( an( establishment( of( religion,( or( prohibiting( the( free( exercise( thereof.( The( free( exercise( and( enjoyment( of( religious( profession( and( worship,( without(discrimination(or(preference,(shall(forever(be(allowed.(No(religious(test(shall(be( required(for(the(exercise(of(civil(or(political(rights.( ( I.(NonDestablishment(of(Religion:( • This% means% that% the% government% cannot% pass% laws% which% promote% or% inhibit% any% religion.%In%other%words,%it%mandates%government%neutrality.% • Four(General(Propositions(of(Government(Neutrality((PAFE)1% 1. Government% must% not% prefer% one% religion% over% another,% or% religion% over% irreligion.% 2. Government%funds%must%not%be%used%for%religious%purposes.2% 3. Government%action%must%not%aid%religion.% 4. Government%action%must%not%result%in%excessive%entanglement%with%religion.% • Allowable( government( aid% →% There% are% forms% of% government% aid% which% are% allowable.%The%requisites%are%(SEN):% o A%secular%legislative%purpose.% o Must%not%require%excessive%entanglement%with%the%religious%institution.% o A%primary%effect%that%neither%advance%nor%inhibits%religion.% (3)(School(District(v.(Schempp;((4)(Board(of(Education(v.(Allen;((5)(Lemon( v.(Kurtzman;((6)(Tilton(v.(Richardson;((7)(County(of(Allegheny(v.(ACLU( • On(Religions(symbols( o The% display% of% religious% symbols% (e.g.% crucifix,% menorah,% crèche,% etc.)% in% public% places% and% buildings% can% be% disallowed% if% it% tends% to% show% that% the% government% endorses% its% religious% message.% (7)( County( of( Allegheny( v.( ACLU( o ContentIneutral% limits% are% valid% for% regulating% displays% of% religious% symbols% in%public%places.( o Similar%to%free%speech,%contentIbased%restrictions%on%religious%messages%can% only% be% implemented% if% there% is% a% compelling% state% interest.% (9)( Capitol( Square(Review(Board(v.(Pinette(&(Ku(Klux(Klan.( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 2
!Bernas!Green!Book! !See!Garces!v.!Estenzo!
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However,% because% of% Philippine% culture,% this% rule% is% not% as% strict% in% our% jurisdiction.% For% example,% it% is% not% uncommon% to% find% a% crucifix% in% a% court% room.( Public(Schools(and(Religious(Instruction( o Based% on% American% jurisprudence,% religious% instruction% particularly% the% use% of%State%resources%for%religious%instruction%is%not%allowed.%There%is%excessive% entanglement.( ! However,% if% the% law% provides% a% general% benefit% to% students% regardless% of% religion,% it% can% be% valid.% (4)( Board( of( Education( v.( Allen;((8)(Zobrest(v.(Catalina(Foothills(School(District( ! Thus,% the% lending% of% books% (which% are% not% religious% in% nature% but% rather% secular)% is% allowable% since% the% primary% effect% did% not% inhibit% or%promote%religion.%(4)(Board(of(Education(v.(Allen( ! An%interpreter%provided%by%the%state%can%teach%and%suggest,%but%that% is%incidental%to%the%main%service%that%is%interpretation.%(8)(Zobrest(v.( Catalina(Foothills(School(District( o In%the%Philippines,%this%is%not%entirely%disallowed.%The%Constitution%allows%for% religious% instruction% during% school% hours% to% be% conducted% by% instructors% designated% by% the% religion% they% belong% to.% This% is% without% cost% to% the% government% AND% with% written% consent% by% parents.% (Section( 3(3),( Article( XIV,(1987(Constitution)( State(jurisdiction(over(religious(affairs%→(the%government%does%not%have%the%power% to%interfere%and%substitute%its%judgment%on%matters%of%religious%doctrine%and%other% purely% religious% affairs% (11)( Islamic( Da’wah( Council( v.( Executive( Secretary;( (12)( Taruc(v.(De(La(Cruz( o Example:%Halal%certification%or%excommunication%from%a%church.( Government%neutrality%is%not%compromised%even%if%some%acts%cause%some%incidental% benefit% to% any% religion.% The% determining% factor% is% that% it% is% not% primarily% aimed% at% providing%such%benefit.%(1)(Aglipay(v.(Ruiz( o
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( II.(Free(Exercise(of(Religion( • 2%Aspects%of%Free%Exercise%of%Religion%(14)(Cantwell(v.(Connecticut% 1. Freedom4 to4 Believe.% Absolute% freedom% which% cannot% be% regulated.% People% are%free%to%believe%whatever%want,%even%if%they%cannot%prove%it.% 2. Freedom4 to4 Act.% When% belief% is% translated% into% external% acts,% they% can% be%
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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subjects% of% regulation% and% police% power,% especially% if% they% are% injurious% to% public%safety.% o While%the%courts%can%look%into%the%good%faith%of%an%individual,%they%cannot% inquire% into% the% truthfulness% or% falsity% of% religious% beliefs.% (15)( U.S.( v.( Ballard% Free% exercise% of% religion% carries% with% it% the% right% to% disseminate% religious% information.% Any% restraint% of% such% right% must% pass% the% test% of% clear% and% present% danger% of% any% substantive% evil% which% the% State% may% prevent.% (16)( American( Bible( Society(v.(City(of(Manila% Solicitations%for%religious%purposes%may%be%regulated%by%the%State%in%its%exercise%of% police%power.%The%State%may%protect%its%citizens%from%fraudulent%solicitations.%It%may% regulate%the%time%and%manner%of%solicitations.%(23)(Centeno(v.(VillalonDPornillos% Freedom%of%religion%is%a%valid%reason%for%people%to%be%exempted%from%the%operation% of%certain%laws%and%policies.% o On( union( membership( →% Despite% having% a% closed% shop% provision% in% the% CBA,%a%member%of%the%Iglesia%Ni%Cristo%may%opt%not%to%join%the%labor%union% since%this%is%disallowed%by%his%religion.%Freedom%of%religion%is%superior%over% contractual%rights%like%the%CBA.%(13)(Victoriano(v.(Elizalde% o On( flag( ceremony( →( Jehovah’s% Witnesses% may% be% excluded% from% the% mandatory%flag%ceremony%in%public%schools%mandated%by%R.A.(1265%because% it%is%against%their%religion%to%worship%other%idols.%While%maintaining%that%the% Philippine%flag%and%the%flag%ceremony%are%not%religious%idols%and%rituals,%the% Supreme%Court%upheld%their%right%to%not%participate.%They%may%not%disrupt%it% either.%(17)(Ebralinag(v.(Division(Superintendent% o On( mandatory( education( →% The% Amish% community% may% refuse% to% enroll% their% children% from% the% public% school% system% despite% a% compulsory% education%policy%by%the%state%of%Wisconsin.%They%have%their%own%system%of% education% which% is% more% appropriate% for% their% religious% belief.% (18)( Wisconsin(v.(Yoder.% o Oh( government( office( hours( →( Muslim% court% employees% were% exempted% from%the%8am%to%5pm%work%hours.%Instead,%they%were%allowed%to%work%from% 7:30am% to% 3:30pm% without% breaks% in% order% to% comply% with% their% Ramadan% obligation%of%fasting.%(30)(In(re:(Request(of(Muslim(Employees% A% law% that% burdens% religious% practices% need% not% be% justified% by% a% compelling% government%interest%if%it%is%neutral%and%of%general%applicability.%Otherwise%it%must%be%
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1. Justified%by%a%compelling%interest% 2. Narrowly%tailored%to%advance%that%interest%(i.e.%it%must%not%be%overbroad%nor% underinclusive%or%too%specific%to%a%certain%religion)% (25)(Church(of(the(Lukumi(v.(City(of(Hialeah( Benevolent( Neutrality( →( The% approach% that% gives% room% for% accommodation% of% religious%exercises,%provided%that%it%does%not%offend%compelling%state%interest.%(26)( Estrada(v.(Escritor( o Compelling(State(Interest(Test((SLI)( ! Look%into%sincerity%of%belief.( ! The% State% has% to% prove% that% its% purposes% are% legitimate% and% compelling.( ! The%State%must%use%the%lease%intrusive%means%possible.( Religious( Tests( →( Government% may% not% use% religion% as% a% basis% of% classification% for% the%imposition%of%duties,%penalties,%privileges%or%benefits.( o The% prohibition% in% the% Revised% Administrative% Code% of% 1917% of% an% ecclesiastic% from% elected% office% was% considered% as% a% prohibited% religious% test.% However,% the% Court% was% 1% vote% short% to% declare% such% provision% unconstitutional.%(19)(Pamil(v.(Teleron( o The% statute% which% bars% a% Baptist% minister% from% being% a% member% of% the% Tennessee% constitutional% convention% was% held% to% be% unconstitutional% (20)( McDaniel(v.(Paty( Religious( Clothing( →( wearing% articles% of% clothing% with% religious% significance% (e.g.% yarmulke,% turban,% veil,% etc.)% is% a% form% of% religious% expression.% Prohibition% against% them%must%undergo%the%same%tests%for%restrictions%on%religious%expression.( o The%wearing%of%a%yarmulke%instead%of%the%required%headgear%of%an%Air%Force% officer’s%uniform%was%prohibited%due%to%the%special%nature%and%structure%of% the%military.%The%uniform%is%part%of%the%means%by%which%the%military%enforces% discipline.%(21)(Goldman(v.(Weinberger( Religious%rituals%and%actions%which%are%not%done%in%good%faith%and%are%instead%done% to% do% something% detrimental% to% national% interest% (e.g.% going% to% St.% Jude’s% chapel% besides% Malacañang% with% an% intent% to% disturb% the% government)% can% be% validly% regulated%and%even%prohibited%by%the%State.%(22)(German(v.(Barangan( The%inclusion%of%prayer%rites%in%a%public%high%school%graduation%by%the%principal%can% be%construed%as%an%indirect%action%by%the%State%of%coercing%students%into%professing% a% certain% religion.% This% is% prohibited% by% the% Free% Exercise% Clause.% (24)( Lee( v.(
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
CONSTITUTIONAL*LAW*II*
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Weisman( The%prohibition%against%the%showing%of%a%film%on%family%values%in%the%public%school% forum% outside% of% class% hours% based% solely% on% the% fact% that% is% religious% in% nature% is% invalid.%It%is%against%freedom%of%expression%of%religion%and%allowing%such%film%would% not%have%caused%excessive%entanglement%since%it%is%done%outside%of%class%hours.%(26)( Lamb’s(Chapel(v.(Center(Moriches(School(District( Criticisms%of%other%religions%by%any%other%religions%is%not%a%valid%ground%to%prohibit% that%religion’s%show%on%TV%since%it%does%not%pass%the%clear%and%present%danger%test% for%prohibiting%free%speech%and%free%exercise%of%religion.%(28)(INC(v.(CA(
( Establishment(Clause( Free(Exercise(Clause( The%wholesome%“neutrality”%of%which%this% The%right%of%every%person%to%freely%choose% Court’s%cases%speak%stems%from%a% his%own%course%with%reference%thereto,%free% recognition%of%the%teachings%of%history%that% of%any%compulsion%from%the%state.%This%is% powerful%sects%or%groups%might%bring%about% what%the%Free%Exercise%Clause%guarantees.% a%fusion%of%governmental%and%religious% (3)(School(District(v.(Schempp(( functions%or%a%concert%or%dependency%of%one% upon%the%other%to%the%end%that%official% support%of%the%State%or%Federal%Government% would%be%placed%behind%the%tenets%of%one%or% of%all%orthodoxies.%This%is%what%the% Establishment%Clause%prohibits.% ( III.(Other(Notes((questions(raised(by(Dean(Candelaria):( • (4)(Abington(School(District(v.(Schempp( o With%regard%to%Philippine%Courts,%is%it%a%violation%of%the%Establishment%Clause% to%pray%prior%to%the%start%of%a%hearing?% o What%is%the%difference%with%Schemepp?% • (5)(Lemon(v.(Kurtzman( o If% the% law% school% were% to% offer% a% “Law% and% Religion”% class,% would% it% be% violative% of% the% Establishment% clause?% NO% so% long% as% it% has% a% secular% purpose.( o If%such%class%was%offered,%is%the%professor%teaching%religion%or%Constitutional% Law?(
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(7)(County(of(Allegheny(v.(ACLU( o From% a% cultural% context,% what’s% the% difference% between% the% Menorah% and% the%Nativity%Scene?% o When%the%government%declares%holidays%in%light%of%a%religious%holiday,%does% it%violate%the%Establishment%Clause?% ! Idelfetur% (muslim% holiday)% is% declaring% it% a% holiday% a% kind% of% endorsement?% ! What% if% President% Aquino% declares% the% death% of% Manalo% (INC% Founder)%a%holiday?%Is%he%endorsing%a%religion?% (9)(Capitol(Square(Review(Board(v.(Pinette(&(Ku(Klux(Klan% o What%if%the%religious%symbol%placed%is%offensive?%May%the%government%then% stop%its%display?% (26)(Estrada(v.(Escritor% o What% compelling% state% interest% may% overwhelm% the% exercise% of% religious% right%to%remarry%even%though%divorce%is%not%allowed%in%the%Philippines?% (30)(In(re:(Request(of(Muslim(Employees% o In% the% case% of% private% institutions,% would% such% institutions% have% a% right% to% deny% employees% or% students% if% they% request% for% a% (Muslime/Jewish)% prayer% room?%
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
CONSTITUTIONAL*LAW*II*
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! !SECTION!6.! The! liberty! of! abode! and! of! changing! the! same! within! the! limits! prescribed! by! law! shall! not!be!impaired!except!upon!lawful!order!of!the!court.!Neither!shall!the!right!to!travel!be! impaired!except!in!the!interest!of!national!security,!public!safety,!or!public!health,!as!may! be!provided!by!law.! ! FREEDOM!OF!MOVEMENT:!LIBERTY!OF!ABODE!AND!OF!TRAVEL! ! I.!General!Principles! • Freedom'of'movement'in'Section!6'includes'two'(2)'rights:! o The'liberty'of'abode.! o The'liberty'of'travel.! • Travel'need'not'include'abode,'but'abode'necessarily'includes'the'right'to'travel.! ! A.!The!Liberty!of!Abode! • The'liberty'of'abode'may'only'be'impaired'“upon'lawful'order'of'the'court”,'based' on'“limits'prescribed'by'law”'on'the'liberty'itself.1! o Even' public' officers' do' not' have' the' power' to' order' individuals' to' leave' Manila'and'move'to'Davao'(1)!Villavicencio!v.!Lukban! • Intent'was'to'proscribe'practices'like'hamletting! o Hamletting.' Practice' of' herding' people' into' a' militarily' quarantined' sanctuary'within'rebel'areas.! ! B.!The!Liberty!of!Travel! • The' liberty' of' travel' may' be' impaired' even' without' a' court' order,' but' the' appropriate' executive' officers' is' not' armed' with' arbitrary' discretion' to' impose' limitations.'He'can'impose'limits'based'on'“national'security,'public'safety,'or'public' health”'and'“as'may'be'provided'by'law.”2' o The'President’s'determination'that'the'destabilization'caused'by'the'return'of' the'Marcoses'would'wipe'away'the'gains'achieved'during'the'past'few'years' and' lead' to' total' economic' collapse' is' sufficient' basis' to' impose' limits' on' !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 2
!Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!376!(2009!ed.)! !Id.,!p.!377!
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one’s' right' to' travel.' A' person’s' right' to' travel' and' abode' can' be' impaired' pursuant'to'state'interest.'(2)!Marcos!v.!Manglapus' Subject'to'judicial'review' Right'to'travel'can'be'impaired'through'statutes'or'Rules'of'Court.'' Example:'' o A'person'on'bail'can'be'prevented'from'leaving'the'country.'(3)!Silverio!v.! CA;!(4)!Santiago!v.!Vasquez' o A'person'on'bail'asking'to'travel'for'medical'reasons,'the'Court'can'seek'the' advice' of' medical' experts,' apart' from' that' presented' by' the' person,' to' determine'the'necessity'to'travel'abroad.'It'is'within'the'court’s'discretion' to' grant' the' request' to' travel' for' humanitarian' reasons' (5)! Marcos! v.! Sandiganbayan'or'to'change'one’s'residence'(6)!Yap!v.!CA' o In'Kant'Kwong'v.'PCGG,'the'Court'held'that'when'a'hold'order'has'expired' and'no'good'reason'appears'for'extending,'an'alien'may'not'be'prevented' to'leave'the'country.'
! RIGHT!OF!ENTER!THE!COUNTRY! ! I.!General!Principles! • The'right'to'leave'and'the'right'to'return'may'be'considered,'as'a'generally' accepted'principle'of'international'law'and,'under'our'Constitution,'is'part'of'the'law' of'the'land.'However,'it'is'distinct'and'separate'from'the'right'to'travel'and'enjoys'a' different'protection'under'the'ICCPR.'(2)!Marcos!v.!Manglapus' ! ALIENS!AND!RIGHT!OF!ENTRY! ! I.!General!Principles! • Admission'of'aliens'into'the'country'is'a'political'matter'beyond'the'reach'of'judicial' review.' • Every'country'has'a'right'to'forbid'the'entry'of'foreigners'within'its'dominion,'or'to' admit'them'upon'conditions'it'may'see'fit'to'prescribe.' ' '
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
CONSTITUTIONAL*LAW*II*
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! SECTION(7.( The(right(of(the(people(to(information(on(matters(of(public(concern(shall(be(recognized.( Access( to( official( records,( and( to( documents( and( papers( pertaining( to( official( acts,( transactions,(or(decisions,(as(well(as(to(government(research(data(used(as(basis(for(policy( development,(shall(be(afforded(the(citizen,(subject(to(such(limitations(as(may(be(provided( by(law.( ( I.(General(Principles( • Rights' guaranteed' of' Section( 7' are' (1)' right' to' information' on' matters' of' public' concern'and'(2)'access'to'official'records'and'documents.' o Section( 7' guarantees' only' a' general' right.' The' right' of' access' to' official' records'is'given'as'an'implementation'of'the'right'to'information.' o These'political'rights'are'available'to'citizens'only.' ( RIGHT(TO(INFORMATION(AND(ACCESS(TO(PUBLIC(DOCUMENTS( ( I.(General(Principles(( • Purpose' !' for' the' people' to' know' what' their' government' is' doing;' participatory' democracy'(2)(Valmonte,(et(al.(v.(Belmonte(Jr.' • Nature'of'Right'!'selfCexecutory' • Remedy'!'petition'for'mandamus'(since'the'act'of'releasing'information'of'public' interest'is'ministerial)'' o Ministerial'v.'Discretionary' " Discretionary' !' it' is' the' choice' of' the' government.' You' cannot' compel'them'to'perform.'' " Ministerial'!'the'law'mandates'that'the'government'perform.' ( II.(Scope(( A.(Matters(of(Public(Interest( • Matters'of'pubic'concern(! (the'appointments'made'to'public'offices'and'the' utilization'of'public'property.'(6)(Gonzales(v.(Narvasa' Matters'of'public'concern'include:'' a. Official'records'
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b. Documents'and'papers'pertaining'to'official'acts,'transactions'and'decisions;' and'' c. Government'research'data'used'in'formulating'policies' Requisites'for'something'to'be'construed'within'Section(7((1)(Legaspi(v.(CSC( a. Being'of'public'concern'or'one'that'involves'public'interest,'and,'' b. Not'being'exempted'by'law'from'the'operation'of'the'constitutional' guarantee.' ( B.(Official(Records( • The'documents'of'GSIS'are'not'private'in'nature'because'GSIS'as'a'governmentC controlled'corporation'exercises'a'proprietary'function,'which'then'falls'within'the' Constitutional'right'to'information.'(2)(Valmonte,(et(al.(v.(Belmonte(Jr.'' • Since'the'imposition'of'the'death'penalty'is'a'matter'of'life'and'death,'it'must'always' be'reviewable'by'the'court,'and'accessible'to'the'person'directly'affected'by'the' manual.((4)(Echegaray(v.(Secretary(of(Justice( ( C.(Documents(and(papers(pertaining(to(official(acts,(transactions(and(decisions( • Official'Acts' o This' right' may' be' asserted' even' against' GOCCs' because' their' function' similar'to'government'agencies'–'that'is,'to'serve'the'people.' o Trade' secrets' are' of' a' privileged' nature.' The' Securities' Regulation' Code' is' explicit'that'SEC'is'not'authorized'to'require'the'revelation'of'trade'secrets' or'processes'in'any'application'filed'with'SEC.1' o Decisions'of'the'MTRCB'and'the'individual'voting'slips'accomplished'by'the' members'concerned'are'acts'made'pursuant'to'their'official'functions,'and' as' such,' are' neither' personal' nor' private' in' nature' but' rather' public' in' character'(3)(AquinoXSarmiento(v.(Morato' • Transactions' !' include' the' negotiation' stages' of' a' contract' to' be' made' available,' not' just' the' consummated' contract.' The' information,' however,' must' constitute' definite'propositions'by'the'government'and'should'not'cover'recognized'exceptions' like' privileged' information,' military' and' diplomatic' secrets' and' similar' matters' affecting'national'security'and'public'order.'(5)(Chavez(v.(PCGG;((7)(Chavez(v.(PEA' • Decisions' !' and' opinions' of' a' court' are' public' matters.' However,' pleadings' and' !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1
!Id.,!p.!386!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
CONSTITUTIONAL*LAW*II*
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! other' documents' filed' by' parties' to' a' case' are' not' matters' of' public' concern.' (8)' Hilado(v.(Reyes' ( D.(Government(research(data(used(in(formulating(policies(( • 1987( Constitution' included' the' phrase' “as' well' as' to' government' research' data' used' as' basis' for' policy' development.”' This' was' a' reaction' to' a' practice' during' martial'law'of'withholding'social'research'data'from'the'public'whenever'the'data' contradicted'with'government'policies.1' o Government' research' data' refers' to' government' funded' research' and' not' privately'funded'research.' • Inquiries'in'aid'of'legislation'also'falls'underneath'this,'because'such'is'used'in'the' formulation'of'policies,'which'the'people'should'be'informed'with'so'that'they'may' formulate'their'own'opinions'concerning'the'matter.'(9)(Sabio(v.(Gordon' ( ( Executive( Legislative( Judiciary( CAN'be' You'know'the'number'of'votes'and' You'may' Decisions'of'the'SC'are' revealed' who'voted'for'which.' know'the' public'!'you'know'the' votes' number'of'the'votes'and' who'voted'for'who.' CANNOT' National'security'matters,'military,' Cannot' What'cannot'be'revealed' be' diplomatic,'and'other'national' reveal'the' to'the'public'is'the' revealed' security'state'secrets,'information' executive' decision'making'process' on'interCgovernment'exchanges' decisions' and'the'files'involved' prior'to'conclusion'of'treaties'and' (deliberations'of'justices)' executive'agreements;'privileged' !'EXCEPTION:'oral' information' argument.' ' III.(Limitations( A.(Right(to(information(and(access(to(public(documents(may(be(regulated( • While'access'to'official'records'may'not'be'prohibited,'it'can'still'be'regulated.'This' is'based'on'inherent'power'of'an'officer'to'control'his'office'and'records'under'his' custody.' The' office' also' has' the' power' to' regulate' the' manner' records' may' be' inspected,'examined,'or'copied.'(2)(Valmonte,(et(al.(v.(Belmonte(Jr.' !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!376!(2009!ed.),!p.381!
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In'Chavez'v.'PCGG,'the'Court'enumerated'some'recognized'limitations'on'the'right' to'information:' o National' security' matters,' military,' diplomatic,' and' other' national' security' state' secrets,' information' on' interCgovernment' exchanges' prior' to' conclusion'of'treaties'and'executive'agreements.' " Diplomatic' relations' include' trade' negotiations' with' foreign' countries'(10)(Neri(v.(Senate' o Trade' secrets' and' banking' transactions.' Pursuant' to' Intellectual' Property' Code' (R.A.( 8283)' and' related' laws,' the' Secrecy' of' Bank' Deposits' Act' (R.A.( 1405).' o Criminal' matters' or' law' enforcement' matters.' Information' on' apprehension,'prosecution'and'detention'of'criminals.' o Other' confidential' matters.' Ethical' Standards' Act' (R.A.( 6713)' prohibits' disclosure' of' confidential' information' known' to' public' officials' and' employees' by' virtue' of' their' office.' Other' limitations' include' diplomatic' correspondence,' closed' door' cabinet' meetings,' executive' session' in' Congress,'and'internal'deliberations'of'the'Supreme'Court.' Decisions'and'opinions'of'a'court'are'public'matters.'However,'pleadings'and'other' documents'filed'by'parties'to'a'case'are'not'matters'of'public'concern.' o Access' to' court' records' may' be' permitted' at' the' discretion' of' the' court,' considering'purpose'of'documents'requested'and'possible'prejudice'against' any'of'the'parties.2'(8)(Hilado(v.(Reyes'
( B.(Restrictions(to(right(to(public(information((military,(diplomatic,(etc)( Case( Transaction( Stage( Judicial(Infirmity( PEA' Government' Negotiation' Ok' Contract' (definition)' NERI' ZTE' Signed'Contract' ' SUPLICO' ZTE' Signed'Contract' Moot'but'decided'on'to'guide'the'bar'for' possible'repetition' AKBAYAN' JPEPA' Negotiation' “not'yet”' (drafts;' diplomatic)' !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2
!Ibid.!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! North' MOACAD' Cotabato' peace'panel'
Peace'Agreement' Treaty'was'cancelled'but'Court'ruled'on'it' in'case'of'repetition:'' !'Consultation'required' NERI:' Where' the' Court' may' intervene' to' prevent' the' Senate' in' compelling' someone' to' come'in'aid'of'legislation.' • When' you' are' the' subject' of' Senate' investigation,' you' need' to' take' into' consideration' the' nature' of' your' personality' in' connection' with' the' topic' of' investigation' ' IV.(Extent(of(Executive(Privilege( • Any' executive' issuance' tending' to' unduly' limit' disclosures' of' information' in' such' investigations'necessarily'deprives'the'people'of'information'which,'being'presumed' to'be'in'aid'of'legislation,'is'presumed'to'be'a'matter'of'public'concern.'The'citizens' are'thereby'denied'access'to'information'which'they'can'use'in'formulating'their'own' opinions'on'the'matter'before'Congress.'(9)(Sabio(v.(Gordon' • To' overcome' the' presumption' favoring' confidentiality,' you' look' at' the' nature' and' the'appropriateness'of'the'function'and'performance,'and'the'degree'to'which'the' information' or' document' was' necessary' for' such' performance' (i.e.' how' necessary' was'it'for'the'accomplishment'of'the'function).'(12)(Akbayan(v.(Aquino'
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! SECTION(8.( The( right( of( the( people,( including( those( employed( in( the( public( and( private( sectors,( to( form( unions,( associations,( or( societies( for( purposes( not( contrary( to( law( shall( not( be( abridged.( ( RIGHT(TO(FORM(LAWFUL(ASSOCIATIONS( ( I.(General(Principles( • The$right$to$form$unions$and$associations$is$recognized$to$belong$to$people$whether$ employed$or$unemployed,$working$in$the$government$or$private$sector.$ • The$right$to$form$associations$shall$not$be$impaired$except$through$a$valid$exercise$ of$police$power,$hence$“for$purposes$not$contrary$to$law.”$ $ II.(Right(to(Strike(v.(Right(to(form(Associations( • The$right$to$form$lawful$associations$does$not$carry$with$it$the$right$to$strike$(2)(SSS( Employees(v.(CA$ • In$ Section( 13,( Article( XIII,( the$ right$ to$ strike$ is$ qualified$ with$ the$ phrase$ “in$ accordance$to$with$law.”$$ o The$right$to$organize$is$seen$as$a$broader$than$right$to$strike.$The$latter$may$ be$curtailed$by$law$for$valid$reasons.$ • The$current$ban$on$government$employees$to$go$on$strike$is$statutory$and$may$be$ lifted$by$another$statute.$ o At$ present,$ in$ the$ absence$ of$ any$ legislation$ allowing$ gov’t$ employees$ to$ strike,$recognizing$their$right$to$do$so,$or$regulating$the$exercise$of$the$right,$ they$ are$ prohibited$ from$ striking,$ by$ express$ provision$ of$ Memorandum( Circular(No.(6(as(implied(in(E.O.(No.(180.$(2)(SSS(Employees(v.(CA$ $ A.(Limitations(on(Public(Sector( • Those$government$owned$or$controlled$corporations$(GOCC)$with$original$charters,$ and$not$formed$under$the$general$corporation$law,$are$covered$by$the$Civil$Service$ and$ therefore$ have$ no$ right$ to$ organize$ for$ purposes$ of$ collective$ bargaining.$ (1)( TUCP(v.(NBC$ • Mass$ actions$ for$ essentially$ economic$ reasons$ are$ actually$ strikes,$ and$ absent$ any$ legislation$ allowing$ for$ such$ in$ public$ schools,$ it$ is$ prohibited.( (3)( Manila( Public(
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Schools(Teachers(Association(v.(Laguio,(Jr.$ ( B.(Limitations(on(Private(Sector( • No$similar$absolute$constitutional$right$to$organize$should$be$deemed$to$have$been$ granted$to$topKlevel$and$middle$managers$(employees$concerned$with$management$ policy).$All$managerial$employees$are$confidential$employees.$They$assist$and$act$in$a$ confidential$capacity.$If$these$managerial$employees$would$belong$to$or$be$affiliated$ with$a$Union,$the$latter$might$not$be$assured$of$their$loyalty$to$the$Union$in$view$of$ evident$ conflict$ of$ interests.$ The$ union$ can$ also$ become$ companyKdominated$ with$ the$presence$of$managerial$employees.((4)(UPSCU(v.(Laguesma$ ( III.(Class(Discussion( • On$campus$ o So$ long$ as$ the$ fraternities$ and/or$ sororities$ are$ not$ contrary$ to$ law,$ their$ assembly$will$be$consistent$with$Section$8.$ • (3)( Manila( Public( School( Teachers( Association( v.( Laguio( Jr.( ! ( At$ what$ point$ is$ a$ mass$action$a$strike?$Does$wearing$colored$armbands$even$during$working$hours$a$ strike?$ o Wearing$ colored$ armbands$ during$ working$ hours$ does$ not$ impede$ government$services$(which$is$the$reason$why$government$agencies$are$not$ allowed$ to$ strike).$ In$ addition,$ wearing$ of$ armbands$ is$ part$ and$ parcel$ of$ your$freedom$to$expression.$
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
CONSTITUTIONAL*LAW*II*
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! SECTION(9.( Private(property(shall(not(be(taken(for(public(use(without(just(compensation.( ( EMINENT(DOMAIN( ( I.(Definition( • Right& of& eminent& domain! !! sovereign! power! to! appropriate! public! and! private! property!of!all!citizens!within!its!territory!for!public!use.1! ! II.(Nature( • The! power! is! traditionally! executive! in! nature! but! can! be! initiated! thorugh! legislation.2!(17)(Republic(v.(De(Knecht! • The!power!of!eminent!domain!is!generally!exercised!by!the!central!government! o May!be!delegated!to!instrumentalities!(created!by!law)!of!the!government,! who! when! dissolved,! will! revert! such! power! back! to! the! central! government.!(2)(Iron(and(Steel(Authority! • Expropriation!can!happen!in!3!ways!(17)(Republic(v.(De(Knecht! o Voluntary!Negotiation! o Filing!a!court!action! o Through!Legislation! • Two!requisites!for!the!exercise!of!eminent!domain:!(1)(Vda.(De(Ouna(v.(Republic! o It!is!for!a!particular!public!use! o Just!compensation!be!paid!to!the!owner! • Two!Stages!of!the!Expropriation:!(3)(Republic(v.(Salem! o Determination!of!the!authority!of!the!plaintiff!to!exercise!eminent!domain! o Determination!of!just!compensation! • Two!parties!involved((3)(Republic(v.(Salem! o Government! o Private!natural!or!juridical!person! ( ( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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ELEMENTS(OF(SECTION(9( 1. 2. 3. 4.
Private!property!of!an!individual!(whether!natural!or!juridical)( Taking!by!the!government( For!public!purpose/use( Provision!of!just!compensation!in!exchange(
! A.(Private(property(of(a(natural(or(juridical(person( • The!owner!of!the!property!has!the!right!to!hold!on!to!the!title!of!the!property!until! the! expropriation! process! is! over.! Only! upon! receiving! completely! just! compensation! will! the! title! pass! from! the! owner! to! the! government.! As! such,! the! owner!has!the!right!to!exercise!all!acts!of!ownership!over!the!property!including!the! right!to!alienate!(3)(Republic(v.(Salem( ( B.(Taking( Elements(of(Taking:((ETMAPTO)3((4)(Republic(v.(de(Castellvi( 1. Expropriator!must!enter!private!property.( 2. Entrance! must! not! be! for! a! momentary! period,! that! is,! the! entrance! must! be! permanent.( o The! nature! of! the! taking! (permanent! or! temporary! easement)! is! also! crucial! to!the!determination!of!whether!just!compensation!is!due!to!the!party!or!not.! (5)(US(v.(Causby( 3. Entry!must!be!under!warrant!or!color!of!legal!authority.( 4. Property! must! be! devoted! to! public! use! or! otherwise! informally! appropriated! or! injuriously!affected.( o When! a! private! entity! voluntarily! allows! the! State! to! make! use! of! its! property! or! services! for! public! use,! the! general! public! immediately! acquires! an!interest!in!it,!conferring!upon!the!property!a!public!status!(7)(RP(v.(PLDT( 5. Utilization!of!property!must!be!in!such!a!way!as!to!oust!the!owner!and!deprive!him! of!all!beneficial!enjoyment!of!the!property.( o The! implement! local! ordinances! which! limit! the! use! of! the! property! such! that! it! deprives! the! owner! of! significant! beneficial! enjoyment! of! the! property!amounts!to!taking!(6)(People(v.(Fajardo;((9)(OSG(v.(Ayala(
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! !Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!376!(2009!ed.),!p.!396! !Id.,!p.!397!
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!Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution:!A!Comprehensive!Reviewer,!98!(2011!ed.)!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
CONSTITUTIONAL*LAW*II*
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When! property! right! is! impaired! by! regulation,! compensation! is! not! required;! whereas,!when!property!is!taken,!the!Constitution!prescribes!just!compensation.1( o When! title! to! property! is! transferred! to! expropriation! authority,! there! is! a! clear!case!of!compensable!taking.2( o It! is! a! settled! rule! that! neither! acquisition! of! title! nor! total! destruction! of! value!is!essential!to!taking.3( o Where! a! property! interest! is! merely! restricted! because! continued! unrestricted! use! would! be! injurious! to! public! welfare! or! where! property! is! destroyed! because! continued! existence! of! the! property! would! be! injurious! to!public!interest,!there!is!no!compensable!taking.4( o The! deprivation! of! use! can! be! total! and! it! will! not! constitute! compensable! taking!if!nobody!else!acquires!use!of!the!property!or!any!property!interest! therein.5! Total! destruction! without! utilization! is! not! appropriation! but! is! merely!regulation!by!police!power.6( A!mere!declaration!of!an!intention!to!expropriate!does!not!yet!serve!to!curtail!the! dominical!rights!of!the!owner.7( o Hipolito!v.!City!of!Manila!!!The!Court!held!that!to!deny!plaintiff!a!building! permit! on! the! ground! that! the! land! he! planned! to! build! on! would! be! used! for! widening! the! street! and! before! such! land! is! expropriated! is! to! take! plaintiff’s!property!without!due!process!of!law.8( Factors! to! be! considered! in! determining! if! action! amounts! to! taking! or! to! regulation.9!( o Economic! impact! of! the! regulation! on! the! property.! (8)( Penn( Central( Transportation(v.(New(York(City( o Extent! to! which! the! regulation! might! interfere! with! investment!
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!Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary,!433!(2009!ed.)! !Ibid.! 3!Ibid.! 4!Ibid.! 5!Id.,!p.!434! 6!Id.,!p.435! 7!Id.,!p.!438! 8!Id.!P.!437! 9!Id.! 1 2
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expectations.( Meaning! of! “taking! of! property”! in! connection! with! just! compensation! is! interpreted!in!accordance!with!local!law.!(5)(US(v.(Causby( Recent!cases!involving!the!meaning!of!taking:10( o Entry! for! purposes! of! conducting! mining! activities! such! as! exploration,! extraction,!and!processing!of!minerals.( o Right! of! way! enforced! by! the! state! results! in! making! adjoining! property! unusable.11( o Installation! of! transmission! lines! results! in! imposition! of! limitation! against! the!use!of!the!land!for!an!indefinite!period.( o Prescribing!the!manner!in!which!a!property!should!be!used!is!tantamount!to! taking!as!this!involves!excessive!intrusion!into!property!rights!of!the!owner! (6)(People(v.(Fajardo;((9)(OSG(v.(Ayala( o
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! C.(For(public(use( • Constitutional!limitations!on!the!power!of!eminent!domain:!(1)!taking!must!be!for! public!use;!(2)!just!compensation!given!to!the!private!owner.12! • Whatever!is!beneficially!employed!for!the!community!is!public!use.! o Concept!of!public!use!is!as!broad!as!public!welfare.13! o The!scope!of!power!of!eminent!domain!has!become!as!broad!as!the!scope! of!police!power.14! • As!a!rule,!the!determination!of!whether!there!is!a!genuine!necessity!for!the!exercise! of! eminent! domain! is! just! a! justiciable! question.! However,! when! the! power! is! exercised! by! the! legislature,! the! question! of! necessity! is! essentially! a! political! question.15! • Purpose.(From!Mactan!Cebu!International!Airport!v.!Lozada!Jr.!!!The!expropriator! must!use!the!property!for!the!purpose!specified!in!the!petition.!If!this!is!not!done,! the! expropriator! must! return! the! property,! even! if! there! was! no! agreement! for! reversal.! But! the! owner! must! return! to! the! expropriator! the! compensation! it! had! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!(2009!ed.),!p.!439! !Similar!to!easement!as!discussed!in!US!v.!Causby! 12 !Id.,!p.!400! 13 !Id.,!p.!401! 14 !Ibid.! 15 !Id.,!p.!402! 10 11
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
CONSTITUTIONAL*LAW*II*
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received!with!legal!interests!and!must!pay!the!expropriator!for!the!benefits!the!he! may!have!obtained.1!(12)(Mactan(v.(Tudtud! Agricultural( Lands.( For! a! long! time,! the! size! of! the! land! was! the! factor! used! to! determine! just! compensation.! In! Sumulong! it! was! disregarded.! This! focuses! on! agricultural! lands! expropriated! for! socialized! housing,! which! is! considered! as! for! public!use!even!though!only!a!few!people!are!directly!benefited!by!it!(10)(Sumulong( v.(Guerrero! Urban(Lands.(Expropriation!is!not!limited!to!expropriating!urban!lands!for!housing! purposes!(11)(Phil.(Columbian(Assn.(V.(Hon.(Panis!
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! D.(Just(Compensation( • Just&compensation!!!The!price!which!the!property!will!command!if!the!seller!is!not! bound!to!sell!and!the!buyer!is!not!bound!to!buy.2! o Market&Value.!Price!fixed!by!buyer!and!seller!in!the!open!market.3! " Consequential& Damages.! Damages! to! other! interests! of! the! owner! that!can!be!attributed!to!expropriation.4! " Consequential& Benefits.! Increase! in! value! of! the! other! interests! of! the!owner!attributed!to!the!new!use!of!property!by!expropriation.! " Consequential!damages!are!deducted!from!consequential!benefits.! o If!property!is!taken!before!compensation!is!given!or!deposited!to!court,!the! final!compensation!must!include!interests!on!its!just!value,!to!be!computed! from! the! time! property! was! taken! to! the! time! compensation! is! given! or! deposited!with!the!court.5! • For!purposes!of!entry!into!the!property!before!full!payment,!Section(10,(R.A.(7160! requires! a! deposit! with! the! court! of! at! least! 15%! of! fair! market! value! of! property! based!on!the!current!tax!declaration!of!the!property.6! o Under! R.A.( 8974,! in! infrastructure! projects,! the! government! must! make! a! direct! payment! of! the! proffered! value! of! the! property! before! it! can! enter!
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!Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution:!A!Comprehensive!Reviewer!(2011!ed.),!p.!100! !Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!(2009!ed.),!p.413! 3!Ibid.! 4!Id.,!p.403! 5!Ibid.! 6!Ibid.!
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and!exercise!proprietary!rights.7! What( period( should( be( the( basis( for( determining( Just( Compensation:( Value! must! be!determined!at!the!time!of!the!filing!of!the!complaint!of!expropriation!(Section(4,( Rule(67,(Rules(of(Court)8! o Filing!of!the!case!usually!coincides!with!the!taking!of!the!property.! o Exception.!When!filing!of!the!case!comes!later!and!the!property!value!grows! due!to!use!expropriator!put!it!to,!property!shall!be!valued!at!the!time!of!the! earlier!taking.! o (4)(Republic(v.(De(Castelvi!!!Ideally,!taking!happens!upon!the!filing!of!the! expropriation!case.!If!taking!happens!after!the!filing,!just!compensation!will! be! determined! from! the! filing.! If! the! taking! happens! prior! to! filing,! just! compensation!begins!to!be!computed!from!the!time!actual!taking!happens! Basis(of(Just(Compensation((value!of!the!land!may!be!determined!by!the!following):! (13)(City(of(Manila(v.(Estrada( Acceptable!(because!they!reflect!the!true!value!of!the!property)! o Testimony! as! to! real! estate! transaction! in! the! area! is! the! location! and! character!of!the!property!should!be!similar!and!the!sales!are!reasonably!near! in!point!of!time.!! o Premises!made!by!the!commissioners.!But!only!in!some!cases.! Not(Acceptable((because!they!don’t!reflect!the!true!value!of!the!property)! o Testimony!as!to!mere!offers.!! o Prices!paid!for!neighboring!lands!under!eminent!domain!proceedings.!Nature! of!a!compromise!which!does!not!reflect!the!market!value!of!the!property.!! What( forms( should( Just( Compensation( be( in:( Just! as! the! Constitution! does! not! require!prior!compensation,!neither!does!it!specify!that!compensation!be!in!money.! What!it!does!require!is!just!compensation.9! o Laws! which! attempt! to! fix! just! compensation! were! declared! unconstitutional.! o Land! Bank! Bonds! are! valid! means! of! just! compensation.! Government! agencies!accepting!them!must!accept!in!full!value.!(14)(Maddumba(v.(GSIS! Section( 4,( Article( XIII,( 1987( Constitution! mandates! the! distribution! of! agricultural!
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !Id.,!p.!405! !Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution:!A!Comprehensive!Reviewer!(2011!ed.),!p.!105!! 9!Id.,!p.!409! 7 8
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
CONSTITUTIONAL*LAW*II*
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lands!subject!to!payment!of!just!compensation.1! o Landowners’! right! to! just! compensation! should! be! balanced! with! the! purpose!of!agrarian!reform.2! When( should( Just( Compensation( be( given:( Concept! of! just! compensation! also! includes!payment!within!a!reasonable!time!from!its!taking.3! Instance( when( Just( Compensation( is( absent:( There! is! taking! without! just! compensation! when! restitution! takes! place! between! the! parties! whereby! the! money! paid! to! the! owner! is! returned,! but! there! is! refusal! to! return! the! land! purchased!by!that!money.!(15)(Mactan(v.(Urgello!!
! JUDICIAL(REVIEW( ! I.(General(Principles( • The! following! aspects! of! the! exercise! of! the! power! of! eminent! domain! have! been! subjected!to!judicial!review:4( o Adequacy!of!the!compensation.( o Necessity!of!the!taking.( o “Public!use”!character!of!the!purpose!of!the!taking.( • Three! commissioners! are! appointed! to! view! the! premises! and! assess! the! damages! to!be!paid!for!the!condemnation.( o Judiciary! can! still! change! or! modify! the! report! of! the! commissioners! by! increasing!or!decreasing!the!amount!if!facts!of!the!case!justify!such!change.5( • When!expropriation!is!done!not!directly!by!the!legislative!authority!but!by!another! government! agency! or! by! a! municipal! corporation! and! in! virtue! of! an! authorizing! statute! which! neither! specifies! the! purpose! of! the! taking! nor! the! property! to! be! taken,! there! should! be! no! doubt! but! that! the! courts! must! come! in! to! perform! it’s! duty!of!enforcing!the!provision!of!the!Constitution.6( o The! necessity! of! taking! is! a! question! of! fact! that! must! be! established! by!
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proper!evidence.7( o The! courts! can! look! into! the! public! character! of! the! purpose! of! the! government!agencies!other!than!the!legislature.8( The! principle! of! res! judicata! does! not! apply! to! the! right! of! the! state! to! exercise! eminent!domain.( o Res& Judicata! applies! to! specific! issues! decided! in! a! previous! case! (e.g.! final! judgment! dismissing! expropriation! because! there! was! no! prior! offer,! another!suit!cannot!be!raised!for!the!same!issue).!However,!it!cannot!stop! the! State! from! exercising! its! power! of! eminent! domain! over! the! same! property.! (e.g.! complying! with! the! requirement! of! prior! offer! from! the! previous!example).9(
! II.((17)(Republic(v.(De(Knecht(( • Judicial! Review:! Still! within! Court’s! prerogative! if! in! the! exercise! of! the! power! of! expropriation,!the!private!party!affected!was!the!victim!of!partiality!and!prejudice.! However,!subsequent!legislation!can!overturn!this!judicial!determination.!!
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!Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!(2009!ed.),!p.!412! !Ibid.! 3!Ibid.! 4!Id.,!p.!426! 5!Ibid.! 6!Id.,!p.!427! 1 2
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !Id.,!p.!428! !Id.,!p.!429! 9!Id.,!p.!432! 7 8
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! SECTION(10.( No(law(impairing(the(obligation(of(contracts(shall(be(passed.( ( NON>IMPAIRMENT(CLAUSE( ( I.(Impairment(defined( • Impairment! !! To! come! under! the! Constitutional! prohibition,! the! law! must! effect! a! change! in! the! rights! of! the! parties! with! reference! to! each! other! and! not! with! reference!to!non8parties.!(3)(Abella(v.(NLRC( ( II.(Impairment(occurs(when…( • General(Rule:(Contracts!are!bound!by!the!laws!in!force!during!their!execution.!The! government! cannot! –! in! enacting! subsequent! laws! –! transgress! the! binding! power! of!contracts!between!two!parties.( o The!non8impairment!clause!is!not!absolute.!Possible!exercise!of!reasonable! police!power!is!also!read!into!all!contracts.!(3)(Abella(v.(NLRC;((8)(Hacienda( Luisita(v.(PARC( • Exception:(the!subsequent!legislation!is!an!act!of!police!power!(3)(Abella(v.(NLRC( Instances!when!contracts!can!be!transgressed!by!police!power:!(2)(Rutter(v.(Esteban! 1. Impairment!should!only!refer!to!the!remedy!and!not!a!substantive!right!! 2. Propriety!of!the!remedy!(must!not!be!burdened!with!restrictions!which!would!make! remedy!hardly!pursuing)!! Police!power!may!only!be!invoked:!(2)(Rutter(v.(Esteban! 1. Justified!by!an!emergency!temporary!in!nature!! 2. Can!only!be!exercised!upon!reasonable!conditions! ( III.(Police(Power(exercised(by(legislative( • The! Constitutional! guarantee! of! non8impairment! is! limited! by! the! police! power! of! the!State,!in!the!interest!of!public!health,!safety,!morals!and!general!welfare.1( • The!power!of!the!legislature!to!change!existing!remedies!and!modes!of!procedures! rest!on!police!power.2( 1 2
!Id.,!p.!455! !Ibid.!
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A! law! authorizing! interference,! when! appropriate,! in! the! contractual! relations!between!or!among!parties!is!deemed!read!into!the!contract!and!its! implementation! cannot! successfully! be! resisted! by! force! of! the! non8 impairment!guarantee.!(8)(Hacienda(Luisita(v.(PARC! o Moratorium!laws!providing!for!postponement!of!fulfillment!of!obligations!is! within!the!police!power!of!the!state!as!that!power!was!called!into!exercise! by! the! public! emergency! that! the! legislature! found! to! exist.3! (2)( Rutter( v.( Esteban( o When!extensions!are!unreasonable,!they!infringe!against!the!impairment!of! contracts.4!(2)(Rutter(v.(Esteban( o The! non8impairment! clause! is! a! limit! on! the! exercise! of! legislative! power! and!not!of!judicial!or!quasi8judicial!power.( o Zoning!laws!are!valid!exercises!of!police!power!whereby!contracts!between! parties!regarding!use!of!property!can!be!impaired!(4)(Presley(v.(Bel>Air;((5)( Ortigas(&(Co.(v.(Feati(Bank(and(Trust(Co.( Section(12,(Article(XII,(1987(Constitution!is!a!reservation!clause( o With!or!without!a!reservation!clause,!franchises!are!subject!to!alternations! through! a! reasonable! exercise! of! police! power.! They! are! also! subject! to! alternation! by! the! power! to! tax,! which! like! police! power,! cannot! be! contracted!away.5( o A! license! or! a! permit! is! not! a! contract! between! the! sovereign! and! the! licensee! or! permitee,! and! is! not! a! property! in! any! constitutional! sense.! A! license! is! rather! in! the! nature! of! a! special! privilege,! or! permission,! or! authority!to!do!what!is!within!its!terms.6( " A! license! granted! by! the! State! is! always! revocable.! This! power! to! revoke! can! only! be! restrained! by! an! explicit! contract! upon! good! consideration!to!that!effect.7( " Tax! exemptions! are! mere! privileges! granted! by! the! state! to! businesses! in! special! economic! zones! (SEZ),! and! therefore! may! be! validly! revoked! even! if! such! impairs! contracts! between! SEZ! o
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !Ibid.! !Ibid.! 5!Id.,!p.!461! 6!6!Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution:!A!Comprehensive!Reviewer!(2011),!p.!106!! 7!Ibid.! 3 4
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! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! authorities!and!businesses.!(7)(Republic(v.(Caguioa( ! IV.(Other(Cases( • Gaspar! v.! Molina! !! The! law! relating! to! the! obligations! of! contracts! does! not! prohibit! every! change! in! existing! laws.! To! fall! within! the! prohibition,! the! change! must! impair! the! obligation! of! the! existing! contract,! and! the! impairment! must! be! substantial.1( • Clemons! v.! Nolting! !! A! law! which! changes! the! terms! of! a! legal! contract! between! parties,!either!in!the!time!or!mode!of!the!performance,!or!imposes!new!conditions,! or! dispenses! with! those! expressed,! or! authorizes! for! its! satisfaction! something! different! from! that! provided! in! its! terms,! is! law! which! impairs! the! obligation! of! a! contract!and!is!therefore!null!and!void.2( • U.S.!v.!Dias!Conde!!!Any!law!which!enlarges,!abridges,!or!in!any!manner!changes! the!intention!of!the!parties,!necessarily!impairs!the!contract!itself.3( • Manila! Trading! Co.! v.! Reyes! !! The! Court! ruled! that! what! the! contract! clause! prohibits!is!a!substantial!impairment!of!contracts.!Changes!in!procedural!remedies! which!do!not!diminish!substantive!rights!or!increase!substantive!obligations!do!not! violate!the!guarantee.( !
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!(2009!ed.),!p.444! !Id.,!p.!445! 3!Ibid.! 11 2
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! SECTION(11.( Free(access(to(the(courts(and(quasi9judicial(bodies(and(adequate(legal(assistance(shall(not( be(denied(to(any(person(by(reason(of(poverty.( ( FREE(ACCESS(TO(THE(COURTS,(QUASI9JUDICIAL(BODIES,(&(ADEQUATE(LEGAL(ASSISTANCE( ( I.(General(Principles( • Who$are$protected:( o Those$ protected$ include$ low$ paid$ employees,$ domestic$ servants$ and$ laborers.( o They$ need$ not$ be$ persons$ so$ poor$ that$ they$ must$ be$ supported$ at$ public$ expense.( o It$suffice$that$plaintiff$is$indigent.( o Difference$ between$ paupers$ and$ indigent$ persons$ is$ that$ the$ latter$ are$ persons$ who$ have$ no$ property$ or$ sources$ of$ income$ sufficient$ aside$ from$ their$ own$ labor$ through$ self?supporting$ when$ able$ to$ work$ and$ in$ employment.( • Purpose$ of$ this$ provision$ is$ to$ bar$ Philippine$ jurisprudence$ from$ the$ distinction$ made$ in$ American$ jurisprudence$ which$ requires$ two$ requirements$ before$ giving$ free$access$to$courts.( o Interest$sought$to$be$protected$must$be$fundamental.( o Objectively$impossible$to$protect$the$interest$except$in$a$court$of$law.( • The$ expansion$ of$ the$ free$ access$ clause$ in$ the$ 1987$ Constitution$ had$ in$ mind$ free$ access$to$labor$courts.(
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! SECTION(12.( (1) Any( person( under( investigation( for( the( commission( of( an( offense( shall( have( the( right( to( be( informed( of( his( right( to( remain( silent( and( to( have( competent( and( independent(counsel(preferably(of(his(own(choice.(If(the(person(cannot(afford(the( services(of(counsel,(he(must(be(provided(with(one.(These(rights(cannot(be(waived( except(in(writing(and(in(the(presence(of(counsel.cralaw( (2) No(torture,(force,(violence,(threat,(intimidation,(or(any(other(means(which(vitiate( the( free( will( shall( be( used( against( him.( Secret( detention( places,( solitary,( incommunicado,(or(other(similar(forms(of(detention(are(prohibited.cralaw( (3) Any( confession( or( admission( obtained( in( violation( of( this( or( Section( 17( hereof( shall(be(inadmissible(in(evidence(against(him.cralaw( (4) The(law(shall(provide(for(penal(and(civil(sanctions(for(violations(of(this(section(as( well( as( compensation( to( the( rehabilitation( of( victims( of( torture( or( similar( practices,(and(their(families.( ( I.(Cases(Summary:(Section(12!gives!the!new!rights!to!accused!which!was!not!provided!prior! to!the!passage!of!the!1973!Constitution.!More!particularly!this!is!the!right!to!be!informed!of! his!right!to!be!silent!and!to!an!attorney!(Miranda).!Being!so,!such!right!was!held!to!be!apply! prospectively! (Magtoto).! With! regard! to! the! right! to! independent! and! competent! counsel,! the! court! held! that! a! city! legal! officer! which! provides! free! legal! aid! services! for! the! promotion! of! peace! and! order! cant! be! considered! as! an! independent! legal! counsel! seeing! that! there’s! a! conflict! of! interest! between! such! officer! and! the! accused! (Sunga).! Rights! under!Section(12!are!not!also!available!during!identification!through!police!line!ups!except! when!the!accused!is!already!under!custodial!investigation!(Gamboa,!Escordial).!It!was!also! held!that!there!is!no!hard!and!fast!rule!with!regard!to!the!place!where!police!line!ups!can!be! held.! Thus! even! if! it! was! done! outside! the! police! station,! as! long! as! done! property,! identification! is! valid! (Teehankee).! On! the! last! case! assigned,! the! court! held! that! a! law! restricting! the! right! to! remain! in! silence! (against! right! to! selfMincrimination)! during! an! investigation!conducted!by!a!panel!is!unconstitutional.!A!witness/accused!has!these!rights! even!during!such!investigation!(Galman).! ! II.(Citizens(Rights(under(Section(12((ISIP)( 1. Right!to!be!informed!of!rights!(#2!&!#3!below)! 2. Right!to!remain!silent! 3. Right!to!have!competent!and!independent!counsel.!
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4. Right!to!proper!treatment!of!those!under!investigation1! ! III.(Miranda(Rights( A.(Reason(for(the(rule:( • It!recognized!the!fact!that!the!psychological!if!not!physical!atmosphere!of!custodial! investigations,!in!the!absence!of!proper!safeguards,!is!inherently!coercive.! ( B.(The(Miranda(Rights((Procedure)((1)(Miranda(v.(Arizona2( 1. The! person! in! custody! must! be! informed! at! the! outset! in! clear! and! unequivocal! terms!that!he!has!the!right!to!remain!silent.! 2. After!being!so!informed,!he!must!be!told!that!anything!he!says!can!and!will!be!used! against!him!in!court.! 3. He! must! be! clearly! informed! that! he! has! the! right! to! consult! with! a! lawyer! and! to! have! the! lawyer! with! him! during! the! interrogation.! He! does! not! have! to! ask! for! a! lawyer.! The! investigator! should! tell! him! that! he! has! the! right! to! counsel! at! that! point.! 4. He!should!be!warned!that!not!only!has!he!the!right!to!consult!with!a!lawyer!but!also! that!if!he!is!indigent,!a!lawyer!will!be!appointed!to!represent!him.! 5. Even!if!the!person!consents!to!answer!questions!without!the!assistance!of!counsel,! the!moment!he!asks!for!a!lawyer!at!any!point!in!the!investigation,!the!interrogation! must!cease!until!an!attorney!is!present.! 6. If!the!foregoing!protections!and!warnings!are!not!demonstrated!during!the!trial!to! have! been! observed! by! the! prosecution,! no! evidence! obtained! as! a! result! of! the! interrogation!can!be!used!against!him.! ! IV.(Right(to(Counsel( • Right! of! counsel! involves! more! than! just! the! presence! of! a! lawyer;! rather! it! means! efficient!and!decisive!legal!assistance!and!not!a!simple!perfunctory!presentation.((2)! People(v.(Sunga! • Not!independent!counsel!(SPCMMBO)! o Special!Counsel! o Public/Private!Prosecutor! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 2
!Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!(2009!ed.)! !Id.,!p.!467!–!468!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! o o o o o
Counsel!of!the!Police! Municipal!attorney!whose!interest!is!admittedly!adverse!to!the!accused.! A!mayor!unless!the!accused!approaches!him!as!counselor!or!adviser.! A!barangay!captain.! Any!other!whose!interest!may!be!adverse!to!that!of!the!accused.!
! V.(When(Right(Attaches( • Application!of!right! o Applied! prospectively! after! the! effectivity! of! the! 1973! constitution! when! right!to!be!informed!of!rights!first!appeared.!(3)(Magtoto(v.(Manguera! • Availability!of!rights!to!a!person!being!investigated! o Bernas1! said! that! the! Gaiman! case! says! that! the! right! attaches! when! a! person!is!being!investigated!already!and!not!necessary!that!he!is!in!custody.! o Recent! jurisprudence! states! that! rights' under' Section( 12' is' available' only' when'the'person'is'already'in'custody.2! ! Custodial! investigation! involves! any! questioning! initiated! by! law! enforcement! officer! after! a! person! has! been! taken! into! custody! or! otherwise!deprived!of!his!freedom!of!action!in!any!significant!way.! It! is! only! after! the! investigation! ceases! to! be! a! general! inquiry! into! an! unsolved! crime! and! beings! to! focus! on! a! particular! suspect,! the! suspect!is!taken!into!custody,!and!the!police!carried!out!a!process!of! interrogations! that! lends! itself! to! eliciting! incriminating! statements! that!the!rule!beings!to!operate.! o However,! R.A.( 7438! extended! the! guarantee! to! situation! in! which! an! individual!has!not!been!formally!arrested!but!has!merely!been!“invited”!for! questioning.!There!is!therefore!a!broader!statutory!guarantee.! • Availability!of!rights!to!a!person!witnessing! o Provision! covers! not! only! “confessions”! but! also! admissions,! whether! made! by!a!witness!in!any!proceeding!or!by!an!accused!in!a!criminal!proceeding!or! any!person!under!investigation!for!the!commission!of!an!offense.!Because!the! witnesses!were!compelled!to!testify,!a!coMextensive!protection!in!the!form!of! an!immunity!must!be!offered.!(6)(Galman(v.(Pamaran! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 2
!Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!(2009!ed.),!p.!471! !Id.,!p.!472;!People!v.!Marra!
! VI.(NonTapplicability(of(rights( • Section(12(1)!does!not!apply!to!a!situation!where!a!person!presents!himself!to!the! police!and!in!the!process!make!his!admissions.3( • Parrafin!Test!"!Such!tests!is!not!a!communicative!action!or!testimonial!compulsion.( • Police!Line!Up!(4)(Gamboa(v.(Judge(Cruz;((5)(People(v.(Escordial( o Exception.! When! there! is! a! move! on! the! part! of! the! investigators! to! elicit! admissions.! o Exception.!When!the!person!is!already!under!custodial!investigation.! • Totality!of!Circumstances!Test!(to!determine!validity!of!out!of!court!identification):! 1. The!witness’!opportunity!to!view!the!criminal!at!the!time!of!the!crime.! 2. The!witness’!degree!of!attention!at!that!time.! 3. The!accuracy!of!any!prior!description!given!by!the!witness.! 4. The!level!of!certainty!demonstrated!by!the!witness!at!the!identification.! 5. The!length!of!time!between!the!crime!and!the!identification.! 6. The!suggestiveness!of!the!identification!procedure.! ! VII.(When(Rights(Ends( • Section( 12(1)! applies! only! to! the! investigation! prior! to! the! filing! of! charges,! after! which!Sections(14(and!17(comes!in!to!protect!the!accused.4! ( VIII.(Waiver(of(Rights(under(Section(12( • There’s!a!presumption!that!the!accused!did!not!waive!the!right;!burden!of!proof!on! prosecution.5! • Can!only!waive!if!done!voluntarily,!knowingly,!and!intelligently!and!in!writing!and!in! the!presence!of!counsel.6! • However,!failure!to!object!or!raise!the!violations!as!early!as!possible!(during!trial),!it! shall!be!deemed!that!accused!waived!his!rights!under!Section(12.7! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !Id.,!p.!470;!People!v.!Taylaran! !Id.,!p.!476! 5!Id.,!p.!478! 6!Id.,!p.!477!–!478!! 7!Id.,!p.!473! 3 4
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! SECTION(13.( All( persons,( except( those( charged( with( offenses( punishable( by( reclusion( perpetua( when( evidence(of(guilt(is(strong,(shall,(before(conviction,(be(bailable(by(sufficient(sureties,(or(be( released( on( recognizance( as( may( be( provided( by( law.( The( right( to( bail( shall( not( be( impaired( even( when( the( privilege( of( the( writ( of( habeas( corpus( is( suspended.( Excessive( bail(shall(not(be(required.( ! I.(Right(to(Bail( • Another!means!of!immediately!obtaining!liberty.( • Enables!the!accused!to!prepare!his!defense.( • Purpose:(To!guarantee!appearance!of!the!accused!at!the!trial.!(1)(Yap(v.(CA( ( II.(Setting(up(Bail( • Court!cannot!require!a!strictly!cash!bond.1!! • Amount! should! be! high! enough! to! assure! presence! when! required,! but! no! higher! than!is!reasonably!calculated!to!fulfill!this!purpose.!! o If!it!is!unreasonably!excessive,!it!is!tantamount!to!denial!of!bail!(1)!Yap(v.(CA! o Bail! should! not! be! excessive.! If! it! were! excessive,! it! becomes! meaningless! since!the!accused!won’t!be!able!to!afford!it.!(3)(De(La(Camara(v.(Enage! • Guidelines!(ANONRAEPNFFB):!(3)(De(La(Camara(v.(Enage! 1. Nature!of!the!offense.! 2. Penalty!for!the!offense!charged.! 3. Character!and!strength!of!the!evidence.! 4. Ability!of!the!accused!to!give!bail.! 5. Character!and!reputation!of!the!accused.! 6. Health!of!the!accused.! 7. Probability!of!the!accused!appearing!in!trial.! 8. Whether!the!accused!was!a!fugitive!from!justice!when!arrested.! 9. Forfeiture!of!other!bonds.! 10. If!the!accused!is!under!bond!for!appearance!at!trial!in!other!cases.! ! III.(Degree(of(Evidence! • When!offense!charged!is!capital!in!nature.! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1
!Almeda!v.!Villaluz!
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Burden!is!on!the!prosecution!to!show!that!the!evidence!meets!the!required! quantum! (strong! evidence).! The! prosecution! must! be! given! opportunity! to! present!evidence,!otherwise!grant!of!bail!is!void.! Strong!evidence.! o Means! accused! will! probably! be! punished;! not! whether! the! evidence! established! guilt! beyond! reasonable! doubt! but! rather! whether! it! shows! evident!guilt!or!a!great!presumption!of!guilt.! o
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! IV.(Availability(of(the(Right(to(Bail( A.(When(available( • Bail!must!be!available!to!one!who!is!detained!even!before!formal!charges!are!filed.2!! • Bail! is! available! to! defendant! in! extradition! proceedings! as! well! as! deportation! proceedings! (provided! he! is! not! a! flight! risk),! because! it! involves! a! prolonged! restraint!of!liberty.!(2)(Government(of(Hong(Kong(v.(Olalia! ! B.(When(not(available( • Right!to!bail!is!not!available!to!military!personnel!because!of!the!unique!structure!of! the!community,!and!because!it!will!be!paid!out!from!the!taxes.!(4)(Commendador(v.( General(de(Villa! ( V.(Waiver(of(Bail! • Right! to! bail! may! be! waived! even! implicitly! in! an! irrecoverable! manner! as! in! the! case! when! accused! agreed! to! remain! in! legal! custody! during! the! pendency! of! the! trial!of!his!criminal!case.!
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!Herras!Tehankee!v.!Rovira!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! SECTION(14.( (1) No( person( shall( be( held( to( answer( for( a( criminal( offense( without( due( process( of( law.( (2) In( all( criminal( prosecutions,( the( accused( shall( be( presumed( innocent( until( the( contrary(is(proved,(and(shall(enjoy(the(right(to(be(heard(by(himself(and(counsel,(to( be( informed( of( the( nature( and( cause( of( the( accusation( against( him,( to( have( a( speedy,(impartial,(and(public(trial,(to(meet(the(witnesses(face(to(face,(and(to(have( compulsory(process(to(secure(the(attendance(of(witnesses(and(the(production(of( evidence( in( his( behalf.( However,( after( arraignment,( trial( may( proceed( notwithstanding( the( absence( of( the( accused:( Provided,( that( he( has( been( duly( notified(and(his(failure(to(appear(is(unjustifiable.( ( I.(Citizens(Rights(Under(Section(14((DIHIMSWA)( 1. Right(to(due(process(of(law( 2. Right(to(be(presumed(innocent( 3. Right(to(be(heard(by(himself(and(counsel( 4. Right(to(be(informed(of(the(nature(and(cause(of(the(accusation(against(him( 5. Right(to(have(a(speedy,(impartial,(and(public(trial( 6. Right(to(meet(the(witness(face(to(face( 7. Right( to( have( compulsory( process( to( secure( the( attendance( of( witnesses( and( the(production(of(evidence(in(his(behalf( ( II.(Due(Process(of(Law( A.(General(Principles( • Requires(the(procedure(established(by(law(be(followed.(U.S.(v.(Ocampo1( • Due(Process(here(is(procedural(due(process.(U.S.(v.(Grant2( • Due(Process(is(satisfied(if(the(accused(is( o Informed(as(to(why(he(is(proceeded(against( o Informed(what(charge(he(has(to(meet( o With( his( conviction( [passed( by( a( court( with( competent( jurisdiction]( being( made(to(rest(on(evidence(that(is(not(tainted(with(falsity.( o After(full(opportunity(for(him(to(rebut(it( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 2
!Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!(2009!ed.),!p.!498! !Ibid.!
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The(sentence(being(imposed(in(accordance(with(a(valid(law.( Nuñez(v.(Sandiganbayan3(
( B.(Right(Against(Trial(by(Publicity( • There’s(a(presumption(of(impartiality(towards(the(judge.( • To(warrant(a(finding(of(prejudicial(publicity(there(must(be…( o Allegation(and(proof(that(the(judges(have(been(unduly(influenced.( o Not(simply(that(they(might(be,(by(the(barrage(of(publicity( Webb(v.(De(Leon4( • Effect( of( publicity( on( judges( cannot( be( presumed( especially( since,( unlike( jurors,( judges(are(trained(professionals.(People(v.(Teehankee(Jr.5( ( C.(Due(Process(and(Military(Tribunals( • Ordinarily,( the( Supreme( Court( cannot( review( the( rulings( and( proceedings( of( the( military(commission( o Generally,( this( court( does( not( exercise( over( military( commissions( the( supervisory(jurisdiction(which(it(possesses(over(civil(trial(courts.(Buscayan(v.( Military6( • Civilian( Jurisdiction( of( military( commission( or( tribunal.( Olaguer( v.( Military( Commission(No.(34( o No( Jurisdiction( !( cannot( try( and( exercise( jurisdiction,( even( during( the( period( of( martial( law,( over( civilians( for( offenses( allegedly( committed( by( them.( " As(long(as(the(civil(courts(are(open(and(functioning.( " Any(judgment(rendered(by(such(body(relating(to(a(civilian(is(null(and( void(for(lack(of(jurisdiction(on(the(part(of(the(military(tribunal.( o Olaguer( reversed( Aquino( Jr.( v.( Military( Commission( where( it( was( held( that( military(courts(have(jurisdiction(over(civilians(during(martial(law.( o This(case(did(not(acquit(the(convicted(accused(but(ordered(rehearing.( ( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !Id.,!p.!499! !Id.,!p.!500! 5!Ibid.! 6!Id.,!p.!505! 3 4
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! III.(Presumption(of(Innocence( • Burden(of(Proof( o Prosecution(has(the(burden(to(overcome(such(presumption(of(innocence(by( presenting( the( quantum( of( evidence( required( (proof( beyond( reasonable( doubt)( o The( prosecution( must( rest( on( its( own( merits( and( must( not( rely( on( the( weakness(of(the(defense.( • Reasonable(Doubt( o That( doubt( engendered( by( an( investigation( of( the( whole( proof( and( an( inability( after( such( investigation( to( let( the( mind( rest( upon( the( certainty( of( guilty.( • The(presumption( o Presumption( of( innocence( includes( that( of( morality( and( decency( and( chastity((i.e.(presumption(of(virginity).(Valdepenas(v.(People1( o If(accused(appeals(after(being(convicted(by(lower(court,(the(presumption(of( innocence(still(applies.(Mangubat(v.(Sandiganbayan2( • Legislation( o Congress(has(the(power(to(define(what(shall(constitute(prima(facie(evidence( of( guilt( for( a( crime( and( such( power( is( not( violative( of( right( against( presumption( of( innocence,( since( such( prima( facie( evidence( can( easily( be( rebutted.(U.S.(v.(Luling( o A( law( stating( that( one( shall( be( disqualified( to( run( for( office( on( the( ground( alone( that( charges( have( been( filed( against( him( before( the( court( is( considered( as( violative( of( the( right( to( be( presumed( innocent.( Dumlao( v.( COMELEC( o In( Marquez( Jr.( v.( COMELEC,( the( Court( upheld( the( disqualification( of( a( candidate(on(the(grounds(that(he(is(a(fugitive(from(justice.(The(court(here( said( that( fugitive( applies( to( those( who( was( not( yet( convicted( but( was( running(away(from(trial.(This(did(not(violate(the(presumption(of(innocent(as( disqualification( is( not( a( penalty( and( that( Congress( is( allowed( to( prescribe( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1!Seduction!case!cited!in!Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary! (2009!ed.),!p.!510! 2!Id.,!p.!512!
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reasonable(qualifications(for(local(candidates.3( What(prosecution(must(do(before(there(can(be(a(conviction.(People(v.(Ming( o The( accused( enjoys( the( constitutional( presumption( of( innocence( until( final( conviction;(conviction(requires(no(less(than(evidence(sufficient(to(arrive(at(a( moral( certainty( of( guilt,( not( only( with( respect( to( the( existence( of( a( crime,( but( more( importantly,( of( the( identity( of( the( accused( as( the( author( of( the( crime.( o Prosecution’s(case(must(rise(and(fall(on(its(own(merits(and(cannot(draw(its( strength(from(the(weakness(of(the(defense.(
( IV.(Right(to(be(Heard4( A.(General(Principles( • The(Hearer( o Quality(demanded:(fairness(and(impartiality( " Judge(may(not(play(the(double(role(of(prosecutor(and(judge(in(one( and(the(same(case.( • The(one(being(Heard( o Right(to(present(evidence(and(to(be(present(at(the(trial( o The(right(to(be(assisted(by(counsel( o Right( to( compulsory( process( to( compel( the( attendance( of( witness( in( his( behalf.( • Right(to(present(evidence.( o Right( to( testify( in( one’s( favor( and( the( right( to( be( given( time( to( call( witnesses.( • One(has(the(right(also,(if(being(accused(of(two(offenses,(for(trial(of(each(of(the(case.( ( B.(Right(to(be(tried(by(an(impartial(judge( • Imperative(character(of(the(safeguard(of(due(process(connotes,(at(the(very(least,(an( impartial(tribunal.(Mateo(Jr.(v.(Villaluz( • Ground(in(which(judge(can(disqualify(himself((PRMPO):(Mateo(Jr.(v.(Villaluz( 1. Pecuniary(interest.( 2. Relationships7 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3 4
!Id.,!p.!511! !Id.,!p.!514!–!515!!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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3. Previous(participation(in(the(matter(that(calls(for(adjudication( 4. Other(just(or(valid(reason(which(erodes(trait(of(objectivity( Examples(of(when(judge(is(partial:( o Line( of( questioning( showed( his( hostility( against( the( accused( who( was( a( notorious(criminal.(People(v.(Opida1( o Judge(convicted(the(petitioner(of(arson,(he(attributed(the(act(to(the(desire( of(petitioner(to(destroy(evidence(of(malversation,(the(judge(was(disqualified( from(subsequently(trying(the(petitioner(for(malversation.(Ignacio(v.(Villaluz2( Judge(who(inherit(a(case(from(another(judge,(even(though(he(was(not(able(to(hear( all(the(witnesses(presented,(still(have(the(presumption(of(being(impartial.3(
( C.(Right(to(Counsel( • Basic(elements(of(the(right(to(counsel:( o Court( is( duty`bound( to( inform( the( defendant( that( he( has( a( right( to( an( attorney(before(he(is(arraigned.( o The(Court(must(ask(him(if(he(desires(the(service(of(counsel.( o If(he(does,(and(is(unable(to(get(one,(the(Court(must(assign(counsel(de(officio( o Of,( if( the( accused( wishes( to( procure( private( counsel,( the( court( must( give( him( time( to( obtain( one.( If( appointed( counsel’s( interests( are( divided( between( prosecutor( and( the( defense,( his( appointment( constitutes( reversible(error.( o Where(duly(authorized(members(of(the(bar(are(not(available,(the(court(may( appoint(any(person(resident(of(the(province(and(of(good(repute(for(probity( and(ability.( • The(Right( o Accused(must(be(informed(by(the(court(that(he(has(a(right(to(have(counsel( before(being(arraigned,(and(must(be(asked(if(he(desires(the(aid(of(counsel.( If(he(desires(and(is(unable(to(employ(counsel,(the(court(must(assign(counsel( (counsel(de(officio)(to(defend(him.(U.S.(v.(Gemino4( o It(is(essential(that(the(court(should(assign(one(de(officio(if(he(desires(and(if( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!(2009!ed.),!p.!502! 2!Ibid.! 3!Id.,!p.!503! 4!Id.,!p.!517! 1
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he( is( poor,( and( grant( him( a( reasonable( time( to( procure( an( attorney( of( his( own.( o Denial(such(right(would(be(sufficient(cause(for(the(reversal(of(the(case.(U.S.( v.(Seradoy5( o Counsel(de(officio(must(be(a(qualified(lawyer.( Presumption(of(Regularity( o There( is( a( presumption( that( the( court( did( the( said( acts( above.( People( v.( Miranda6( When(right(attaches.(Sayson(v.(People7( o Time(of(arraignment( o Before(arraignment,(rights(under(Article(12(shall(apply(to(the(accused( Cases(where(there’s(no(denial(of(right(to(counsel( o The( accused( has( proceeded( with( the( arraignment( and( the( trial( with( a( counsel(of(his(choice(but(when(the(time(for(the(presentation(of(evidence(for( the(defense(has(arrived,(he(appears(by(himself(alone(and(the(absence(of(his( counsel(was(inexcusable.(Sayson(v.(People8( o A( counsel( de( officio( was( appointed( during( the( absence( of( the( accused( counsel(de(parte(pursuant(to(the(court’s(desire(to(finish(the(case(as(early(as( practicable(under(continuous(trial(system( o Petitioner( was( represented( by( counsel( de( parte( at( the( arraignment( and( trial,(the(trial(court(could(not(be(deemed(duty`bound(to(appoint(a(counsel( de(officio(for(the(continuation(of(his(cross(examination.( Waiver(of(right(to(counsel9( o Accused(said(that(he(did(not(want(a(counsel.(People(v.(Sim(Ben( o Accused( went( to( trial( alone( and( conducted( his( own( defense( after( being( asked(if(he(wanted(a(counsel.( o Presumption(is(always(against(the(waiver.( o Prosecution(must(prove(with(strong(evidence(waiver(was(made(willingly(and( voluntarily.(
( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !Id.,!p.!518! !Id.,!p.!520! 7!Id.,!p.!521! 8!Ibid.! 9!Id.,!p.!522!–!523! 5 6
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! V.(Right(to(be(informed( • Cardinal(requisite:(accused(be(informed(of(facts(that(are(imputed(to(him.( o Information(must(describe(the(act(with(sufficient(particularity.( o Descriptive( terms( used( must( be( sufficient( in( their( common( and( ordinary( acceptation( to( show( with( certainty( to( the( common( understanding( of( intelligent(men(what(the(property(was(and(to(fully(identify(it.( o Qualifying(circumstances(must(be(alleged.( o The( right( to( assail( the( sufficiency( of( the( information( or( the( admission( of( evidence(may(be(waived(by(the(accused(if(he(fails(to(object(to(its(sufficiency( during( the( trial( and( the( deficiency( is( cured( by( competent( evidence( presented(therein.( o Need( not( allege( the( precise( time( of( the( commission( of( the( offense,( unless( time(is(an(essential(element(of(the(crime(charged.( o Time( of( commission( of( the( offense( must( be( alleged( as( near( to( the( actual( date( as( the( information( of( complaint( will( permit( (Section( 11,( Rule( 110,( Rules(of(Court).( o Due( process( requires( that( not( only( he( (accused)( needs( to( be( informed,( he( must(be(able(to(understand(what(the(law(commands(or(prohibits((otherwise( its(void(for(vagueness)( o Right( to( sufficient( information( is( a( right( in( criminal( proceedigns( and( not( in( administrative( proceedings,( which( only( requires( that( the( respondent( be( given(the(opportunity(to(be(heard.( • An( information( filed( must( contain( all( the( valid( charges( against( the( accused( as( it( is( the(right(of(the(accused(to(be(informed(of(the(nature(and(the(cause(of(accusation( against(him.(People(v.(Regala( ( VI.(Speedy,(impartial(and(public(trial( A.(Impartial(Trial( • Right(to(impartial(trial(is(not(a(bar(to(a(judge’s(intervention(in(cross`examination.1( • It(is(the(duty(of(a(trial(judge(to(examine(witnesses(when(it(appears(necessary(for(the( elucidation(of(the(record.2( ( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 2
!Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!(2009!ed.),!p.!526! !Ibid.!
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B.(Speedy(Trial( • Denial( of( the( right( to( speedy( trial( shall( entitle( the( accused( to( the( dismissal( of( the( case(filed(against(him.(Conde(v.(Rivera( • What(constitution(prohibits(are(unreasonable(delays.3( • Thus(if(delay(was(reasonable(it(does(not(violate(right(to(speedy(trial((See(examples)( o Absence(of(the(complainant(due(to(medical(reasons.(People(v.(Gines( o Four(days(in(the(transmission(of(appeal(papers.( o War/Liberation( o Typhoon( • If(accused(raise(the(defense(of(denial(of(speedy(trial(only(on(appeal,(it’s(deemed(to( have(been(waived.( • Waiver(or(abandonment(may(be(presumed(only(when(the(postponement(of(the(trial( has(been(sought(and(obtained(by(the(accused(himself(or(by(his(attorney.( • Remedy(of(an(accused(when(there’s(a(violation(of(right(to(speedy(trial(is(dismissal( which( is( equivalent( to( acquittal,( thus( double( jeopardy( applies( to( habeas( corpus( if( detained.( ( C.(Public(Trial( • When(anyone(interested(in(observing(the(manner(a(judge(conducts(the(proceedings( in(his(courtroom(may(do(so.( • Exception:( general( public( may( be( excluded( when( the( evidence( to( be( presented( in( the(proceeding(may(be(characterized(as(offensive(to(decency(or(public(morals.( o But( even( in( such( instances,( the( constitution( demands( that( the( accused( should(be(allowed(to(at(least(have(his(friends,(relatives,(and(counsel(present( no(matter(with(what(offense(he(may(be(charged.( • Right( is( a( safeguard( against( any( attempt( to( employ( our( courts( as( instruments( of( persecution.( ( VII.(Right(to(Confrontation( • Right(to(meet(the(witness(face(to(face( • Two`fold(purpose:( o Afford( the( accused( an( opportunity( to( test( the( testimony( of( the( witness( by(( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3
!Id.,!p.!527!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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cross`examination.( o Secondarily(to(allow(the(judge(to(observe(the(deportment(of(the(witness.( A( doctor( who( executes( the( medical( certificate( must( be( presented( for( cross( examination.(U.S.(v.(Lorenzana1( Agreement( between( prosecution( and( the( defense( to( the( effect( that( certain( witnesses,(if(presented,(would(testify(to(certain(facts(can(deprive(the(defendant(of( the(right(of(confrontation(is(not(completely(disallowed.(U.S.(v.(Donato2( Testimony(not(subject(to(cross(examination(must(be(excluded(from(consideration.( o Exception.( When( cross( examination( was( started,( but( was( not( finished,( before( witness( can( come( back,( he( dies.( Testimony( already( made( is( admissible.(People(v.(Seneris.( The( provision( which( allows( the( sharia( court( to( render( a( decision( based( on( an( unexamined( oath( made( by( the( defendant( without( any( other( evidence,( denies( a( party( his( right( to( confront( the( witnesses( against( him( and( to( cross`examine( them,( thus(it(is(a(violation(of(due(process.(Tampar(v.(Usman( Right( of( confrontation( is( recognized( during( preliminary( investigation( proper( (whether(or(not(to(file(a(case),(but(not(during(preliminary(examination((whether(or( not(to(issue(a(warrant).(Marinas(v.(Siochi(
( VIII.(Compulsory(Process( • To( establish( the( right( to( continuance( by( reason( of( absence( of( witnesses,( the( accused(must(show((MMNAE):( 1. That(the(witness(is(really(material( 2. That( he( is( guilty( of( no( neglect( in( previously( obtaining( attendance( of( said( witness.( 3. That(the(witness(will(be(available(at(the(time(desired.( 4. That(no(similar(evidence(could(be(obtained.( • The(following(are(kinds(of(compulsory(processes(available(to(the(accused:( 1. Subpoena7duces7tecum.(Summon(documents(in(court.( 2. Subpoena7ad7testificandum.(Summon(witnesses(to(testify(in(court.( 3. Contempt.( Punishment( for( disobedience( or( dishonor( to( the( court;( may( be( direct(or(indirect.( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 2
!Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!(2009!ed.),!p.!531! !Ibid.!
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4. Bench7 Warrant.( Compels( the( attendance( in( court( of( a( key( witness( different( from(an(arrest(or(search(warrant,(thus,(no(need(for(probable(cause.( Since( preliminary( investigation( can( result( in( an( arrest,( the( accused( should( not( be( denied(access(to(evidence(favorable(to(him.(Webb(v.(De(Leon(
( B.(Trial(in(absentia( • Accused( was( so( noisy,( disorderly( and( disruptive( during( the( trial( that( it( was( impossible( for( the( trial( to( proceed.( The( judge( ordered( accused( to( be( removed.( SC( said(he(forfeited(his(right(to(be(present(throughout(the(trial.(Illinois(v.(Allen( • Requisites(for(trial(in(absentia( o Accused(has(been(arraigned( o Notice(of(the(trial(was(duly(served(to(him(and(properly(returned( o His(failure(to(appear(is(unjustified( • Why(after(arraignment( o During( arraignment,( the( information( is( read( to( the( accused( and( he( enters( his(plea.( o Trial(court(acquires(jurisdiction(over(the(person.( • There(is(statutory(rule(which(requires(the(presence(of(the(accused(at(promulgation( of(judgment.( • Trial( in( absentia( can( be( made( voluntarily( but( he( may( be( compelled( to( appear( for( purpose(of(identification(by(the(witnesses(of(the(prosecution.3( • If(he(really(does(not(want(to(appear,(he(must(unqualifiedly(admit(that(every(time(a( witnesses(mentions(a(name(by(which(he(is(known,(the(witness(is(to(be(understood( as(referring(to(him.(Carredo(v.(People(
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!Id.,!p.!535!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! SECTION(15.( The( privilege( of( the( writ( of( habeas( corpus( shall( not( be( suspended( except( in( cases( of( invasion(or(rebellion,(when(the(public(safety(requires(it.( ! I.(Writ(of(Habeas(Corpus(Defined( • It!is!defined!as!a!writ!directed!to!the!person!detaining!another,!commanding!him!to! produce!the!body!of!the!prisoner!at!a!designated!time!and!place,!with!the!day!and! cause!of!his!caption!and!detention,!to!do,!submit!to,!and!receive!whatever!the!court! or!judge!awarding!the!writ!shall!consider!in!that!behalf.( • An!essential!requisite!for!the!availability!of!the!writ!is!actual!deprivation!of!personal! liberty.( ! II.(Privilege(of(writ(of(habeas(corpus( • Right! to! have! an! immediate! determination! of! the! legality! of! the! deprivation! of! physical!liberty( • What!is!suspended!is!the!privilege!and!not!the!writ( • It!is!the!president!who!suspends( ! III.(Requisites(for(suspension( 1. Existence!of!actual!invasion!or!rebellion! 2. Public!safety!requires!the!suspension!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! SECTION(16.( All( persons( shall( have( the( right( to( a( speedy( disposition( of( their( cases( before( all( judicial,( quasiCjudicial,(or(administrative(bodies.( ( I.(General(Principles( A.(Speedy(Disposition(of(Cases( • This%provision%covers%the%periods%before,%during,%and%after%trial.% • It%gives%a%broader%protection%than%Section(14%which%guarantees%merely%the%right%to%a% speedy%trial.% • This%provision%applies%to%all%civil,%criminal,%and%administrative%cases.% • It%also%applies%to%all%judicial%or%quasi=judicial%proceedings.% % B.(“Speedy”(as(a(Relative(and(Flexible(Term( • The% concept% of% “speedy% disposition”% such% as% “speedy% trial”% is% relative% and% must% necessarily%be%flexible.% • It%is%consistent%with%reasonable%delay.% • In% determination% of% whether% or% not% the% right% has% been% violated,% the% following% factors%may%be%considered%and%balanced.%(1)(Guiani(v.(Sandiganbayan% 1. Length%of%delay% 2. Reason%for%the%delay% 3. Assertion%of%the%right%or%failure%to%assert%it% 4. Prejudice%caused%by%the%delay% % II.(Proper(Remedy:(Mandamus( • The% remedy% for% violation% of% the% right% to% a% speedy% disposition% of% a% case% is% dismissal% through%mandamus.( % III.(Speedy(Disposition(of(Cases(v.(Speedy(Trial( ( Speedy(Disposition( Speedy(Trial( Begins%from%the%preliminary%investigation% Begins%from%the%moment%the%charge%is%filed% %
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! SECTION(17.( No(person(shall(be(compelled(to(be(a(witness(against(himself.( RIGHT(AGAINST(SELFDINCRIMINATION( ( I.(General(Principles:(Right(Against(SelfDIncrimination( • Self%Incrimination! !! If! the! disclosure! made! is! capable! of! being! used! against! the! defendant! as! a! confession! of! a! crime! then! such! disclosure! would! be! an! accusation! against!himself!(1)(US(v.(Navarro! • Justification!of!the!guarantee.!(1)(US(v.(Navarro! o Public!policy:!if!the!party!were!required!to!testify,!it!would!place!the!witness! under!the!strongest!temptation!to!commit!perjury.! o Humanity:!It!would!prevent!the!extorting!of!confessions!by!duress.! • Purpose! o Prohibit!compulsory!oral!examination!of!prisoner!before!trial,!or!upon!trial,! for! the! purpose! of! extorting! unwilling! confessions! or! declarations! implicating!them!in!the!commission!of!the!crime.!(2)(US(v.(Tan(Teng! o Also!covers!the!fact!that!an!accused!may!not!be!forced!to!create!evidence! that!will!implicate!himself.!(5)(Beltran(v.(Samson! • Who!determines!whether!or!not!a!question!is!incriminating?! o Answer:!The!Court! ! II.(Compulsion(to((1)(take(the(witness(stand(or((2)(to(answer(an(incriminating(question( (7)(Chavez(v.(CA( ( Taking!the!witness! Answer!an! Taking!the!witness! ! stand!in!a!criminal! incriminating! stand! case! question! Accused! Cannot!be!compelled! Can!be!compelled! Cannot!be!compelled! Witness! Can!be!compelled! *with!an!exception!substantiated!in!the!next!section! ! • Can!also!be!applied!in!administrative!proceedings!partaking!the!nature!of!a!criminal! proceeding!or!analogous!to!a!criminal!proceeding!!
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! III.(Not(an(Absolute(Right( • It!does!not!prohibit!every!form!of!preliminary!investigation! o Preliminary! investigation! “is! often! the! only! means! of! discovering! the! persons! who! may! be! reasonably! charged! with! a! crime! so! as! to! enable! to! fiscal!to!prepare!his!complaint!or!information.”! • The! guarantee! does! not! prohibit! a! party! litigant! from! using! his! adversary! as! a! witness! when! the! case! is! not! a! criminal! case! where! the! intended! witness! is! the! accused!himself.! • If! a! subpoena! was! issued! by! the! Senate! to! issue! queries! in! aid! of! legislation,! the! witness! (even! if! accused! in! a! criminal! case)! may! be! compelled! to! take! the! witness! stand!even!if!what!is!to!be!asked!is!related!to!the!criminal!case.! o However,!they!may!still!invoke!the!right!if!they!find!that!the!question!issued! to!them!is!incriminating.! ! IV.(When(to(raise(the(Privilege( ( Before!taking!the!witness! Before!answering!an! ! stand! incriminating!question! Accused!in!a!criminal!case! X( ( Accused!not!in!a!criminal! ( X( case! Witness! ( X( ! V.(Prohibition(does(not(preclude(a(body(checkDup;(mechanical(acts( • Substance! emitting! from! the! body! of! the! defendant! was! received! as! evidence! in! a! prosecution!for!a!rape!case.!(2)(US(v.(Tan(Teng( • Morphine!forced!out!of!the!mouth!of!the!accused!was!received!as!evidence.!(3)(US( v.(Ong(Sui(Hong( • Pregnancy!test!is!not!a!violation!of!the!right!against!selfPincrimination!as!long!as!it!is! not!done!with!torture!or!force.!(3)(Villaflor(v.(Summers( (
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! VI.(Handwriting( • Writing! is! not! a! purely! mechanical! act,! because! it! requires! the! application! of! intelligence!and!attention.!(5)(Beltran(v.(Samson! o Forcing! someone! to! furnish! a! specimen! of! his! handwriting! is! equal! to! compelling!a!person!to!produce!a!document!which!is!a!violation!of!this!right! –!the!witness!is!required!to!furnish!evidence!against!himself.! ! VII.(Waiver(of(Right( • When!a!person!voluntarily!answers!an!incriminating!question,!he!is!deemed!to!have! waived!his!right.! • Denial!on!the!part!of!the!accused!when!it!was!said!that!it!was!she!who!wrote!on!the! documents! does! not! constitute! a! waiver! and! therefore! cannot! be! required! to! produce!a!sample!of!her!handwriting.!(6)(Bermudez(v.(Castillo! ( VIII.(Documents(and(records( • The!right!against!selfPincrimination!covers!documentary!evidence.! • This!right!is!a!personal!one!–!thus!applying!only!to!a!natural!person.! o Hence,!a!corporation!may!be!compelled!to!submit!to!the!visitorial!powers!of! the!state!even!if!this!results!in!disclosure!of!criminal!acts!of!the!corporation.!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! SECTION(18.(( (1) No( person( shall( be( detained( solely( by( reason( of( his( political( beliefs( and( aspirations.( (2) No( involuntary( servitude( in( any( form( shall( exist( except( as( a( punishment( for( a( crime(whereof(the(party(shall(have(been(duly(convicted.( ( SECTION(19.(( (1) Excessive(fines(shall(not(be(imposed,(nor(cruel,(degrading(or(inhuman(punishment( inflicted.( Neither( shall( death( penalty( be( imposed,( unless,( for( compelling( reasons( involving( heinous( crimes,( the( Congress( hereafter( provides( for( it.( Any( death( penalty(already(imposed(shall(be(reduced(to(reclusion(perpetua.( (2) The(employment(of(physical,(psychological,(or(degrading(punishment(against(any( prisoner( or( detainee( or( the( use( of( substandard( or( inadequate( penal( facilities( under(subhuman(conditions(shall(be(dealt(with(by(law.( ( CRUEL,(DEGRADING,(INHUMAN(OR(EXCESSIVE(PENALTY( ( I.(“Cruel,(Degrading,(or(inhuman”(( • To# come# under# the# ban,# the# punishment# must# be# “flagrantly# and# plainly# oppressive”,#“wholly#disproportionate#to#the#nature#of#the#offense#as#to#shock#them# moral#sense#of#the#community.#((1)(People(v.(Estoista# • Involves#torture#or#lingering#death.# # II.(Penalty(constitutional(but(“excessive”( • There# are# instances# where# in# the# penalty# for# a# certain# crime# is# generally# proportionate#but#“excessive”#if#certain#facts#and#circumstances#are#changed.# • In# such# situations,# the# court# must# still# impose# such# penalty# but# with# recommendation#for#executive#clemency.#(1)#People(v.(Estoista# ( DEATH(PENALTY(
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suspended#it.#(2)(People(v.(Echegaray# o It’s# framers# have# left# the# discretion# to# the# legislature# to# restore# it# if# they# find#“compelling#reasons#involving#heinous#crimes”# This#is#not#“cruel#and#unusual”# o It#only#becomes#such#if#the#penalty#involves#torture#and#lingering#death.#
# II.(“Heinous(Crimes”( • Defined#under#R.A.(7659#(Death(Penalty(Law)# • Crimes#are#heinous#“for#being#grievous,#odious,#and#hateful#offenses#and#which,#by# reason#of#their#inherent#or#manifest#wickedness,#viciousness,#atrocity#and#perversity# are#repugnant#and#outrageous#to#the#common#standards#and#norms#of#decency#and# morality#in#a#just,#civilized#and#ordered#society.# # III.(Power(to(restore(the(Death(Penalty( • Does# not# fall# within# the# plenary# power# of# the# Congress:# “it# is# subject# to# a# clear# showing#of#compelling#reasons#involving#heinous#crimes”# • Entails#the#following:#(2)(People(v.(Echegaray# o That#the#Congress#must#define#what#is#meant#by#heinous#crimes# o That# the# Congress# must# specify# and# penalize# by# death,# only# crimes# that# qualify#as#heinous#in#accordance#with#the#definition#or#description#set#in#the# death#penalty#bill#and/or#designate#crimes#punishable#by#reclusion#perpetua# to# death# in# which# latter# case,# death# can# only# be# imposed# upon# the# attendance# of# circumstances# duly# proven# in# court# that# characterize# the# crimes# to# be# heinous# in# accordance# with# the# definition# set# in# the# death# penalty#bill.# o That# Congress,# in# enacting# such# law,# be# motivated# by# compelling# reasons# involving#heinous#crimes.#
( I.(“Death(Penalty”( • The#1987#Constitution#does#not#ban#the#imposition#of#the#death#penalty,#it#merely#
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
CONSTITUTIONAL*LAW*II*
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! SECTION(20.(( No(person(shall(be(imprisoned(for(debt(or(non;payment(of(a(poll(tax.( ( I.(“Debt”( A.(Coverage(of(Debt( • No#person#may#be#imprisoned#for#debut#in#virtue#of#an#order#in#a#civil#proceeding,# either#as#a#substitute#for#satisfaction#of#a#debut#or#as#a#means#of#compelling# satisfaction.# • Ex#contractu.#From#a#contract.# # B.(What(is(the(not(covered( • A#person#may#be#imprisoned#as#a#penalty#for#a#crime#arising#from#a#contractual# debut#and#imposed#in#a#proper#criminal#proceeding.#(1)(Lozano(v.(Martinez# • Ex#Delicto.#For#a#tort.# # II.(Poll(Tax( • A#poll#tax#may#also#be#understood#as#the#cedula#tax#or#residence#tax# • The#Constitution#does#not#prohibit#the#cedula#tax#but#it#prohibits#imprisonment#for# non>payment#of#the#cedula#or#residence#tax.# #
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! SECTION(21.(( No(person(shall(be(twice(put(in(jeopardy(of(punishment(for(the(same(offense.(If(an(act(is( punished(by(a(law(and(an(ordinance,(conviction(or(acquittal(under(either(shall(constitute( a(bar(to(another(prosecution(for(the(same(act.( ( I.(General(Points( ( Double(Jeopardy( Legal(Jeopardy( Twice&punished&for&the&same&offense& Twice&tried&for&the&same&offense& (Ex:&Being&punished&under&(1)&an&ordinance& which&has&the&exact&same&elements& necessary&to&be&punished&under&(2)&a& statute)& The&fact&of&being&prosecuted&or&sentenced& The&risk&of&conviction&and&punishment&that& twice&for&substantially&the&same&offense& the&criminal&defendant&faces&at&trial& ( A.(Requisites(for(the(Attachment(of(Double(Jeopardy.(( 1. A&first&jeopardy&must&have&attached&prior&to&the&second&!&legal&jeopardy& 2. The&first&jeopardy&must&have&terminated&!&termination& 3. The&second&jeopardy&must&be&for&the&same&offense&as&that&in&the&first&!&identity&of& the&offense& Requisites(for(Double(Jeopardy((9)(Estrada(v.(Desierto( 1. Upon&a&valid&complaint&& 2. Before&a&competent&court&& 3. After&arraignment&& 4. When&a&valid&plea&has&been&entered&& 5. When& the& defendant& was& acquitted& or& convicted& or& the& case& was& dismissed& or& otherwise&terminated&without&the&express&consent&of&the&accused& ( B.(Requisites(for(Attachment(of(Legal(Jeopardy((1)(People(v.(Ylagan( 1. Upon&a&valid&indictment/complaint& 2. Before&a&competent&court&with&jurisdiction& 3. After&arraignment1& !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1
!Arraignment!!!initial!step!in!a!criminal!prosecution!whereby!the!defendant!is!brought!before!the!court!to!hear!the!
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4. After&plea& & C.(GENERAL(RULE:(Instances(of(Termination((2)(Bulaong(v.(People( 1. Acquittal&!&when&the&case&is&terminated&upon&the&merits&of&the&issue&(e.g.&guilt¬& proven&beyond&reasonable&doubt).& Note:& Dismissal& based& on& demurrer& of& evidence& is& an& acquittal.& Hence,& if& the& demurrer& is& void,& there& is& not& acquittal& and& double& jeopardy& does& not& attach.& (6)( Mupas(v.(People( 2. FINAL& Conviction& !& accused& guilt& is& proven& and& there& is& no& more& opportunity& for& appeal.& 3. Dismissal& without& express& consent& of& the& accused& !& dismissal& on& any& ground& that& does¬&decide&the&merits&of&the&case;&there&should&be&no&consent&on&the&part&of& the&accused&(e.g.&lack&of&jurisdiction).& Note:&Mere&silence&does¬&necessarily&mean&consent&(1)(People(v.(Ylagan( 4. “Dismissal”& on& the& merits& !& most& common& example& is& dismissal& on& the& ground& of& denial&of&the&right&to&a&speedy&trial.& Note:(Dismissal&must&be&done&by&the&judge&in&writing.&A&mere&verbal&dismissal&is¬& final&until&written&and&signed&by&the&judge.& & D.(EXCEPTION:(Supervening(Fact& • When& after& the& filing& of& the& first& information,& a& supervening& fact& takes& place& and& changes& the& character& of& the& crime& charged,& amending& the& information& would& not& constitute&a&violation&of&double&jeopardy.&(3)(Melo(v.(People& o The& second& crime& must& not& have& been& in& existence& when& the& first& information&was&filed.& o Example:&Death&of&victim&changes&the&character&of&homicide&from&frustrated& to&consummated.& • To& be& accepted& as& a& supervening& fact& that& creates& an& exception,& it& must& not& have& been&present&during&the&filing&of&the&first&information.& o If& the& discovery& of& such& fact& (presence& of& a& fracture& which& changes& the& character& of& the& crime)& was& just& delayed& due& to& the& incompetence& of& a& doctor,&double&jeopardy&will&attach.&(4)(People(v.(Buling& ( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! charges!and!to!enter!a!plea.!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! II.(First(Part:(Same(Offense( • No&person&shall&be&twice&put&in&jeopardy&of&punishment&for&the&same&offense.( ( A.(Identity(of(the(Offense((3)(Melo(v.(People( 1. One&offense&is&identical&to&another& 2. One&is&an&(a)&attempt&or&(b)&frustration&of&the&other& 3. One&(a)&necessarily&includes&or&(b)&is&necessarily&included&in&the&other& ( Note:&When&the&same&set&of&acts&constitute&two&or&more&offenses&distinctly&punished&by&the& law,&termination&of&either&one&does¬&bar&prosecution&for&another.&In&this&case,&there&is&an& element&in&one&that&is¬&in&the&other&(5)(People(v.(Tiozon& • Example:& illegal& possession& of& Firearms& under& a& special& law& and& homicide/murder& under&the&RPC& ( II.(Second(Part:(Ordinance(and(Statute( • If&an&act&is&punished&by&a&law&and&an&ordinance,&conviction&or&acquittal&under&either& shall&constitute&a&bar&to&another&prosecution&for&the&same&act.& & A.(General(Points( • Contrary&to&what&is&covered&in&the&first&part,&the&second&part&of&the&provision&covers& the&“same&acts”.& o Thus,&even&if&the&same&act&constitutes&two&different&offenses&wherein&one&is& punished& under& an& ordinance& and& the& other& under& a& national& law,& termination& under& either& shall& constitute& a& bar& to& the& prosecution& of& the& other.&(7)(People(v.(Relova& ( III.(Appeals( • The&protection&against&second&jeopardy¬&only&means&that&an&accused&cannot&be& prosecuted&a&second&time&for&the&same&offense&but&also&that&the&prosecution&cannot& appeal&a&judgment&of&acquittal.& o Nor&will&the&prosecution&be&allowed&to&appeal&an&judgment&of&conviction&in& order&to&obtain&a&modification&of&the&penalty&when&the&penalty&imposed&is& lighter&than&what&is&legally&demandable.& • When& the& accused& himself& appeals& from& a& decision& of& conviction,& he& effectively&
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waives&his&right&against&double&jeopardy.& o Given&this,&the&imposition&of&a&higher&penalty&upon&appeal&is¬&contrary&to& the&constitutional&guarantee.& & IV.(Special(Case:(Impeachment.((9)(Estrada(v.(Desierto( • Conviction& or& acquittal& in& an& impeachment& proceeding& is& not& a& condition& sine% qua% non&to&prosecution&under&the&Ombudsman.& • Resignation& from& one’s& position& is& express& consent& for& the& dismissal& of& the& impeachment&case.& o Thus,& when& one& resigns,& the& case& automatically& does& not& fall& under& the& instances& of& termination& that& give& rise& to& the& attachment& of& double& jeopardy.& • If&an&impeachment&trial&is&declared&functus&officio,&the&best&argument&available&for& the& defendant& in& saying& that& double& jeopardy& should& attach& is& failure& to& prosecute& amounting&to&a&violation&of&one’s&right&to&a&speedy&trial&which&may&lead&to&dismissal& on& the& merits& which& is& one& of& the& instances& of& termination& that& give& rise& to& the& attachment&of&double&jeopardy.&
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
CONSTITUTIONAL*LAW*II*
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! SECTION(22.(( No(ex(post(facto(law(or(bill(of(attainder(shall(be(enacted.( ( EX(POST(FACTO(LAW(
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' III.(Jurisprudential(Requisites.(People(v.(Ferrer( • The'statute'specifies'persons'or'groups' • Statute'is'applied'retroactively'and'may'reach'past'conduct'
( I.(Characteristics(of(an(ex(post(facto(law( 1. That'which'makes'an'action'before'the'passing'of'the'law'and'which'was'innocent' when'done'criminal'and'punishes'such'action,'or' 2. Which'aggravates'a'crime'or'makes'it'greater'than'when'it'was'committed;'or' 3. Which' changes' the' punishment' and' inflicts' a' greater' punishment' than' the' law' annexed'to'the'crime'when'it'was'committed;' 4. Which' alters' the' legal' rules' of' evidence' and' receives' less' or' different' testimony' than' the' law' required' at' the' time' of' the' commission' of' the' offense' in' order' to' convict'the'defendant.'(2)(Virata(v.(Sandiganbayan' ' II.(Prohibits(all(retrospective(laws?( • No,' only' retrospective' penal' laws' (proscribes' a' criminal' penalty' or' an' equivalent' burden'imposable'in'a'criminal'trial)'(3)(Lacson(v.(Executive(Secretary' • If' law' is' favourable' to' the' accused,' it' may' be' applied' retrospectively' (e.g.' Revila' Law’s'effect'on'Robin'Padilla)' ' BILL(OF(ATTAINDER( ' I.(Definition(of(a(Bill(of(Attainder((1)(People(v.(Ferrer( • A'legislative'act'which'inflicts'punishment'without'judicial'trial' • The'essence'of'the'bill'of'attainder'is'the'substitution'of'a'legislative'rather'than'a' judicial'determination'of'guilt.' ' II.(Essential(Elements(of(a(Bill(of(Attainder( 1. There'must'be'a'law' 2. The' law' imposes' a' penal' burden' on' a' named' individual' or' easily' ascertainable' members'of'a'group.' 3. The'penal'burden'is'imposed'directly'by'the'law'without'judicial'trial'
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
CONSTITUTIONAL*LAW*II*
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ARTICLE(IV:(CITIZENSHIP( ( SECTION(1.(( The(following(are(citizens(of(the(Philippines:( 1. Those( who( are( citizens( of( the( Philippines( at( the( time( of( the( adoption( of( this( Constitution;( 2. Those(whose(fathers(or(mothers(are(citizens(of(the(Philippines;( 3. Those( born( before( January( 17,( 1973,( of( Filipino( mothers,( who( elect( Philippine( citizenship(upon(reaching(the(age(of(majority;(and(( 4. Those(who(are(naturalized(in(accordance(with(law.( ( I.(Citizenship( • Personal)and)more)or)less)permanent)membership)in)a)political)community.) • Denotes) possession) within) that) particular) political) community) of) full) civil) and) political)rights)subject)to)special)disqualifications.) • Reciprocally,)it)imposes)the)duty)of)allegiance.) ) II.(Modes(of(Acquiring(Citizenship( • Jus$Sanguinis.)Blood)relationship.) • Jus$Soli.)Place)of)birth.) • Naturalization.)Adopting)an)alien.) • The) Philippines) follows) the) rule) of) jus$ sanguinis) and) has) legal) procedures) for) naturalization.) ) III.(Section(1(2):(Children(of(Filipino(Fathers(and(Mothers( • Rule)of)jus$sanguinis)(1)(Valles(v.(COMELEC) a. Applies)only)to)natural)filiation)and)not)to)filiation)by)adoption.) b. Only)legitimate)children)follow)the)citizenship)of)the)father.) Note:) Presumption) of) validity) of) a) marriage) celebrated) in) another) country) gives) birth) to) the) presumption) of) being) the) legitimate) child) of) the) couple.) Citizenship)may)be)based)on)such)presumptions.)(3)(Gatchalian(v.(BOC( c. Illegitimate)children)follow)the)nationality)of)their)mother.) • Exception:)(4))Tecson(v.(COMELEC) a. Illegitimate) children) may) (possibility) of) dual) citizenship)) also) follow) the)
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nationality)of)their)father)if)paternity)is)clear.)) b. Convention)on)the)Rights)of)the)Child:)Children)shall)no)be)discriminated)on) the)basis)of)birth)(thus)FPJ)was)allowed)to)run)even)if)he)was)an)illegitimate) child)of)a)Filipino)Father)) There)is)nothing)preventing)the)legislature)from)adopting)the)principle)of)jus)soli)or) any)of)its)features)as)supplementary)law)on)citizenship.) o The)legislature)is)endowed)with)broad)powers)to)pass)naturalization)laws.)
) IV.(Section(1(3):(Citizens(by(election( • Election) must) be) expressed) in) a) statement) sworn) before) any) officer) authorized) to) administer) oaths) and) filed) with) the) nearest) civil) registry) and) accompanied) by) an) oath)of)allegiance)to)the)Philippine)Constitution.) • If) a) minor’s) father) is) naturalized,) he) does) not) need) to) elect) Philippine) Citizenship) anymore.)(5)(Co(v.(Electoral(Tribunal) • Election)may)be)obtained)impliedly.)(5)(Co(v.(Electoral(Tribunal) o e.g.)positive)acts)such)as)living)one’s)whole)life)in)the)Philippines) • Paragraph( 3,( Section( 1,( Article( XIV) is) intended) to) be) in) the) nature) of) a) transitory) provision)applicable)to)children)born)under)the)1935)Constitution)who)had)not)yet) reached)majority)when)the)1973)Constitution)took)effect.( o There) is) no) right) of) election) for) election) for) children) born) under) the) 1973) Constitution,( • There)is)nothing)in)the)law)that)prevents)Congress)from)granting)a)statutory)right)of) election)identical)with)the)right)formerly)given)in)the)1935)Constitution.( o However,) a) child) who) elects) under) such) statute) shall) not) be) considered) a) naturalTborn) citizen) under) Section( 2) because) such) election) is) not) in) the) virtue)of)Section(1(3),(Article(XIV.( ( V.(Section(1(4):(Naturalization,(Judicial(and(Administrative( • Naturalization:) legal) act) of) adopting) an) alien) and) clothing) him) with) the) rights) that) belong)to)a)natural)born)citizen.)May)be)obtained)through:) o General)law)of)naturalization)applied)through)a)judicial)process.) o Special)act)of)the)legislature.) o Administrative) naturalization:) handled) by) the) Special) Committee) on) Naturalization)chaired)by)the)Solicitor)General.)
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
CONSTITUTIONAL*LAW*II*
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The)power)of)the)legislature)includes:) o Control)over)processes)through)which)citizenship)is)acquired)or)lost) o Determination)of)substantive)criteria)for)admission)to)citizenship) o Fixing) of) consequences) of) the) grant) of) citizenship) on) the) wife) or) minor) children)of)the)grantee) C.A.(473)(Revised(Naturalization(Law)) o Substantive)requirements.)(2)(Ong(Chia(v.(COMELEC) ! Names)one)has)been)known) ! All)past)addresses) ! Manifestation)of)good)and)reproachable)manner) ! Lucrative)trade/profession) o Procedural)requirements) ! Declaration)of)intention) ! Filing)of)petition) ! Hearing)and)initial)judgment) ! Period)of)probation) ! Rehearing)and)final)judgment) o Note:(Naturalization)is)strictly)construed)against)the)applicant) The)grant)of)citizenship)to)a)parent)also)extends)citizenship)to)minor)children)under) parental)authority)
) VI.(Res(Judicata( A.(GENERAL(RULE( • Generally,)res)judicata)does)not)apply)in)resolving)issues)of)citizenship.) ) B.(Requisites(for(Exception((1)(Valles(v.(COMELEC( 1. A) person’s) citizenship) be) raised) as) a) material) issue) in) a) controversy) where) said) person)is)a)party.) 2. The) Solicitor) General) or) his) authorized) representative) took) active) part) in) the) resolution)thereof.) 3. The)finding)on)citizenship)is)affirmed)by)the)SC) ( VII.(Dual(Citizenship((9)(Mercado(v.(Manzano( Possible)for)the)following)classes)of)citizens)of)the)Philippines)to)have)dual)citizenship:$ 1. Those)born)of)Filipino)parents)in)foreign)countries)adopting)the)jus)soli)doctrine.)
2. Those)born)of)a)Filipino)mother)and)an)alien)father)when)the)law)in)their)father’s) country)declare)them)to)have)the)same)citizenship)as)their)father.) 3. Those)who)marry)aliens)if)by)the)laws)of)the)latter’s)country)the)former)are) considered)citizens.) ) SECTION(2.( Natural^born( citizens( are( those( who( are( citizens( of( the( Philippines( from( birth( without( having( to( perform( any( act( to( acquire( or( perfect( their( Philippine( citizenship.( Those( who( elect( Philippine( citizenship( in( accordance( with( paragraph( (3),( SECTION( 1( hereof( shall( be( deemed(natural^born(citizens.( ( I.(Who(are(natural^born(citizens( • Those)without)having)to)perform)any)act)to)acquire)or)perfect)Philippine)citizenship) o Exception.)Those)who)repatriated.)(11)(Bengson(v.(HRET) • Those)who)elect)Philippine)citizenship)in)accordance)with)Section(1(3),(Article(XIV.) • Naturalized)citizens)are)NOT)naturalTborn) o The) process) of) naturalization) is) a) performance) of) an) act) to) acquire) citizenship.) ) II.(Purpose(of(adding(the(second(sentence( • To)equalize)the)status)of)those)born)of)Filipina)parents)before)January)17,)1973)with) those)born)of)Filipina)parents)on)or)before)the)said)date.) ) SECTION(3.(( Philippine(citizenship(may(be(lost(or(reacquired(in(the(manner(provided(by(law.( ( I.(Loss(of(Citizenship( A.(Renunciation( • C.A.(No.(63)applies)to)both)naturalTborn)and)naturalized)citizenship.( o Section(1(provides,)subject)to)some)exceptions,)that)citizenship)is)lost)by:( ! Naturalization)in)a)foreign)country.( ! Express)renunciation)of)citizenship.)(6)(Yu(v.(Defensor(Santiago( ! Oath)of)allegiance)to)a)foreign)country.( ! Rendering)service)in)the)armed)forces)of)a)foreign)country.( ! Deserter)of)the)armed)forces.(
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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Renunciation)of)Philippine)citizenship)must)be)made)expressly) o Mere) possession) of) an) alien) certificate) of) registration) does) not) amount) to) renunciation.)(9)(Mercado(v.(Manzano) Expressly)is)not)the)same)as)formally.)(6)(Yu(v.(Defensor^Santiago) o Renunciation)of)citizenship)need)not)be)made)formally.) o Express) renunciation) may) be) deemed) from) one’s) acts,) which) show) repudiation)of)one’s)citizenship.)
) B.(Cancellation(Proceeding( • C.A.(No.(473)applies)to)naturalized)citizenship.( o Section( 18) thereof) provides) that) a) certificate) of) naturalization) may) be) cancelled.( ! When)found)to)have)been)fraudulently)or)illegally)obtained.( ! By)permanent)residence)in)the)country)of)origin)within)5)years)from) naturalization.( ! When)petition)is)found)to)have)been)made)on)invalid)declaration)of) intent.( ! Upon)failure)to)comply)with)the)requirements)of)education)of)minor) children.( ! If)the)person)allows)himself)to)be)a)“dummy”)for)aliens.( • Burden)of)proof)is)shifted)to)the)government.) • Naturalized) citizenship) may) only) be) cancelled) upon) evidence) that) is) “clear,) unequivocal)and)convincing”)and)no)merely)preponderant.) o Naturalized) citizens) are) not) secondTclass) citizens;) they) are) also) afforded) protection)by)law.) ) II.(Reacquisition(of(citizenship( • May)be)done)in)three)(3))ways:)(C.A.(No.(63)((8)(Labo(Jr.(v.(COMELEC) o Direct)grant)by)law) o Naturalization) o Repatriation) • Note:(The)process)of)reacquiring)your)citizenship)must)be)complete,)and)you)must) be)able)to)present)proof)that)the)process)was)completed.) )
A.(Repatriation( • Retroacts)to)the)day)where)application)was)filed.)(7)(Frivaldo(v.(COMELEC) • Upon)repatriation,)original)citizenship)is)reacquired.)(11)(Bengson(v.(HRET) o Considered)as)naturalTborn)citizens)after)repatriation)if)naturalTborn)before) loss)of)citizenship.) • Repatriation)under)R.A.(8171.((10)(Tabasa(v.(COMELEC) o Women)who)lost)citizenship)by)marriage.) o Those)who)lost)citizenship)for)political)or)economic)reasons) • Repatriation)under)R.A.(2630.((11)(Bengson(v.(HRET) o Section) 1.) Any) person) who) had) lost) his) Philippine) citizenship) by) rendering) service) to,) or) accepting) commission) in,) the) Armed) Forces) of) the) United) States,) or) after) separation) from) the) Armed) Forces) of) the) United) States,) acquired) United) States) citizenship,) may) reacquire) Philippine) citizenship) by) taking) an) oath) of) allegiance) to) the) Republic) of) the) Philippines) and) registering) the) same) with) the) Local) Civil) Registry) in) the) place) where) he) resides) or) last) resided) in) the) Philippines.) The) said) oath) of) allegiance) shall) contain)renunciation)of)any)other)citizenship.) • Repatriation)may)be)had)by)those)who)lost)their)citizenship)due)to:) o Desertion)of)the)Armed)Forces) o Services)in)the)Armed)Forces)of)the)Allied)Forces)in)World)War)II) o Service)in)the)Armed)Forces)of)the)USA)at)any)other)time) o Marriage)of)a)Filipino)woman)to)an)alien) o Political)economic)necessity) ( SECTION(4.(( Citizens(of(the(Philippines(who(marry(aliens(shall(retain(their(citizenship,(unless(by(their( act(or(omission,(they(are(deemed,(under(the(law,(to(have(renounced(it.( ( I.(Marriage(to(an(alien(spouse((9)(Mercado(v.(Manzano( • The) fact) alone) of) marriage) cannot) strip) a) Filipino) woman) of) her) Philippine) citizenship( • Only)acts)or)omission,)which)Congress)may)prescribe,)constitute)explicit)or)implicit) renunciation)of)citizenship.( • This)provision)is)prospective(
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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It) does) not) serve) to) restore) citizenship) already) lost) by) marriage) under) the) old)law.(
( SECTION(5.(( Dual( allegiance( of( citizens( is( inimical( to( the( national( interest( and( shall( be( dealt( with( by( law.( ( I.(Dual(Citizenship(( • The)Constitution)allows)for)the)possibility)of)dual)citizenship.) o It) is,) after) all,) a) condition) which) arises) from) the) fact) that) Philippine) law) cannot) control) international) law) and) the) laws) of) other) countries) on) citizenship.) • The) 1987) Constitutional) Commission) preferred) to) leave) the) matter) of) dual) citizenship)to)ordinary)legislation.) o R.A.(9225,)the)Dual)Citizenship)Law,)deals)with)two)classes)of)person.) ! Filipinos) who) lost) their) citizenship) prior) to) the) enactment) of) R.A.( 9225) ! Filipinos) who) become) citizens) of) another) country) after) the) effectivity)of)this)law.) • Possible)for)the)following)classes)of)citizens)of)the)Philippines)to)have)dual)citizenship:) (9)(Mercado(v.(Manzano) o Those)born)of)Filipino)parents)in)foreign)countries)adopting)the)jus$soli$ doctrine.$ o Those)born)of)a)Filipino)mother)and)an)alien)father)when)the)law)in)their) father’s)country)declare)them)to)have)the)same)citizenship)as)their)father.$ o Those)who)marry)aliens)if)by)the)laws)of)the)latter’s)country)the)former)are) considered)citize) • Dual) Citizenship) is) not) a) ground) for) loss) of) Philippine) Citizenship) (1)( Valles( v.( COMELEC) ) II.(Dual(Allegiance((12)(AASJS^Calilung(v.(Datumanong( • Dual)allegiance)is)not)the)same)as)dual)citizenship.( • Constitutional)Convention)Sessions)(Commissioner)Ople)( o “…larger)and)more)threatening)than)that)of)mere)double)citizenship)which)
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is)seldom)intentional)and,)perhaps,)never)insidious.”( Dual) allegiance) referred) to) that) “unsettled) kind) of) allegiance”) of) persons) who)are)already)Filipinos)but)who,)by)their)acts,)may)be)said)to)be)bound)by) a)second)allegiance.(
( III.(Restoration(of(Civil(and(Political(Rigths( • Civil)and)political)rights)are)restored.) • However,)there)are)restrictions)under)R.A.(9225) ( Section( 5.( Civil% and% Political% Rights% and% Liabilities% –) Those) who) retain) or) reTacquire) Philippine)citizenship)under)this)Act)shall)enjoy)full)civil)and)political)rights)and)be)subject)to) all) attendant) liabilities) and) responsibilities) under) existing) laws) of) Philippines) and) the) following)conditions:) 1. Those) intending) to) exercise) their) right) of) suffrage) must) meet) the) requirements) under) Section( 1,( Article( V) of) the) Constitution,) Republic( Act( No.( 9189,) otherwise) known)as)“The)Overseas)Absentee)Voting)Act)of)2003”)and)other)existing)laws;) 2. Those) seeking) elective) public) in) the) Philippines) shall) meet) the) qualification) for) holding)such)public)office)as)required)by)the)Constitution)and)existing)laws)and,)at) the) time) of) the) filing) of) the) certificate) of) candidacy,) make) a) personal) and) sworn) renunciation) of) any) and) all)foreign) citizenship) before) any) public) officer) authorized) to)administer)an)oath;) 3. Those) appointed) to) any) public) office) shall) subscribe) and) swear) to) an) oath) of) allegiance) to) the) Republic) of) the) Philippines) and) its) duly) constituted) authorities) prior) to) their) assumption) of) office:) Provided,) that) they) renounce) their) oath) of) allegiance)to)the)country)where)they)took)that)oath;) 4. Those) intending) to) practice) their) profession) in) the) Philippines) shall) apply) with) the) proper)authority)for)a)license)or)permit)to)engage)in)such)practice;)and) 5. That)right)to)vote)or)be)elected)or)appointed)to)any)public)office)in)the)Philippines) cannot)be)exercised)by,)or)extended)to,)those)who:) a. Are)candidates)for)or)are)occupying)any)public)office)in)the)country)of)which) they)are)naturalized)citizens;)and/or) b. Are) in) active) service) as) commissioned) or) nonTcommissioned) officers) in) the) armed)forces)of)the)country)which)they)are)naturalized)citizens.) )
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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ARTICLE(V:(SUFFRAGE( ( SECTION(1.(( Suffrage(may(be(exercised(by(all(citizens(of(the(Philippines(not(otherwise(disqualified(by( law,(who(are(at(least(eighteen(years(of(age,(and(who(shall(have(resided(in(the(Philippines( for( at( least( one( year,( and( in( the( place( wherein( they( propose( to( vote,( for( at( least( six( months( immediately( preceding( the( election.( No( literacy,( property,( or( other( substantive( requirement(shall(be(imposed(on(the(exercise(of(suffrage.( ( SECTION(2.(( The(Congress(shall(provide(a(system(for(securing(the(secrecy(and(sanctity(of(the(ballot(as( well(as(a(system(for(absentee(voting(by(qualified(Filipinos(abroad.( ( The( Congress( shall( also( design( a( procedure( for( the( disabled( and( the( illiterates( to( vote( without(the(assistance(of(other(persons.(Until(then,(they(shall(be(allowed(to(vote(under( existing( laws( and( such( rules( as( the( Commission( on( Elections( may( promulgate( to( protect( the(secrecy(of(the(ballot.( ( I.(“Suffrage”( • It#is#the#right#to#vote1# • Qualification#of#age:#One#is#eighteen#one#one’s#eighteenth#birthday.2# # II.(“Residence”3( • The# term# residence# as# used# in# the# election# law# is# synonymous# with# domicile,# which# imports#not#only#intention#to#reside#in#a#fixed#place#but#also#personal#presence#in#that# place,#coupled#with#conduct#indicative#of#such#intention.#(3)(Romualdez(v.(RTC( • Act#of#the#person#must#conform#with#his#purpose.( • The#change#of#residence#must#be#voluntary( • Requisite:#animus#non#revertendi#and#animus#manendi#(PRA)( o Residence#or#bodily#presence#in#the#new#locality( o An#intention#to#remain#there( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!(2009!ed.),!p.!651! !Id.,!p.!656! 3!Id.,!p.!658;!Gallego!v.!Verra! 1 2
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o An#intention#to#abandon#the#old#domicile( One# could# register# as# a# voter# away# from# his# municipal# domicile# of# origin# “as# he# has# the# qualification# to# be# one# and# is# not# willing# to# give# up# or# lose# the# opportunity# to# choose#the#officials#who#are#to#run#the#government#especially#in#national#election.”4#
( III.(Absentee(Voting5( • According# to# the# deliberations# of# the# constitutional# commission,# absentee# voting# applies#to#person#who#have#all#the#qualification#of#a#vote#but:( o Who#happen#to#be#temporarily#abroad( o Who# are# in# the# Philippines# but# are# temporarily# absent# from# their# voting# places.( • The#execution#of#the#affidavit#of#intent#to#return#is#sufficient#to#show#that#those#who# are# not# currently# residing# in# the# Philippines# have# no# abandoned# their# domicile.# (1)( Macalintal(v.(COMELEC( • Absentee#voting#applies#to#national#elections#only.6#( ( IV.(Substantive(Requirements( • Legislature# is# forever# banned# from# imposing# any# substantive# qualification# similar# in# nature#to#literacy#or#ownership#of#property.7( • What#is#prohibited#is#substantive#requirement#not#procedural.8( o Thus,# it# has# to# be# recognized# that# certain# procedural# requirements# must# be# complied#with#before#the#right#can#be#exercised.9( o Part# of# the# exercise# of# police# power# to# safeguard# and# regulate# the# act# of# voter’s#registration.10( # V.(Disqualification( • Legislature#is#given#the#power#to#prescribe#disqualification.11( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !Id.,!p.!660;!Faypon!v.!Quirino!1954! !Id.,!p.!663!–!664! 6!Velasco!v.!COMELEC! 7!Id.,!p.!670! 8!Ibid.! 9!Id.,!p.!674! 10 !Ibid.! 11 !Id.,!p.!671! 4 5
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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Disqualification#must#not#be#in#the#form#of#additional#qualification.1( Examples:( o Conviction#for#a#crime#(e.g.#accessory#penalties#in#RPC)( o Person#who#violated#his#allegiance#to#the#republic( o Insane/incompetent/feebleWminded#persons( The#president#through#his#pardoning#power#may#erase#the#disqualification.2(
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!Ibid.! !Joaquin!G.!Bernas,!S.J.,!The!1987!Constitution!of!the!Republic!of!the!Philippines:!A!Commentary!(2009!ed.),!p.673!!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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ARTICLE(XIII( ( A.(SOCIAL(JUSTICE(AND(HUMAN(RIGHTS( ( SECTION(1.(( The( Congress( shall( give( highest( priority( to( the( enactment( of( measures( that( protect( and( enhance(the(right(of(all(the(people(to(human(dignity,(reduce(social,(economic,(and(political( inequalities,( and( remove( cultural( inequities( by( equitably( diffusing( wealth( and( political( power(for(the(common(good.( ( To( this( end,( the( State( shall( regulate( the( acquisition,( ownership,( use,( and( disposition( of( property(and(its(increments.( ( I.(Curbing(Social(Injustice( • Part% of% curbing% social% injustice% is% curbing% discrimination% such% as% that% made% between% local% hired% and% foreign% hires% in% terms% of% salary% differences% (1)( International( School( Alliance(of(Educators(v.(Quisumbing% ( SECTION(2.(( The( promotion( of( social( justice( shall( include( the( commitment( to( create( economic( opportunities(based(on(freedom(of(initiative(and(selfQreliance.( ( I.(General(Principles( • Two%(2)%Principal%activities%that%the%State%is%commanded%to%attend%to%to%achieve%the% goals%of%social%justice( o Creation%of%more%economic%opportunities%and%more%wealth( o Close%regulation%of%the%acquisition,%ownership,%use,%dispotiion%of%property%in% order%to%achieve%a%more%equitable%distribution%of%wealth%and%political%power.( • Highest(Priority.%Denotes%urgency%because%it%is%essential%to%the%survival%of%the%Republic% and%attainment%of%its%goals.( • Import(of(social(justice.(When%the%law%is%clear,%it%must%be%applied,%but%when%it%can%be% interpreted%in%more%ways%than%one,%an%interpretation%that%favors%the%underprivileged% must%be%favored.(
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Article( XIII% is% an% accompaniment% of% Section( 10,( Article( II.% Many% of% the% rights% expressed%herein%are%collective%rights%(Candelaria,%2011).(
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B.(LABOR( ( SECTION(3.(( The( State( shall( afford( full( protection( to( labor,( local( and( overseas,( organized( and( unorganized,(and(((promote(full(employment(and(equality(of(employment(opportunities(for( all.( ( It( shall( guarantee( the( rights( of( all( workers( to( selfQorganization,( collective( bargaining( and( negotiations,( and( peaceful( concerted( activities,( including( the( right( to( strike( in( accordance( with( law.( They( shall( be( entitled( to( security( of( tenure,( humane( conditions( of( work,( and( a( living( wage.( They( shall( also( participate( in( policy( and( decisionQmaking( processes( affecting( their(rights(and(benefits(as(may(be(provided(by(law.( ( The( State( shall( promote( the( principle( of( shared( responsibility( between( workers( and( employers( and( the( preferential( use( of( voluntary( modes( in( settling( disputes,( including( conciliation,(and(shall(enforce(their(mutual(compliance(therewith(to(foster(industrial(peace.( The(State(shall(regulate(the(relations(between(workers(and(employers,(recognizing(the(right( of( labor( to( its( just( share( in( the( fruits( of( production( and( the( right( of( enterprises( to( reasonable(returns(to(investments,(and(to(expansion(and(growth.( ( I.(“Full(protection(to(labor”( • Union.%No%sector%may%be%prohibited%from%forming%unions.% • Strike.% Selected% sectors% may% be% prohibited% from% resorting% to% strike;% the% “right% to% strike”%is%limited%by%“in%accordance%with%law”.% • Right( to( participate( the( decision( making( process.% They% have% a% right% on% matters% affecting%their%rights%and%benefits%“as%may%be%provided%by%law”.% o These%rights%may%be%done%through:% 1. Collective%bargaining%agreements.% 2. Grievance%Machineries.% 3. Voluntary%modes%of%settling%disputes.% • Conciliation%proceedings%mediated%by%the%government%
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! • Compulsory%arbitration%–%is%not%ruled%out%but%downplayed.% % II.(Factors(weighed(in(regulating(the(relations(between(workers(and(employers( 1. Right%of%labor%to%its%just%share%in%the%fruits%of%production.% 2. Right% of% enterprises% to% reasonable% returns% on% investments,% and% to% expansion% and% growth.% % III.(“Equal(pay(for(equal(work”( • Salary.%A%reward%or%recompense%for%services%performed.%It%is%the%consideration%paid%at% regular%intervals%for%the%rendering%of%services.% • Persons% who% work% with% substantially% equal% qualifications,% skill% effort% and% responsibility,%under%similar%conditions,%should%be%paid%similar%salaries.% • If%the%employer%pays%one%employee%less%than%the%rest,%it%is%not%for%that%employee%to% explain%why%he%receives%less%or%why%the%others%receive%more.%It%is%for%the%employer%to% explain%why%the%employee%is%treated%unfairly.% % IV.(“Collective(Bargaining”( • Bargaining(unit.%A%group%of%employees%of%a%given%employer,%comprised%of%all%or%less% than% all% of% the% entire% body% of% employees,% consistent% with% equity% to% the% employer% indicate%to%be%the%best%suited%to%serve%the%reciprocal%rights%and%duties%of%the%parties% under%the%collective%bargaining%provision%of%the%law.( • The% basic% test% of% an% asserted% bargaining% unit’s% acceptability% is% whether% or% not% is% fundamentally%the%combination%which%will%best%assure%to%all%employees%the%exercise% of%their%collective%bargaining%rights.( • Factors(in(determining(the(appropriate(Collective(Bargaining(Unit:((WASH)( o Will%of%the%employees.%Globe(Doctrine( o Affinitiy( and% unity% of% the% employees’% interest% (Substantial% % Mutual% Interest% Rule)( o Prior%collective%bargaining%history( o Similarity%of%employment%status.( (
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C.(AGRARIAN(REFORM(AND(NATURAL(RESOURCES(REFORM( ( SECTION(4.(( The( State( shall,( by( law,( undertake( an( agrarian( reform( program( founded( on( the( right( of( farmers(and(regular(farmworkers(who(are(landless,(to(own(directly(or(collectively(the(lands( they(till(or,(in(the(case(of(other(farmworkers,(to(receive(a(just(share(of(the(fruits(thereof.(To( this( end,( the( State( shall( encourage( and( undertake( the( just( distribution( of( all( agricultural( lands,( subject( to( such( priorities( and( reasonable( retention( limits( as( the( Congress( may( prescribe,( taking( into( account( ecological,( developmental,( or( equity( considerations,( and( subject( to( the( payment( of( just( compensation.( In( determining( retention( limits,( the( State( shall( respect( the( right( of( small( landowners.( The( State( shall( further( provide( incentives( for( voluntary(landQsharing.( ( I.(Goals(of(Agrarian(Reform( 1. Efficient%production% 2. More%equitable%distribution%of%land%which%recognizes%the%right%of%farmers%and%regular% farm%workers%who%are%landless%to%own%the%land%they%till.% 3. Just%share%of%other%or%seasonal%farm%workers%in%the%fruits%of%the%land.% % II.(Agrarian(Reform( • Land%that%come%under%the%scope%of%agrarian%reform( o All%kinds%of%land%devoted%to%agriculture( o Agricultural%lands%–%arable%and%suitable%agricultural%lands%and%do%not%include% commercial,%industrial%and%residential%lands.( o Even%lands%for%which%one%holds%a%naked%title.( • Lands%that%are%exempt%( o NonZagricultural%lands( o Agricultural%lands%converted%to%nonZagricultural%uses%prior%to%the%effectivity%of% CARL( • Issuance%of%a%certificate%of%land%transfer%–%to%a%beneficiary%does%not%automatically%vest% ownership;% it% is% just% a% recognition% that% the% beneficiaries% may% avail% of% the% ownership% subject%to%compliance%with%obligations;%it%is%still%revocable.( • Retention%limits%(1)(Assn.(of(Small(Landowners(v.(Sec.(of(Agrarian(Reform( o State% must% protect% “small( landowners”% or% ordinary% people% who% may% have%
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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inherited%small%pieces%of%land%or%who%through%sheer%hard%work%and%frugality% have%managed%to%save%enough%to%be%able%to%purchase%land%for%the%security%of% their%future.( o Choice%of%land%to%be%retained%–%belongs%with%the%owner,%as%long%as%it%does%not% exceed% five% (5)% hectares% and% is% compact% or% contiguous;% otherwise,% the% State% may%intervene.( Power%of%eminent%domain%v.%Police%power( o In%so%far%as%the%provision%of%retention%limits,%police%power( o Any% land% taken% in% excess% of% retention% limits,% eminent% domain;% the% Government%will%have%to%pay%just%compensation.( Just%compensation%(2)(Luz(Farms(v.(Sec.(of(Agrarian(Reform( o The%farmer%beneficiary%will%only%pay%the%portion%of%the%compensation%that%he% can%afford;%the%rest%will%be%subsidized%by%the%State.( o May%be%fixed%by%administrative%bodies,%but%subject%to%judicial%review( o The% CARP% Law% conditions% the% transfer% of% possession% and% ownership% to% the% government% on% receipt% by% the% landowner% of% the% corresponding% payment% of% the%deposit%by%the%DAR%of%the%compensation%in%cash%or%bonds.( Compensation%( o Jurisprudence%hold%that%compensation%must%be%in%money( o BUT,%this%is%a%revolutionary%kind%of%expropriation,%so%it%is%understandable%that% the%government%does%not%have%all%the%money%needed%now%so%other%financial% instruments%are%allowed.%(2)(Luz(Farms(v.(Sec.(of(Agrarian(Reform( o Revolutionary.% Affects% all% private% agricultural% lands,% for% the% benefit% of% the% entire% Filipino% nation,% affecting% the% whole% territory,% both% now% and% for% the% forseeable%future.%(2)(Luz(Farms(v.(Sec.(of(Agrarian(Reform(
( III.(Not(included(in(agrarian(reform( • 1987( Constitutional( Deliberations% –% clearly% show% that% it% was% never% the% intention% of% the% framers% of% the% Constitution% to% include% livestock% and% poultry% industry% in% the% coverage% of% the% constitutionallyZmandated% agrarian% reform% program% of% the% Government.( ( SECTION(5.(( The( State( shall( recognize( the( right( of( farmers,( farmworkers,( and( landowners,( as( well( as( cooperatives,(and(other(independent(farmers'(organizations(to(participate(in(the(planning,(
organization,( and( management( of( the( program,( and( shall( provide( support( to( agriculture( through( appropriate( technology( and( research,( and( adequate( financial,( production,( marketing,(and(other(support(services.( ( SECTION(6.(( The(State(shall(apply(the(principles(of(agrarian(reform(or(stewardship,(whenever(applicable( in(accordance(with(law,(in(the(disposition(or(utilization(of(other(natural(resources,(including( lands(of(the(public(domain(under(lease(or(concession(suitable(to(agriculture,(subject(to(prior( rights,(homestead(rights(of(small(settlers,(and(the(rights(of(indigenous(communities(to(their( ancestral(lands.( ( The( State( may( resettle( landless( farmers( and( farmworkers( in( its( own( agricultural( estates( which(shall(be(distributed(to(them(in(the(manner(provided(by(law.( ( SECTION(7.(( The(State(shall(protect(the(rights(of(subsistence(fishermen,(especially(of(local(communities,( to( the( preferential( use( of( the( communal( marine( and( fishing( resources,( both( inland( and( offshore.( It( shall( provide( support( to( such( fishermen( through( appropriate( technology( and( research,(adequate(financial,(production,(and(marketing(assistance,(and(other(services.(The( State(shall(also(protect,(develop,(and(conserve(such(resources.(The(protection(shall(extend( to(offshore(fishing(grounds(of(subsistence(fishermen(against(foreign(intrusion.(Fishworkers( shall(receive(a(just(share(from(their(labor(in(the(utilization(of(marine(and(fishing(resources.( ( SECTION(8.(( The( State( shall( provide( incentives( to( landowners( to( invest( the( proceeds( of( the( agrarian( reform( program( to( promote( industrialization,( employment( creation,( and( privatization( of( public( sector( enterprises.( Financial( instruments( used( as( payment( for( their( lands( shall( be( honored(as(equity(in(enterprises(of(their(choice.( ( I.(General(Principles( • Other% natural% resources% are% covered% by% agrarian% reform% –% even% including% the% enjoyment%of%%“communal%marine%and%fishing%grounds.”% • Relation%between%industrialization%and%agrarian%reform%–%mutually%beneficial;%agrarian% reform% should% unlock% idle% wealth% hidden% in% land% for% investment% in% industrialization,% and% industrialization% itself,% among% other% benefits,% should% be% able% to% absorb% farm%
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! workers%released%from%farms%because%of%mechanization.% (
D.(URBAN(LAND(REFORM( ( SECTION(9.(( The( State( shall,( by( law,( and( for( the( common( good,( undertake,( in( cooperation( with( the( private( sector,( a( continuing( program( of( urban( land( reform( and( housing( which( will( make( available( at( affordable( cost,( decent( housing( and( basic( services( to( underQprivileged( and( homeless(citizens(in(urban(centers(and(resettlement(areas.(It(shall(also(promote(adequate( employment( opportunities( to( such( citizens.( In( the( implementation( of( such( program( the( State(shall(respect(the(rights(of(small(property(owners.( ( SECTION(10.(( Urban(or(rural(poor(dwellers(shall(not(be(evicted(nor(their(dwelling(demolished,(except(in( accordance(with(law(and(in(a(just(and(humane(manner.( No( resettlement( of( urban( or( rural( dwellers( shall( be( undertaken( without( adequate( consultation(with(them(and(the(communities(where(they(are(to(be(relocated.( ( I.(Reform( • Not% just% the% proper% urban% land% use% or% zoning% but% also% the% right% thing% of% inequitable% land% distribution.% It% thus% includes% the% authorization% to% use% expropriation% for% redistribution%of%urban%land.( % II.(“In(accordance(with(law(and(in(a(just(and(humane(manner”((1)(People(v.(Leachon( • What% is% meant% by% this% is% that% the% accused% be% afforded% due% process% !% accorded% an% opportunity% to% controvert% the% allegation% that% his% or% her% occupation% is% unlawful% or% against%the%will%of%the%landowner;%the%occupant%be%sufficiently%notified%before%actual% eviction%or%demolition%is%done;%and%that%there%be%no%loss%of%lives,%physical%injuries%or% unnecessary%loss%of%damage%to%properties.% • It%is%not%necessary%that%resettlement%areas%be%established%first%or%that%there%be%prior% consultation%with%the%persons%to%be%evicted.% (
( (
E.(HEALTH( ( SECTION(11.(( The( State( shall( adopt( an( integrated( and( comprehensive( approach( to( health( development( which(shall(endeavor(to(make(essential(goods,(health(and(other(social(services(available(to( all( the( people( at( affordable( cost.( There( shall( be( priority( for( the( needs( of( the( underQ privileged,(sick,(elderly,(disabled,(women,(and(children.(The(State(shall(endeavor(to(provide( free(medical(care(to(paupers.( ( SECTION(12.(( The( State( shall( establish( and( maintain( an( effective( food( and( drug( regulatory( system( and( undertake( appropriate( health,( manpower( development,( and( research,( responsive( to( the( country's(health(needs(and(problems.( ( SECTION(13.(( The( State( shall( establish( a( special( agency( for( disabled( person( for( their( rehabilitation,( selfQ development,(and(selfQreliance,(and(their(integration(into(the(mainstream(of(society.( ( WOMEN( SECTION(14.(( The(State(shall(protect(working(women(by(providing(safe(and(healthful(working(conditions,( taking(into(account(their(maternal(functions,(and(such(facilities(and(opportunities(that(will( enhance( their( welfare( and( enable( them( to( realize( their( full( potential( in( the( service( of( the( nation.( (
D.(ROLE(AND(RIGHTS(OF(PEOPLE'S(ORGANIZATIONS( SECTION(15.(( The(State(shall(respect(the(role(of(independent(people's(organizations(to(enable(the(people( to( pursue( and( protect,( within( the( democratic( framework,( their( legitimate( and( collective( interests(and(aspirations(through(peaceful(and(lawful(means.( People's(organizations(are(bona(fide(associations(of(citizens(with(demonstrated(capacity(to( promote(the(public(interest(and(with(identifiable(leadership,(membership,(and(structure.( ( (
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! SECTION(16.(( The(right(of(the(people(and(their(organizations(to(effective(and(reasonable(participation(at( all(levels(of(social,(political,(and(economic(decisionQmaking(shall(not(be(abridged.(The(State( shall,(by(law,(facilitate(the(establishment(of(adequate(consultation(mechanisms.( ( I.(“People’s(Organizations”( • They%must%not%be%juridical;%the%right%protected%is%that%of%individual%members,%because% only%persons%can%be%the%subject%of%rights.( • Independent%–%not%controlled%by%manipulative%forces%in%or%out%of%the%government.( (
E.(HUMAN(RIGHTS( ( SECTION(17.(( 1. There( is( hereby( created( an( independent( office( called( the( Commission( on( Human( Rights.( 2. The(Commission(shall(be(composed(of(a(Chairman(and(four(Members(who(must(be( naturalQborn(citizens(of(the(Philippines(and(a(majority(of(whom(shall(be(members(of( the(Bar.(The(term(of(office(and(other(qualifications(and(disabilities(of(the(Members( of(the(Commission(shall(be(provided(by(law.( 3. Until(this(Commission(is(constituted,(the(existing(Presidential(Committee(on(Human( Rights(shall(continue(to(exercise(its(present(functions(and(powers.( 4. The(approved(annual(appropriations(of(the(Commission(shall(be(automatically(and( regularly(released.( ( SECTION(18.(( The(Commission(on(Human(Rights(shall(have(the(following(powers(and(functions:(( 1. Investigate,( on( its( own( or( on( complaint( by( any( party,( all( forms( of( human( rights( violations(involving(civil(and(political(rights;( 2. Adopt(its(operational(guidelines(and(rules(of(procedure,(and(cite(for(contempt(for( violations(thereof(in(accordance(with(the(Rules(of(Court;( 3. Provide( appropriate( legal( measures( for( the( protection( of( human( rights( of( all( persons(within(the(Philippines,(as(well(as(Filipinos(residing(abroad,(and(provide(for( preventive( measures( and( legal( aid( services( to( the( underQprivileged( whose( human( rights(have(been(violated(or(need(protection;(
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4. Exercise(visitorial(powers(over(jails,(prisons,(or(detention(facilities;( 5. Establish(a(continuing(program(of(research,(education,(and(information(to(enhance( respect(for(the(primacy(of(human(rights;( 6. Recommend( to( Congress( effective( measures( to( promote( human( rights( and( to( provide(for(compensation(to(victims(of(violations(of(human(rights,(or(their(families;( 7. Monitor( the( Philippine( Government's( compliance( with( international( treaty( obligations(on(human(rights;( 8. Grant( immunity( from( prosecution( to( any( person( whose( testimony( or( whose( possession(of(documents(or(other(evidence(is(necessary(or(convenient(to(determine( the(truth(in(any(investigation(conducted(by(it(or(under(its(authority;( 9. Request( the( assistance( of( any( department,( bureau,( office,( or( agency( in( the( performance(of(its(functions;( 10. Appoint(its(officers(and(employees(in(accordance(with(law;(and(( 11. Perform(such(other(duties(and(functions(as(may(be(provided(by(law.( ( I.(CHR(power(is(limited(to(factQfinding(and(NOT(adjudicating( • (1)(Cariño(v.(CHR(! (The%only%power%of%the%CHR%close%to%adjudication%is%to%investigate.% FactZfinding% is% not% equivalent% to% adjudication% so% it% cannot% try% to% apply% the% law% and% resolve%cases%based%on%its%merits.% • (2)(EPZA(v.(CHR(! (CHR%has%no%power%to%issue%writs.%They%may%only%approach%proper% authorities%clothe%with%such%power%in%behalf%of%the%complainants.% • (3)(Simon(v.(CHR(! (Orders%to%desist%are%writs%which%is%not%within%the%power%of%the% CHR.%Neither%can%the%CHR%cite%parties%in%contempt.% ( SECTION(19.(( The( Congress( may( provide( for( other( cases( of( violations( of( human( rights( that( should( fall( within(the(authority(of(the(Commission,(taking(into(account(its(recommendations.( ( I.(Constitutional(Status( • It% is% a% constitutional% creation,% but% not% on% the% same% level% as% the% constitutional% commissions.( • Full%operationalization%requires%legislation.( • Section(19%provides%for%the%possibility%of%expansion%of%its%powers%by%legislation.( (
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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! II.(Service(to(those(abroad( • Through%representation%with%consular%and%other%diplomatic%personnel%abroad.% % III.(Human(Rights(Violation( • The( International( Covenant( on( Economic,( Social( and( Cultural( Rights( (ICESCR)( and( International(Covenant(on(Civil(and(Political(Rights((ICCPR)(–(scope%of%human%rights% can% be% understood% to% include% those% that% relate% to% an% individual’s% social,% economic,% cultural,%political%and%civil%relations.% • The(framers(of(the(Constitution(–%envisioned%the%CHR%that%would%focus%its%attention% to% the% more% severe% cases% of% human% rights% violations% such% as% protection% of% rights% of% political% detainees,% treatment% of% prisoners% and% the% prevention% of% tortures,% fair% and% public%trials,%disappearances,%salvagings%and%hamletting,%and%other%crimes%committed% against% the% religious.% Congress% may% provide% for% other% cases% of% violations% of% human% rights%that%should%fall%within%the%authority%of%CHR.% ( IV.(Powers( • Power%is%that%it%may%investigate% o Receive%evidence.% o Make%findings%of%facts%regarding%human%rights%violations.% o Investigate.% o Examine%and%inquire% o An%inquiry% o Taking%of%evidence% • Adjudicate% o Settle%with%exercise%of%judicial%authority% o To%decide,%settle,%decree,%sentence,%or%condemn% • FactZfinding% is% not% adjudication% –% it% may% receive% evidence% and% make% factual% findings% BUT%MAY%NOT%make%an%application%of%law%on%the%factual%conclusions%to%the%end%that% the%controversy%may%be%decided%or%determined%authoritatively,%finally%and%definitely,% subject%to%such%appeals%or%modes%of%review%as%may%be%provided%by%law.% • “provide( for( preventive( measures( and( legal( aid( services( to( the( underprivileged( whose(human(rights(have(been(violated(or(need(protection”(–(may%not%be%construed% to%confer%jurisdiction%on%the%CHR%to%issue%restraining%order%to%injunction% o Jurisdiction%is%never%implied,%it%must%be%expressly%given%by%the%constitution.%
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This%provision%refers%to%extrajudicial%and%judicial%remedies%which%the%CHR%may% seek%in%behalf%of%the%victims.% " CHR%may%file,%in%behalf%of%victims,%a%petition%for%prohibition,%injunction% or%restraining%order%in%the%proper%courts.% Power(to(cite(for(contempt(–%should%be%understood%to%apply%only%to%violations%of%it’s% adopted% operational% guidelines% and% rules% of% procedure% essential% to% carry% out% its% investigatorial%powers.% o The% order( to( desist% is% not% investigatorial% in% character% but% prescinds% from% an% adjudicative%power%that%it%does%not%possess.%The%Commission%does%not%have% legal% standing% to% indorse,% for% appropriate% action,% its% findings% and% recommendations%to%any%appropriate%agency%of%government.% o
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! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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ARTICLE(XIV( ( A.(Education( ( SECTION(1.( The(State(shall(protect(and(promote(the(right(of(all(citizens(to(quality(education(at(all(levels( of(education(and(shall(take(appropriate(steps(to(make(such(education(accessible(to(all.( ! I.(Academic(Freedom( Right(to(Quality(Education( • The! right! to! education! is! a! constitutional! right! but! it! is! not! absolute.! Hence,! while! everyone!may!aspire!to!be!a!doctor,!no!one!has!a!constitutional!right!to!pursue!and! be!a!doctor!(1)(DECS(v.(San(Diego!! ! SECTION(2.( The(State(shall:( 1. Establish,( maintain( and( support( a( complete,( adequate( and( integrated( system( of( education(relevant(to(the(needs(of(the(people(and(society;( 2. Establish(and(maintain(a(system(of(free(public(education(in(the(elementary(and(high( school( levels.( Without( limiting( the( natural( right( of( parents( to( rear( their( children,( elementary(education(is(compulsory(for(all(children(of(school(age;( 3. Establish( and( maintain( a( system( of( scholarship( grants,( students( loan( programs,( subsidies,( and( other( incentives( which( shall( be( available( to( deserving( students( in( both(public(and(private(school,(especially(to(the(underprivileged;( 4. Encouraged(nonTformal,(informal,(and(indigenous(learning(systems,(as(well(as(selfT learning,( independent,( and( outTofTschool( study( programs( particularly( those( that( respond(to(community(needs,(and(( 5. Provide( adult( citizen,( the( disabled,( and( outTofTschool( youth( with( training( in( civic,( vocational(efficiency,(and(other(skills.( ( SECTION(3.( 1. All(educational(institutions(shall(include(the(study(of(the(Constitution(as(part(of(the( curricula.( 2. The(shall(inculcate(patriotism(and(nationalism,(foster(love(of(humanity,(respect(for(
human( rights,( appreciation( of( the( role( of( national( heroes( in( the( historical( development(of(the(country,(teach(the(rights(and(duties(of(citizenship,(strengthen( ethical( and( spiritual( values,( develop( moral( character( and( personal( discipline,( encourage( critical( and( creative( thinking,( broaden( scientific( and( technological( knowledge,(and(promote(vocational(efficiency.( 3. At( the( option( expressed( in( writing( by( the( parents( or( guardians,( religion( shall( be( allowed( to( be( taught( to( their( children( or( wards( in( public( elementary( and( high( schools(within(the(regular(class(hours(by(instructors(designated(or(approved(by(the( religious( authorities( of( the( religion( to( which( the( children( or( ward( belong,( without( additional(cost(to(the(government.( ( I.(Comment(on(paragraph(3( • This!is!not!an!inconsistency!with!the!non:establishment!clause!(Section(5,(Article(III).! Note! that! the! religious! instruction,! when! allowed,! is! to! be! done! by! a! person! designated! by! that! religious! sect,! and! without! cost! to! the! government.! Thus,! government!does!not!have!any!participation!in!the!religious!instruction.! ! II.(Academic(Freedom( • Inherent! in! an! institution’s! right! to! teach! is! the! right! to! penalize! its! students! for! misdemeanors! and! improper! conduct.! This! is! in! line! with! Article( 14,( Section( 3[2]! which!requires!a!school!to!inculcate!certain!values!to!its!students!(1)(Miriam(College( v.(CA! ! Section(4.( 1. The(State(recognizes(the(complementary(roles(of(public(and(private(institutions(in( the(educational(system(and(shall(exercise(reasonable(supervision(and(regulation(of( all(educational(institutions.( ( 2. Educational( institutions,( other( than( those( established( by( religious( groups( and( mission(boards,(shall(be(owned(solely(by(citizens(of(the(Philippines(or(corporations( or( associations( at( least( sixty( per( centum( of( the( capital( of( which( is( owned( by( such( citizens.(The(Congress(may,(however,(require(increased(Filipino(equity(participation( in(all(educational(institutions.( ( The(control(and(administration(of(educational(institutions(shall(be(vested(in(citizens(
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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* of(the(Philippines.( ( No(educational(institution(shall(be(established(exclusively(for(aliens(and(no(group(of( aliens( shall( comprise( more( than( oneTthird( of( the( enrollment( in( any( school.( The( provisions( of( this( subsection( shall( not( apply( to( schools( established( for( foreign( diplomatic(personnel(and(their(dependents(and,(unless(otherwise(provided(by(law,( for(other(foreign(temporary(residents.( ( 3. All( revenues( and( assets( of( nonTstock,( nonTprofit( educational( institutions( used( actually,( directly,( and( exclusively( for( educational( purposes( shall( be( exempt( from( taxes( and( duties.( Upon( the( dissolution( or( cessation( of( the( corporate( existence( of( such(institutions,(their(assets(shall(be(disposed(of(in(the(manner(provided(by(law.( ( Proprietary( educational( institutions,( including( those( cooperatively( owned,( may( likewise(be(entitled(to(such(exemptions,(subject(to(the(limitations(provided(by(law,( including(restrictions(on(dividends(and(provisions(for(reinvestment.( ( 4. Subject( to( conditions( prescribed( by( law,( all( grants,( endowments,( donations,( or( contributions(used(actually,(directly,(and(exclusively(for(educational(purposes(shall( be(exempt(from(tax.( ( Section(5.(( 1. The( State( shall( take( into( account( regional( and( sectoral( needs( and( conditions( and( shall( encourage( local( planning( in( the( development( of( educational( policies( and( programs.( 2. Academic(freedom(shall(be(enjoyed(in(all(institutions(of(higher(learning.( 3. Every( citizen( has( a( right( to( select( a( profession( or( course( of( study,( subject( to( fair,( reasonable,(and(equitable(admission(and(academic(requirements.( 4. The( State( shall( enhance( the( right( of( teachers( to( professional( advancement.( NonT teaching( academic( and( nonTacademic( personnel( shall( enjoy( the( protection( of( the( State.( 5. The( State( shall( assign( the( highest( budgetary( priority( to( education( and( ensure( that( teaching( will( attract( and( retain( its( rightful( share( of( the( best( available( talents( through( adequate( remuneration( and( other( means( of( job( satisfaction( and( fulfillment.(
( I.(Academic(Freedom(of(institutions(means(that(the(school(may(choose:((1)(Garcia(v.(Faculty( Admission( 1. What!may!be!taught! 2. How!it!may!be!taught! 3. Who!may!teach!it! 4. Who!may!be!admitted!to!be!taught! ! II.(Who(may(be(admitted(to(be(taught( • Who!are!admitted!as!students!of!a!school!is!within!the!discretion!of!the!school.!The! government!has!only!supervisory!powers!at!most!over!an!educational!institution.!(1)( Garcia(v.(Faculty! ( III.(How(it(may(be(taught( A.(Policies((2)(University(of(San(Carlos(v.(Court(of(Appeals( • The! Court! held! that! the! Private! Respondent! should! know! and! is! presumed! to! know! those!University!policies!and!is!bound!to!comply!therewith.! o The!Court!held!that!it!is!an!accepted!principle!and!part!of!academic!freedom,! for!institutions!to!formulate!rules!and!guidelines!in!the!granting!of!honors.!It! is! with! the! discretion! and! competence! of! universities! and! colleges! to! determine!who!are!entitled!to!the!grant!of!honors!and!this!discretion!may!not! be!disturbed!much!less!controlled!by!the!courts!unless!there!is!grave!abuse!of! discretion!in!its!exercise.!! ( B.(Only(possible(reasons(for(expelling(or(dismissing(a(student( 1. Failure!to!reach!academic!standards! 2. Violation!of!disciplinary!rules!
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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Article(XV:(The(Family( ( SECTION(1.(( The(State(recognizes(the(Filipino(family(as(the(foundation(of(the(nation.(Accordingly,(it(shall( strengthen(its(solidarity(and(actively(promote(its(total(development.( ( SECTION(2.(( Marriage,( as( an( inviolable( social( institution,( is( the( foundation( of( the( family( and( shall( be( protected(by(the(State.( ( I.(General(Principles( • Section(2(is#not#a#blanket#prohibition#against#divorce.( • In# annulment# cases,# any# doubt# should# be# resolved# in# favor# of# the# validity# of# the# marriage.( # SECTION(3.(( The(State(shall(defend:( (1)(The(right(of(spouses(to(found(a(family(in(accordance(with(their(religious(convictions(and( the(demands(of(responsible(parenthood;( (2)( The( right( of( children( to( assistance,( including( proper( care( and( nutrition,( and( special( protection( from( all( forms( of( neglect,( abuse,( cruelty,( exploitation( and( other( conditions( prejudicial(to(their(development;( (3)(The(right(of(the(family(to(a(family(living(wage(and(income;(and( (4)( The( right( of( families( or( family( associations( to( participate( in( the( planning( and( implementation(of(policies(and(programs(that(affect(them.( ( I.(General(Principles( • The# intent# of# the# first# paragraph# is# to# protect# the# right# of# parents# to# determine# the# size#of#their#family.( • Paragraph(3#was#approved#against#a#background#of#rampant#child#prostitution,#child# labor,#child#abuse#and#child#neglect.( o R.A.(7610#was#passed#towards#the#implementation#of#a#national#program#for# the# survival# of# Filipino# children,# in# keeping# with# the# mandate# of# Section( 3,( Article(XV.(
•
The# guarantee# of# a# right# to# family# living# wage# was# conceived# due# to# may# families# living#below#poverty#level.(
# SECTION(4.(( The( family( has( the( duty( to( care( for( its( elderly( members( but( the( State( may( also( do( so( through(just(programs(of(social(security.( (
! Original!Material!from!CROMBONS!(201182012).!Edited!by!Rachelle!Anne!Gutierrez!(201282013)!
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