constitution article 16.docx
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Article 16 of constitution of India...
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ARTICLE 16
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ARTICLE ARTICLE 16
Submitted by: Rachit Gupta BA LLB ! th Seme"te# $%&1'
THE CONSTITUTION CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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ARTICLE 16 Contents C()te)t" C()te)t" $ IN*E+ IN*E+ O, AUTORIT AUTORITIES IES . CASES CASES .
BOOKS REFERRED................................................................................................4
............................................................ ....................................... .................................................. ............................... 5 WEBSITES........................................ A#tic/e 16 (0 The C()"tituti() (0 I)dia "ay":-.......................................................................5 Natu#e a)d Sc(pe....................................... ........................................................... ........................................ .................................... ............................ ............ 7 A#tic/e 162134..................................... ......................................................... ........................................ ..................................................... ................................... .. 7 E5ua/ity (0 Opp(#tu)ity-State may /ay d() 7ua/i0icati() (# c()diti()"...............................8 8embe#" (0 Sepa#ate a)d I)depe)de)t C/a""e" (0 Se#9ice ...................................................8 C(##ecti() (0 *ate (0 Bi#th...................................... ......................................................... ....................................... ...................................9 ...............9 Cut-(00 *ate 0(# E/iibi/ity............................................................................................9 E5ua/ity (0 Opp(#tu)ity-;#(ce"" (0 Se/ecti()..................................................................10 W#itte) Te"t 9i"- 1960* 5 SCR 311
> 8aannath ;rasad Sharma v. State of 'ttar ;radesh, AIR 1961 SC 154. 1 0 191 SC8 31 . 1 1 ri"onath v. State of 8 =, 1969 1 SCR 103 > AIR 1969 SC 1.
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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ARTICLE 16 E5ua/ity (0 Opp(#tu)ity-State may /ay d() 7ua/i0icati() (# c()diti()" Ar$i*'e 16 doe no$ reven$ $e S$a$e fro re*ri=in $e reD3ii$e D3a'ifi*a$ion and $e e'e*$ion ro*ed3re for re*r3i$en$ or aoin$en$. I$ i f3r$er oen $o $e aoin$in a3$ori$/ $o 'a/ don 3* re@reD3ii$e *ondi$ion of aoin$en$ a o3'd =e *ond3*ive $o $e ain$enan*e of roer di*i'ine aon$ overnen$ ervan$.12 ?e D3a'ifi*a$ion re*ri=ed a/, $erefore, =eide en$a' e*e''en*e, in*'3de /i*a' fi$ne, ene of di*i'ine, ora' in$eri$/, and 'o/a'$/ $o $e S$a$e.1& Ce)t#a/ Rai/ay>1? a R3'e i* rovided for $e roo$ion of -3ard $o $e o$ of S$a$ion a$er i'e inorin $e Road@Side S$a$ion a$er, a e'd $o =e va'id, in*e, $e -3ard and Roadide S$a$ion a$er ere re*r3i$ed eara$e'/ and $rained eara$e'/ and ad eara$e aven3e of roo$ion. ?e/, $3, fored $o di$in*$ and eara$e *'ae and for $a$ reaon $ ere a no *oe for redi*a$in eD3a'i$/ or ineD3a'i$/ of oor$3ni$/ in $e a$$er of roo$ion.16
C(##ecti() (0 *ate (0 Bi#th In $e a$$er of *orre*$ion of da$e of =ir$, $e Co3r$ reD3ire $a$ $e e'o/ee o3'd a4e an a'i*a$ion i$in $ie fied =/ R3'e or rder and in a=en*e of 3* R3'e, i$in reaona='e $ie and no$ on $e eve of re$ireen$, 3n'e ria fa*ie eviden*e 3niea*a='e *ara*$er a rod3*ed. In U)i() (0 I)dia 9 a#)am Si)h> 1% $e S3ree Co3r$ *a3$ioned $e Co3r$, ?ri=3na' or .6 a'i*a$ion for *oaiona$e aoin$en$, ade af$er $en /ear of dea$ of $e fa$er, a e'd iroer. In 8&" Ea"te#) C(a/0ie/d" Ltd = A)i/ Badyaa#>.% one a'o +oe, in ervi*e of C died in
1981. ?ere =ein di3$e =e$een i ife and i da3$er a $o o a $e eir of $e de*eaed, i$ $oo4 a'o$ 12 /ear en a'' eir of $e de*eaed 3=i$$ed Jo o=je*$ionK in favo3r of $e reonden$, o a $en aoin$ed on *oaiona$e ro3nd. ?e aoin$en$, oever, a *an*e''ed, =ein ade af$er 12 /ear of $e dea$ of $e e'o/ee.
ARTICLE 162$3 N( *i"c#imi)ati() () the G#(u)d (0 Re/ii()> Race> Etc C'a3e (2) of Ar$i*'e 16 de*'are > No *i$iEen a'', on ro3nd on'/ of re'iion, ra*e, *a$e, e, de*en$, 'a*e of =ir$, reiden*e or an/ of $e, =e ine'ii='e for, or di*riina$ed aain$ in ree*$ of, an/ e'o/en$ or offi*e 3nder $e S$a$eN. ?e ereion Hdis&riminated aainstH in Arti&"e 165* =ear $e ae eanin a in Arti&"e 1 and inifie differen$ia$ion i$ a =ia aain$ a ar$i*3'ar *'a or individ3a'. ?erefore, if $e differen$ia$ion and =ia are =aed on an/ of $e ro3nd en$ioned in Arti&"e 165*, $e i3ned 'a or S$a$e a*$ion 3 6 AIR 500 SC 106. 3 7 AIR 5009 SC 534.
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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ARTICLE 16 =e*oe i-so fa&to re3nan$ $o $e Con$i$3$ion. I) CB 8uthamma v. U)i() (0 I)dia>. $e S3ree Co3r$ e'd R3'e 8(1) of
Indian :orein Servi&e Condu&t and @is&i-"ine* Ru"es, 1961 and R 18(%) of $e Indian :orein Servi&e Re&ruitment, Cadre Seniority a, ;romotions* Ru"es, 1961, a di*riina$or/ aain$ oen. R3'e 8(1) rovided $a$ a oan e=er of $e ervi*e o3'd o=$ain eriion of -overnen$, in ri$in, =efore er arriae a o'enied&9 and *o3'd =e reD3ired $o rein fro ervi*e af$er er arriae, if $e -overnen$ a a$ified $a$ er fai'/ and doe$i* *oi$en$ ere 'i4e'/ $o *oe in $e a/ of $e d3e and effi*ien$ di*are of er d3$ie a a e=er of $e ervi*e. 3$ oen a/ =e =arred fro e'o/en$ in a ar$i*3'ar e'o/en$ if $e di*riina$ion i =aed no$ o'e'/ on $e ro3nd of e on a**o3n$ of $eir non@3i$a=i'i$/.
A#tic/e 162.3 Re5ui#eme)t a" t( Re"ide)ce i) a State C"ause 3* em-o#ers the ;ar"iament to mae Nan/ 'a re*ri=in in reard $o a *'a or *'ae of e'o/en$ or aoin$en$ $o an offi*e 3nder $e -overnen$ of, or an/ 'o*a' or o$er a3$ori$/ i$in, a S$a$e or Union $erri$or/, an/ reD3ireen$ a $o reiden*e i$in $a$ S$a$e or Union $erri$or/ rior $o 3* e'o/en$ or aoin$en$N. In $e eer*ie of $e oer *onferred =/ C'a3e(&) of Ar$i*'e 16 , Par'iaen$ ena*$ed $e P3='i* 'o/en$ (ReD3ireen$ a $o Reiden*e) A*$, 1957. ?e A*$ reea'ed a'' $e 'a in for*e, re*ri=in an/ reD3ireen$ a $o reiden*e, i$in a S$a$e or Union ?erri$or/, for e'o/en$ or aoin$en$ in $a$ S$a$e or Union ?erri$or/ i$ fe e*e$ion. In Na#a"imha Ra( v. State (0 A)dh#a ;#ade"h>!' $e S3ree Co3r$ $r3*4 don Se*$ion & of $e P3='i* 'o/en$ (ReD3ireen$ a $o Reiden*e *, A*$, 1957 , i* re'a$ed $o ?e'enana ar$ of Andra Prade, a 3'$ra vire $e Par'iaen$. C'a3e (&) of Ar$i*'e 16 , $e Co3r$ e'ained, 3ed $e ord H S$a$eH, i* inified H S$a$eH a a 3ni$ and no$ ar$ of a State
AIR 3 8
1979 SC 16.
3 9See a"so ?aya @evi v. State of ?aharashtra, 1961* SCR 743, #herein re(uirement that a married #oman shou"d otain her husand!s &onsent a--"yin for -u"i& em-"oyment #as he"d inva"id as un&onstitutiona".
AIR 4 0
1970 SC 455.
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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ARTICLE 16 a di$ri*$ or o$er 3ni$ of a State. ?erefore, Par'iaen$ar/ 'a *o3'd rovide for reiden*e in $e o'e of Andra Prade and no$ in ?e'enana, i* a a ar$ of $e State.
ARTICLE 162!3 C'a3e (%) of Ar$i*'e 16 ere'/ eri$ $e S$a$e $o a4e Nroviion for $e reerva$ion of aoin$en$ or o$ in favo3r of an/ =a*4ard *'a of *i$iEen i*, in $e oinion of $e S$a$e, i no$ adeD3a$e'/ rereen$ed in $e ervi*e 3nder $e S$a$eOO.
Sc(pe (0 A#tic/e 162!3 In T *e9ada"a) v. U)i() (0 I)dia>!1 o3'ar'/ 4non a N*arr/ forard r3'e *aeN , $e S3ree Co3r$ *onidered $e *oe of Ar$i*'e 16(%). In $i *ae, $e *arr/ forard r3'e , re3'a$in reerva$ion of va*an*ie for *andida$e =e'onin $o S*ed3'ed Ca$e and S*ed3'ed ?ri=e, a $r3*4 don =/ $e Co3r$, a inva'id and 3 n*on$i$3$iona'. A a re3'$ of $e a'i*a$ion of $e i3ned R3'e, in $e /ear 1961, o3$ of $e %5 va*an*ie, a*$3a''/ fi''ed, 29 en$ $o $e *andida$e =e'onin $o S*ed3'ed Ca$e;?ri=e. ?a$ *ae $o a=o3$ 6%M of reerva$ion. In DC =a"a)th Duma# v. State (0 Da#)ataa>!$ five 1@@?> i* a added a ne C'a3e (%A) $o Arti&"e 16 i* rovide :
o$in in $i Ar$i*'e a'' reven$ $e S$a$e fro a4in an/ roviion for reerva$ion in a$$er of roo$ion $o an/ *'a or *'ae of o$ in $e ervi*e 3nder $e S$a$e in favo3r of
After 5 3
the in&or-oration of C"ause 42* in Arti&"e 16 y $e Con$i$3$ion (81$ Aenden$) A*$, 2000, this oservation #ou"d not stand in the #ay of the State to reserve -osts in e&ess of 0K in res-e&t to &arry for#ard va&an&ies. 5 4?. +evadaan v. Union
of India , AIR 1964 SC 179.
5 5?i r3'e aaffired
in 'nion of India v. $'''> i* a added $e fo''oin C'a3e (%) $o Arti&"e 16> (%) o$in in $i Ar$i*'e a'' reven$ $e S$a$e fro *oniderin an/ 3nfi''ed va*an*ie of a /ear i* are reerved for =ein fi''ed 3 in $a$ /ear in a**ordan*e i$ an/ roviion for reerva$ion ade 3nder C'a3e (%) or C'a3e (%A) a a eara$e *'a of va*an*ie $o =e fi''ed 3 in an/ 3**eedin /ear or /ear and 3* *'a of va*an*ie a'' no$ =e *onidered $oe$er i$ $e va*an*ie of $e /ear in i* $e/ are =ein fi''ed 3 for de$erinin $e *ei'in of fif$/ er *en$ reerva$ion on $o$a' n3=er of va*an*ie of $a$ /ear. In Su#a Bha) 8ee)a A)# 9 State O0 Raa"tha)>? a'/in $e id$ $e$ and iden$i$/ $e$, $e Con$i$3$ion en* e'd $a$ fir$'/ i$ i $e id$ of $e oer 3nder $e i3ned aenden$ in$rod3*in aended Ar$i*'e 16(%@A) and 16(%@) $a$ ad $o =e $e$ed.
ARTICLE 16(5 I$ $a$e $a$: o$in in $i ar$i*'e a'' affe*$ $e oera$ion of an/ 'a i* rovide $a$ $e in*3=en$ of 5 75006* SCC 515. 5 8S$; +o. 63 E: 5010.
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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ARTICLE 16 an offi*e in *onne*$ion i$ $e affair of an/ re'iio3 or denoina$iona' in$i$3$ion or an/ e=er of $e overnin =od/ $ereof a'' =e a eron rofein a ar$i*3'ar re'iion or =e'onin $o a ar$i*3'ar denoina$ion. C'a3e (5) of Ar$i*'e 16 i $e $ird e*e$ion $o $e enera' r3'e of eD3a'i$/ of oor$3ni$/ *on$ained in Ar$i*'e 16(1). C'a3e (2) roi=i$ di*riina$ion in $e a$$er of e'o/en$ 3nder $e S$a$e, on $e ro3nd of Nre'iionN. C'a3e (5) of Ar$i*'e 16 , $3, eri$ $a$ an offi*e in *onne*$ion i$ $e affair of
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