Consolis Technical guide & product manual
CONSOLIS IN BRIEF Consolis is the largest manufacturer of prefabricated concrete elements in Europe. The company has more than 50 factories and operates in 11 countries: Finland, Sweden, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Estonia, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Poland. Consolis produces a wide range of prefabricated concrete products such as floors, structures and walls. These products are used in the construction of buildings. Consolis also makes products for infrastructure, such as railway sleepers and structures for bridges and tunnels. In addition Consolis provides services ranging from planning to erection of its products. Through its market leadership and international presence, Consolis offers customers the benefits of: ◗ the latest solutions and technology transfer within the Group ◗ unique benchmarking possibilities ◗ pan-European purchasing power ◗ extensive design and engineering resources ◗ production capacity sufficient to deal with the largest projects. Consolis works actively with environmental issues associated with construction. By prefabrication Consolis can reduce environmental burden both during the construction period and the total building life cycle. In 2003 Consolis had net sales of EUR 620 million and employed 5,000 employees at the year end. Consolis was formed in December 1997 following the merger of Partek Precast Concrete and the Swedish company Strängbetong. Consolis’ major shareholders are the Swedish private equity fund Industri Kapital, KONE and various Finnish insurance companies. Management also has a shareholding in Consolis.
Elematic Parma Strängbetong Spenncon
Consolis Headquarters / Consolis Technology
E-Betoonelement
Parastek Consolis Latvija
Betonika
DW Beton Spanbeton VBI Consolis Polska
Dywidag Prefa Lysá
CONTENTS 1
General
5.2
Purlins
8.7
Balconies and terraces
1.1
Consolis potential
5.3
Rectangular beams
8.8
Grey walls
1.2
Quality guarantee
5.4
L-beams & inverted T-beams
8.9
Acotec walls
1.3
Prefabrication, when and why
5.5
SI-beams
1.4
Standards and technical guidelines
5.6
I-beams
9
Bashallen
9.1
System description
1.5
Concrete quality
6
Hollow core slabs
9.2
TT-roof slabs
1.6
Fire resistance
6.1
Standard profiles
9.3
Façades
1.7
Performance curves
6.2
Characteristics
9.4
Details and connections
1.8
Notations
6.3
Performance curves
6.4
Structural topping
10
Façades
2
Frame structures
6.5
Precamber
10.1
Sandwich façades
2.1
Low-rise utility buildings
6.6
Diaphragm action
10.2
Cladding panels
10.3
Special architectural elements
10.4
Details and connections
11
Infrastructural projects
11.1
Precast bridges
11.2
Culverts
11.3
Railway products
2.1.1
Single-storey buildings
6.7
Concentrated loading
2.1.2
Low-rise buildings with intermediate floors
6.8
Openings
6.9
Connections
6.10
Match plates
6.11
Production tolerances
6.12
Handling and transport
6.13
Erection
2.1.3 2.2
Horizontal stability
Multi-storey buildings 2.2.1
Stability
2.2.2
Diaphragm action
2.2.3
Modular design
3
Columns
3.1
Characteristics
3.2
Corbels
3.3
Performance curves
3.4
Connections
3.5
Tolerances
3.6
Betemi columns
4
Pocket foundations
5
Beams
5.1
General 5.1.1
Types
5.1.2
Supports
5.1.3
Inserts
5.1.4
Lifting and temporary storage
5.1.5
Production tolerances
7
Double-T-slabs
7.1
Standard profiles
7.2
Characteristics TT-2400
7.3
Characteristics TT-3000
7.4
Performance curves TT-2400
7.5
Performance curves TT-3000
7.6
Connections
7.7
Holes and voids
7.8
Production tolerances
7.9
Handling and transport
8
Residential buildings
8.1
Architectural freedom
8.2
Structural systems
8.3
Sound insulation
8.4
Bathroom floors
8.5
Foundation units
8.6
Stairs
12
13
11.3.1
Railway sleepers
11.3.2
Railway crossings
11.3.3
Railway platforms
Special products 12.1
Water treatment systems
12.2
Agricultural products
12.3
Other special products
Addresses
General
1.
GENERAL
1.1 CONSOLIS’ POTENTIAL The Consolis Group is Europe's leading manufacturer of
The aim of the Group is to offer its customers the most
precast concrete elements.
advantageous comprehensive solutions for various types of buildings and infrastructure projects, based on precast
◗ active in prefabrication for more than 70 years ◗ annual production :
floors
7.000.000 m
concrete products together with related services. 2
The strength of the Group relies on a large staff of design
3
engineers and a research laboratory to raise the quality of
2
end products and the efficiency of the construction process
frames
140.000 m
façades
600.000 m
◗ more than 50 production plants in 11 European countries
by continually developing and applying state of the art
◗ 5000 workers and employees
technologies.
◗ 250 engineers for the design of the precast structures, working with sophisticated CAD systems and calculation
To work with Consolis means to get the best solutions for
programs.
your projects, in a qualitative, environmentally friendly
◗ R&D Unit with testing laboratory and staff of 25 people
and price efficient way.
1.2 QUALITY GUARANTEE Consolis precast products are synonymous with high quali-
Consolis' internal quality control service is continuously
ty. Every product mentioned in this technical guide is certi-
checking the concrete strength, positioning of the rein-
fied by a notified national body. Conforming to the
forcement and inserts, dimensions of the units and finish-
international standard ISO 9001 (CEN 29001), the quality
ing for every product. All data is registered in files and is
assurance of design and manufacture is based on the
available to customers and certification bodies.
principle of self control and is certified by a third party.
Apartment building
Office building
Industrial building
Sport complex
To prefabricate - to precast - concrete components for var-
◗ Independent of adverse weather conditions
ious purposes is not a new method. On the contrary, it has
◗ Continuing erection in Winter time until -20°C
been used since the beginning of the twentieth century.
◗ Quality surveillance system
Prefabrication technology has continually been refined and developed since then. Compared with traditional construction methods or other building materials, prefabrication, as a construction method, and concrete, as a material, have a number of positive features.
It offers the customer the performance to fulfill all requirements
◗ Opportunities for good architecture
It is an industrialized way of construction, with the
◗ Fire resistant material
inherent advantages of:
◗ Healthy buildings ◗ Reduced energy consumption through the ability to store
◗ High capacity - enabling the realization of important projects
heat in the concrete mass ◗ Environmentally friendly way of building, with optimum
◗ Factory made products
use of materials, recycling of waste products, less noise
◗ Shorter construction time - less than half of conventional
and dust etc.
cast in-situ construction
◗ Cost effective solutions
When to use precast concrete Most buildings are suitable for construction in precast
member size, etc. Irregular ground layouts are, on many
concrete. Buildings with an orthogonal plan are, of course,
occasions, equally suitable for precasting. Modern precast
ideal for precasting because they exhibit a degree of
concrete buildings can be designed safely and econo-
regularity and repetition in their structural grid, spans,
mically with a variety of plans and with considerable variation in treatment of the elevations to heights up to twenty floors and more. With the introduction of high strength concrete, already currently used in Consolis' business units, the sizes of load bearing columns can be reduced to less than half of the section needed in conventional concrete structures. Precast concrete offers considerable scope for improving structural efficiency. Longer spans and shallower construction depths can be obtained by using prestressed concrete for beams and floors. For industrial and commercial halls, roof spans can be up to 40 m and even more. For parking garages, precast concrete enables occupiers to put more cars on the same construction space because of the large span possibilities and slender column sections. In office buildings, the modern trend is to create large open spaces, which can be split with partitions. This not only offers flexibility in the building but also extends its life because of the easier adaptability. In this way, the building retains its commercial value over a longer period.
Long line prestressing beds
General
1.3 PREFABRICATION: WHEN AND WHY
General
1.4 STANDARDS AND TECHNICAL GUIDELINES The calculation of the performance curves given in this Technical Guide are based on the following European Standards and Technical Guidelines:
◗ FIP Commission on Prefabrication, "FIP Recommendations Precast Prestressed Hollow Core Floors", Thomas Telford Ltd, London 1988. ◗ FIP Commission on Prefabrication, "Planning and design
◗ CEN European Committee for Standardization, EN 1992-1-1 “Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings”. ◗ CEN European Committee for Standardization, EN 1992-1-2 "Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
handbook on precast building structures", - SETO Ltd, London 1994. ◗ fib Commission on Prefabrication, Guide to good practice "Special design recommendations for precast prestressed hollow core floors", fib bulletin 6.
- Part 1.2 General rules - Structural fire design”. ◗ CEN European Committee for Standardization, CEN/TC 229 “Precast concrete product standards”.
1.5 CONCRETE QUALITY The concrete is usually made with normal aggregates and
Special units, for example columns or beams, can be made
grey Portland cement. For façade units, special aggregates
in high strength concrete, grade C80 (Cylinder strength 80
and white Portland cement with colour pigments may be
MPa, cube strength 95 MPa). The application may be indicat-
used. Depending on the application of the products, the
ed to limit the weight or the construction depth of the units.
following concrete strength classes are used: The elements are designed for an exposure class corres◗ Characterictic strength C 40 (Characteristic cylinder
ponding to moderate exposed environmental conditions
strength fck = 40 MPa, cube strength fck = 50 MPa,
(moderate humidity, normal frost-thaw). Design for more
according to Eurocode 2): Prestressed beams, columns,
severe exposure classes - like, for example, in swimming
TT-slabs, prestressed hollow core units, …
pools - is possible.
◗ Characterictic strength C 35 (Cylinder strength 35 MPa, cube strength 45 MPa): Products in reinforced concrete.
Shear test on hollow core slab
Workability test fresh concrete
Precast building structures in reinforced and prestressed
minutes is obtained by increasing the concrete cover on
concrete normally assume a fire resistance of 60 to 120
the reinforcement. The above fire ratings are based on the
minutes and more. For industrial buildings, the normal
requirements set forth in Eurocode 2, Part 1-2 "Structural
required fire resistance of 30 to 60 minutes is met by all
fire resistance" and confirmed by a large number of fire
types of precast components without any special measure.
tests on precast concrete units in fire laboratories all over
For other types of buildings, a fire resistance of 90 to 120
Europe.
1.7 PERFORMANCE CURVES The performance curves in this guide give indicative values
The indicated performances correspond with the maximum
for the maximum admissible applicable permanent and
allowable prestressing force per unit. For the final design,
variable load versus span. They can be used for marketing
the exact prestressing force is determined for the given
and preliminary dimensioning of the precast members, but
loading condition, and will not always correspond with the
not for the final design. They are calculated according to
maximum possible prestressing. Checks for adaptations of
the requirements of the Eurocodes. The self-weight of the
existing constructions at a later stage should always refer
components has already been taken into account. The
to the final design documents and drawings. Consolis will
curves are calculated for a proportioning of 50% perma-
advise on request.
nent and 50% variable loading. Please contact our technical staff for other load combinations. Detailed calculations are carried out for each project at the design stage.
1.8 NOTATIONS a
support length
b
total width cross section
bw
web width
d
camber
h
height cross-section
l
partial length
u
warping
qk
characteristic variable loading
fck
characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days
σcd
design compressive stress in the concrete
σ
allowable stress
C
strength class of concrete (expressed as
Hall for prefabrication of hollow core slabs
cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days) H
horizontal force
N
axial force
L
length precast unit
Nd
design value of axial force
Md
design value of bending moment
Nu
ultimate axial force
Mu
ultimate bending moment
R
standard fire resistance
General
1.6 FIRE RESISTANCE
Frame and skeletal structures
2.
FRAME AND SKELETAL STRUCTURES
2.1 LOW-RISE UTILITY BUILDINGS 2.1.1 Single-storey buildings Normally, the skeleton of a single-storey industrial building
building is normally stabilized by the cantilever action of
is composed of a series of basic portal frames. Each frame
the columns. The horizontal load action on the gable walls
comprises two columns with moment-fixed connections at
can be distributed to all columns by the diaphragm action
the foundations and a pin-joined roof beam. The latter can
of the roof. The distance between the portal frames is gov-
be with either a sloped pane or a straight profile. The
erned by the span of the roof and the façade construction.
Industrial hall during construction
Skeletal structural systems are very suitable for buildings
The roof can be made with prestressed hollow core ele-
which need a high degree of flexibility, because of the
ments or with light TT-units or steel sheet deck. The dis-
possibility of using large spans and to achieve open spaces
tance between the portal frames is governed by the span
without internal walls. This is very important in industrial
of the roof and façade construction - normally between 6
buildings, shopping halls, parking structures and sporting
and 9 m for hollow core roof slabs and from 9 to 12 m for
facilities, and also in large office buildings.
light TT-roof units. When steel sheet deck is used, the distance between the portal frames can be larger - up to 12 m and even 16 m- because of the lighter weight of the roof. Secondary beams are generally needed to support the steel sheet deck.
Building structure with sloped I-profile beams and TT-roof slabs
TT-units, the roof slope is obtained by alternating the
units supported on rows of columns and straight beams.
height of the supporting beam rows. At the façades, the
The roof units are saddle TT-slabs or light TT-roof units.
roof slabs can be supported on beams, or on load bearing
The span of the roof units can be up to 32 m. For straight
walls.
Saddle TT-roof slabs on load-bearing sandwich walls
Straight light TT roof slabs on longitudinal portal frames
Frame and skeletal structures
Another solution for large halls is to use large span roof
In buildings basically constructed as single-storey structures, it may be necessary to insert intermediate floors in some parts or in the whole building. This is commonly achieved by adding a partly separate beam/column assembly to carry the intermediate floor slabs. The loads on the floors are generally much larger than on the roof. Consequently, the spans will normally be shorter. Span A - as indicated on the Figure - will normally be between 6 m and 18 m, depending upon the live loads and the type of floor slab selected. A good module for span B is 7.20 m to 9.60 m.
A
B
Frame and skeletal structures
2.1.2 Low-rise buildings with intermediate floors
2.1.3 Horizontal stability Low-rise skeleton structures are normally stabilized through the cantilever action of the columns. The precast columns are fixed into the foundations with moment-resisting connections. This is easily achievable in good ground or with pile foundations. There are three basic solutions: bolted connections, projecting reinforcement and pockets. In the bolted connection, the column baseplate is fixed to the Bolted connection
foundation bars with nuts. With projecting reinforcement, projecting bars from the foundation or from the column are fixed into grouted openings in the columns or in the foundation respectively. In the case of pockets, the column is fixed into the pocket with grout or concrete.
Projecting reinforcement
Pocket foundation
Precast frame for papermill
The cantilever action of the columns is beam-column systems, up to about 3 floor levels. The columns are normally continuous for the full height of the structure. Horizontal forces acting on the building are transferred through the façade to the internal frame structure. Other horizontal actions - for
Actions and resulting moments/forces on a portal frame structure
example from overhead cranes - are taken up directly by the columns. It is important to spread the acting forces over all the columns in the building to avoid different cross-sections.
Hollow core slabs
Roof beam
Horizontal stiffness Horizontal forces parallel to the beams are distributed
Façade
directly through the beams of the same row, whereas forces in the transverse direction are transferred through the in-plane action of the roof. For buildings with high slender columns, the horizontal stiffness of the structure can be secured by diagonal bracing between the columns of the external bays with the help of steel rods, angles or concrete beams.
Column
Expansion joints Socle
The design and detailing of frame structures takes into account the dimensional dilatations due to temperature changes, shrinkage and creep. Expansion joints are chosen in conjunction with the length and the cross-section of the columns. Generally, the distance between expansion joints Pocket foundation
is not larger than 60 m. They are realized either by using double columns or special bearing pads.
Frame and skeletal structures
used to stabilize low-rise buildings with
Frame and skeletal structures
2.2 MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS Multi-storey precast concrete frames are constructed with columns and beams of different shapes and sizes, stair and elevator shafts and floor slabs. The joints between the floor elements are executed in such a way that concentrated loads are distributed over the whole floor. This system is widely used for multi-storey buildings.
The structural frame is commonly composed of rectangular columns of one or more storeys height (up to four storeys). The beams are normally rectangular, L-shaped or inverted T-beams. They are single span or cantilever beams, simply supported and pin-connected to the columns. Hollow core floor slabs are by far the most common type of floor slabs in this type of structure.
2.2.1 Stability For buildings up to 3 or 4 storeys, horizontal stability may
staircases, elevator shafts and shear walls. In this way,
be provided by the cantilever action of the columns. They
connection details and the design and construction of
are normally continuous for the full height of the structure.
foundations are greatly simplified. Central cores can be
However, for multi-storey skeleton stuctures, braced sys-
cast in-situ or precast.
tems are the most effective solution, irrespective of the number of storeys. The horizontal stiffness is provided by
Example of precast central core
Building with central core and hidden beam-column connections
In precast multi-storey buildings, horizontal loads from wind or other actions are usually transmitted to the stabilizing elements by the diaphragm action of the roofs and floors. The precast concrete floors
The tensile,
or roofs are designed to function as
compressive and
deep horizontal beams. The structural
shear forces are resisted by
central core, shear wall or other stabilizing com-
peripheral tie reinforcement of the
ponents act as supports for these analogous
floor, and grouted longitudinal joints.
beams with the lateral loads being transmitted to them.
2.2.3 Modular design Modulation is an important economic factor in the design
precast floor units is modulated on 1200 and 2400 mm.
and construction of precast buildings, both for the struc-
When planning a building it is advisable to modulate
tural parts and the finishing. The use of modular planning
dimensions to suit the element widths. In a simple struc-
is not a limitation on the freedom of planning as it is only a
ture, all the floor elements should preferably span in the
tool to achieve systematic work and economy and to sim-
same direction, simplifying the layout and, in the case of
plify connections and detailing.
prestressed elements, limiting the number of camber clashes within a bay.
Precast concrete floors are extremely versatile and can accommodate almost any arrangement of support walls
When exact modulation is not possible, it may be necessary
or beams. There are, however, certain guidelines on the
to produce a special unit cast to a smaller width or cut to
proportioning of a building in plan which can be usefully
the desired width from a standard module. Changes in
employed to simplify the construction. The width of the
floor level across a building can also be readily accommodated, for example by split-level bearings on a single beam or the use of twinned beams at different levels. When a building tapers in plan, the precast units are produced with non-square ends. The angle should not be more than 45°. At the apex of a tapered floor area, it may be appropriate to cover this area with in-situ concrete when the span falls below 2 m.
Example of modulated floor layout and location of components
Frame and skeletal structures
2.2.2 Diaphragm action
3.
COLUMNS
Precast columns are manufactured in a variety of sizes, shapes and lengths. The concrete surface is smooth and the edges are chamfered. Columns generally require a 300 400 500
minimum cross-sectional dimension of 300 x 300 mm, not
Columns
only for reasons of manipulation but also to accommodate the column-beam connections. The 300 mm dimension provides a two-hour fire resistance, making it suitable for a wide range of buildings. Columns with a maximum length of 20 m to 24 m can be manufactured and erected in one piece, i.e. without splicing, although a common practice is to work also with single-storey columns.
3.1 CHARACTERISTICS 3.1.1 Rectangular columns Profile
h
b
Weight
mm
mm
kN/m
300/300
300
300
2.20
300/400
300
400
2.94
400/400
400
400
3.92
400/500
400
500
4.90
500/500
500
500
6.12
500/600
500
600
7.35
600/600
600
600
8.82
h
300
b
300
3.1.2 Round columns
Profile round columns
Diameter
Weight
mm
kN/m
300
300
1.73
400
400
3.08
500
500
4.81
600
600
6.92
3.2 CORBELS Precast columns may be provided with single or multiple
example, where it is unacceptable for the connection to
corbels to support floor or roof beams, girders for overhead
project below ceilings or into service zones. Standard
cranes, etc. The corbels are either completely under the
dimensions for normal corbels are given in the table.
beam or within the overall depth of it. This may occur, for
The indicated values for the allowable support load "N"
b
300
400
500
300
105 kN
145 kN
185 kN
400
145 kN
205 kN
260 kN
500
140 kN
265 kN
335 kN
h h
h
bb
300 300
Hidden corbels The BSF system consists of a hidden steel insert in the beam-to-column connection, enabling a beam support without underlying corbel. A sliding plate fits into a rectangular slot in the beam. A notch at the end of the plate fits over a lip at the bottom of a steel box cast into the column. The system can be used for both rectangular and round columns. The types of corbels and corresponding bearing capacities are given in the table.
Plate type height/ thickness 150/20 200/20 200/30 200/40 200/50 250/50
Allowable load in kN 200 300 450 600 700 950
Minimum beam dimensions mm Height
Width
200 200 300 400 400 400
400 500 500 600 700 900
BSF application
Columns
are characteristic values without partial safety margins.
3.3 PERFORMANCE CURVES The following figures give the performance curves of columns
and Ø3M to Ø6M for round columns. The indicated values for
under axial loading combined with bending moments. The
Nd and Md are design values at ultimate limit state, which
calculations are made for modulated cross-sections, from
means that the permanent and variable actions are multi-
2
3Mx3M (300x300mm ) to 6Mx6M for rectangular columns
plied by the appropriate safety margins.
Columns
15000 14000 13000
Nd (kN)
12000 11000 10000 8000
600x600 600x500
7000 6000
500x500
5000
500x400
4000 400x400
3000 400x300
2000
300x300
1000 0 0
100 200
300
400
500
600
700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Md (kNm)
Performance curves for rectangular columns
11000 10000 9000 8000
Ø 600
Nd (kN)
7000 6000 Ø 500
5000 4000 Ø 400
3000 2000
Ø 300
1000 0 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Md (kNm) Performance curves for round columns
900
1000
1100
1200
3.4 CONNECTIONS Precast columns are fixed to the foundations with pockets, projecting reinforcing bars or holding down bolts. The first second and third in the case of foundation piles.
Corner pockets with anchor bars welded to plate
Grout filling or alternative polyurethane filling
Doweled connection with bolting
Column splicing with baseplate and bolts
Bolted connection through continuous beam
Corner pockets with anchor bars welded to plate
Injection with shrinkage free grout Joint fill with grout or concrete
Projecting reinforcement in grouted tube
Foundation pocket
Grouted connection
Bolted connection with baseplate
Columns
solution is mainly used for foundations on good soil; the
Column-to-column splices Column-to-column splices are made either by bolting mechanical connectors anchored in the separate precast components or by the continuity of the reinforcement
Columns
through a grouted joint.
Nut and washer Baseplate
Leveling shims
s
3.5 TOLERANCES 1)
1. Length (L):
± 10mm or L/1000
2
Cross-section (b, h, d):
± 10mm
3
Curvature (a):
± 10 mm or L / 750
4
Orthogonality cross-section (p):
± 5mm
5
Orthogonality end face (s):
± 5mm
6
Position corbel: (l k):
± 8mm
7
Dimensions corbel (l k , bk, hk):
± 8mm
8
Orthogonality corbel face (r):
± 5mm
9
1)
l
k
r hk p h
Position inserts (t): longitudinal: ± 15mm transversal:
± 10mm
depth:
± 5mm
10 Position holes, voids:
L
a
b
± 20 mm d
1)
Whichever is the larger tl tt
tl
l
k
3.6 BETEMI COLUMNS 3.6.1 System Betemi circular columns are produced automatically by shotcreting technique. The surface can be in grey troweled
Columns
concrete or polished. It is possible to produce a variety of surface textures by using coloured concrete and different types of aggregates. In the latter case, only the final coat has to be of this more expensive material. Grey concrete can be used in the inner part. Load-bearing or decorative columns are the main applications. The columns are generally one storey high. Their maximum height is 4 m and the maximum diameter 1.2 m. Also conical shapes can be produced.
Balcony supporting decorative comumns
3.6.2 Applications
Cast in-situ concrete
Load-bearing columns
3.6.3 Connections Connections are easy to make in Betemi columns. Two methods can be applied: ◗ Steel pocket cast into the column for bolted connections ◗ Protruding bars anchored in the column core with cast in-situ concrete.
Column reinforcement welded to steel corners
4.
POCKET FOUNDATIONS
Precast pocket foundations realize the site-work faster and
c
cheaper. Indeed, site-cast pockets need a rather complex moulding and reinforcement, and the working conditions
b
a
h
are more unfavourable. Consolis has developed a series of pocket foundations for different column sizes. The precast pocket foundations may only be used in conditions of firm and level ground. The pockets are positioned by means of leveling bolts. The baseplate is cast on site.
Pocket foundations
The whole unit can also be precast.
Characteristics a
b
c
h
Max. column section
mm
mm
mm
mm
700
700
150
550
300/300
800
700
150
700
300/400
800
800
150
700
400/400
1000
900
200
850
400/500
1000
1000
200
850
500/500
1100
1000
200
1000
500/600
1100
1100
200
1000
600/600
Foundation pockets on stockyard Infill grout
In situ or precast footing
Precast columns during erection
5.
BEAMS
5.1 GENERAL 5.1.1 Types Overview of the types of prestressed beams for different applications
Purlins: trapezoidal secondary roof beams
R-beams: rectangular roof or floor
RF-beams: rectangular floor beams for composite action with floor slabs
RT-beams: inverted T-beams for floors of middle to large spans
RL-beams: L-beams for edge floors
I-beams: for roofs and large floor-beam spans
SI-beams: roof beams with sloped pans for large spans
The cross-section of the beams is standardized. The
inserts for connections and other specific purposes - for
prestressing force and the beam length is adapted to each
example, for fixings, openings, etc.
specific project. The units are provided with details and
Beams
beams for moderate spans
5.1.2 Supports Large precast elements are normally supported on elastomeric supporting pads in neoprene rubber to ensure a good distribution of the stresses over the contact area. The effective bearing length is determined by the ultimate bearing stress in both the abutting components and the bearing pad, plus allowances for tolerances and spalling risk at the edges. The maximum allowable stress on neoprene pads in the
The pads should be placed at some distance from the
serviceability limit state is normally:
support edge as load transfer at the edge may result in
◗ For non-reinforced elastomeric pads:
σ = 6 N/mm
◗ For reinforced elastomeric pads:
σ = 12 N/mm
2
damage. The pad should allow for beam deflection so that 2
direct contact between the beam and the support edge is avoided.
Beams
5.1.3 Inserts Inserts are details embedded in a precast unit for the
◗ Steel plates, profiles and steel angles
purpose of fixings, connections to other components, etc.
◗ Rolled channel
There are many types of inserts, including:
◗ Openings, etc.
◗ Projecting bars
The possible location and load capacity of inserts depends
◗ Anchor rails
on several parameters and will be dealt with on request by
◗ Threaded dowels or bolts
Consolis.
5.1.4 Lifting and temporary storage Lifting points are chosen to minimize deflections. The lift-
Temporary bracing of slender roof beams may be neces-
ing angle for the slings should not be less than 60° without
sary until the secondary beams or roof slabs are erected
spreader beam and 30° with spreader beam. Intermediate
and fixed.
storage should preferably be on the normal support points.
5.1.5 Production tolerances 1. Length (L):
± 15 mm or L/1000
2. Cross-section (h,b):
± 10 mm
3. Side camber (a):
± 10 mm or L/500
4. Warping (u):
10 mm or L/1000
5. Verticality end face (v):
± 10 mm
6. Cantilever end (lh , li ):
± 10 mm
7. Orthogonality end face:
5 mm
8. Camber (∆d):
± 10 mm or L /500
9
L t
1)
longitudinal:
± 15 mm
transversal:
± 10 mm
depth:
± 5 mm
whichever is the larger
± 20 mm
l
t
1)
h
l
∆d
i
1)
Position inserts: (t)
10 Position holes, voids (t): 1)
1)
o
b1 b2
a
h2 h1 b
l
i
u
5.2 PURLINS Purlins are used as secondary beams for roof structures
stressed concrete. The fire resistance is normally 60
with light roof cladding. The distance between the portal
minutes. The standard cross-section is shown in the figure
frames is maximum 12 to 16 m. The units are in pre-
below. 276
400
l
152
L
Purlins are mainly used in industrial storage buildings where light roof coverings such as steel sheet decking, corrugated slabs, cellular concrete slabs, etc. are used. to 5 m and secondary prestressed beams are needed to bridge the distance between the portal frames. The latter can be at larger distances, up to 12 and even 16 m. In this way large open halls can be constructed in an economical way.
Portal frame with secondary beams and light roof caldding
Purlins
The span of these elements is generally limited to about 3
5.2.1 Performance curves RP purlins 20 18
Allowable loading in kN/m
16 14 12
4
10
12,5
8
2
6
12,5
Purlins
4 2 0 7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9,5
10,0
10,5
11,0
11,5
12,0
Span l in m The allowable loading is the sum of the weight of the roof cladding and the variable load (snow and life load), excluding the self-weight of the purlin.
5.2.2 Connections The elements are connected to the supporting beam with
For light roof structures where diaphragm action can not be
protruding bars and cast in-situ concrete.
achieved by the roof structure itself, the distribution of horizontal forces on the gable walls, over the external and internal columns, can be secured by diagonal bracing between the beams of the external bays, with the help of steel rods or angles.
Roofing Steel deck
Protruding reinforcement
Insulation
Neoprene supporting pads
5.3 RECTANGULAR BEAMS Rectangular beams are mainly used for roof structures,
concrete is possible. Standard sections are shown in the
and also for floors with composite action. They are usually
table below.
in prestressed concrete, although classical reinforced
h
l
b
b
Standard profiles and weight per m length b mm h mm
300
400
500
600
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
400
2.94
500
3.67
4.90
550
4.04
5.39
6.74
600
4.41
5.88
10.55
650
4.78
6.37
7.96
9.56
700
5.14
6.86
8.58
10.29
800
5.88
7.84
9.80
11.76
8.82
11.03
13.23
12.25
14.70
900 1000
Compression flange
Composite floor beams R-beams may be designed composite with the floor to enhance the flexural and shear capacity, fire resistance and stiffness. The main advantage of a composite beam structure is that it permits less structural depth for a given load-bearing capacity.The breadth of the compression flange can be increased to the maximum permitted value, as in monolithic construction. For composite action with hollow core floors, the collaborating section is through the unfilled hollow core. This comprises only the top and bottom flanges of the slab. Detailed information about the load-bearing capacity is available from the technical department.
Rectangular beams
L
5.3.1 Performance curves R-beams 160 150 140 130 110 100 90 80 70 0 40 0/ 50
Allowable loading in kN/m
130
60 50
60 0/ 40 0
10 90 00 80 0/ /5 40 0/ 70 00 4 0 0/ 0 0 40 0
40 0/ 30 0
40 30
Rectangular beams
20 5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Span l in m The allowable loading is the sum of the permanent and
of the self-weight and the permanent and imposed loading
variable loads acting on the beam, excluding the self-
of the floor, without partial safety margins, and without
weight of the unit. For example, the allowable loading of a
the self-weight of the beam.
beam supporting a floor, should be calculated as the sum
5.3.2 Connections nut washer
slot threaded bar neoprene pad
5.4 L-BEAMS & INVERTED T-BEAMS L-beams and inverted T-beams are typical floor beams be-
Standard Consolis’ cross-sections are shown in the table
cause of the reduced overall structural depth. The beams
below. The boot width is governed by the adequate floor
are in prestressed or reinforced concrete.
slab bearing distance.
400 200 500 200
200, 265, 320, 400 100, 200, 300, 400
l L
max. 900
200, 265, 320, 400 100, 200, 300, 400
l L
Changes in floor level may be accommodated by either an L-beam or by building up one side of an inverted T-beam, as shown in the figure. If the change of floor level exceeds about 750 mm, a better solution is to use two L beams back to back and separated by a small gap for easier site fixing.
max. 700
L-beams & inverted T-beams
200
5.4.1 Performance curves L-beams & inverted T-beams 160 150 150
130 110 100 00 /9 00 0 /5 90 0* 0/ 70 50 / 00 0* /8 60 0 00 /4 90 0 / 0* 0 00 /8 60 /5 00 0* /4 50 0* 50
Allowable loading in kN/m
140
90 80 70 60
40 0* /3 00 /7 00
50 40
L-beams & inverted T-beams
30 20 5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Span l in m
20
The width of L-beams and inverted T-beams may be con-
In this case, the floor modulation becomes independent of
fined within the width of the column or may project for-
the column spacing and is thus simplified. When beams
ward to the column. The latter solution allows the floor
are not wider than the column width, it will be necessary
units to remain plain edged.
to form notches in the floor units
5.4.3 Connections The tie reinforcement between the beam and the floor is made with double bars anchored in slots in the flange of the beams.
T12 / T16
T16
L-beams & inverted T-beams
5.4.2 Beam width
L-beams & inverted T-beams
5.5 SI-BEAMS SI-beams with variable height are particularly suited for
According to Eurocodes, the SI-beam types have a fire re-
roofs with large column free spans - for example, in indus-
sistance up to 120 minutes. Standard cross-sections are
trial halls. The I-shaped cross section is typical for pre-
show in the table below.
stressed beams. The slope of the top face is 1:16.
slope 1/16
f e h
bw d c
l
b
5.5.1 Characteristics Profile
h
b
c
d
e
f
bw
Lmin
Lmax
SI 900/500
900
500
150
190
95
150
120
6000
12000
SI 1050/500
1050
500
150
190
95
150
120
6000
12000
SI 1200/500
1200
500
150
190
95
150
120
8000
16000
SI 1350/500
1350
500
150
190
95
150
120
10000
20000
SI 1500/500
1500
500
150
190
95
150
120
12000
25000
SI 1650/500
1650
500
150
190
95
150
120
14000
28000
SI 1800/500
1800
500
150
190
95
150
120
15000
30000
SI 1950/500
1950
500
150
190
95
150
120
16000
32000
5.5.2 Connections
neoprene pad
SI-Beams
L
5.5.3 Performance curves SI-beams 160 150 140
110
SI
100
00 27 SI 550 2 00 SI 24 50 SI 22 0 0 SI 21 SI 50 19 0 SI 180 50 16
120
SI SI
90
00 15
SI
80
00 12
SI
50
50 10
60
50 13
SI
70 SI
Allowable loading in kN/m
130
0 90
40
SI-Beams
30 20 8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
Span l in m The allowable loading is the sum of the permanent and variable loads acting on the beam, excluding the self-weight of the unit.
5.5.4 Weight of the SI-beams kN
400 SI 2700 SI 2550 SI 2400 SI 2250
350 300
SI 2100 SI 1950
250
SI 1800 SI 1650
200
SI 1500 SI 1350
150 SI 1200 SI 1050
100
SI 900
50 0 8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
Beam length L in m
36
5.6 I-BEAMS I-beams are used for flat and sloped roof structures and for
are in prestressed concrete and the fire resistance is,
floor beams with heavy loading and large spans. The beams
according to Eurocodes, up to 120 minutes.
f e h
bw d c
l
b
5.6.1 Characteristics Profile
h
b
c
d
e
f
bw
I 900/500
900
500
150
190
95
150
120
I 1200/500
1200
500
150
190
95
150
120
I 1500/500
1500
500
150
190
95
150
120
I 1800/500
1800
500
150
190
95
150
120
5.6.2 Connections
neoprene pad
I-Beams
L
5.6.3 Performance curves I-beams 160 150 140 120 110 100 I 00 15
80 70
00 12
90
I
00 I9
Allowable loading in kN/m
130
I1 80 0
60 50 40
I-Beams
30 20 6
7
8
9
10
11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Span l in m
The allowable loading is the sum of the permanent and variable loads acting on the beam, excluding the self-weight of the unit.
5.6.4 Weight of the I-beams kN
400 350 300 250
00 I 18 00 I 15 0 I 120
200
I 900
150 100 50
0 6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Beam length L in m
6.
HOLLOW CORE SLABS
Prestressed hollow core slabs are the most widely used
depth and capacity, smooth underside and structural
type of precast flooring. This success is due to the highly
efficiency.
efficient design and production methods, choice of unit
6.1.1 Extruded hollow core slab profiles
200
6.1 STANDARD PROFILES
The nominal width of the units is 1200 mm, inclusive of
125,5
189
the longitudinal joint. The various cross sections are given alongside. The edges of the slabs are profiled to ensure an adequate transfer of horizontal and vertical shear between of 60 to 120 minutes. The latter is obtained by raising the
265
adjacent units. The standard profiles have a fire resistance level of the tendons. 152
220
The hollow core slabs are manufactured on long-line beds. The units may be manufactured with a thermal insulation layer on the under side - for example, for floors at ground
end is standard but skew or cranked ends, which are
180
280
necessary in a non-rectangular framing plan, may be
400
specified. Longitudinal cutting is possible for match plates.
185,5 1196 mm
4 mm
275 1196
1196 mm
Profile longitudinal joint
6.1.2 Slipformed hollow core slab profiles The nominal width of the units is 1200 mm, inclusive of
adjacent units. The standard profiles have a fire resistance
the longitudinal joint. The various cross sections are given
of 60 to 120 minutes. The latter is obtained by raising the
alongside. The edges of the slabs are profiled to ensure an
level of the tendons.
adequate transfer of horizontal and vertical shear between
Hollow core slabs
The slabs are cut to length using a circular saw. A square
320
level.
The slabs are cut to length using a circular saw. A square
The units may be manufactured with a thermal insulation
end is standard but skew or cranked ends, which are
layer on the under side - for example, for floors at ground
necessary in a non-rectangular framing plan, may be
level.
specified. Longitudinal cutting is possible for match plates.
150
250
The hollow core slabs are manufactured on long-line beds.
100
100
98,5
300
180
98,5
100 98,5
225
186
225
200
186
400
100
Hollow core slabs
98,5
1196
1196 mm
4 mm
1196 mm
Profile longitudinal joint
6.2 CHARACTERISTICS Extruded hollow core slabs Weight b (joints filled) Joint filling 2 (mm) kN/m l/m2 (*)
Profile
h (mm)
HC-200
200
1196
2,60
7,0
HC-265
265
1196
3,80
10,0
HC-320
320
1196
4,10
12,0
HC-400
400
1196
4,65
17,0
(*) quantity of grout needed to fill the longitudinal joints of a floor of a given surface area.
Slipformed hollow core slabs
Weight b (joints filled) Joint filling 2 (mm) kN/m l/m2 (*)
Profile
h (mm)
HC-150
150
1196
2,57
HC-185
180
1196
3,87
5,9
HC-200
200
1196
3,18
6,8
HC-250
250
1196
3,85
8,9
HC-300
300
1196
4,55
10,4
HC-400
400
1196
5,24
14,7
4,7
(*) quantity of grout needed to fill the longitudinal joints of a floor of a given surface area.
6.3 PERFORMANCE CURVES OF HC-SLABS The curves give the load bearing capacity with a limitation of the deflection under variable loading to 1/800 of the span
Extruded hollow core slabs
Hollow core slabs
16 15 13 12 11 CE
H
0
0 40
32
0
5 26
20
9
CE H
CE
E
10
H
HC
Allowable loading in kN/m
2
14
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Span l in m
Slipformed hollow core slabs
16 15 14 12 11 CS H
S HC
0 40
0 30
0 25
9
S HC
10
0 20 S HC 80 S1 HC 50 S1 HC
Allowable loading in kN/m
2
13
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Hollow core slabs
Span l in m
6.4 STRUCTURAL TOPPING Hollow core floors are normally used without structural
be indicated. The thickness should be at least 40 mm,
topping. However, in the case of seismic action, frequent
concrete quality C 30.
changes of load or important point loads, a topping may
6.5 PRECAMBER Prestressed concrete units are subjected to precamber,
of non-loaded elements after 1 month of storage. Possible
depending on the magnitude and centroid of the pre-
tolerances are given in clause 6.11. The design should
stressing force, modulus of rigidity of the cross section and
take account of the precamber in determining the thick-
length of the unit. The graph below gives an indication of
ness of the topping and screeds and the final levels after
the minimum and maximum expected average deflection
finishing - for example, for door thresholds, etc.
mm 40
30 20
10
0 5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
18
Span l in m
The diaphragm action of hollow core floors is realized
relative horizontal displacement of the hollow core units,
through a good joint design. The peripheral reinforcement
so that the longitudinal joints can take up shear forces.
plays a determinant role, not only to cope with the tensile
The positioning and minimum proportioning of ties,
forces of the diaphragm action but also to prevent the
required by Eurocode 2, is shown in the figure below.
L2 + L3 x 20 kN/m ≥ 70 kN 2
L3
A A B
B
L2
L1 x 20 kN/m ≥ 70 kN 2
L1
C C ≥ 70 kN L2 + L3 x 20 kN/m ≥ 70 kN 2
≥ 20 kN/m
L1 x 20 kN/m ≥ 70 kN 2
Hollow core slabs
6.6 DIAPHRAGM ACTION
6.7 CONCENTRATED LOADING Floors composed of prestressed hollow core elements
transmitted through the profiled longitudinal joints. The
behave almost as monolithic floors for transverse
transversal distribution should be calculated according to
distribution of line or point loads. The loads are
the prescriptions of Eurocode 2 and CEN Product Standard.
6.8 OPENINGS Holes in hollow core floors are made as indicated in the
width of the void. Holes are normally made in the fresh
figure. The dimensions are limited to the values given in
concrete during the production process. The edges of the
the table. Small holes may be formed at the center of the
openings are rough. The possible dimensions for openings
longitudinal voids. The maximum size is limited to the
are given in the table.
l /b ■ Corner (1) ■ Front (2) ■ Edges (3)
Hollow core slabs
■ Center (4) - round holes - square openings
HC 180 - 300
HC 400
600/400 600/400 1000/400
600/300 600/200 1000/300
Core minus 20mm 1000/400
Ø 135 1000/200
4 4
2 1
Larger voids which are wider than the width of the precast units are 'trimmed' using transverse supports such as steel angles or concrete beams. The steel angles can be supplied by Consolis on request.
3
6.9 CONNECTIONS 6.9.1 Bearing length The nominal bearing length of simply supported hollow core floor units is given in the table. Neoprene strips ensure a uniform bearing.
Support length a Supporting material
Slab thickness
Nominal length
Minimum effective length
Concrete or steel
≤ 265 mm ≥ 300 mm
70 mm 100 mm
50 mm 80 mm
Brick masonry
≤ 265 mm ≤ 300 mm
100 mm 120 mm
80 mm 100 mm
a
6.9.2 Support connections
Tie bar in longitudinal joint Tie bar in transversal joint
Tie bar placed in longitudinal joints through opening in beam Tie bar for diaphragm action Topping Tie bar floor diaphragm
Neoprene In-situ concrete
Tie steel in joint
In-situ concrete Lifting loops or vertical bars used for connection with floor slabs
Hollow core slabs
In-situ concrete tie beam
6.9.3 Connections at longitudinal joints
In-situ concrete
These are provided between the edges of the hollow core floor units and beams or walls running parallel with the floor. Their main function is to transfer horizontal shear, generated in the floor plate by diaphragm action.
Reinforcement
6.10 MATCH PLATES Non-standard plates with a width less than 1200 mm are cut in the green concrete during the casting of the line. The place of the longitudinal cut should correspond to the location of a longitudinal void. Edges cut in fresh concrete are rough. If a straight edge is needed, the slabs are
Hollow core slabs
sawed after hardening.
6.11 PRODUCTION TOLERANCES 1. Length (L):
± 15 mm or L/1000
2. Thickness (h):
± 5 mm or h/40
3. Width (b): whole slab
+ 0 - 6 mm
narrow slab:
1)
1)
± 15 mm
4. Orthogonality end face (p):
± 10 mm 2)
1)
5. Camber before erection (∆d) :
± 6 mm or L /1000
6. Warping:
± 10 mm or L /1000 3)
7. Flatness (y) :
10 mm under a lath of 500 mm
8. Steel inserts, installed in the factory (t):
± 20 mm
9. Holes and recesses (t): cut in fresh concrete:
± 50 mm
l
cut in hardened concrete: 1)
Whichever is the larger
2)
Deviated from the calculated deflection (including precamber and calculated deflection under loading circumstances)
3)
L
∆d
± 15 mm
t p
t
a y
Valid for slabs h ≤ 300 mm
h b
t
6.12 HANDLING AND TRANSPORT Handling, loading and storage arrangements on delivery should be such that the hollow core slabs are not subjected to forces and stresses which have not been catered for in the design. The units should have semi-soft (e.g. wood) bearers placed at the slab ends. Where they are stacked one above the other, the bearers should align over each other. When stacking units on the ground on site, the guidelines will be similar to the above. The ground should be firm and the bearers horizontal, such that no differential settlement may take place and cause spurious forces and stresses in the components. During handling, provisions shall be taken to ensure safe manipulation, for example safety chains under the slab.
≤1m
Safety chain
Hollow core slabs are hoisted with specially designed clamps hanging on a steel spreader beam. The use of a sling alone is strictly forbidden.
Hollow core slabs General
≤1m
6.13 ERECTION The erection of the hollow core floor slabs should be done
Drainage holes
according to the instructions of the design engineer. If
Drainage holes are drilled into the voids at the slab ends to
needed, Consolis can second him to supervise the con-
evacuate any rainwater that might penetrate during site
struction methods. Consolis will supply written statements
erection. After erection, the contractor should check that
of the principles of site erection, methods of making struc-
the holes are open.
tural joints and materials specification on request.
Joint infill and concrete screeds
are used to compact the concrete. The screed may be
The longitudinal joints between the floor units should be
power floated or rough tampered in the usual manner, de-
filled using concrete grade C25 to C30, containing an 8 mm
pending on the type of floor finish. The topping screed
maximum size aggregate. The floor units should be
should contain a shrinkage reinforcement mesh.
moistened prior to placement of in-situ concrete. The joints should be filled carefully since they fulfill a structural function both in the transversal load distribution and the horizontal floor diaphragm action. When a structural screed is to be used,
Hollow core slabs
it is advisable to fill the longitudinal joints immediately prior to the casting of the screed. The workability should give a slump between 50 and 100 mm. The wet concrete should be spread evenly over the floor area as quickly as possible. Mechanical vibrating beams
Fixings There are several ways of fixing hanging loads to the hol-
the voids, anchors placed into the longitudinal joints, etc.
low core floor - for example, special sockets drilled into
Consolis will supply detailed information on request.
7.
DOUBLE-T SLABS
Double-T floor units in prestressed concrete have a ribbed cross-section and a smooth under face. The units are mainly used for greater spans and imposed loading. The units are manufactured with two standard widths: 2400 and 3000 mm. The standard cross-sections are given in the tables. The ends of the units can be notched to reduce the overall structural depth. A structural topping can be used to ensure both vertical shear transfer between adjacent units and horizontal diaphragm action in the floor plate. The standard double-T units have a minimum fire resistance of 60 to 120 minutes. Anchor rails can be cast into the soffits of the webs.
The nominal widths of double-T units are 2400 mm and
a smaller width to meet the requirements of a particular
3000 mm. However, the units can also be manufactured in
project. The minimum width is 1500 mm.
h
b1
TT- slabs
b0 b2
b2
b
7.2 CHARACTERISTICS TT-2400 Profile
General
7.1 STANDARD PROFILES
h mm
b mm
b1 mm
b2 mm
b0 mm
Weight 2 kg/m
Fire resistance 60 min. TT 2400-500/120 TT 2400-800/120
500 800
2390 2390
1068 1143
661 623
120 120
261 360
Fire resistance 90 min. TT 2400-500/150 TT 2400-800/150
500 800
2390 2390
1084 1159
671 615
150 150
287 405
Fire resistance 120 min. TT 2400-500/200 TT 2400 -800/200
500 800
2390 2390
1100 1175
645 607
200 200
332 481
7.3 CHARACTERISTICS TT-3000 h mm
b mm
b1 mm
b2 mm
b0 mm
Weight 2 kg/m
Fire resistance 60 min. TT 3000-500/120 TT 3000-800/120
500 800
2990 2990
1368 1443
811 773
120 120
232 313
Fire resistance 90 min. TT 3000-500/150 TT 3000-800/150
500 800
2990 2990
1384 1459
821 765
150 150
254 349
Fire resistance 120 min. TT 3000-500/200 TT 3000-800/200
500 800
2990 2990
1400 1475
795 757
200 200
290 409
TT- slabs
Profile
Super market with TT-roof
Allowable loading in kN/m
2
7.4 PERFORMANCE CURVES TT-2400 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
TT 2400-500
5
6
7
8
9
TT 2400-800
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
General
Span l in m
40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
TT- slabs
Allowable loading in kN/m
2
7.5 PERFORMANCE CURVES TT-3000
TT 3000-800
TT 3000-500
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Span l in m
24
7.6 CONNECTIONS 7.6.1 Support connections Connections between TT floors and supporting beams are
topping or by bars welded to plates fully anchored in the
made through lapping reinforcement in the structural
units.
Connection through structural topping
TT-slabs with slanted ends
Car park
Anchored steel plate
Steel strip Anchored steel plate
7.6.2 Edge connections
TT- slabs
Edge connections with walls or façade units, or connections between adjacent double-T units are normally realized by lapping reinforcement in the structural topping or by steel strips or bars welded to fully anchored steel angles or plates in the units.
Transversal tie reinforcement
Welded connection
Connection between adjacent units
Welded connection with wall or façade
7.7 HOLES AND VOIDS Holes may be formed in double-T slabs in the positions shown in the figure. The maximum dimensions are given in the table. It is also possible to form circular holes in the webs
l
to provide a passage for services. The positions and sizes of holes and voids need to be planned in advance because they b
may affect the load-bearing capacity of the slabs.
l /b
TT-2400
TT-3000
Center Edge Corner
1000/630 1000/320 1000/320
1000/930 1000/460 1000/460
l
l
b
7.8 PRODUCTION TOLERANCES 1. Length (L):
± 15 mm or L/1000
1)
2. Height slab (h), ± 10 mm ± 10 mm
4. Warping (a):
± 10 mm or L/1000
5. Flange angle (p):
± 10 mm
6. Slanting end (v):
± 15 mm 2)
7. Camber before erection (∆d) :
± 30 mm or L/1000
h
v t2 1)
t1
General
3. Width web (b0), width slab (b):
t3 t4
1)
a
8. Steel inserts, holes, and voids (t):
L
- top surface: length- and cross wise:
± 20 mm
- webs: longitudinal and vertical:
± 30 mm
- depth of steel parts:
± 10 mm
p b h
tw
1)
Whichever is the larger 2) Deviated from the calculated deflection (including precamber and calculated deflection under loading circumstances)
b0
7.9 HANDLING AND TRANSPORT The TT-units should always be stacked one above the other and the soft wood bearers placed at the slab ends should also be one above the other. This also applies when loading on the truck.
The units are provided with four cast-in lifting hooks, each over the line of the webs. The slings or chains should be long enough to enable an inclination to the slab of not less than 60°.
TT- slabs
flange thickness (h1):
8.
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Residential buildings constitute an important activity within the Consolis Group. A construction system has been developed for single family houses, low rise and high-rise apartment buildings. The total structure includes complete outer walls, inner walls, hollowcore flooring, stairway towers and stairs, roof and balconies.
8.1 ARCHITECTURAL FREEDOM The design of the building is not fixed by rigid concrete elements and almost every building can be adapted to the
Residential buildings
requirements of the builder or architect. There is no contradiction between architectural elegance and variety on the one hand and increased efficiency on the other. The days are gone when industrialisation meant large numbers of identical units; on the contrary, an efficient production process can be combined with skilled workmanship, which permits an architectural design without extra costs. By using the hollowcore concrete elements with spans up to 12 metres extending across the house, we can obtain floors with very large and unobstructed areas. In other words, a house with the greatest possible range of uses and longest service life. These open areas and the opportunities to easily modify the interior layout can be utilised in several ways. In new production, future residents can also be given opportunities to influence the design of their flats. In a longer perspective, the house can easily be adapted to different situations with different demands. Large rooms can be converted into small ones, and vice versa. A flat could be converted into, for example, a kindergarten, or the whole building, or parts of it, could be converted into offices.
The recently developed jointless façade is composed of internal panels in grey concrete, carrying the hollow core floors, and an insitu external skin in a special decorative concrete mix, reinforced with synthetic fabric. The thermal insulation is either placed on site, or incorporated in the precast panel.
8.2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS Within the Consolis Group, systems for housing and apartment buildings are normally designed as wall-frame structures. The walls support the vertical loads from the floors and the upper structure. They can also perform only as separating walls. Central stair cases and lift shafts are constructed with precast walls As a variant, the vertical structure of the buildings can also be made with skeletal frames and infill walls.
Residential General buildings
Load bearing cross-wall system with hollow core floors spanning over 10 to 12 m
Lay-out of apartment building with load bearing façades and internal load-bearing cross-walls
Floors are usually made of hollow core elements. The latest tendency is to span the floors over the full width of the apartment. In this way one obtains not only more flexibility for the internal lay-out, but also the possibility to modify it later without major costs. The façades are normally sandwich elements. The inner leaf of the units may be load-bearing. A variant solution is to precast only the inner leaf of the façade and to clad it on site with brick masonry or any other added finishing.
Schematic view of load bearing sandwich façade with window frame. The thermal isolation is continuous over the whole surface to avoid cold bridges.
8.3 SOUND INSULATION Sound is one of the most important quality aspects in multi-
The installation of a sub-floor on top of the hollowcore
family houses, where pleasant sound in one flat may be
floor is a key factor in achieving a good indoors sound
experienced as disturbing noise in another. One of the
insulation - both as regards impact sounds and airborne
requirements of a good house is thus, that it not only
sounds. A sub-floor can be easily installed as a floating
prevents "internal" noise caused by impact sounds, music,
floor, either by means of a concrete screed on a dampen-
etc., but also that it effectively dampens external noise from
ing layer or with a cushioned strutted wooden floor. This
e.g. traffic. The residential system, with its load-bearing
will cause the floor to float and become fully insulated
outer walls and floors with long spans, creates the condi-
from the supporting floor elements.
tions for good sound insulation in all respects, covering the entire frequency range registered by the human ear.
Residential buildings
8.4 BATHROOM FLOORS In Europe, bathroom floors usually have an increased floor screed thickness to install pipes and conduits. A solution with reduced floor thickness in the bathroom enables one to avoid the step between the bathroom and the adjacent floor. The load bearing floor is between 60 mm and 170 mm lower at the bathcell than elsewhere. After installation of the pipes, a structural topping is cast to provide for the needed bearing capacity.
Examples of bathroom slabs
8.5 FOUNDATION UNITS Special solutions for ground floors with supports have been developed. They can be used for completely precast houses but also for the footing of wooden
8.6 STAIRS Precast concrete stairs are very interesting products for
combined flight and landings. In the latter solution there
domestic and other buildings, because of the quality of
may be differential levels at floors and half-landings,
finishing and the cost efficiency. Various types of precast
necessitating a finishing screed or other solution.
stairs are available at Consolis, going from individual steps to straight or helicoidal monobloc units.
The second category comprises monobloc staircases. They can be used either in the stairwells or individually between
The first category comprises straight stair units. They are
the different storeys.
made out of both individual precast flights and landings or
Examples of monobloc stair units
Polished precast spiral stair
Residential General buildings
cottages.
8.7 BALCONIES AND TERRACES Balconies in apartment buildings are usually made with
bridges, a thermal insulation is placed between the balcony
special architectural units fixed to the building structure or
and the inner floor.
Residential buildings
floor slab, or supported by external columns. To avoid cold
Cantilevering balconies with intermediate thermal insulation
Terraces supported on Betemi columns
8.8 GREY WALLS Precast walls are mainly used in apartment buildings,
Precast walls are manufactured on long table or battery
houses, hotels and similar structures. The bearing walls
moulds. The moulded side is smooth as cast, the top face
are generally used in combination with hollow core floors.
leveled and floated. Painting or wallpapering is possible
Other applications are partition walls and elevator and
after thin plastering. Technical ducts and inserts for elec-
stairwell shafts. Generally, the larger the wall units are,
tricity are incorporated prior to casting.
the more economic the project is and the better the site productivity. Of course, limitations can be imposed by the capacity of the site craneage and transport limitations.
8.8.1 Characteristics Dimensions wall units:
maximum length: maximum height: thickness:
Fire resistance: 180 minutes (Eurocode 2)
14 m 3.50 m 200 mm
Dowel Tie reinforcement
8.8.2 Connections Vertical wall-to-wall connections are generally designed to transmit shear forces. The vertical joint faces of the panels are profiled. Horizontal joints between walls and floors are
Neoprene
either with direct floor support on the walls for mediumrise buildings or with floors supported on corbels, for high rise buildings. It is advisable to concentrate the tie reinforcement in the horizontal joint between the units. Floor support on wall
8.9 ACOTEC WALLS The Acotec wall is a unique solution for non-load bearing internal walls. The elements are usually made of light
Residential General buildings
weight expanded clay aggregate concrete (also known as Leca concrete), a very safe environmentally friendly material without health hazards. Acotec wall elements are hollow cored and produced to room height, max. 3.30 m. The thickness varies between 68 mm and 140 mm. The elements are 600 mm or 300 mm wide. For severe circumstances, as in seismic areas, the elements can be produced with extra reinforcement.
8.9.1 Installation The main benefit of the Acotec wall element is its easy and light handling at the construction site. A two-man 2
team can easily install Acotec walls with a speed of 6 m
per hour. The tongue and groove structure assures a perfect straight wall alignment and the flat surface needs only a thin coating (1-2 mm) without normal plastering. The cores inside the elements can be used for installation of electrical wires and pipes. Cutting and drilling of the product is also easy. Compared to other materials, savings up to 40% on the cost of the installed wall can be made.
8.9.2 Applications The Acotec walls resist moisture very well, have good fire
insulation is needed, for example apartments, hotels,
resistance and durability. A single wall structure has an
schools, etc. Their high fire resistance makes Acotec walls
airborne sound insulation capacity of over 40 dB.
very suitable for garages, parking buildings, etc.
Acotec walls have a wide range of applications. In the first
Acotec walls can also be produced with coloured concrete
place they are used for bathrooms, kitchens, shower
for applications such as fences and boundary walls.
rooms, and other areas with a high degree of moisture. Another field of application is for rooms where good sound
9.
BASHALLEN
9.1 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The "Bashallen" system is composed of two modulated components: a saddle roof slab and load-bearing façades in architectural concrete. The solution offers large internal open spaces, with free spans up to 32 m, and a variable length modulated on 2.4 m. The internal height can vary up to 8 m. Intermediate floors may be installed over a part or the whole surface. The aesthetic outlook of the façade has been carefully studied. Rounded corners and cornices in a panoply of surface finishing and colours give the
Bashallen
building a prestigious outlook . Thermal capacity and insulation of the complete concrete building ensures a stable indoor climate with low energy consumption.
9.2 TT-ROOF SLAB The saddle TT-roof slab in prestressed concrete was developed in connection with the "bashallen" system. It is a rational and aesthetic solution for industrial and commercial buildings. The TT-units are characterized by their light weight and large span length. The units are 2.400 mm wide and the slope of the top surface is 1/40. The flanges are waffled to save weight. The fire resistance is 60 minutes. Standard dimensions are given in the table.
Type
h mm
b mm
Weight 2 kN/m
Max. span m
STTF 240-15/70
700
2396
2.0
24.6
STTF 240-15/88
880
2396
2.1
32.0
9.3 EXTERIOR WALLS The sandwich façades in the bashallen concept are composed of an external leaf in architectural concrete, 150 mm insulation and an internal load-bearing concrete leaf. The standard width of the units is 2.40 m and the thickness 300 mm. Openings for windows, doors and gates may be provided. Different surface finishing and colours are possible.
9.4 DETAILS AND CONNECTIONS The "Bashallen" system comprises a complete set of
General
standard solutions for connections, details and inserts in the units. The webs of the ribbed roof slabs are supported in recesses in the load-bearing façades. All connections between adjacent façade units, roof elements and between façades and roofs are made through
Bashallen
welding of plates anchored in the units.
Welded connection between façade and roof units
Welded connection
Pinned connection with foundation
Corner solution
10.
FAÇADES
Consolis specializes in the production of façade elements in
not always need to have the appearance of concrete.
architectural concrete. There are two concepts: sandwich panels and cladding units. The units are generally one
Buildings clad in precast architectural cladding can give the
storey high and the normal standard widths are 2.40 m,
impression of being constructed in brickwork, polished
3.00 m and 3.60 m.
marble or granite. Alternatively, if the architect wishes to maintain the appearance of concrete, the elements can be
The term "architectural concrete" refers to precast units
produced in a vast range of self finishes - an array of pro-
which are intended to contribute to the architectural effect
files and textures which bring out the natural beauty of the
of the façade through finish, shape, colour, texture and
aggregates from which the elements are made. As a matter
quality of fabrication. Precast concrete offers an extremely
of course, such finishing requires a high level of technology
wide range of visual appearances. Although the basic
and workmanship, available at, and steadily further devel-
structural material is concrete, the finished elements do
oped by Consolis.
10.1 SANDWICH FAÇADES Sandwich elements consist of two concrete leaves with an insulation layer in between. The external leaf is generally in architectural concrete. The internal leaf is in gray concrete and may be designed as load-bearing or self-bearing. Load-bearing means that it is supporting the floors and the structure above. Self-bearing means that it is only sup-
Façades
porting the self-weight of the façade.
The Consolis Group has developed a new façade panel with an air void between the outer cladding and the insulation, enabling the evaporation of any seeping water or condensation that has penetrated.
10.2 CLADDING PANELS Simple cladding panels fulfill only an enclosing and decorative function in the façade. The single skin units are used for the facing of walls, columns, spandrel panels, etc. The units can be fixed either separately to the structure or they can be self-bearing. In principle, the architectural design of cladding panels is completely free. In the design process, Consolis’ early involvement can effect considerable time and cost savings in the contract.
10.3 SPECIAL ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS Architectural concrete is perfectly suited for complicated geometric shapes and forms which would prove prohibitively expensive in traditional methods of construction. Similarly, other features normally requiring the use of site skills become economical and constructionally practical. This is the case for, for exam-
General
ple, window surrounds, carved columns, cornices, pediments, etc. Skilful and economical manufacture gives all of the quality associated with natural materials at a fraction of the cost.
10.4 DETAILS AND CONNECTIONS corners, etc. Some details are shown below and more infor-
between façade elements, façades and floors, solutions for
mation is available from the technical department.
Façades
Consolis has developed standard details for connections
Window opening
Floor - façade connection Connection with side wall
Corner solution
11.
INFRASTRUCTURAL PROJECTS
The Consolis Group produces a wide range of precast con-
tunnel linings, railway sleepers, concrete piles, water
crete elements for infrastructural projects such as bridges,
treatment systems, elements for agriculture, etc.
80
11.1 PRECAST BRIDGES 490
Consolis has more than fifty years experience in precast bridge construction. Several systems have been developed of which the most important are solid slab bridges, girder
15
990
10 n x 1000
Precast solid deck bridge system with inverted T-beams placed side by side
bridges with cast in-situ deck and complete precast box girder bridges.
11.1.1 Systems only for collision resistance
Solid slab bridges are constructed with precast units and a cast in-situ topping, acting together as a composite struc-
Girder bridge with inverted T-beams placed side by side and in-situ deck slab
ture. They are used for decks of bridges, viaducts, culverts, tunnel decks, etc. For small spans up to about 8.00 to 13.00 m, solid precast slabs can be used. They are modulated on 1200 mm width, and the thickness varies from 150 to 350 mm. The slabs are positioned side by side and a structural topping varying from 150 to 200 mm is cast on site. In a more advanced solution, the deck is composed of small inverted T-profiles placed side by side, and connected with
Infrastructural projects
a cast in-situ topping and infill concrete. Girder bridges are composed of inverted T-beams or I-shaped beams. The inverted T-beams can be placed side by side, to obtain a closed underside with a high resistance to collision by trucks. The elements may also be placed at a distance. The beams are connected by transversal diaphragm beams at each support and also in the span when needed. The deck is cast in-situ. The system is suitable for spans between approximately 15 and 35 m. I-shaped bridge girders are used for bridges up to 55 m span. The weight of the beams may be up to 70 tons. After erection of the beams and casting of the transversal diaphragm beams, the deck slab is cast on site, mostly with concrete shuttering planks positioned on a notch at the top of the beams.
Girder bridge with I beams and in-situ deck
In box beam bridges, the elements are placed side by side or at a small distance. After erection the site work is limited to the filling of the longitudinal joints and the transversal post-tensioning of the bridge. The slenderness ratio is in the order of 30; however, spans of 50 m have already been realized with box beams of 1.50 m height. Protruding reinforcement is available in the beams for connections to cast in-situ edge profiles, joint constructions, screeds, etc. Precast bridges are well suited for projects where the realization of classical scaffolding supported on the ground is prohibitively expensive and where the speed of construction is mandatory: watercourses, railways, roads and motorways in use, in order to limit traffic restrictions. Precast viaduct with box beams
11.1.2 Aesthetic bridges The aesthetic appearance of a bridge is an essential factor, which has to be taken into account from the beginning of
General
a project. The general silhouette of a bridge is conditioned by its overall aspect, in other words, by the first image perceived by an observer situated at a distance. Also details such as the architecture of piers and abutments, the aspect of the surface, shape, colour and proportions of the edges are important Today, precast bridges can be as beautiful and elegant as classical cast in-situ bridges. The slenderness can be low continuity, and the combination of prestressing and post tensioning. Box beam bridges exhibit a slenderness ratio down to 30, which is comparable to classical slab bridges. The bridge can also be executed with special edge profiles
type 1
type 2
or more slender edge beams, especially in the case of box beam bridges. Another novelty concerns curved prestressed box beams. The radius varies from 200 m to as low as 100 m.
Metro viaduct with curved box beams.
Infrastructural projects
using high strength concrete up to 100 MPa, structural
11.2 CULVERTS Culverts are used for underpasses, tunnels, protection against avalances, etc. The system is composed of two or more vault units.
11.3 RAILWAY PRODUCTS The Consolis Group has a long tradition in railway products.
systems for railway poles to slab track railway crossings
The assortment varies from railway sleepers and foundation
and slabs for railway platforms.
11.3.1 Railway sleepers In comparison with other precast elements, concrete
Consolis produces annually more than 2 million railway
sleepers are a highly sophisticated product. Concrete
sleepers in Finland, Norway, the Netherlands, Germany
sleepers are produced to the highest standards due to the
and the Baltics. The product range includes sleepers for
stringent demands of rail owners. The Consolis Group is a
slab track systems, standard sleepers, switch sleepers,
pioneer in concrete sleeper production with more than 40
sleepers for urban railways and under ground systems, rail
years experience, having developed production and quality
grids and crane runway sleepers. The monobloc sleepers
assurance systems which have defined the standard for
are prestressed. The units are provided with rail fixing
certification in the majority of European
anchors.
countries. Existing quality and production aspects go along with a
Infrastructural projects
steady development of new sleepers or sleeper systems. Systems such as the Slab Track, ensure the companies of the Consolis Group a secure market both for the present and the future.
11.3.2 Railway crossings The system is based on a railway track slab of 2.37 m width and 6.00 or 9.00 m length. The elements are used for railway crossings at ground level. The crossing comprises one or more elements connected to each other. Curved tracks are also possible. Two grooves at the top of the slab enable the placement of the rails. The fixing is done with a cast elastomere encasing. The erection of the units is very fast. Experience shows that the system is very stable and completely free of
General
maintenance for decades.
Modern railway platforms are constructed with large plat-
The units are 3.00 m wide and the length is variable. The
form slabs in precast reinforced concrete. The principal
top surface is sandblasted and slightly sloped for the
exigences are a slipp-free surface, dimensional accuracy
evacuation of rain water. Longitudinal grooves are provided
and high durability.
near the edge to conduct visually handicaped people. There is also a wide rabbet with safety mark.
Infrastructural projects
11.3.3 Railway platforms
12.
SPECIAL PRODUCTS
The Consolis Group manufactures special products and develops techniques and know-how in the domain of water treatment and specific structures for agriculture. In addition to this, exclusive products and projects are regularly realised for specific applications such as monuments and other one-off projects. They are merely the fruit of imagination and creativity in the collaboration between architects and our technical staff.
12.1 WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Pipe of 3.2 m diameter for transportation of fresh and waste-water
Increasing the purification performance and maintaining
e1 / e2
the main tasks confronting sewage treatment systems.
100
sumption - collection - purification - recycling) are two of
t
the rhythm of the natural water cycle (extraction - con-
e3
Companies of the Consolis Group have been active in this specialised field for decades and have developed a range of products incorporating all the available technical knowhow in the sewage treatment sector. d1
d2
d3
Water supplying and sewerage Large wastewater collection pipes up to 4 m diameter are used in these systems. Consolis also manufactures high precision reinforced concrete segmental rings for large sewerage conduits, as well as complete shaft and pipe systems with diameters of 300 mm to 4000 mm.
Biological waste-water treatment system (4-10 inhabitant equivalent)
Waste-water purification The systems developed by Consolis optimise waste-water purification by using different processes, such as: ◗ Rainwater / waste-water collection tanks from 2.5 to 100 3
m , to store domestic and commercial sewage. ◗ Multichamber sedimentation and digestion tanks for
Special products
mechanical waste-water purification, for small applications ◗ Multichamber septic tank with floating filter and anaerobic final treatment, also for one-family houses and small apartment buildings. ◗ Biological sewage treatment plants for domestic wastewater. The application ranges from local communities, residential estates, schools, hotels, camping sites, commercial enterprises, and barracks.
Big separator tank
Aqua protection The Consolis Group also offers suitable water protection systems for a wide range of types of waste-water. The various separator systems are designed to purify and/or protect water from pollution by oils, petrol, greases and other harmful substances. The systems work on the principle of coalescence, gravity and filtration, as well as the separation of sedimentary constituent parts.
Petrol separator tank
12.2 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS After tensioning of the cables, the ducts are filled with
animal slurry, liquid manure and other types of liquids.
grout. Another option is to apply external prestressing
The stucture is composed of vertical wall segments and
cables. The diameter of the tanks is between 10 and 30 m
the bottom slab is cast in-situ. Prestressing tendons are
and the height of the wall structure 2.00 to 6.00 m.
placed in a horizontal plane along the circumference of the
Therefore the capacity of the tank is between 150 and
tank. They may pass through ducts within the wall elements,
6000 m . On most farms the average capacity is approxi-
each crossing the vertical joints.
mately one thousand cubic meter.
3
Storage tanks for manure, under construction.
Retaining elements for storage
Floor slats for live stock
Open silos for the storage of animal food, dung, etc. The
Floors for animal stables are built with floor slats, provided
structure comprises a cast in-situ bottom slab and precast
with longitudinal slits for the evacuation of manure. The
retaining walls. The silos are modulated on the standard
width of the slits differs depending on the animals.
width of the elements.
Special products
Circular precast concrete tanks are used for the storage of
General
Storage tanks
12.3 OTHER SPECIAL PRODUCTS A number of remarkable monuments have been realised in
A cost effective solution for road acoustic barriers has
precast concrete by companies of the Consolis Group.
been developed, using prestressed hollow core elements.
Prefabrication is very well suited for this type of structures
The wall structure comprises precast columns clamped
because of the mouldability of concrete and the high
into foundation pockets, in which the long hollow core
quality of execution. In addition, a large range of surface
units are fixed. The aesthetic quality of the acoustic barrier
textures and finishing is available.
in the context of the environment may be obtained by an applied surface finishing in wood, architectural concrete or any other material.
Special products
Viking monument at Hjørundfjord near Ålesund, Norway
Accoustic barrier with hollow core units
Control tower at Arlanda airport in Sweden, rising 83 metres above the ground. The façade in highly polished architectural precast panels is ornamented with carefully selected quotations from Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
FINLAND Consolis Oy Ab Äyritie 12 b FIN-01510 Vantaa Tel: +358 20 577 577 Fax: +358 20 577 5110 Email:
[email protected] www.consolis.com President and CEO: Bengt Jansson Consolis Technology Oy Ab Äyritie 12 b FIN-01510 Vantaa Tel: +358 20 577 577 Fax: +358 20 577 5152 Managing Director: Olli Korander Parma Oy P.O. Box 76 FIN-03101 Nummela Tel: +358 20 577 5500 Fax: +358 20 577 5699 E-mail:
[email protected] www.parma.fi Managing Director: Hannu Martikainen Parastek Oy P.O. Box 76 FIN-03101 Nummela Tel: +358 20 577 5500 Fax: +358 20 577 5625 Managing Director: Aapo Rahkjärvi Elematic Oy Ab P.O. Box 33 FIN-37801 Toijala Tel: +358 3 549 511 Fax: +358 3 549 5300 Email:
[email protected] www.elematic.com Managing Director: Leo Sandqvist Rimera Oy Tehtaankatu 3 a FIN-11710 Riihimäki Tel: +358 19 720 318 Fax: +358 19 720 636 E-mail:
[email protected] Managing Director: Antti Lahti THE CZECH REPUBLIC Dywidag Prefa Lysá nad Labem a.s. Jedlickova 1190 / 1 CZ-289 22 Lysá nad Labem Tel: +420 325 510 010 Fax: +420 325 551 326 Email:
[email protected] www.dywidag-prefa.cz Managing Director: Michal ´ Miksovsky
ESTONIA AS E-Betoonelement Tammi tee 51 EE-76902 Harku Harju maakond Tel: +372 6 712 500 Fax: +372 6 712 555 E-mail:
[email protected] www.betoonelement.ee Managing Director: Jaan Valbet AS Swetrak Tammi tee 51 EE-76902 Harku Harju maakond Tel: +372 6 712 500 Fax: +372 6 712 555 E-mail:
[email protected] Managing Director: Ove Johansson GERMANY DW Beton GmbH Stadthausbrücke 7 D-20355 Hamburg Tel: +49 40 360 9130 Fax: +49 40 3609 1379 Email:
[email protected] www.dw-beton.de Managing Directors: Heikki Haikonen, Thomas Krämer-Wasserka DW Betonrohre GmbH Zinkhüttenweg 16 D-41542 Dormagen Tel: +49 2133 2773 Fax: +49 2133 277 545 Email: info@ dw-betonrohre.de www.dw-betonrohre.de Managing Director: Heinz-Toni Dolfen DW Schwellen GmbH Pareyer Strasse 4a D-39317 Güsen Tel: +49 3934 4920 Fax: +49 3934 492 215 Email: info@ dw-schwellen.de www.dw-schwellen.de Managing Director: Heinz-Hermann Schulte-Loh DW Systembau GmbH An der B 19 D-98639 Walldorf / Meiningen Tel: +49 36 93 8830 Fax: +49 36 93 883 314 Managing Director: Heinz-Hermann Schulte-Loh
VERBIN Baufertigteile GmbH P.O. Box 170341 D-47183 Duisburg Tel: 0800 181 5939* Fax: 0800 181 5938* *(In Germany only. From abroad please call VBI BV.) E-mail:
[email protected] www.verbin.de Managing Director: Lambert Teunissen Elematic GmbH Kleebergstrasse 1 D-63667 Nidda Tel: +49 6043 961 80 Fax: +49 6043 6218 E-mail:
[email protected] Managing Director: Simo Lääperi LATVIA SIA Consolis Latvija Katlakalna iela 1, 4 floor LV-1073 Riga Tel: +371 7 138 777 Fax: +371 7 138 778 E-mail:
[email protected] www.consolis.lv Managing Director: Vladimirs Chamans LITHUANIA UAB Betonika Naglio 4 A LT-3014 Kaunas Tel: +370 37 400 100 Fax: +370 37 400 111 E-mail:
[email protected] www. betonika.lt Managing Director: Vytautas Niedvaras THE NETHERLANDS Spanbeton BV P.O. Box 5 NL-2396 ZG KOUDEKERK AAN DEN RIJN Tel: +31 71 341 9115 Fax: +31 71 341 2101 (office) E-mail:
[email protected] www. spanbeton.nl Managing Director: Lambert Teunissen VBI Verenigde Bouwprodukten Industrie BV P.O. Box 31 NL-6850 AA Huissen Tel: +31 26 379 7979 Fax: +31 26 379 7950 E-mail:
[email protected] www.vbi.nl Managing Director: Lambert Teunissen
Leenstra Machine- en Staalbouw BV P.O. Box 9 NL-9200 AA Drachten Tel: +31 512 589 700 Fax: +31 512 510 708 E-mail:
[email protected] www.leenstra.nl Managing Director: Paul Schut NORWAY Spenncon AS Industriveien 2 N-1337 Sandvika Tel: +47 67 573 900 Fax: +47 67 573 901 Email:
[email protected] www.spenncon.no Managing Director: Terje Søhoel POLAND Consolis Polska Sp. z o.o. ul. Przemyslowa 40 PL-97-350 Gorzkowice Tel: +48 44 732 7300 Fax: +48 44 732 7301 E-mail:
[email protected] www.consolis.pl Managing Director: Piotr Biskup RUSSIA ZAO Parastek Beton 3. Silikatny proezd, 10 123308 Moscow, Russia Tel: +7 095 742 5911 Tel: +7 095 742 5912 Fax: +7 095 946 2680 www.parastekbeton.ru Managing Director: Olli Ruutikainen SWEDEN Strängbetong AB P.O. Box 858 S-131 25 Nacka Tel: +46 8 615 8200 Fax: +46 8 615 8260 www.strangbetong.se Managing Director: Johnny Ståhl USA Elematic Inc. 21795 Doral Road Waukesha, WI 53186, USA Tel: +1 262 798 9777 Fax: +1 262 798 9776 E-mail:
[email protected] Local Manager: Matt Cherba
ˆ
Frame structures
www.consolis.com
Columns
Pocket foundations
Beams
Hollowcore slabs
Double-T slabs
Residential buildings
Bashallen
Façades
Infrastructural projects
