Consolidation Test(1)
Short Description
ASSIGNMENT...
Description
POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH SULTANAH BAHIYAH KEMENTERIAN PENGAJIAN TINGGI MALAYSIA KULIM HI-TECH PARK 09000 KULIM KEDAH DARUL AMAN
GEOTECHNIC LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT TITLE:
CONSOLIDATION (OEDOMETER TEST)
GROUP NO:
3
LECTURER’S NAME:
PN. NADHIRAH BT. NOR ZELAN
NAMA
NO. MATRIX
AHMAD FAHMI FAHMI BIN GHAZALI
16DKA13F1049
MOHAMAD FAKHRI BIN MOHD RODZI
16DKA13F101
MUHAMMAD FAIZUAN BIN RAMLI
16DKA13F10!
ALE" RAO A#L A#L FRANCIS
16DKA13F1043
MUHAMMAD AZRI BIN NOOR SHAH HIZAL
16DKA13F1039
ABDULLAH BIN ABDUL ABDUL RAHMAN
16DKA13F1061
MOHA MOHAMM MMAD AD SHAH SHAHRU RUL L HAZR HAZRIN IN BIN BIN MAH MAHAD AD HAMD HAMDII
16DK 16DKA1 A13F 3F1 1119
NURUL S$AHIDA BINTI SAIFUL AZHAR
16DKA13F10!0
%ANN SHARFRINA BINTI ABDUL HALIM
16DKA13F10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 OBJECT OBJECTIVE IVES S 2.0 THEORY THEORY BACKGROU BACKGROUND ND 3.0 EUIPM EUIPMENT ENTS S !.0 PROCED PROCEDURE URES S ".0 RESULTS RESULTS AND SAMPLE CALCULAT CALCULATIONS IONS #.0 DISCUS DISCUSSIO SION N $.0 CONCLU CONCLUSIO SION N %.0 REFERE REFERENCE NCES S
1.0 OBJECT OBJECTIVE IVES S
1. T& '*+, '*+, /&+*, /&+*,2,, 2,, . 5. T& '*+, '*+, * &7 /&& /&&,', ,',& & &7 *+&8'' *+&8'' + + &7 &,. &,.
2.0 THEORY BACKGROUND
C&&,',& , *'8 *'8/,& , :&8+ &7 78 8*' &, &7 &; *+2,, '8 & '*, &7 &+ &7 &* ;* 8'* ,/,& &7 /& :*,/ &'< &* *+&: &7 *&8' ;* ;,/ /8 ;* 2 & &;*. T, &7 &//8* , / * &* ;* ;, *' *'8 8 2 =8 =8> >' ' &8 &8 ,+ ,+ & & &< &< ' ', , & ,/* ,/* ,
77/,: *. T *&/ &7 /&&,',& /&,8 8, ?/ &* ;* *8* 8 2 ,/* , & * /&+ ',,'. T ,+ / , &7 &-',+,& /&&,',&< , ;,/ >*& * *, , 8+'.
C&& &&, ,' ', ,& &
+ +
,
:*,/ *,/
', ,/ / + +
&7
8*7 8*7/ /
/&**&', & :&8+ / &7 /&&,',& *&/. C&&,',& + + 2 *8'< 7&* ?+< ,7 *8/8* , 28, &:* * &7 8*' / &* ,7 ;* 2 , &;*' *+ , *8+ &:*, / *. I / , ;,/ ,,7,/ * *, @ /< * ;, 2 ,++', + '8 & '7&*+,& &7 &, 8'* 8'*,' /&',,&< , '',,& & /&&,',& +. T *',/,& &7 2& + +, ,8' 8' ' ' * * &7 /& /&& &,' ,' ,& ,& + + * * &7 * * , ,* * ' ' ,+&*/ & &/,/ ,* & & 8* *:,/2,, ,+, &7 *8/8* 2, 28, * ,7,'.
U8< /&&,',& *&/ 7&* &, * / 2 ',:,'' ,& 3 +,
Time Initial Settlement Primary Settlement Secondary Settlement Settlement
•
T ,/ *,,& &7 S+ ;, T,+
1. I, I,, , S S + + T, /&**&' & / , ,/@ &7 &, * &+ &7 &/@ *' , &, * =8>' &8 ,++', 8& '',,& &7 &' 8, &, 2/&+ 8*'. A , &* ;* , & =8>' =8>' &8. H/< H/< '',,& '',,& &' &' , @ 8 2 &* ;* *8*. 5. P*,+ P*,+* * S S+ + A , < &* ;* *8* , *'8 ',,' ;* , =8>' &8< *8, , *'8/,& , ,/@ ; :&,' *,& &7 &, /,+. /,+. T '',,& '',,& &' ;, 2 2 *'8 2&* 2&* 2 &, *,/.
3. S/& S/&' '* * S S + + T, , /&=8/ &7 /* &2 ,* ; , &*,+ &7 ,+.
Void Void ratio, r atio,
e
Increasing applied pressure
•
Log10 (Load) A * &7 :&,' *,& e , &10 (&').
T :,*, /&+*,& /8*: 7&* &, + , */,/ *, , ;,/ /&**&' & &', /8*: 7&* / &, *. I7 &' , &;' & *'< /8*: ;& */ 2/@ & &*,, /8*: 28 ;, */ &* /8*: ;, * &. T, /8*: , @&; 8&', /8*: ' &, + , ,' & 2 &:*-/&&,''. T 77/,: * , ,* */ /, ,& & 2; 2; :,* :,*, , ' ' 8& 8&' ', , /8*: /8*: , @&; @&; **/&+*,& *.
I7 + + , &'' ,< /8*: ;, 7&&; 8&', /8*: ' & 2/@ & :,*, /8*: ,' * ,/*. T '* &7 /& /&& &,' ,' ,& ,& 7&* 7&* &:* &:*-/ -/& && &, ,' ' ' ' &, &, , +8/ +8/ &7 8', 8', 8* 8*2 2' ' &, &, / / , , 7 7** 7&* 7&* 8 & 28, 28,' ' *8 *8/ /8* 8* &:* &:* &:* &:*-/&&,'' &,.
T& =8,7 /&+*,2,, &7 &,< ;& /&77,/, * ,*&'8/'< + /&7 /&77, 7,/, /, &7 :&8 :&8+ + / / mv ' ' /&+ /&+* * ,& ,& ,' ,'? ? C c c. T /&77,/, &7 :&8+ / , '7,' * &7 / &7 :&,' *,& ;, */ & / , 77/,: * ;, /&+*,& ,'? *7* & * &7 / &7 :&,' *,& ;, */ & / , &*,+,/ :8 &7 77/,: *. * * &7< /&+*,& ,'? , '&' , /&
:8 7&* :8 &7 77/,: *.
T *&* &7 /&&,',& ,-,8 / 2 +&,&*' 2 ,, ,>&+* & */&*' / , &* ;* *8* ;, ,+ ;, +,8' &7 + / 2 +8*' 2 */&*', : &7 8,2 *7*/ &, & *8/8*. T /&+*,2,, /*/*,,/ &7 &, *, 2& & +&8 ' * &7 + '8*, &-',+,& /&&,',& / & 2 '*+,' , 2&*&* 2 &'&+* .
A &, /,+ , 7&*+ &7 ',/< /&' /&' , + /&7,, *, *, ;,/ +&& &,' 8*7/ & *'8/ ,' 7*,/,&< , ';,/' 2; 5 &*&8 & ',/. T &;* &*&8 & ',+* , ** &7 + *,< ;, 8* & , +* ' / / +&: ,,' ,,' *, ;, + /*/ /*/.. A + &', &', / , 7,?' 7,?' & & &7 8* &*&8 &. T ;& +2 , /' , & / &7 ;* & ;,/ &* ;* , /,+ 7* //. A :*,/ ,/ &' , ,' *&8 :* + , &', 7*+. U'* /&',,& &7 >*& * *, (,+&' 2 + /&7,, *,)< /&+*,& &7 &, /,+ 8'* *8* , +8*' 2 + &7 ',/+ ', 8 &*, & &', /.
T *&/'8* , '*',>' , BS 13!! (P* ) 4. T ,,, *8* ,' ;, '' & &7 &,. T =8/ &7 *8* , ,' & /,+< / 2, '&82 *:,&8 :8. I , &' 7&* , , &, &, + + &2, &2,' ' 7*&+ 7*&+ ,< ,< 8+2* 8+2* ' :8 &7 &' ,/*+ ;, '' & &7 &, ; & * &7 *
,/,' & ,. T *8* ,' 7&* 7,* &8' &*+ 2 =8 & ,-,8 :*,/ * ' 7*&+ ;,/ + ; &2,'. U8< / *8* , +,,' 7&* *,&' &7 54 &8*< ' , &+ ?/,& / *,&' &7 4 &8* + 2 *=8,*'< & /,+ , 78 /&&,''. C&+*,& *', * &2*:' 8,2 ,*: '8*, *,&'.
A ' &7 ,/*+ *,&'< ; ?/ &* ;* *8* /&+ ',,'< ,' *8* ;, =8 & 77/,: :*,/ * * , /,+. /,+. A7* A7* 78 /&&,',& /&&,',& , */' */' 8'* 7, 7, &'< &' , *+&:'< ,* , & &* , :* < ' + , &;' & ;. T ?,& &7 /,+ '8 & *+&: &7 7, *8* , +8*'. T ,- ;, *,&' ,+ 2 /,+ & 2,,> 27&* 7, ;* /& , '*+,'. O*;,< ;, +, &//8* /,+ , 2, *+&:' 7*&+ &'&+* ' 8 ' & **&*.
∆h
T *8 7*&+ / ,* 2 *' 2 &, ,/@ (&* h
o
h
1
*/ / , ,/@) &7 /,+ &* :&,' *,& ' &7 / / ,/*+ ,/*+ *,& *,&' ' , , /&** /&**& &', ', 77/ 77/,: ,: * * , ,* ,* 8* &* &*,+,/ /. T :&,' *,& ' &7 / ,/*+ *,&' / 2 //8' 7*&+ ', 8 *', ' ,* ;* /& &* '* ;, &7 /,+ ' &7 7&&;
Water
Soilds h
s
P D,*+
(1) (1) % %** /& /& + +8 8* *' ' ' ' &7
w f f
&,' &,' *,& ' &7 (8+, S r r 100)
ef w f f Gs
T,/@ ,/@ &7 /, /,+ + * &7
h0
C , ,/@ '8*,
∆h
&,' *,& * &7
ei e f + ∆ e
;* ei
ho
=
e f
h s
=
∆e =
∆e ∆h
− h s
h1
− h s
h s ei
=
− e f =
ho
− h s
h s
−
h1
− h s
h s
=
ho
− h1
h s
=
∆h
h s
1 + ei
ho
I + ;< ∆e / 2 //8' 8 & ' &7 ,/*+ *,&'.
(5) (5) D* ;, , + + 8*' 8*' ' &7 &7
W
(,.. ;, &7 &,') T,/ T,/@ @ ' ' &7 &7 ,/* ,/*+ + * *,& ,&' ' A* &7 /,+ E=8,: ,/@ &7 &,'
h1
A h s
=
W A ργ w
I,, :&,' *,&
ei
F, :&,' *,&
e f
=
=
ho
− h s
h s h1 − h s h s
=
h1 h s
−1
G* G* &7 :&,' :&,' *,& *,& e 7* 7* /&& /&&,' ,',& ,& , , 77/ 77/,: ,: * * σ
’
7&*
8*' / / 2 &'. T * &; ,,, /&+*,& 7&&;' 2 ?,& ' */&+*,&. T &7 /8*: * *' & * ,&* &7 /. T e - & σ *,&, 7&* &*+ /&&,'' ’
/ , ,* ' , /' :,*, /&+*,& ,. T */&+*,& /8*: 8,+ 8,+ J&, :,*, /&+*,& /&+*,& , 78** 78** /&+*, /&+*,& & &//8* & :,*, ,. D8*, /&+*,&< / , &, *8/8* /&,8&8 @ / ' / '& & *:* * :* & &*,, *8/8* '8*, ?,&.
T /&+*,2,, &7 / / 2 **' 2 /&+*,& ,'? C c c < ;,/ ,/ , & & &7 , , * &*, &*,& & &7 e - & σ
’
& & ' ' ,
',+,&. F&* ;& &, & ,* &*,& &7 &< C C
=
ei
− e f '
'
log(σ 1 / σ 0 )
T ?,& * &7 e - & σ & / 2 *&?,+' & *, ,< ’
& &7 ;,/ , *7**' & ?,& ,'? C e.
T :8 &7 /&77,/, &7 /&&,',&< C V V, 7&* *,/8* *8* ,/*+ , &'&+* / 2 '*+,' 2 /&+*, /*/*,,/ &7 ?*,+ ' &*,/ /&&,',& /8*:< *&/'8* 2, *7**'
& /8*: 7,,. O +&' & '*+, /&77,/, &7 /&&,',& , * && ,+ ,+ +&' +&' '8 '8 & T&* &*.. T ', ', 8 8 *', *', * & &' ' , , =8* *&& &7 ,+ , +,8 ' :* '* &7 /&&,',& , =8* *&& &7 ,+ 7/&*.
T T & &* *, ,/ / /8*: /8*: , , ,* * 8 & 2&8 2&8 60 60 /& /&& &,' ,' ,& ,& ' ' 90 90 /&&,',& 2/, , 1.1 ,+ 2/, &7 *&'8/,& &7 ,* * &7 /8*:. T, /*/*,,/ , 8' & '*+, &, & ?*,+ /8*: /&**&', & U 90.
T ?*, ?*,+ + /8*: /8*: 88 88 /&, /&, &7 &* &* /8*: /8*: ** ** , , ,,, ,,, /&+*,&< ,* * ' /&' /8*:. T &, /&**&', & U 0 , &2,' 2 *&'8/, 2/@ ,* * &7 /8*: & &*', >*& ,+. A *, , , '*; :, 2/, 1.1 ,+ /&**&', 2/, & ,* * &7 ?*,+ ?*,+ /8*:. T ,*/,& &7 , DE ;, ?*,+ /8*: &/ &, /&**&', & U 90 ' /&**&', :8
t 90
/ 2 &2,'. T :8 T 90 /&**&', & U 90 /&**&',
90 , 0.848 ' ' /&77,/, &7 /&&,',& , ,: 2 C v
0#!"!d =
t 90
;* d L &7 '*, T,+ 7&* 90 /&&,',& /&&,',& 7&* / &' ,/*+ t 90 90 T,+
3.0 APPARATUS
1. C& C&& &,' ,' ,& ,& C C I , & @&; &'&+*. I /&, &7 + *, , ;,/ &, /,+ , 7&*+ &7 ',/ , /&'. T /,+ , /' 2; 5 &*&8 & ',/< ;, 8* & :, ',+* , +* &7 + *, ' &;* & , **. A &', / , /' & &. T ;& +2 , /' , & / &7 ;* & ;,/ &* ;* , /,+ 7* // '8*, .
5. 0.005+ 0.005++#' +#',: ,:.. D, D, G8 G8 I , 8' & +8* / , ,/@ (&* /&+*,&) &7 &, +. I , /&/' & /&+8* ' *', * @ , *8* ,+ ,*:.
3. L&' L&', , F*+ F*+ I , &/,& ;* + , 8'* &',.
4. %,
I , 8 & &', 7*+ & *&:,' /* /& &'.
. S8 I , 8' 8' & , , / /+ + &7 &, &, ,& ,& + + *, *, &7 &'&+*. I , & 8' & : &77 &, /,+.
6. E/ E/*& *&, ,/ / B B / / I , 8' & ;, &, +.
!.0 PROCEDURE
1. M8* M8* ,* ,* ',+* ',+* ' , , &7 *, *, ' '*+, '*+, , ;,. ;,. 5. F, *, *, ;, ;, *+&8'' *+&8'' &, ' ' *-;, *-;,.. 3. P/ P/ *, ' &, &, , &*&8 &*&8 ' 2*, 2*, , &,,& &,,& ' ' 7, / ;, ;*. 4. P/ P/ / / , &' &', , 7*+ 7*+< < 'J8 'J8 : :** *+ *+ ' ' ', ', 8. . A 7,* &' &' ' & & ', 8 8 *', *', 7&&;, 7&&;, ,+ ,+ 7* 7* , &' 0<
1 4
< 1< 1<
5
1 4
< 4<
6
1 4
< 9< 9<
15
1 4
< 16< 16<
50
1 4
< 5< 36< 49< 64< 1 '
100+,. N& N& P& P& 8 8 *' *', , ;* ;* , , =8 =8* * *&& *&& &7 ,+ ,+ *&/'. 6. A7* &' 2 2 & 7&* 7&* &8*< &8*< @ 7, 8 8 *', *',
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