Conflictsin Africa Role of African Unionfor Security and Development

 

MC@IJAMR]A@ GIVAMG; VCJN CI GIVAMG@ ^@AC@ICV ]NM^VARQ G@B BNYNJCXEN@R ‚Ton` ton eassac`grans mgen tc Giramg tony ogb ton Fafjn g`b wn ogb ton jg`b. Rony sgab, ‚Jnt us prgy.― Tn mjcsnb cur nyns. Ton` wn cpn`nb tone wn ogb ton Fafjn g`b tony ogb ton jg`b―  Fasocp

Bnsec`b 

Rutu

A@RVCB^MRAC@ FGMLDVC^@B

7.

Mc`i Mc`ija jamt mt as as gs cjb cjb gs gs oueg oueg`a `aty ty ats atsnj nji< i< tc tc scen scen smo smocc ccjs js ci ci tocu tocudo dott at as as pg pgrt rt g`b g`b

 pgrmnj ci g`y java`d crdg`ase. Nvn` a` ton prn-oastcram nrg mc`ijamt nxastnb, by`gsty gdga`st by`gsty, neparn gdga`st neparn. 7 Eg`y rngsc`s mcen tc icrn gs tc ton mgusns ci  mc`ijamt. Ron wcrjb tcbgy as egbn up ci pncpjn g`b mcu`trans ci bavnrdn`t vanws g`b a`tnrnsts,, ton a`tnrpjgy a`tnrnsts a`tnrpjgy ci woamo citn` rnsujts a` mc`ijamts. mc`ijamts. Ron Iarst g`b ]nmc`b Tcrjb Tgrs Tg rs wnrn prneas prneasnb nb c` vgrya` vgrya`d d vanw vanwss g`b g`b a` a`tn tnrn rnst sts. s. Ron Ron Jn Jngd gdun un ci @gtac` @gtac`s, s, g` a`tnrdcvnr` a`tnr dcvnr`en`tgj en`tgj crdg`azgtac crdg`azgtac` `,

wgs

icu`bnb

gs

g

rnsujt

ci

ton

Rr Rrng ngty ty ci 

Ynrsgajjns fntwnn` 7171”7168 tc prnvn`t wgr   torcudo torcudo mcjjnmtavn snmuraty, snmuraty, basgregen`t, basgregen`t, g`b snttja`d a`tnr`gtac`gj basputns torcudo `ndctagtac` g`b `ndctagtac` g`b grfatrgtac` gec`d grfatrgtac` gec`d ctonr dcgjs. Ron crdg`azgtac` wgs c`n ci ton ngrjy enmog`ases gt togt taen put a` pjgmn tc rnscjvn mc`ijamts. Ocwnvnr, at jgmlnb ats ats cw`-grenb icrmns g`b sc bnpn`bnb c` ton Drngt Xcwnrs tc n`icrmn ats rnscjutac`s, lnnp tc nmc`ceam sg`mtac`s togt ton Jngdun crbnrnb, cr prcvabn g` grey, won` `nnbnb, icr ton Jngdun tc usn usn togt tony wnrn citn` rnj rnjumtg`t umtg`t tc bc. Gitnr g `uefnr ci summnssns g`b scen ngrjy igajurns a` ton 7168s, ton Jngdun ujtaegtnjy prcvnb a`mgpgfjn ci prnvn`ta`d gddrnssac` fy ton Gxas pcwnrs a` pcwnrs a` ton 71=8s. Ron c`snt ci Tcrjb Tgr AA socwnb AA socwnb togt ton Jngdun ogb igajnb a` ats praegry purpcsn, woamo wgs tc gvcab g`y iuturn wcrjb wgr. 6.

Gitn Gitnrr ton ton ]nmc ]nmc`b `b Tcr Tcrjb jb Tgr Tgr a` a` 712>, 712>, ton ton ^`a ^`atn tnb b @gtac @gtac`s `s Crd Crdg` g`az azgt gtac ac` ` (^@C (^@C))

wgs icrenb praegrajy tc prnvn`t iuturn cutfrngl ci wgrs g`b tc iu`mtac` gs ton eabwain ci a`tnr`gtac`gj a`tnr`gtac`gj rnjgtac`s rnjgtac`s watocut rg`mcr. rg`mcr. A` lnnpa`d wato ats cfknmtavns cfknmtavns ci ega`tga`a` ega`tga`a`d d wcrjb pngmn g`b snmuraty, snmuraty, ton ^@ rnjans rnjans c` enefnr enefnr stgtns tc mc`trafutn mc`trafutn trccps icr pngmn 7[grteg T, ‚Mc`ijamt Vnbumtac`, Xrnvn`tac` Eg`gdnen`t g`b Vnscjutac`― , a` Mc`ijamt Vnscjutac` a` Giramg,nbs. Irg`mas E. Bn`d, A.

Tajjage [grteg` (Tgsoa`dtc` BM; Frccla`ds A`statutn, 7117) p.681

7

 

suppc suppcrt rt cpnrgt cpnrgtac ac`s `s (X]C (X]Cs) s)..

A` to tonn sgen sgen vna` vna`,, Gr Grta tamj mjnn >6 ci ^@ Mogr Mogrtn tnrr gjjc gjjcws ws

rndac`gj/suf-rndac`gj crdg`azgtac`s tc ega`tga` pngmn g`b snmuraty watoa` tonar rnspnmtavn rndac`s.6  @ctwat @ctwatost ostg`b g`ba`d a`d,, tonsn tonsn rndac rndac`gj `gj g`b suf-rn suf-rndac dac`gj `gj fcbans fcbans grn rnquarnb rnquarnb tc mccrba`gtn wato ton ^@ fnicrn u`bnrtgla`d X]Cs. =.

Ron tn tnre mc mc`ijamt r ni ni nr nr s t c ba sput sputns ns,, ba sgdr sgdrnne nnen`t n`tss , qugr qugr rnj rnjss , s tr tr uddj uddjns ns ,

ia do ts , g` b wgrs wgrs fntwnn fntwnn` ` a`bava a`bavabugj bugjs, s, drcups drcups,, eujta` eujta`gta gtac`gj c`gjss g`b mcu`tra mcu`trans. ns. ^sugjj ^sugjjy y, basputns cr basgdrnnen`ts egy grasn cvnr assuns rndgrba`d ocw tc sogrn cr usn rnscurmns, wngjto, wngj to, pcwnr g`b stgtus stgtus tc niinm niinmtt `nmnssg `nmnssgry ry mog`dns mog`dns g`b rnicre rnicres. s. ]umo ]umo basput basputns ns cr  basgdrnnen`ts won` `ct prcpnrjy rnscjvnb mcujb jngb tc mc`ijamts, citn`taens vnry snvnrn. Ron mogrgmtnrastams ci mc`ijamts a`mjubn bnstrumtac` g`b jcss ci javns g`b prcpnrtans, a`vnsten`t cppcrtu`atans, ou`dnr g`b stgrvgtac`, basngsns, a`snmuraty, g`b jgml ci jgw g`b crbnr. Oadonr smgjn mc`ijamts ogvn jnb tc vacjn`mn, v acjn`mn, wgrs, egss stralns, egssgmrns g`b ctonr  icres ci basruptac`. Ecst ci ton mc`ijamts wnrn a`trg-stgtn rnsujta`d irce qunst icr pcwnr, nto`am g`b abncjcdamgj bavnrsaty eg`ainstnb a` vgracus icres sumo gs wgrs, a`surrnmtac`,  pcjatamgj tn`sac` g`b mcup b‑átgt.= 2.

Ron Ron icre icregt gtac ac` ` ci ton ton Crdg Crdg`a `azg zgta tac` c` ci Gir Giram amg` g` ^`a ^`ac` c` (CG (CG^) ^) a` a` 719= 719= rgas rgasnb nb ocp ocpnn

icr pngmn g`b snmuraty a` a` ton Giramg` Mc`ta`n`t. Mc`ta`n`t. Ats praegry praegry mc`mnr` wgs tc icstnr icstnr pngmn, u`aty u`a ty g`b stgfaj stgfajat aty y ci Gi Giram ramg` g` ]tgtns ]tgtns,, njaea` njaea`gtn gtn gjj icres icres ci mcjc`a mcjc`agja gjase se irce irce ton Mc`ta`n`t g`b prcectn a`tnr`gtac`gj mccpnrgtac`. Ron CG^ Mceeassac` c` Enbagtac`, Mc`majagtac` g`b Grfatrgtac` wgs sad`nb a` 7192 tc mgrry cut ton pngmniuj snttjnen`t ci  basputns. Ocwnvnr, jgml ci pgtrc`gdn g`b iu`bs rn`bnrnb at a`niinmtavn g`b at wgs tous smrgppnb smrgpp nb a` 7147. Ronrngitnr Ronrngitnr ton CG^ rnjanb rnjanb c` ton usn ci gbocm mceeassa mceeassac`s c`s a` ton snttjnen`t ci basputns. basputns. ^`icrtu`gtnjy, ton gbocm mceea mceeassac`s ssac`s gjsc prcvnb a`niinmtavn a`niinmtavn gs rnijnmtnb a` ton wgrs g`b mc`ijamts togt rgvgdnb pgrts ci Giramg. >.

Gira Giramg mg fnm fnmge genn ci ton ton ecst ecst vcj vcjgt gtaj ajnn mc`ta mc`ta`n `n`t `tss a` ton ton w wcr crjb jb a` a` to tonn pc pcst st Mcj Mcjb b Tgr  Tgr 

nrg won` tonrn wgs `c ecrn struddjns fntwnn` ton Ngst g`b Tnst cvnr bcea`g`t abncjcdy a` ton nenrda`d Giramg` mcu`trans. mcu`trans. ]nvnrgj ]nvnrgj wgrs rgvgdnb mcu`trans mcu`trans jaln Jafnrag, ]anrr ]anrrgg Jnc`n, Jnc` n, Bnecmr Bnecmrgta gtamm Vnpufj Vnpufjam am ci Mc`dc, Mc`dc, Vwg`bg Vwg`bg,, Furu`b Furu`ba, a, ]ce ]cegja gjag, g, ]ubg`, ]ubg`, [gefag [gefag,, 6

^`atnb @gtac`s Crdg`asgtac`, ^`atnb @gtac`s Mogrtnr , p.77.

= Kco`sc` A g`b Rg`bnlg, ‚Vnpcrt ci Kca`t CG^/AXG Mc`sujtgtavn Icrue c` CG^ g`b Mc`jamt Eg`gdnen`t a` Giramg―71-67 Egy

711=. p 6

6

 

Eczgefaqun, Eczgef aqun, G`dcjg, G`dcjg, [aefgfwn g`b ton Mn`trgj Giramg` Giramg` Vnpufjam. Vnpufjam. Roas u`icrtu`gt u`icrtu`gtnn bnvnjcp bnvn jcpen` en`tt mcupjnb mcupjnb wato wato ton ingr ingr togt togt ton Tnstnr Tnstnr` ` Tcrjb Tcrjb eadot eadot basn`d basn`dgdn gdn irce irce a`tnrvn`a`d a` mc`ijamts a` Giramg icrmnb Giramg` jngbnrs jnb fy icrenr Xrnsabn`t Rogfc Efnla, tc nvcjvn g strc`dnr crdg`azgtac` icr drngtnr a`tndrgtac` ci Giramg` `gtac`s g`b eg`gdnen`t ci mc`ijamts a` ton Mc`ta`n`t gec`d ctonr rngsc`s. 9.

Rous Rous,, Gir Giram amg` g` Ong Ongbs bs ci ci ]tgt ]tgtnn g`b g`b Dcvn Dcvnr` r`en en`t `t,, icjj icjjcw cwa` a`d d ton ton bnmj bnmjgr grgt gtac ac` ` ci 1 ]np ]np

7111 a` Jafyg gbcptnb ton Mc`statutavn Gmt ci ton Giramg` ^`ac` ^`ac` (MGG^)  (MGG^) gt Jceá, Jceá, Rcdc a` 6888. A` 6887, ton gbcptac` gbcptac` ci ton pjg` icr ton aepjnen`tgt aepjnen`tgtac` ac` ci ton Giramg` ^`ac` (G^) wgs mc`iaren mc`iarenb b a` Jusglg, [gefag. Ron G^ wgs tonrngitnr tonrngitnr strumturnb strumturnb tc ogvn g  pgrjagen`t, ton mn`trgj fg`l, g mcurt ci kustamn g`b g strc`d g`b rcfust mc`ijamt eg`gdnen`t enmog`ase rninrrnb tc gs ton Xngmn g`b ]nmuraty Mcu`maj (X]M). G^ niicrts tc ia`b ia`b g` n`bu n`bura ra`d `d enmo enmog`a g`ase se tc rnsc rnscjv jvnn to tonn mc`i mc`ija jamt mtss a` Gi Gira ramg mg mujea mujea`g `gtn tnb b a` nstgfjasoen`t ci ton Giramg` Xngmn g`b ]nmuraty Grmoatnmturn (GX]G) woamo mceprasns g 2

`uefnr ci mc`ijamt rnscjutac` enmog`ases bnvnjcpnb fy ton ^`ac`. Mc`snqun`tjy, ton jndgj bcmuen`t nstgfjasoa`d ton X]M, prcvabnb icr g` Giramg` ]tg`bfy Icrmn(G]I) tc n`gfjn ton G^ X]M tc bnpjcy X]C eassac`s g`b a`tnrvn`n a` mc`ijamt zc`ns pursug`t tc ton prcvasac`s ci ton G^ Gmt. Roas onrgjbnb ton nenrdn`mn ci suf-rndac`gj crdg`azgtac`s a` ton Mc`ta`n`t sumo gs ton Nmc`ceam Mceeu`aty ci Tnst Giramg` ]tgtns (NMCTG]), ]cutonr` Giramg` Bnvnjcpen`t Mceeu`aty (]GBM), A`tnr-dcvnr`en`tgj Gutocraty c` Bnvnjcpen`t (ADGB), Nmc`ceam Mceeassac` ci Mn`trgj Giramg` ]tgtns (NMMG]) g`b Grgf Egdornf ^`ac` (GE^). Ronsn crdg`azgtac`s wnrn a`atagjjy nmc`ceam gssnefjans togt wnrn eng`t tc icstnr nmc`ceam rnjgtac`s fntwnn` mcu`trans watoa` ton sgen rndac` Ocwnvnr, ton a`tn`saty ci ton mrasns g`b ats pcssafjn niinmts c` ctonr enefnr stgtns `ct barnmt bar nmtjy jy giinmtnb giinmtnb,, jnb tc g ecrn ecrn mc`mnrt mc`mnrtnb nb grrg`dne grrg`dnen`t n`t icr pngmn g`b snmura snmuraty. ty. a`stg` a`s tg`mn mn NMCTG] NMCTG] g`b ]GBM icrenb icrenb tonar eajatg eajatgry ry gres.

Icr 

NMCTG] NMCTG] icrenb icrenb ton

NMCTG] Mngsn-iarn Mngsn-iarn Ec`atcra`d Drcup (NMCECD). (NMCECD). Ronsn suf-rndac`gj crdg`azgtac`s g`b tonar enefnr stgtns socwnb wajja`d`nss tc prnpgrn icr g`b u`bnrtgln bapjcegtam g`b eajatgry gmtac`s gs wgs snn` wato ton NMCECD a`tnrvn`tac`s a` Jafnrag a` 7118, ]anrrg Jnc`n a` 7114, Dua`ng Fassgu g`b ton Bnecmrgtam Vnpufjam ci Mc`dc a` 711? g`b

2 Irg`ln, Fn`nbalt g`b Nsen`kgu`b, Vcega`, ‚Toc cw`s Giramg` Cw`nrsap3 Ron Giramg`asgtac` ci ]nmuary g`b ats Jaeats―,

]cuto Giramg` Kcur`gj ci A`tnr`gtac`gj Giigars,7>;6, (Bnmnefnr688?). X72=

=

 

Jnsctoc a` 7111.>

GAE

4.

As tc tc basm basmus usss mc`i mc`ija jamt mt a` a` Gir Giram amgg g`b ton ton rcj rcjnn ci G^ G^ icr icr ]nmu ]nmura raty ty g`b g`b Bnvn Bnvnjc jcpe pen` n`tt

wato g vanw tc prciinra`d wgy icrwgrb. ]MCXN

?.

A` cr crbn bnrr tc tc gmo gmoan anvn vn ton ton ggae ae toas toas pgpn pgpnrr wajj wajj mc mcvn vnrr ton ton icjj icjjcw cwa` a`d; d; g.

Mc`ijamt a` a` Giramg.

 f.

Mgusns ci Mc`ijamt.

m.

Rypns ci Mc Mc`ijamt a` a` Giramg.

b.

Aepgmt ci Mc`ijamt.

n.

Gpprgasgj ci Giramg` ^` ^`ac`.

i.

Nvcjva`d Vcjn a` Xngmnlnnpa`d g`b Bnvnjcpen`t.

d. o.

Jaeatgtac` g`b Mogjjn`dns. Xrcspnmts icr Bnvnjcpen`t

a.

Tgy icr icrwgrb wgrb icr icr g rrcf cfus ustt rcj rcjnn c cii Gi Girramg` mg` ^`a ^`ac` c`..

> Fcufgmgr @‑Bagyn , ‚Mc`ijamts g`b Mrasns ; A`tnr`gj g`b A`tnr`gtac`gj Baen`sac`s. ― pufjasonb a` ton fccl,  NMCTG] g`b ton

 By`geams ci Mc`ijamt g`b Xngmn Fuajba`d, Fuajba`d, Nbatnb fy Rocegs Kgyn g`b ]tnjjg Gegba, pufjasonb fy MCBN]AVG, Mc`glry, 6876.p =?

2

 

XGVR 7 MC@IJAMR A@ GIVAMG

1.

Mc`i Mc`ija jamt mtss egy fn mava mavajj wgrs wgrs mgusn mgusnb b fy oast oastcr cram amgj gj baii baiinr nrn` n`mn mns, s, `nc `nc `gtac `gtac`g `gja jase se,,

nto`am,, rndac`gj, nto`am rndac`gj, `gtac`gj, rnjadacus rnjadacus bavasac`s, bavasac`s, snmnssac`, snmnssac`, g`b g`y ci ton mcefa`gtac`s. mcefa`gtac`s. Giramg ogs g mcepjnx grrgy ci prcfjnes, woamo mg` fn trgmnb tc mcjc`agjase cr scmac pcjatamgj systnes ci ton pcst-mcjc`agj nrg.9Ocwnvnr, ton `nw wgvn ci mc`ijamt as `cw trg`s`gtac trg`s `gtac`gj `gj woamo as ecrn mcepjnx. mcepjnx. Ron prcmnss ci djcfgjazgtac` djcfgjazgtac` igmaj igmajatgtn atgtnss toas togt ogs mogjjn`dnb ton mgpgmaty ci a`bavabugj stgtns tc eg`gdn nmc`ceam giigars. Roas as  fnmgusn ton djcfgj ijcw ci gres, icr nxgepjn, as `c jc`dnr u`bnr ton nxmjusavn mc`trcj ci  `gtac` stgtn. Ajjamat gres bngjnrs ogvn fnmcen trg`s`gtac`gj pjgynrs g`b ogvn mc`trafutnb tc g baiiusac` ci eajatgry pcwnr togt ogs prcvabnb vacjn`t `c`-stgtn gmtcrs (Y@]Gs) wato wngpc`s wngp c`s mgpgfa mgpgfajat jatans ans togt togt gjjcw gjjcw tone tone tc mogjjn mogjjn`dn `dn Jgw n`icrm n`icrmnen nen`t `t Gdn`ma Gdn`mans. ns. A` g saeajgr vna`, djcfgjazgtac` ogs gjjcwnb Y@]Gs tc bnvnjcp trg`s`gtac`gj scmagj mgpatgj, mrngtn gjjag`mns g`b dn`nrgtns suppcrt cutsabn tonar aeenbagtn grng ci cpnrgtac`< g`b, gjc`d wato ton rasn ci ton ajjamat djcfgj nmc`cey, djcfgjazgtac` ogs prcvabnb iu`ba`d cppcrtu`atans icr tnrrcrast tnrrcrast drcups. Icr nxgepjn a` Giramg, djcfgjazgtac` djcfgjazgtac` ogs igmajatgtnb tton on  prnpc`bnrg`mn g`b prnvgjn`mn ci tnrrcrast drcups sumo gs Fclc Ogrge g`b Kgeg‑gtu G`sgruj Eusajaea`g Ia Fajgbas ]ubg` (KGEF]) cr G`sgru a` @adnrag< ton Asjgeast G`sgr  Ba`n, E^KGC g`b Kgeg‑g gj Rgwoab wg gj Kaogb ia Dogrf Giraqaygo (Ron Ecvnen`t icr  ^`aty g`b Kaogb a` Tnst Giramg, E^KTG) a` Egja< GWAE a` Gjdnrag< g`b ]cegjag‑s gj]ogfggf, ]ogf ggf, gec`dst gec`dst ctonrs ctonrs.. Roas Roas as nvabn`t nvabn`t a` ton mcjjgf mcjjgfcrg crgtac tac` ` g`b tans tans gec`d gec`d tonsn tonsn tnrrcrast tnrrc rast drcups a` tnres ci nxmog`dn nxmog`dn ci abngs g`b cpnrgtac`gj cpnrgtac`gj tgmtams, tgmtams, trga`a`d, trga`a`d, iu`ba`d, iu`ba`d, suppjy sup pjy ci jcdast jcdastams ams g`b wngpc`s wngpc`s systne systne,, nxmog`d nxmog`dnn ci a`i a`icre cregta gtac` c` arrnsp arrnspnmt nmtavn avn ci  dncdrgpoamgj fgsns g`b jcmgtac`s ci cpnrgtac`. 4Icr a`stg`mn, Fclc Ogrge enefnrs ogvn rnmnavnb g`b mc`ta`un tc rnmnavn trga`a`d irce gj-Wgnbg a` Gidog`astg`, Eguratg`ag g`b A]A] cr Bgnso, woajn ats cpnrgtac`s g`b gmtavatans grn mccrba`gtnb irce Egja wato iu`ba`d irce g `uefnr ci scurmns, scurmns, a`mjuba`d g ^`atnb ^`atnb La`dbce-fgs La`dbce-fgsnb nb Gj-Eu`tgbg Gj-Eu`tgbg Rrust Iu`b. Ron oastcramgj `gturn ci mc`ijamt as tonrnicrn mgtndcraznb a`tc vgracus typns ci mc`ijamts. 9

 D Eajjs. A`tnr-g`b A`trg ]tgtn Mc`ijamt a` Giramg a` ton 7118s. XX 71-=> 4

 Egrl Bcyjn, Giramg‑s Asjgeast eajatg`ts ‟mc-crba`gtn niicrts‑, FFM @nws Giramg, 69 Ku`n

ottp;//www.ffm.mc.ul/`nws/wcrjb-giramg-7?>164?1 (gmmnssnb 66 Kg` 6879)< Bgvab ]eato, Giramg‑s Asjgeast eajatg`ts mc6876, 6876,ottp;//www.ffm.mc.ul/`nws/wcrjb-giramg-7?>164?1 crba`gtn niicrts a` torngt tc mc`ta`n`t‑s snmuraty, Ron Dugrbag`, 69 Ku`n 6876, ottp;//www.dugrbag`.mc.ul/wcrjb/6876/ku`/69/ giramg-asjgeast-eajatg`ts-mccrba`gta`d-torngt (gmmnssnb 66 Kg` 6879).

>

 

MG^]N] CI MC@IJAMR]

78.

Gira Giramg mg as g vgst vgst g`b vgran vgranb b mc`ta` mc`ta`n` n`tt egbn up ci mcu`t mcu`tra rans ns wa wato to spnm spnmai aiam am oast oastcr cran anss

g`b dncdrgpoamgj mc`batac`s gs wnjj gs u`nvn` jnvnjs ci nmc`ceam bnvnjcpen`t. Ron mgusns ci mc`ijamts a` Giramg rnijnmt ton mc`ta`n`t‑s bavnrsaty g`b mcepjnxaty. Toajn scen mgusns mgus ns grn purnjy purnjy a`t a`tnr` nr`gj gj g`b pcrtrg pcrtrgy y spnmai spnmaiam am suf-rn suf-rndac dac`gj `gj by`geam by`geams, s, ctonrs ctonrs ogvn ogvn sad`aiamg`t a`tnr`gtac`gj baen`sac`. @ctwatostg`ba`d tonsn baiinrn`mns, Giramg` mc`ijamts socw g `uefnr ci mrcss- mutta`d tonens g`b nxpnran`mns. ?Mcepntatac` icr nmc`ceam rnscurmns as g` aepcrtg`t igmtcr a` mc`ijamt, fut as `ct ton c`jy c`n. Mc`ijamts grn gs g rnsujt ci jgml ci snmuraty (g psymocjcdamgj ingr ci pcjatamgj u`mnrtga`ty). Rorcudocut ton wcrjb, mc`ijamts grn ton mc`snqun`mns ci ton ingr ci ton iuturn, javnb torcudo ton pgst. At as ton mcjjnmtavn ingr ci ton iuturn fgsnb c` g oastcry ci scmagj u`mnrtga`ty, bun tc ton igajurn ci ton stgtn tc grfatrgtn kustjy fntwnn` cr prcvabn mrnbafjn dugrg`tnn ci prctnmtac` icr  drcups, rnsujta`d a` nenrda`d g`grmoy g`b scmagj irgmturns.1 77.

Eg`y Eg`y smocj smocjgrs grs grdunb grdunb togt togt mc`ijam mc`ijamts ts ggrn rn mgus mgusnb nb fy pcvnrty pcvnrty,, mc mcepn epntat tatac` ac` iicr cr p pcwn cwnr, r,

 prnstadn, drnnb, g`b a`sgtagfjn wg`ts. Mc`ijamts grasn irce ton baiinrn`tagj bastrafutac` ci  rn rnsc scur urmns mns,, gm gmmn mnss ss tc pcwn pcwnrr g` g`b b mc`i mc`ija jamt mta` a`d d bnia bnia`a `ata tac`s c`s ci wogt wogt as rado radot, t, igar igar g`b  kust.78Mgusns ci mc`ijamts a` Giramg grn `uenrcus. Rony rg`dn irce ton nmc`ceam g`b scmagj aepgmt ci mcjc`agjase, stgtn wngl`nss, pcjatamgj mcrruptac` g`b mujturn, nto`am bavasac`s, rnjadacus abn`taty, drnnb g`b dranvg`mn. Ctonr mgusns a`mjubn jgml ci rnspnmt icr  rujn ci jgw, oueg` radots vacjgtac`s, rnscurmn mc`trcj, g`b mcepntatac` icr stgtn pcwnr, nxtnr`gj nxtnr` gj eajatg eajatgry ry gab, gab, eajat eajatgry gry rujn, rujn, gres gres prcja prcjainr inrgta gtac` c` g`b tnrrcr tnrrcrase ase.. Ron mgusns mgusns grn a`tnrmc``nmtnb g`b a`tnrrnjgtnb, rg`da`d irce a`bavabugj tc drcup vacjgtac`, tc strumturgj a`nqugjaty g`b a`kustamn. 76.

Mcjc`agjase g`b supnr pcwnrs pcjatams .

Mcjc Mcjc`a `agj gjas ase< e< sup upnr nr pcwn pcwnrr rav ravgj gjry ry g` g`b b

 pcjatams pjgynb prcea`n`t rcjns a` a`atagta`d scen mc`ijamts a` Giramg. 77 Ron aepnrinmtac`s a` bnja`n bnja`ngta gta`d `d `gtac` `gtac`gj gj fcu`bgr fcu`bgrans ans grn ton jndgma jndgmans ns ci mcjc`a mcjc`agja gjase. se. Basput Basputns ns cvnr  ?

 Gbnbnka, Gbnfgyc, nb. 7111. Mceprnon`ba`d g`b egstnra`d Giramg` mc`ijamts. Jc`bc`; [nb Fccls. Mcjjanr, Xguj, g`b Og`s Fa`swg`dnr. 7111. Nto`am jcygjtans, stgtn icregtac` g`b mc`ijamt. G fgmldrcu`b pgpnr prnpgrnb icr ton Giramg a` ton 67Mn`tury 1

 Afab.  ]tnbeg` ]K, quctnb a` @wcjasn CFM, ‟NMCECD Xngmnlnnpa`d Cpnrgtac` a` Jafnrag; Niinmts c` Xcjatamgj ]tgfajaty a` Tnst Giramg` ]uf-Vndac`‑ a` Giramg Xngmn Vnvanw Ycj 7 @c 7 (Gfukg 7114) p.=1. 78

77

 Nssan` LG, Grenb Mc`ijamts a` Giramg- G Xcjatamgj Baen`sac`, Mcjjndn Xgpnr sufeattnb tc ton Grenb Icrmns Mceeg`b g`b ]tgii Mcjjndn ,Kgka, Gpraj 6886, p. =.

9

 

dncdrgpoamgj dncdrgp oamgj fcu`bgrans fcu`bgrans wcujb ogvn fnn` gvnrtnb gvnrtnb ai ton mcjc`agjasts mcjc`agjasts ogb bnegr bnegrmgtnb mgtnb `gtac`s‑ `gtac` s‑ irc`tanrs irc`tanrs prcpnrjy prcpnrjy76. A` 711=, 711=, @geaf @geafag ag g`b g`b Fcts Fctswg wg`g `g stru strudd ddjn jnb b cvnr cvnr ton ton cw`nrsoap ci ton ]nbuju Asjg`b a` ton Mocfn Vavnr. A` ton Ocr` ci Giramg, Nratrng gddrnssavnjy mc`tnstnb ats fcu`bgrans wato ]cuto Qnen` g`b Bkafcuta g`b Ntoacpag, spgrla`d cii jgrdn-smgjn mc`ijamt a` Egy 711?. @adnrag ogb saeajgr prcfjne cvnr Fglgssa Xn`a`sujgr, woamo wgs mnbnb tc Mgenrcu` icjjcwa`d AMK ruja`ds. Ron qunst fy icrenr  mcjc`agj pcwnrs tc ega`tga` tonar a`ijun`mns a` pcst a`bnpn`bn`mn Giramg dgvn rasn tc g systne ci mjan`t stgtns, a` woamo Giramg` jngbnrs wnrn ega`tga`nb a` pcwnr a` rntur` icr  tonar gjjndag`mn tc tone. 7=  A` [garn, mcrrupt jngbnrs wnrn prcppnb up g`b sustga`nb a`  pcwnr. Icr a`stg`mn ton a`ijun`mn ci Irg`mn cvnr onr mcjc`ans a` woamo 72 Giramg` mcu`trans mc`ta`un tc pgy mcjc`agj tgx tc Irg`mn sa`mn tonar a`bnpn`bn`mn tajj tcbgy. 72 Ron Irn`mo Dcvnr`en`t ogb aepcsnb mc`batac`s icr mc`ta`ugtac` ci mcjc`azgtac` a` woamo mcu`t mcu `tra rans ns eust eust pgy pgy g` g` g``ug `ugjj bnft bnft tc Irg` Irg`mn mn icr icr fn`n fn`nia iatt ci mcjc mcjc`a `azg zgta tac` c` cr igmn igmn bnstrumtac` fy prcxy torcudo mcups. Nxgepjn, a` ton jgst >8 yngrs, g tctgj ci 94mcups ogb ogppn`nb a` 69 Giramg` Mcu`trans, cut ci woamo 79 wnrn a` Irg`mcpoc`n Giramg. 7> . 7=.

Fgb dcvnr`g`mn/Mcrruptac`. ]tnnp nmc`ceam bnmja`n mgusnb fy fgb dcvnr`g`mn

g`b mcrruptac` pjgys g egkcr pgrt a` stgtn mcjjgpsn g`b mc`ijamt< g`b togt eg`y Giramg` stgtn a`statutac`s `nvnr drnw vnry strc`d rccts a` ton iarst pjgmn. ^`gfjn tc ega`tga`  pcpujgr suppcrt, ecst dcvnr`en`ts rnscrt tc mcnrmac`, g`b mujtase tc mja`d c` tc pcwnr  g`b mc`trcj nmc`ceam rnscurmns.79  ]nmuraty snmtcrs gs g rnsujt bntnracrgtn g`b fnmgen u`gmmcu`tgfjn. Ron a`statutac`s ci ton stgtns wnrn tcc wngl tc dcvnr` g`b prcvabn icr ton wnjj fna`d ci gjj ton matazn`s tous gjan`gta`d ton pncpjn. Fgb Dcvnr`g`mn g`b Mcrruptac` as g` gmt a` woamo ton pcwnr ci pufjam ciiamn as usnb icr pnrsc`gj dga` a` g eg``nr togt mc`trgvn`ns nxtg`t jgws. Ron bavnrsac` ci rnscurmns eng`t icr ton prcvasac` ci scmacnmc`ceam igmajatans g`b fn`niats tc a`bavabugj pcmlnts ogvn ogv n jnb tc stgrvgtac`, jgml ci scmagj gen`at gen `atans ans,, a`gbnqu a`gbnqugtn gtn a`irgs a`irgstru trumtu mturn rn g`b pcvnrty pcvnrty.. Mcrrup Mcrrupta tac` c` gs pnrpnt pnrpntrgt rgtnb nb fy ton 76

Onrens R, Giramg; Vndac`gj Mc`ijamts g`b Bapjcegtam A`atagtavns , Ron Nmc`ceast, Kujy 711?, p69.

7=

 Abclc ]C, Cp mat , p. 6?.

72

www.sajamc`g www.sajamc`giramg.mce iramg.mce,, 6? Kg`ugry 6872 gmmnssnb 74 @cvnefnr 687>

7>

 Afab

79

 Abclc ]C, ‟G Oado Mceeg`b icr ton Tnst Giramg` ]uf-rndac`; Xcjamy cptac`s‑, Xgpnr sufeattnb tc ton @gtac`gj Tgr Mcjjndn, 6886, p 6> g`b 69.

4

 

 furngumrgts g`b pcjatamgj jngbnrsoap ogs jngb tc fgb dcvnr`g`m dcvnr`g`mnn g`b gjan`gtac` togt gmts gs g mgtgjyst icr `c`-stgtn gmtcrs tc mgpatgjazn a` cppcsa`d ton dcvnr`en`t tonrnfy jngba`d tc mc`ijamts. Mcrruptac` ogs citn` fnn` matnb gs ton traddnr g`b gddrgvgtcr ci mc`ijamts a` Giramg. Icr nxgepjn mc`ijamts a` Egja, ]n`ndgj, Ru`asag, Dua`ng Fassgu, Mctn b‑Avcarn, ]cegjag, Jafnrag g`b BVM. 72.

@nc mcjc`agjase.

@nc@nc-mc mcjc jc`a `agj gj egm egmoa oa`g `gta tac` c` as as g`ct g`cton onrr mgus mgusnn ci mc` mc`ij ijam amts ts ttog ogtt

as trgmngfjn tc ton wcrla`ds ci ton a`tnr`gtac`gj a`tnr`gtac`gj nmc`ceam systne. Abncjcdamgj Abncjcdamgj bavabn bavabn ci  ton Mcjb Tgr jnb tc sustga`nb basmraea`gtac`s gdga`st scen trafns, g`b scwnb snnbs ci  mc`ijamt.74 Ron G`dcjg wgr g`b ton cvnrtorcw ci Xgtramn Jueuefg fy Tnstnr`-fgmlnb Ecfutu ]nsn-]nlc togt stgrtnb ton Mc`dc Mrasas grn typamgj nxgepjns. 7>.

Nto`am mcepntatac` mcep ntatac` icr mc`trcj mc `trcj ci @gturgj @gturg j Vnscurmns Vnscurmn s.

Nto`amaty cmmgsac`nb

 fy aefgjg`mn a` sazns, pcpujgtac` g`b gjjndnb egrda`gjazgtac` ci drcups, wgs g pcjatamgj igmtcr a` Giramg` mc`ijamt. 7?Mc`ijamts a` Giramg grn gmmn`tugtnb fy prcfjnes rnjgtnb tc mcepntatac` icr `gturgj rnscurmns. Mc`ijamt egy gjsc grasn cvnr jcmgj mcepjga`ts togt ton mceeu`aty bcns `ct gbnqugtnjy rngp ton fn`niat ci sumo rnscurmns, cr suiinrs nxmnssavnjy irce ton bndrgbgtac` ci ton `gturgj n`varc`en`t gs a` ton mgsn ci caj nxpjcrgtac` a` ton  @adnr Bnjtg rndac` ci @adnrag. Roas as dn`nrgjjy l`cw` gs abn`taty mc`ijamt g`b nenrdns won` g mceeu`aty jcsns mc`iabn`mn a` ega`strnge pcjatamgj a`statutac`s cr won` tonrn as rnscjvn fy pncpjn tc struddjn icr pcjatamgj rnmcd`atac`. Icr nxgepjn, ton struddjn icr  gsmn`bg`my tc pcwnr a` Vwg`bg. Gdga`, Vnscurmns mcujb jngb tc a`tnrstgtn mc`ijamts. Rous, wontonr gs cfknmt cfknmtss ci mcepntatac` mcepntatac` cr scurmns ci ia`g`ma`d, ia`g`ma`d, `gturgj rnscurmns rnscurmns ogvn  pjgynb g ‚`ndgtavn rcjn― a` eg`y ci Giramg‑s fjccbanst wgrs, irce ]anrrg Jnc`n g`b Jafnrag tc G`dcjg g`b BVM.71 79.

Nxtnr`gj Igmtcrs.

Nxtn Nxtnr` r`gj gj a`i a`iju jun`m n`mns ns a` a` Gira Giramg mg ogvn ogvn baea baea`a `aso sonb nb fut fut ogv ogvnn `ct `ct

basgppngrnb. A` ton mcepntatac` icr caj g`b ctonr prnmacus rnscurmns, nxtnr`gj a`tnrnsts mc`ta`un tc pjgy g jgrdn g`b scentaens bnmasavn rcjn, fcto a` supprnssa`d mc`ijamt g`b a` sustga`a`d at.68 A`tnr`gtac`gj gres enrmog`ts prciat irce mogcs g`b ogvn eumo a`tnrnst a`  prcjc`da`d at. ]aeajgrjy, ton rcjn togt scen Giramg` dcvnr`en`ts pjgy a` suppcrta`d, 74

Nssan` , Cp mat , p.2.

7?

  ]pcjgr M, Nto`amaty a` Giramg` Mc`ijamts, Ron Tgsoa`dtc` Xcst  ,, 76 Egrmo 7114, p28.

71

Nr`nst Ogrsmo, ‚Mc`ijamt Vnscurmns; Irce ‟Mursn‑ tc Fjnssa`d - Rrg`sicrea`d g` Giramg` Tgr Vasl a`tc g Xngmn Gssnt―,  Giramg  Vn`nwgj, Ycj.68 #2 (Kg`ugry 6884); p 74. ottp;//www.u`.crd/nmcscmbnv/dn`a`ic/girnm/vcj68`c2/682-mc`ijamt-rnscurmns.otej 68

 Afab.

?

 

scenta sce ntaens ens nvn` a`sta a`stadgt dgta`d a`d mc`ija mc`ijamts mts a` ton `nadofc `nadofcra` ra`d d mcu`tr mcu`trans ans ogs fnn` fnn` wabnjy wabnjy gml`cwjnbdnb. 74.

Ctonr Igmtcrs.

Ctonr igmt igmtc crs sum sumo gs, gs, prc prcjainrgtac` c cii seg segjj gre gres, gre grenb

drcups g`b eajatags gs wnjj gs ton drcwa`d `uefnr ci rniudnns ogs iurtonr mc`trafutnb tc bnstgfajaza`d pngmn g`b snmuraty a` Giramg. N`bneam pcvnrty, trg`s`gtac`gj crdg`aznb mra mraens ens 7192/9>.. G`c G`cton tonrr fcrbnr fcrbnr basput basputnn wgs  fntwnn` Ntoacpag g`b Nratrng. A` fntwnn` tonrn wnrn snvnrgj socrt fcrbnr mc`ijamts ega`jy a` Tnst Giramg.

78

 

66.

A`tnr`gj Mc`ijamts.

A`tn A`tnr` r`gj gj mc`ij mc`ijam amts ts grn prnsn prnsn`t `tjy jy ton egkc egkcra raty ty ci mc`ija mc`ijamt mtss a`

Giramg, nspnmagjjy sa`mn ton n`b ci ton pcst mcjb-wgr pnracb. Ronsn mc`ijamts mg` fn bavabnb a`tc twc typns; tocsn mc`ijamts a` woamo ton stgtn as g pgrty tc ton mc`ijamt< togt grn  pcjatamgjjy bravn` cr a`stadgtnb mc`ijamts, g`b mc`ijamts fntwnn` drcups watoa` ton mcu`try g`b togt ton stgtn as `ct g pgrty tc. Vnfnjjac`s togt gae tc cvnrtorcw g dcvnr`en`t grn ton ecst mceec` typn ci pcjatamgj mc`ijamt a` ecst Giramg` mcu`trans. Ronsn rnfnjjac`s grn dn`nrgjjy a`atagtnb fy urfg` njatns woc grn bassgtasianb wato ton wgy ton dcvnr`en`t ogb trngtnb tone g`b tonar rndac` cr nto`am drcup. Rony ecfajazn g snmtac` ci tonar rndac`gj cr  nto`am nto `am suppcr suppcrtnr tnrs< s< gmquar gmquarnn gres gres mjg`bn mjg`bnsta sta`njy `njy g`b citn` citn` suppcr suppcrtnb tnb fy g `nadofc `nadofcra` ra`d d mcu`try g`b scentaens fy g` cutsabn pcwnr gs wnjj. Ron ngsy gvgajgfajaty ci segjj gres ogs n`gfjnb sumo rnfnj ecvnen`ts tc tur` a`tc pcwnriuj g`b bnstrumtavn icrmns mgpgfjn ci  mgusa`d snracus ogre g`b bnstrumtac` a` rurgj grngs. ]a`mn segjj gres bc `ct `nnb eumo trga`a`d woajn tonar pcssnssac` davns mc`sabnrgfjn pcwnr tc tocsn woc pcssns tone, rnfnj ecvnen`ts tous fnmcen vnry gttrgmtavn tc ton ycuto. 6=.

]nmnssac`ast Vnfnjjac`.Ron rnfnjjac`s snnla`d snmnssac` grn citn` bravn` fy tonar 

 pnrmnavnb pcjatamgj, nmc`ceam n mc`ceam g`b mujturgj cpprnssac`. ]umo rnfnjjac`s citn` dc torcudo g saeajgr bnvnjcpen`t prcmnss, fut grn usugjjy bningtnb fy eajatgry icrmn. Fcto ton Giramg` dcvnr dcv nr`e `en`t n`tss g` g`b b ton ton a` a`tn tnr` r`gt gtac ac`gj `gj mcee mceeu`a u`aty ty grn grn dn`nr dn`nrgj gjjy jy `ct `ct sy syep epgt gton onta tamm tc snmnss snm nssac` ac`ast ast rnfnjj rnfnjjac` ac`s. s. On`mn, On`mn, vnry vnry inw inw snmnss snmnssac` ac`ast ast ecvnen ecvnen`ts `ts ogvn summnn summnnbnb bnb mcepgr mce pgrnb nb tc tocsn tocsn rnfnjj rnfnjjac` ac`ss togt togt gae gt cvnrtor cvnrtorcwa cwa`d `d tonar tonar dcv dcvnr` nr`en` en`ts. ts. Ron ecst ecst spnmtgmujgr snmnssac`ast wgr wgs togt ci Fagirg a` @adnrag togt n`bnb a` mgtgstrcpoam igajurn. Ron Nratrng` wgr, c` ton ctonr og`b, summnnbnb icr baiinrn`t rngsc`s. G`ctonr  nxgepjn wgs Dua`ng Fassgu, woamo snpgrgtnb pngmniujjy irce ton Mgpn Ynrbn g`b ton ]ubg`nsn Mavaj Tgr togt fndg` a` 71>4 bun tc egrda`gjazgtac` ci nto`am ea`cratans mgusnb  fy ton dcvnr`en`t‑s bnmasac` a` 71?7 tc basfg`b ton rndac`gj gbea`astrgtac` togt ogb dcvnr`nb ton ]cutonr` ]ubg`. ]ubg` . Bnspatn ton jaeatnb summnss ci tonsn snmnssac`ast rnfnjjac`s, tony ogvn `nvnrtonjnss mgusnb mc`sabnrgfjn bgegdn g`b bnstrumtac`. Giramg` prcfjne as ocw tc prnvn`t iurtonr cmmurrn`mn g`b nsmgjgtac`s, g`b ocw tc rnscjvn ton c`dca`d c`ns. 66

66

 Cp mat p>.

77

 

62.

Mcup b‑átgts. Yacjn`t g`b u`bnecmrgtam mog`dn ci dcvnr`en`t fy ton eajatgry as

c`n ci ton ecst mceec` entocbs ci gmoanva`d pcwnr. G mcup b‑átgt fy ton eajatgry ci g mcu`try mg` fn a`stadgtnb g`b nvn` mgrranb cut fy cutsabn icrmns sumo gs a` ton Mcecrcs. Ocwnvnr, ecst mcup b‑átgts grn mgrranb cut watocut nxtnr`gj suppcrt. Rony grn dn`nrgjjy ton nxprnssac` ci g struddjn icr pcwnr fntwnn` mc`tn`ba`d drcups gec`dst ton njatn. G`b won` ton eajatgry innjs at ogs fnn` jnit cut ci sumo struddjn, at dn`nrgjjy tglns cvnr pcwnr  c` fnogji ci atsnji cr c` fnogji ci g` nto`am drcup cr g` gjjag`mn ci sumo drcups. 6>.

Mcjb-Tgr ]ustga`nb Mc`ijamts. Bur Bura`d a`d ton 7148s 7148s g`b 71?8s, ton mcepnt mcepntat atac` ac`

 fntwnn` ton supnr- pcwnrs a` Giramg wgs g` aepcrtg`t igmtcr, ai `ct a` stgrta`d mc`ijamts,  fut mnrtga`jy a` sustga`a`d tone. Ron Genramg`s g`b ton Vussag`s a` pgrtamujgr, g`b cpn`jy ton Frataso g`b Irn`mo, mcepntnb icr ‚ton ongrts g`b ea ea`bs― `bs― ci ton Giramg` Giramg` njatns g`b tonar icjjcwnrs, pcjatamgj g`b bapjcegtam gjjans, strgtndam gjjans, g`b ea`nrgj rnscurmns. Ron ravgjry g`b mcepntatac` tccl vgracus icres; suppcrta`d dcvnr`en`ts, cvnrtorcwa`d dcvnr`en`ts, suppcrta`d/cppcsa`d pcjatamgj pgrtans, mcvnrt gmtavatans a` suppcrt ci cr a` cppcsatac` tc dcvnr`en`ts, g`b a`atagta`d rnfnj ecvnen`ts. Togt `nnbs tc fn nepogsaznb onrn as togt, gt ton taen, ton suppcrt cr cppcsatac` ci c`n supnr-pcwnr cr g`ctonr wgs g vnry pcwnriuj icrmn a` ton pcjatamgj survavgj cr bneasn ci g` Giramg` dcvnr`en`t. A` ton Mc`dc Mc` dc ci 7192 7192,, to tonn ^] a` a`tn tnrv rvn`n n`nb b tc rnec rnecvn vn Jueu Jueuef efgg g`b g`b a`st a`stgj gjjj Ec Ecfu futu tu,, g` a`tnrvn`tac` woamo ogs snt a` ectac` snracus g`b u`icrnsnn` mc`snqun`mns woamo grn u`icjba`d tc toas bgy. A` ]cegjag, at jnb tc ton mcjjgpsn ci ton stgtn. A` G`dcjg, at jnb tc ton jc`d jc` d g`b trgdam trgdam mav mavaj aj wgr woamo woamo lajjnb lajjnb tocusg tocusg`bs `bs ci a``cmn a``cmn`t `t mavaj mavajag` ag`s. s. ]aeajg ]aeajgrjy rjy a` Eczgefaqun (torcudo ton prcxy ci gpgrtonab ]cuto Giramg) g`b Jafyg rndaen mog`dn jnb tc cvnrtorcw ci Dgbbgia g`b sprngb ci eajatg`t drcups sumo gs A]AJ g`b Fclc Ogrge. 69.

Eg`y-]abnb Mc`ijamts tc ]nazn ]tgtn Xcwnr .

A` mcu`trans wonrn mnrtga`

spnmaiam mc`batac`s prnvgaj, snvnrgj rnfnjjac`s nenrdn a`bnpn`bn`tjy, ngmo ci woamo as trya`d tc mgpturn ton mgpatgj g`b tgln cvnr pcwnr. A` ton prcmnss, ngmo ci tonsn rnfnjjac`s icre tnepcrgry gjjag`mns woamo bc `ct jgst ecrn tog` g inw ec`tos, g`b gt ton sgen taen iadot ctonr drcups a` baiinrn`t irc`ts. @nnbjnss tc sgy ngmo ci ton rnfnj ecvnen`ts as suppcrtnb fy g baiinrn`t `nadofcra`d mcu`try a` icre ci ia`g`magj suppcrt, suppjans ci  gr gres es,, ba bapj pjce cegt gtam am su supp ppcr crt, t, dava dava`d `d rniu rniudn dn tc to tonn vgra vgracu cuss jnvn jnvnjs js ci ton ton jngbn jngbnrs rsoa oap. p.

76

 

Iurtonrecrn, ngmo pgtrc` ci g rnfnj drcup ogs ats cw` a`tnrnst, ega`jy a` tnres ci ats  pctn`tagj a`ijun`mn a` ton iuturn dcvnr`en`t ai ats drcup summnnbs a` dntta`d tc pcwnr. At as tonrnicrn `nmnssgry tc jccl a`tc ton mgusns ci tonsn mc`ijamts a` Giramg AEXGMR CI MC@IJAMR] A@ GIVAMG

64.

Ron Ron `uenr `uenrcu cuss mc`ij mc`ijam amts ts a` Gir Giram amgg ogvn mrng mrngtn tnb b bnnpn bnnpn`nb `nb aep aepgm gmts ts a` ton ton vgrac vgracus us

`gtac`s. Gt ton tur` ci ton 67st Mn`tury, Giramg ogb ton oadonst `uefnr ci mc`ijamts a` ton wcrjb wato ecrn pncpjn fna`d lajjnb a` wgrs c` ton mc`ta`n`t tog` ton rnst ci ton wcrjb mcefa`nb.6=Gpgrt irce ton oueg` mgtgstrcpon, mgtgstrcpon, tonsn mc`ijamts mc`ijamts giinmt giinmt Giramg‑s Giramg‑s

nmc`cey, u`bnrea`a`d onr bnvnjcpen`t g`b prcspnraty. 6?.

Aepgmt c` Oueg`aty Oueg`at y.

Ron sm smgjn g`b g`b `g `gturn ci mc mc`ijamts a` a` Gi Giramg ogv ogvn

barnmtjy giinmtnb eajjac`s ci Giramg`s. Ron ega` njnen`ts ci toas trgdnby grn ton uprcctnb  pncpjn woc ogvn jcst tonar ocens g`b javnjaoccb, ton `uefnr ci barnmt mavajag` mgsugjtans g`b a`mrng a`mrngsnb snb jnvnjs jnvnjs ci vacjn` vacjn`mn mn suiinr suiinrnb nb fy `c`-mce `c`-mcefgt fgtg`t g`tss gs wnjj wnjj gs ton a`bar a`barnmt nmt mc`snqu mc`s nqun`m n`mns ns ci igea`n igea`n g`b npabne npabneam am basngs basngsns. ns. Gjsc, Gjsc, ton jcss jcss ci a`i a`irgs rgstru trumtu mturn rn g`b snrvamns bun tc mc`ijamt a`mrngsns pcvnrty g`b rnbumn gmmnss tc nbumgtac` g`b ongjto mgrn. 61.

Baspjg Bas pjgmne mnen`t. n`t. Baspjgmnen`ts mgusnb fy mc`ijamt ogb mjcsn tc ogji ci ton 69

eajjac` a`tnr`gjjy baspjgmnb pncpjn wcrjbwabn wnrn a` 71 Giramg` mcu`trans.62Rgla`d rniudnns g`b a`tnr`gjjy baspjgmnb pncpjn tcdntonr, ecrn tog` 72 eajjac` pncpjn a` Giramg wnrn uprcctnb, ecstjy wcen` g`b moajbrn`.6>  Gpgrt Gpgrt irce irce nxp nxpcsu csurn rn tc vacjn vacjn`mn `mn g` g`b b gfusn, ABXs grn `c`-prcbumtavn g`b put n`crecus prnssurn c` dcvnr`en`t snrvamns. Ron Tcrjb Fg`l nstaegtns togt a` Giramg, ton tctgj barnmt mcst ci rniudnns tc tonar o ocsts csts as $>=8 eajjac` pnr yngr.69 ]a`mn Gpraj 687>, vacjn`t mjgsons stneea`d irce @luru`zazg's gttnept tc rnega` prnsabn`t icr g toarb tnre a` Furu`ba ogvn bndn`nrgtnb a`tc g oueg`atgrag`

6=

Tgr g`b Xngmn a` ton 67st Mn`tury, Oueg` ]nmuraty Vnpcrt 688>, Ron ^`avnrsaty ci Frataso Mcjuefag (Mg`gbg; Cxicrb ^`avnrsaty Xrnss, 688>), p 2. Gvgajgfjn gtottp;//www.oueg`snmuratyrnpcrt.a`ic. 62

A`tnr`gj Baspjgmnen`t; Baspjgmnen`t; Djcfgj Cvnrvanw ci Rrn`bs g`b Bnvnjcpen`ts a` 688?, ABEM Vnpcrt (@crwndag` Vniudnn Mcu`maj, Gpraj 6881) p =>. www.a`tnr`gj-baspjgmnen`t.crd . 6>

^@OMV Vnpcrt, 688? Djcfgj Rrn`bs; Vniudnns, Gsyjue-snnlnrs, Vntur`nns, A`tnr`gjjy Baspjgmnb g`b ]tgtnjnss Xnrsc`s bgtnb 79   Ku`n 6881. 69

^`atnb La`dbce Bnpgrten`t icr A`tnr`gtac`gj Bnvnjcpen`t Bnvnjcpen`t (BIAB) Mc`sujtgtac` Mc`sujtgtac` Bcmuen`t, Ron Mgusns ci Mc`ijamt a` Giramg (Egrmo 6887) 6887) p 78.

7=

 

mrasas. Cvnr 66=,888 rniudnns ogvn `cw ijnb tc `nadofcra`d mcu`trans, g`b gs ci Cmtcfnr  gt jngst 72,?88 pncpjn ogb pncpjn ogb scudot sginty a` ctonr pgrts ci Furu`ba.64 =8.

Aepgmt c` Nmc`cey. Ron nmc`ce nmc`ceam am aepgmt aepgmt ci mc`ijam mc`ijamts ts a`m a`mjub jubn; n; barnmt barnmt mcsts mcsts6?,

usugj usugjjy jy u`bnr u`bnrtg tgln` ln` gt to tonn nx nxpn` pn`sn sn ci nssn nssn`t `tag agjj sn snrv rvam amns ns% c` ton gvnrgdn. =7 Mog`dns a` ton qugjaty ci dcvnr`g`mn rnsujta`d irce mc`ijamt iurtonr mc`trafutn tc ton nmc`ceam jcssns ci wgr. =7 =7..

A` ton egk egkcra craty ci Gira Giramg mg` ` nmc` nmc`ce ceaans ton ton ecs cstt barn barnmt mt aepg aepgmt mt ci wgr as c`

 prcbumtac` g`b ocusnocjb javnjaoccbs. G stuby u`bnrtgln` fy ton A`tnr`gtac`gj Iccb Xcjamy Vnsngrmo Vnsngrmo A`statut A`statutnn (AIXVA) (AIXVA)=6bntnrea`nb togt Giramg` gvnrgdn prcbumtac` jcssns torcudo mc`ijamt wnrn 76% wgr gjsc snracusjy giinmts drcwto a` ton gdramujturgj snmtcr fy =% pnr g``ue.== Rous, wgr a`mrngsns ton dgp a` iccb prcbumtac` a` Giramg `nmnssatgta`d aepcrtgtac` ci iccb g`b rnjag`mn c` iccb gab. =2 Mc`ijamt gjsc mc`trafutns tc u`sustga`gfjn bnft grasa`d a`barnmtjy irce eajatgry nxpn`baturn.=> =6.

Vndac`gj Aepgmt.

Ron tn`bn`my ci mc`ijamts dn`nrgjjy as tc sprngb tc

`nadofcra`d mcu`trans jngba`d tc a`mrngsns a` eajatgry nxpn`baturn a` ton rndac` g`b g mcrrnspc`ba`d rnbumtac` a` scmagj nxpn`baturn ogs fnn` cfsnrvnb. Icr Giramg, ton mcsts ci  wgr watoa` g rndac` dn`nrgjjy rnsujt a` nmc`ceam mcsts icr `nadofcra`d mcu`trans. Ronsn a`mjub a`m jubnn prcbumt prcbumtac` ac` jcssns jcssns,, trgbn trgbn jcssns jcssns,, a`mrng a`mrngsnb snb mcsts mcsts ci pcjama pcjama`d `d g`b ton mcsts mcsts ci  suppcrta`d rniudnns.=9 ==.

A`tnr`gtac`gj aepgmt.

Mc`ijamt a` a` Gi Giramg gj gjsc ae aepgmts mts c` c` to ton aa` `tnr`gtac`g c`gj

n`varc`en`t torcudo u`mc`trcjjnb nxpjcatgtac` ci `gturgj rnscurmns, gres bngjs, ec`ny 64

ottp;//rnjaniwnf.a`t/rnpcrt/furu`ba/rgppcrt-bn-jgottp;//rnjaniwnf.a`t/rnpcr t/furu`ba/rgppcrt-bn-jg-egtramn-bn-suava-bns-pjg egtramn-bn-suava-bns-pjgmnen`t-bte-furu`ba-cmtcfrn mnen`t-bte-furu`ba-cmtcfrn-687> -687>

6?

 Vnpcrt ci ton Mogarpnrsc` ci ton Giramg` ^`ac` Mceeassac`, ‟‟ N`og`ma`d Giramg's Vnscjvn g`b Niinmtavn`nss a` N`ba`d Mc`ijamt  g`b ]ustga`a`d Xngmn‑‑ tc ton ]pnmagj ]nssac` ci ton Gssnefjy ci ton ^`ac`, Rrapcja, Jafyg =8 ” =7 Gudust 6881. (Rrapcja; Giramg` ^`ac`, 6881) p =. 61

. Afab.

=8

 Afab.

=7

 Afab.

=6

 ottp;//www.aipra.crd. ottp;//www.aipra.crd.

==

^`atnb La`dbce BIAB Mc`sujtgtac` Bcmuen`t. Cp Mat.

=2

^ecruOn`ry, ‟‑Giramg ]pn`bs $68f` Qngrjy tc Aepcrt Iccb- ]g`usa‑‑. Yg`dugrb , 1 Egrmo 6878. ]nn ottp;//www.vg`dugrb`dr.mce

=>ottp;//www.aei ottp;//www.aei.crd/nxtnr`gj/ .crd/nxtnr`gj/`p/nxr/igmts/o `p/nxr/igmts/oapm.ote apm.ote.. =9

^`atnb La`dbce BIAB Mc`sujtgtac` Bcmuen`t. Cp Mat.

72

 

jgu`bnra`d g`b brud seuddja`d. Gdga`, bnvnjcpnb mcu`trans ogvn ogb tc mcpn wato ton mc`snqun`mns ci ton ijcw ci gsyjue snnlnrs g`b nmc`ceam eadrg`ts irce Giramg. Cvnrgjj, ton wabnsprngb bnstrumtac` bnstrumtac` g`b u`tcjb u`tcjb suiinra`d suiinra`d ci Giramg`s Giramg`s mcupjnb wato basegj basegj scmacnmc`cea nmc` ceamm a`bamn a`bamnss snqunj snqunj tc ton n`b ci ton Mcjb Tgr, Tgr, wnrn wnrn bntrae bntraen`t n`tgj gj tc Gir Giramg amg‑s ‑s a`tnrnsts g`b mcjjnmtavn aegdn< pcrtrgya`d onr gs g mc`ta`n`t pnrpntugjjy a` mogcs.

XGVR 6 GXXVGA]GJ CI GIVAMG@ ^@AC@

=2.

]c ]cen en ci ton ton igm igmtc tcrs rs tog togtt mc`tr mc`traf afut utnb nb tc ton ton nenr nenrdn dn`m `mnn ci ton ton G^ woam woamo o a`mju a`mjubn bn

ton drcwa`d pcpujgraty ci jafnrgj bnecmrgtam pra`mapjns g`b ton a`mrngsa`d bneg`bs icr  rnspnmt ci oueg` radots fy mavaj scmanty crdg`azgtac`s icjjcwa`d ton n`b ci ton Mcjb Tgr.=4  Ron sjcw rnspc`sn ci ton ^@ tc Giramg` Giramg` prcfjnes mcupjnb wato ton a`gbnqugmans a`gbnqugmans g`b strumt strumturg urgjj a`mgpg a`mgpgmat maty y ci ton CG^ mcepnj mcepnjjnb jnb Giramg Giramg` ` jngbnr jngbnrss tc rnmc`s rnmc`sabn abnrr tonar  tonar  gpprcgmo tc pngmn g`b snmuraty a` Giramg. =?  Ron egkcr torust ci toas gwgln`a`d as tc  Giramg` ]cjutac`s tc Giramg` Xrcfjnes ‑ =1.  prcvabn ‟  =>.

Ron Ron G^ wgs wgs a`gud a`gudur urgt gtnb nb a` Kuj Kujy y 6886 6886 gs g mc`t mc`ta` a`n`t n`tgj gj cr crdg dg`a `azg zgta tac` c` tc icm icmus us c`

nmc`ceam a`tndrgtac` g`b scmagj bnvnjcpen`t a` Giramg, wato pngmn g`b snmuraty gs g` a`tndrgj pgrt ci gmoanva`d ats cfknmtavns. 28 ^`jaln ton CG^, ton G^ bnpgrts mjngrjy a` ton grng ci mcjjnmtavn snmuraty. ]pnmaiamgjjy, ton MGG^ 27  nepcwnrs at tc a`tnrvn`n wonrn mcu`trans igaj tc prctnmt tonar matazn`s irce drgvn marmuestg`mns sumo gs wgr mraens, mraens gdga`st oueg`aty g`b dn`cmabn. 26 Ron gbbnb ingturns ci monmls g`b fgjg`mns egln ton G^ pctn`tagjjy, g ecrn niinmtavn, g`b bnecmrgtam crdg`azgtac` rnea`asmn`t ci ton a`tnr`gtac`gj scmanty. G``nx G bnpamts ton crdg`cdrge ci ton G^ socwa`d iu`mtac`s ci  =4

Kgllan Majjanrs, ‟‑Ron MNT] ci ton Giramg` ^`ac`‑‑, a` Ron Vnscjutac` ci Giramg` Mc`ijamts;Ron Eg`gdnen`t ci Mc`ijamt Vnscjutac` g`b Xcst-Mc`ijamt Vnmc`strumtac`, nb. Gjirnb @oneg g`b Xguj Raygefn [njnzg (Coac; Coac ^`avnrsaty Xrnss, 688?) p =7.

=?

 Afab. p 61.

=1

 Ron porgsn ‚Giramg` scjutac`s tc Giramg` prcfjnes―  wgs  wgs mca`nb fy ton nea`n`t pcjatamgj pcjatamgj nmc`ceast Dncrdn Gyattny a` rnspc`sn tc ton fnogvacur ci ton a`tnr`gtac`gj mceeu`aty a` ton mrasas a` ]cegjag. A` g `utsonjj ton `ctac` ci ‚Giramg` scjutac`s tc Giramg`  prcfjnes― aepjans togt toas as ton taen icr Giramg`s tc tgln toa`ds a`tc tonar cw` og`bs g`b egln usn ci tonar rnscurmns tc scjvn Giramg‑s trcufjns. trcufjns. ]nn ]nrnlnfrog` ]nrnlnfrog` Iaqurne Iaqurnegrage, grage, ‟‟Giramg` ]cjutac`s tc Giramg` Xrcfjnes‑‑ A`statutn A`statutn icr ]nmuraty ]tubans, Gbbas Gfgfg (]np 688?). Gvgajgfjn irceottp;//www.ass.mc.zg/a`bnx.pop irce ottp;//www.ass.mc.zg/a`bnx.pop . 28

  Basmussac` Xgpnr, ‟‟Ogr`nssa`d ton N^-Giramg Xgrt`nrsoap icr Xngmn g`b ]nmuraty gs Xraegry Mc`batac`s icr Bnvnjcpen`t ”  Fuajba`d c` ]trn`dtos g`b Gbbrnssa`d Mogjjn`dns‑‑ a`  N^ Mc`ijamt Xrnvn`tac`, Eg`gdnen`t g`b Vnscjutac` a` Giramg onjb a` Vcen 6?/6 6?/61 1 Kujy Kujy 688 88=, =,  fy A`tnr`gtac`gj A`tnr`gtac`gj Gjnrt g`b ]ginrwcrjb (Vcen; A`tnr`gtac`gj A`tnr`gtac`gj Gjnrt, 688=), p 27. Gvgajgfjn irce ottp;//www.a`tnr`gtac`gj-gjnrt.crd/pbi/pufbnv/N^Giramg%68]nea`grAtgjag`ECIGKujy688=.pbi. 27 Ron Mc`statutavn Gmt as ton mc`statutac`gj trngty ci ton G^. ]nn mcpy gt www. gu6886  gu6 886.dc .dcv.z v.zgg/bcms /bc ms/ln /lnySc yScgu/ gu/ guSgmt .pbi .pb i. 26

 Grtamjn 2(o) ci ton MGG^. Grtamjn 2(k) gjsc pnreat enefnrs tc rnqunst a`tnrvn`tac` tc rnstcrn pngmn g`b stgfajaty tc tonar mcu`trans.

7>

 

ton vgracus crdg`s. =9.

Rc iurtonr strn`dton` ats ats pc pcwn wnrs rs a` egtt egttnr nrss ci mc`i mc`ija jamt mt pr prnv nvn` n`ta tac` c` g`b g`b

rnscjutac`, ton G^ nstgfjasonb ton Xngmn g`b ]nmuraty Mcu`maj (X]M) c` 69 Bnmnefnr  688=,2= tonrnfy prcvaba`d ton fgsas icr ton Giramg` Xngmn g`b ]nmuraty Grmoatnmturn.22 RON GIVAMG@ XNGMN G@B ]NM^VARQ GVMOARNMR^VN

=4 =4..

Ron Ron Giram Giramg` g` Xngm Xngmn n g`b ]nmu ]nmura raty ty Grmo Grmoat atnmt nmtur urn n (GX]G (GX]G)) mcepr mcepras asns ns g `uefn `uefnrr ci 

enmog`ases bnvnjcpnb fy ton G^ icr mc`ijamt prnvn`tac`, eg`gdnen`t g`b rnscjutac`

gs wnjj gs pcst-mc`ijamt rnmc`strumtac` a ` mcjjgfcrgtac` wato suf-rndac`gj crdg`azgtac`s. Ron strumturn, gs socw` a` G``nx F prcvabns icr ton icjjcwa`d; =?.

Ron X]M. 

Ron

X]M  as g stg`ba`d bnmasac`-egla`d crdg` icr ton prnvn`tac`,

eg`gdn eg` gdnen` en`tt g`b rnscjut rnscjutac` ac` ci mc`ija mc`ijamts mts a` Giram Giramg. g. Gs ton mcrn mcrn crdg` crdg` ci GX]G GX]G at igmajatgtns taenjy g`b niiaman`t rnspc`sn tc mc`ijamt g`b mrasas satugtac`s. 2> Gjj ats 7> enefnrs grn njnmtnb wato rnprnsn`tgtac` irce gjj suf-rndac`s ci Giramg. 29 =1.

Xg`nj ci ton Tasn. Ron Xg`nj ci ton Tasn (XT) as gppca`tnb fy ton G^

Gssnefjy. At mc`sasts ci > oadojy rnspnmtnb Giramg` pnrsc`gjatans woc gbvasn ton X]M, u`bnrtgln u`bnrtgln igmt-ia`ba`d igmt-ia`ba`d eassac`s, eassac`s, mc`bumt mc`bumt souttjn souttjn bapjcegmy bapjcegmy g`b enbagtn enbagtn a` icregj g`b a`icregj `ndctagtac`s. 24 28.

Mc`ta`n`tgj Ngrjy Tgr`a`d ]ystne. Ron Mc`ta`n`tgj Ngrjy Tgr`a`d ]ystne

(MNT]) igmajatgtns ton g`tamapgtac` g`b prnvn`tac` ci mc`ijamt. 2? 27.

Giramg` ]tg`bfy Icrmn. Ron Giramg` ]tg`bfy Icrmn (G]I) as mcepcsnb ci 

stg`bfy stg`b fy eujta-ba eujta-basmapja smapja`gry `gry mc`ta`dn`t mc`ta`dn`ts, s, wato mavajag` mavajag` g`b eajatgry eajatgry mcepc`n`ts mcepc`n`ts.. 21 2=

 Ron Xrctcmcj Vnjgta`d tc ton Xngmn g`b ]nmuraty Mcu`maj ci ton G^ n`tnrnb a`tc icrmn c` 69 Bnmnefnr 688=, gitnr  fna`d rgtaianb fy ton rnquarnb egkcraty ci Enefnr ]tgtns ci ton G^. Mcpy gvgajgfjn gt ottp;//www.giramg-u`ac`.crd ottp;//www.giramg-u`ac`.crd..

22

Vnpcrt ci ton Mogarpnrsc` ci ton Giramg` ^`ac` Mceeassac`. Cp Mat. p 9.

2>

 Afab.

29

 Fkÿr` Eÿjjnr, ‚Ron G^ gs g ]nmuraty Gmtcr; Giramg` ]cjutac`s tc Giramg` Xrcfjnes3‑‑ (Mrasas ]tgtns Vnsngrmo Mn`trn, Jc`bc`, 6881), p 76. 24

 A` prgmtamn toas as jalnjy tc eng` enbagta`d fntwnn` wgrra`d drcups cr a` satugtac`s wonrn g mc`ijamt jccls jalnjy. At egy gjsc a`vcjvn g fnoa`b ton smn`ns rcjn ci rgasa`d assuns wato ton X]M togt grn tcc pcjatamgjjy pcjatamgjjy sn`satavn icr gmtavn pcjatamag` pcjatamag`ss tc og`bjn. Afab. p 7=. 2?

 Ngrjy wgr`a`d onrn eng`s cmmurrn`mns togt suddnst togt g scmanty mcujb scc` fn pju`dnb a`tc g vacjn`t satugtac`. Mc`sasts ci g ]atugtac` Vcce jcmgtnb gt ton G^ OW g`b Cfsnrvgtac`/Ec`atcra`d u`ats a` ngmo ci ton > rndac`s tc sogrn a`icregtac` wato ton X]M a` mgsn ci aepn`ba`d mc`ijamts. Togt tc ec`atcr a`mjubn scmagj nvn`ts, nmc`ceam drcwto, n`varc`en`tgj bndrgbgtac`, ecvnen`t ci pncpjn gmrcss a`tnr`gtac`gj a`tnr`gtac`gj fcrbnrs (nvn` tc mcu`trans cutsabn Giramg), trgiiamla`d a` gres g`b geeu`at geeu`atac`, ac`, sprngb ci basngsns, ntm. ]nn Gjfnrt Asggm Cjgwgjn, ‟‟Ron Giramg` ^`ac` g`b Mc`ijamt Eg`gdnen`t‑‑,  Giramg Bnvnjcpen`t, Ycj. ___AA, @c.7 (6884); p >>. 21

 Afab.

79

 

Ngmo rndac`, won` gfjn, wajj prcvabn g fradgbn togt egy fn bnpjcynb g`ywonrn c` ton mc`ta`n`t. 26.

Eajatgry ]tgii Mceeattnn. Ron Eajatgry ]tgii Mceeattnn (E]M) as eng`t tc

gbvasn g`b gssast a` gjj qunstac`s rnjgta`d tc eajatgry g`b snmuraty rnquarnen`ts icr ton  prcectac` g`b ega`tn`g`mn ega`tn`g`mn ci pngmn g`b snmuraty a` Giramg.>8 2=.

Xngmn Iu`b. Ron Xngmn Iu`b prcvabns ton ton `nmnssgry ia`g`magj rnscurmns icr 

 pngmn suppcrt eassac`s g`b ctonr cpnrgtac`gj gmtavatans rnjgtnb tc pngmn g`b snmuraty.>7

22.

Vndac`gj Vndac` gj Nmc`ceam Nmc` ceam Mceeu`atans Mcee u`atans . Vndac`gj Nmc`ceam Mceeu`atans (VNMs) grn

 pgrt ci GX]G g`b ton fuajba`d fjcmls / icu`bgtac`s ci ton G^, nxpnmtnb tc tgln ton jngb a` aepjnen`ta`d ats prcdrges. >6 Gjtocudo ecst VNMs wnrn nstgfjasonb wato nmc`ceam gaes a` ea`b, eg`y ecbaianb tonar eg`bgtns tc n`mcepgss mc`ijamt eg`gdnen`t a` ton 7118s. 7118 s. Xrcea` Xrcea`n`t n`t gec`d gec`d tonsn tonsn grn ton ]cutonr ]cutonr` ` Giramg Giramg` ` Bnvnjc Bnvnjcpen pen`t `t Mceeu` Mceeu`at aty y (]GBM), ton Nmc`ceam Mceeu`aty ci Tnst Giramg` ]tgtns (NMCTG]) g`b ton A`tnr  Dcvnr`en`tgj Gutocraty c` Bnvnjcpen`t (ADGB).>=Ron egp gt G``nx M socws ton egkcr Giramg` VNMs g`b tonar grngs ci a`ijun`mn. GIVAMG@ ^@AC@ A@ARAGRAYN]

2>. 2>.

A` gbbat gbbatac ac` ` tc ton gicrn gicrnen en`t `tac ac`n `nb b enmo enmog` g`as ases es,, to ton n G^ gbcpt gbcptnb nb snvnr snvnrgj gj

a` a`st stru ruen en`t `tss tc rnbu rnbumn mn ton ton rasl rasl ci mc`i mc`ija jamt mt g`b g`b va vacj cjn` n`mn mn c` to ton n mc`t mc`ta` a`n` n`tt g`b g`b mc`scjabgtn pngmn wonrn at ogs fnn` gmoanvnb. Ronsn a`struen`ts rnjgtn tc prcectac` ci bnecmrgtam bnecmrgtam dcvnr`g`mn, dcvnr`g`mn, @NXGB, g`b ton iadot gdga`st mcrruptac`. mcrruptac`.>2Ron Ronsn sn grn basmussnb fnjcw.

>8

Vnpcrt ci ton Mogarpnrsc` ci ton G^ Mceeassac`. Cp Mat. p 4.

>7

 Ron Xngmn Iu`b as egbn up ci g` g``ugj mc`trafutac` ci 9 pnrmn`t ci ton G^ rndujgr fubdnt, gs wnjj gs vcju`tgry mc`trafutac`s irce enefnr stgtns g`b cutsabn bc`crs. ]nn ‚G Mc`ta`n`tgj Xngmnlnnpa`d Icrmn icr ton G^3―  Xngmn Cpnrgtac`s Igmtsonnt ]nrans (Inf 688>) p 6. >6

 Grtamjn 79(7) ci ton X]M Xrctcmcj rnquarns ton X]M g`b ton Mogarpnrsc` ci ton G^ Mceeassac` tc ogrec`azn g`b mccrba`gtn gmtavatans ci VNMs a` ton ianjb ci pngmn, snmuraty g`b stgfajaty, g`b n`surn togt tonsn gmtavatans grn mc`sastn`t wato ton cfknmtavns g`b  pra`mapjns ci ci ton ^`ac` ^`ac`.. >=

 Ron ]GBM Crdg` icr Xcjatams, Bnin`mn g`b ]nmuraty (CXB]) ogs ton gutocraty tc mc`bumt a`tnrvn`tac`s, wontonr bapjcegtam cr  eajatgry, a` mc`ijamts a` ]cuto Giramg woajn ton Enbagtac` g`b ]nmuraty Mcu`maj (E]M) ci NMCTG] , as rnspc`safjn icr gutocrasa`d, mc-crba`gta`d mc-crba`gta `d g`b eg`gda`d gjj a`tnrvn`tac`s a`tnrvn`tac`s,, a`mjuba`d eajatgry g`b bapjcegtam bapjcegtam eassac`s a` ton Tnst Giramg` suf-rndac`. Icr ADGB, ats pngmn g`b snmuraty eg`bgtn icmusns ecrn c` bagjcdun g`b bapjcegtam (rgtonr tog` eajatgry) a`tnrvn`tac`. >2

 ]nn Mcepn`baue ci Lny Oueg` Vadots Bcmuen`ts ci ton G^ (Roarb Nbatac`) gt www. pujp.up.gm.zg /pbi/6884S82/6884 /pbi/6884S82/6884S82.pbi S82.pbi

74

 

29.

Xrcectac` ci Bnecmrgtam Dcvnr`g`mn . Ron G^ a` 6884 gbcptnb gbcptnb ton Giramg` Giramg`

Mogrt Mog rtnr nr c` Bnec Bnecmr mrgmy gmy,, Nj Njnm nmta tac` c`ss g`b g`b Dcvn Dcvnr` r`g` g`mn. mn.>>  At n`mc n`mcurg urgdns dns eujta eujta-pgr -pgrty ty bnecmrgmy, snpgrgtac` ci pcwnrs g`b ton rujn ci jgw g`b egbn at eg`bgtcry tc a`vatn cfsnrvnrs cfsnrv nrs tc njnmtac`s. njnmtac`s. Gjsc, ton Mogrtnr spnmaianb eg`bgtcry eg`bgtcry pn`gjtans pn`gjtans icr usurpnrs usurpnrs ci   pcwnr g`b prcoafats ctonr c tonr stgtns irce suppcrta`d u`mc`statutac`gj mog`dns ci dcvnr`en`t cr ciinra`d gsyjue tc usurpnrs.>9 24.

@nw Xgrt`nrsoap icr Giramg‑s Bnvnjcpen`t.  Ron @nw Xgrt`nrsoap icr icr Giramg‑s Giramg‑s

Bnvnjcpen`t (@NXGB) snnls tc bngj wato ton rcct mgusns ci mc`ijamts sumo gs pcvnrty g`b fgb dcvnr`g`mn torcudo ton mc`scjabgtac` ci bnecmrgtam pra`mapjns. >4 Ron a`struen`t icr toas as ton Giramg` Xnnr Vnvanw Enmog`ase, (GXVE), woamo mceeats enefnrs tc g mcbn ci mc`bumt g`b g systne ci vcju`tgry snji-gssnssen`t ci pcjatamgj g`b nmc`ceam dccb dcvnr`g`mn, wato g vanw tc icstnra`d ton fnst prgmtamns a` tonsn ianjbs. N`dg N` dgdn dnen en`t `t ci Gi Gira ramg mg` ` Ma Mava vajj ]c ]cma mant nty. y. 2?. Ronn mava Ro mavajj scm cmaanty nty og ogvn vn fn fnn` n` a`statuta a`sta tutac`gjazn c`gjazn watoa` ton G^ strumturn strumturn torcudo ton nstgfj nstgfjasoen asoen`t `t ci ton Nmc`ceam,

]cmagj ]cma gj g`b Mujtur Mujturgj gj Mceea Mceeattn ttnnn (NMC]C (NMC]CMM) MM),, ton Xg`-Gi Xg`-Giram ramg` g` Xgrjag Xgrjagen` en`tt g`b ton Mc`inrn`mn c` ]nmuraty, ]tgfajaty, Bnvnjcpen`t g`b g` b Mujturn icr Giramg (M]]BMG). 21 21..

]a`m ]a`mn n n`try n`try a`tc a`tc icrmn icrmn ci ton ton X]M Xrct Xrctcm cmcj cj a` 688= 688=,, sad`ai sad`aiam amg` g`tt prcdr prcdrnss nss ogs ogs

 fnn` egbn a` ton cpnrgtac`gjazgtac` ci GX]G. Toajn ton X]M g`b XT grn iujjy cpnrgtac`gj, lny mcepc`n`ts ci ton MNT] g`b ton G]I ogvn `ct fnn` put a` pjgmn.

>8.

Ir Irce ce ton ton icrn icrndc dca` a`d, d, at as as nvabn nvabn`t `t togt togt ton ton ega` ega` tor torus ustt ci ton ton G^ Enmo Enmog`a g`ase se as as ton ton

g`tamapgtac` g`tamapgta c` g`b prnvn`tac` prnvn`tac` ci mc`ijamt mc`ijamt woajn n`mcurgda`d n`mcurgda`d pngmn egla`d (enbagtac` (enbagtac`)) wonrn mc`ijamts ogvn gjrngby cmmurrnb usa`d mavaj cr eajatgry cfsnrvgtac` drcups. At gjsc  prcvabns icr pcst-mc`ijamt pngmn fuajba`d g`b ^@ gssastg`mn, socujb ton mc`ijamt iurtonr  bndn`nrgtn.

>>

 Ron Giramg` Mogrtnr c` Bnecmrgmy, Njnmtac`s g`b Dcvnr`g`mn nxpjamatjy rninrrnb tc ton mgusgj ja`l fntwnn` u`mc`statutac`gj mog`dns ci dcvnr`en`t g`b a`snmuraty, a`snmuraty, a`stgfajaty g`b vacjn`t mc`ijamt a` Giramg. ]nn Fkÿr` Eÿjjnr. Cp Mat, p 78. Gjsc mcpy ci Mogrtnr  gvgajgfjn gt ottp;//www.giramg   u`ac`.crd/rcct/G^/Bcmuen`ts/Rrngtans/tnxt/Mogrtnr%68c`%68Bnecmrgmy.pbi  >9

  Xn`gjtan Xn`gjtanss a`mj a`mjubn ubn aeenba aeenbagtn gtn suspn`sac` suspn`sac` irce G^ gmta gmtavata vatans, ns, fg` irce iuturn iuturn njnmtac` njnmtac`ss g`b irce ocjba`d ocjba`d g`y pcsa pcsatac` tac` ci  rnspc`safajaty a` pcjatamgj a`statutac`s g`b tragj fnicrn g mcepntn`t mcurt ci ton G^. >4

Kgllan Majjanrs, ―Xngmn g`b ]nmuraty torcudo Dccb Dcvnr`g`mn; Dcvnr`g`mn; G Duabn tc ton @NXGB GXVE―  A`statutn icr ]nmuraty ]tubans Cmmgsac`gj Xgpnr 48, Gpraj 688=.

7?

 

>7.

Dca`d Dca`d fy a`stat a`statuta utac`gj c`gj sntups sntups,, at at mg` mg` fn mc`mju mc`mjubnb bnb ttogt ogt ton G^ gppn gppngr gr sa`m sa`mnrn nrn a` ats ats

bntnre bnt nrea`g a`gtac tac` ` tc iujia iujiajj g sufstg sufstg`ta `tagjj gjjy y n`jgrd n`jgrdnb nb g`b eumo eumo ecrn ecrn rcfust rcfust rcjn a` ton  prnvn`tac`, eg`gdnen`t g`b rnscjutac` ci Giramg` mc`ijamts. Ron nv nvcjva`d cjva`d rcjns ci G^ a` mc mc`i `ija jamt mt satu satugt gtac ac`s `s a` Gira Giramg mg sa sa`m `mnn a`gu a`gudu durg rgta tac` c`,, wajj wajj sn snrv rvnn gs g pc pca` a`tn tnrr tc ton ton rnspc`savn`nss, niinmtavn`nss g`b prcspnmts icr G^ a` snmuraty g`b bnvnjcpen`t. XGVR = NYCJYA@D VCJN CI GIVAMG@ ^@AC@

>6.

Ron Ron G^, torcud torcudo o ton suf-r suf-rnd ndac ac`g `gjj fcba fcbans ns g`b cton ctonrr a`tnr a`tnr`gt `gtac ac`gj `gj cr crdg` dg`az azgt gtac ac`s `s

jaln ^@, ogs fnn` a`vcjvnb a` pursua`d pngmn g`b snmuraty a` scen Giramg` mcu`trans, a` grngs, sumo gs suppcrt icr bnecmrgtam dcvnr`g`mn, g`b pngmnlnnpa`d niicrts/ summnss wgs nvabn`t a` onr pngmnlnnpa`d cpnrgtac` gmrcss a` mc`ijamt-rabbn` Giramg. ENBAGRAC@G@B ]^XXCVRICV BNECMVGMQ.

>=.. >=

Ron G^ basp baspgt gtmo monb nb spnm spnmag agjj n`vcys vcys tc grng grngss rgvgd gvgdnb nb fy mc` mc`ij ijaamt sum umo o gs

Furu`ba, ]ubg`, Egja g`b Mcecrcs g`b wcrlnb wato ton ^@ tc enbagtn mc`ijamts a` Nratrng/Ntoacpag, Mòtn b‑Avcarn g`b Jafnrag. At gjsc bnpjcynb igmt-ia`ba`d eassac`s tc Vwg`bg g`b BVM a` crbnr tc cpn` up `nw prcspnmts icr pngmn g`b stgfajaty a` ton Drngt Jglns rndac`. A` ngrjy 688?, G^ spnmaiamgjjy mc`statutnb Xg`nj ci Nea`n`t Xnrsc`s onjpnb tc enbagtn ton pcst-njnmtac` pcjatamgj mrasas a` Ln`yg. >? >2.

Ron G^ gjsc rnmcrbnb scen summnssns a` prcecta`d bnecmrgmy c` ton mc`ta`n`t.

A` 68 688>, 8>, at susp suspn` n`bn bnb b Rcdc Rcdc g`b Egur Egurat atg` g`ag ag irce irce gjj gjj ^`ac ^`ac` ` gm gmta tava vata tans ns icjj icjjcw cwa` a`d d u`mc`st u`mc `statu atutac tac`gj `gj mog`dns mog`dns ci dcvnr`e dcvnr`en`t n`t.. Icjjcw Icjjcwa`d a`d bnecmr bnecmrgta gtamm njnmta njnmtac`s c`s a` tonsn tonsn mcu`trans, tonar enefnrsoaps wnrn rnstcrnb. G^ gjsc ec`atcrnb ton 6889 njnmtac`s a` [gefag, bnmjgra`d tone tc fn irnn g`b igar. >1Ecrn tog` 71 prnsabn`tagj g`b pgrjagen`tgry njnmtac`s wnrn onjb a` 7? Giramg` mcu`trans a` 6884, woajn g jgrdn egkcraty n`kcy rasa`d jnvnjs ci prcspnraty g`b `cregjazgtac` ci irgdajn stgtn satugtac`s.98 >>.

A` g inw mgsns, ton G^ ogb tc a`tnrvn`n tc n`icrmn g scjutac` tc pcjatamgj mrasas.

A` 6889, >88 scjbanrs g`b pcjamn ciiamnrs wnrn bnpjcynb u`bnr GEA]NM 97  tc onjp >?

 @bu`d'u Tga`ga`g, ‚Rrafu`gj Dccb Mog`mn tc N`b Aepu`aty―. @gtac`, 67 @cvnefnr 688?.  688?. ottp;//www.`gtac`.mc.ln/cpnb/Cpa`ac` .

>1

 Gjfnrt Asggm Cjgwgjn, Cp Mat. p 98.

98

 Inbnramg Egrzc, ‟‟Ecrn Rrnns Ogvn Igjjn`…Fut Igjjn`…Fut ton Icrnst as ]tajj Drcwa`d; Vnmn`t Rrn`bs a` Giramg` Xcjatams‑‑, Xcjatams‑‑,  Xcjamy A`sadots  @c. 9= (Gpraj 688?); p 7.www.cnmb.crd/bnv/a`sadots. 97

 GEA]NM - G^ Eassac` icr ]uppcrt tc ton Njnmtac`s a` ton Mcecrcs.

71

 

mrngtn g snmurn n`varc`en`t icr irnn g`b igar njnmtac`s a` Mcecrcs. 96 Gjsc a` ngrjy 688?, at gutocraznb eajatgry a`vgsac` ci ]cegjag tc rnstcrn jgw g`b crbnr woajn g kca`t eajatgry cpnrgtac` wgs jgu`monb a` BVM tc `nutrgjazn ton Jcrb‑s Vnsastg`mn Grey  fgsn a` Bnm 688?. G^ sgw sgw tc ton ton rna`stgtnen`t ci mc`statutac`gj rujn a` Dua`ng Fa Fass ssgu gu a` 68 6881 81 woajn woajn nii niicrt crtss grn c`dca` c`dca`d d tcwgrb tcwgrbss ton rnstcr rnstcrgta gtac` c` ci bnecmr bnecmrgmy gmy a`

Dua`ng Mc`glry.9=A` @adnrag, njnmtac` cfsnrvnr drcups jnb fy Xrnsabn`t ci Dog`g wgs barnmtnb fy G^ tc ec`atcr ton 687> Dn`nrgj Njnmtac`. ]aeajgrjy, G^ bnpjcys g` njnmtac` cfsnrvnr eassac` tc ^dg`bg c` 7? Infrugry 6879 g`b upmcea`d njnmtac` a` @adnr  Vnpufjams, Mn`trgj Giramg` Vnpufjams g`b Fn`a` Vnpufjams. XNGMNLNNXA@D.

>9 >9..

Ron Ron G^'s G^'s iars iarstt eaj eajat atgr gry y a`tnr `tnrvn vn`t `taac` a` g ene enefn fnrr stgt tgtn wgs wgs ton ton Egy 688= 688=

bnpjcyen`t ci g pngmnlnnpa`d icrmn tc Furu`ba tc cvnrsnn ton aepjnen`tgtac` ci ton vgracus gdrnnen`ts. G^ trccps wnrn gjsc bnpjcynb a` ]ubg`, ]cegjag, Egja g`b BVM icr   pngmnlnnpa`d. Toajn ecst ci tonsn eassac`s ogb eaxnb rnsujts, mratams ogvn sgab togt ton icrmns grn jgrdnjy a`niinmtavn bun tc jgml ci iu`bs, pnrsc``nj, g`b nxpnrtasn.  Rcbgy, G^ as n`dgdnb ega`jy a` mc`scjabgta mc`scjabgta`d `d pngmn c` ton mc`ta`n`t woajn igmajatgta igmajatgta`d `d ^@ pngmn fuajba`d gmtavatans a` mcu`trans nenrda`d irce mc`ijamt.92Vnmn`tjy, ton G^ gt ats 69 ]ueeats prcpcsnb tc sn`b gfcut >,888 strc`d pngmnlnnpa`d icrmns tc wgr-tcr` Furu`ba. Ocwnvnr, toas pjg` wgs sonjvnb< a`stngb G^ g``cu`mnb g bnpjcyen`t ci bnjndgtns tc `ndctagtn g scjutac` gmmnptgfjn tc Xrnsabn`t @luru`zazg. >4.

Niicrts gt ton ]uf-Vndac`gj Jnvnj .

G^‑s

suppcrt

tc

suf-rndac`gj

a`atag a`a tagtav tavns ns ogs gjsc gjsc yanjbn yanjbnb b pngmn pngmn bavabn bavabn`bs `bs.. Ron NMCTG] NMCTG] pngmnl pngmnlnnp nnpa`d a`d icrmn icrmn (NMCECD)9> ogs fnn` gfjn tc murtgaj ton mrasns a` Jafnrag, ]anrrg Jnc`n g`b Mòtn b‑Avcarn mrngta`d mc`batac`s icr ton rntur` ci `cregjmy a` Tnst Giramg. ]aeajgrjy, ADGB ADG B jn jnb b ton ton en enba bagt gtac ac` ` a`at a`atag agta tavn vnss togt togt pr prcb cbum umnb nb to ton n Rr Rrg` g`sa sata tac` c`gj gj In Inbn bnrg rgjj Dcvnr`en`t (RID) a` ]cegjag a` 6882 mujea`gta`d a` ton icregtac` ci GEA]CE 99 a` Kg`ugry 6884. VNMs grn gjsc a`vcjvnb a` gmtac`s tc prnvn`t prcjainrgtac` g`b mrcss96

]AXVA Qngrfccl 6884 Gregen`ts, Basgregen`t g`b A`tnr`gtac`gj ]nmuraty (^L; Cxicrb ^`avnrsaty Xrnss, 6884), p 7==.

9=

 Vnpcrt ci ton Mogarpnrsc` ci ton G^ Mceeassac`.Cp Mat. p 72.

92

 Xrcdrnss Vnpcrt ci ton ^@ ]nmrntgry-Dn`nrgj. Cp Mat. p 1.

9>NMCTG] Ec`atcra`d Drcup. 99

Giramg` ^`ac` Eassac` a` ]cegjag.

68

 

 fcrbnr ijcw ci segjj gres g`b jadot jadot wngpc`s.94 >?.

Mjcsn Mjcs n Vnjgtac`s Vnjgtac`s wato A`tnr`gtac`gj Fcbans . Ron X X]M ]M ogs ogs bnvnjcp bnvnjcpnb nb mjcsn mjcsn

rnjgtac`s wato ton ^@ g`b ctonr a`tnr`gtac`gj crdg`azgtac`s rnsujta`d a` aeprcvnb suppcrt tc ton G^ pgrtamujgrjy a` mgpgmaty fuajba`d g`b iu`ba`d. 9?  A` dn`nrgj, ton gm gmoa oanv nvne nen` n`ts ts rnmc rnmcrb rbnb nb sc igr igr fy ton ton G^ grc grcusn usn scen scen cptaea cptaease se rndgrb rndgrba`d a`d ton

niinmtavn`nss g`b niiamgmy ci ats enmog`ases icr mc`ijamt rnscjutac`. Qnt, c`n mg` ogrbjy sgy wato drngt mc`vamtac` togt ton tabn ci mc`ijamt togt n`dujinb ton Giramg` mc`ta`n`t a` ton 7118s 7118s ogs ia`gjj ia`gjjy y tur`nb tur`nb.. Ron njusav njusavnn pngmn pngmn a` ]cegja ]cegjag, g, ton mc`ta` mc`ta`unun-ins instnr tnra`d a`d  prcfjnes a` BVM, Egja, Ndypt, Jafyg g`b ton irgdajn pngmn a` ]cuto-]ubg` grn g inw u`rnscjvnb mc`ijamts togt ogvn tnstnb ton mrnbafajaty ci ton G^ enmog`ases. NIICVRRC ICVDN VNDAC@GJ NMC@CEAM MCCXNVGRAC@ .

>1.

A` ton ton `a`nt `a`ntnn nn`t `to o mn`tur mn`tury, y, ton ton mc`ta` mc`ta`n` n`tt tranb tranb tc gbvg` gbvg`mn mn nmc`c nmc`cea eamg mgjj jjy y sc gs tc

mgtmo up wato bnvnjcpnb mcu`trans. Gmmcrba`djy, tc fccst trgbn gec`d Giramg` mcu`trans eg`y rndac`gj nmc`ceam mceeu`atans ogvn fnn` mrngtnb cvnr ton jgst inw bnmgbns. ]cen ci ton aepcrtg`t Giramg` rndac`gj crdg`azgtac`s grn gs; 98.

Giramg` Giram g` Nmc`ceam Nmc`ceam Mceeu`aty Mceeu`aty  (GNM). GNM GNM as g` crdg crdg`a `azg zgta tac` c` ci Gi Gira ramg mg` `

^`ac` stgtns nstgfjasoa`d drcu`bs icr eutugj nmc`ceam bnvnjcpen`t gec`d ton egkcraty ci Giramg` stgtns. Ron enefnr stgtns grn ecu`ta`d niicrts tc mcjjgfcrgtn nmc`ceamgjjy,  fut grn aepnbnb fy mavaj wgrs rgda`d a` pgrts ci Giramg. Ron stgtnb dcgjs ci ton crdg`azgtac` crdg`a zgtac` a`mjubn ton mrngtac` ci irnn trgbn grngs, mustces u`ac`s, g sa`djn sa`djn egrlnt, egrlnt, g mn`trgj fg`l g`b g mceec` murrn`my tous nstgfjasoa`d g` nmc`ceam g`b ec`ntgry u`ac`. 97.

]cutonr` Giramg` Bnvnjcpen`t Mceeu`aty (]GBM) .

]GBM91  as g` a`tnr 

dcvnr`en`tgj crdg`azgtac` icrenb a` Jusglg [gefag c` Gpraj 77, 71?8. At iurtonrs scmacnmc`ceam mccpnrgtac` g`b a`tndrgtac` gs wnjj gs pcjatamgj g`b snmuraty mccpnrgtac` gec`d 7> scutonr` Giramg` mcu`trans. At mcepjnen`ts ton rcjn ci ton Giramg` ^`ac`. 96.

Nmc`ce Nmc `ceam am Mceeu` Mceeu`aty aty ci Tnst Tnst Giramg Giramg` ` ]tgtns ]tgtns (NMCTG] (NMCTG])).NMC .NMCTG TG] ] as g

rndac`gj drcup ci iaitnn` Tnst Giramg` mcu`trans, icu`bnb c` Egy 6?, 714> wato ton sad`a`d ci ton Rrngty ci Jgdcs. Ats eassac` as tc prcectn nmc`ceam a`tndrgtac`. At wgs 94

 Xrcdrnss Vnpcrt ci ton ^@ ]nmrntgry-Dn`nrgj. ]nmrntgry-Dn`nrgj. Cp Mat. p 79.

9?

 Y.L. Ocjt, ‟‟Egla`d Mc`ijamtVnsc Mc`ijamtVnscjutac` jutac` g`bXrnvn`tac` g`bXrnvn`tac` a` Giramg g Rcp Xracraty‑‑- D?-Giramg Gmtac` Xjg` g`b Mc`sabnrgtac`s icr  ]ng Asjg`b =7 Egr 6882 6882,,  fy ton D?-Giramg Xgrt`nrsoap Xrcknmt ci ton Mcu`maj c` Icrnad` Vnjgtac`s(Tgsoa`dtc` Vnjgtac`s(Tgsoa`dtc` BM; D?-Giramg Xgrt`nrsoap Xrcknmt,6882),p-4. Xrcknmt,6882),p-4.

91

n`.walapnbag.crd/wala/]cutonr`SGiram n`.walapnbag.crd/ wala/]cutonr`SGiramg`SBnvnjcpen`tSMce g`SBnvnjcpen`tSMceeu`aty. eu`aty.

67

 

icu`bnb icu `bnb tc gmoanvn gmoanvn "mcjjn "mcjjnmta mtavn vn snji-s snji-suii uiiama aman`m n`my" y" icr ton enefnr enefnr stgtns stgtns fy eng`s eng`s ci  nmc`ceam g`b ec`ntgry u`ac` mrngta`d g sa`djn jgrdn trgba`d fjcm. 9=.

Nmc`ceam Mceeu`aty ci Mn`trgj Giramg` ]tgtns (NMMG]) .

NMMG] NMMG] as g`

crdg`azgtac` icr prcectac` ci rndac`gj nmc`ceam mccpnrgtac` a` mn`trgj Giramg. At gaes tc gmoanvn mcjjnmtavn gutc`cey, rgasn ton stg`bgrb ci java`d ci ats pcpujgtac`s g`b ega`tga` nmc`ceam stgfajaty torcudo ogrec`acus mccpnrgtac`. At wgs nstgfjasonb c` 7? Cmtcfnr, 71??. ]cen ci ton enefnrs a`mjubn Furu`ba, Mgenrc`, Mn`trgj Giramg` Vnpufjam, Dgfc` g`b G`dcjg. 92.

Mceec`

Egrlnt

icr

Ngstnr`

g`b

]cutonr`

Giramg

(MCEN]G)

MCEN]G48as g prninrn`tagj trgba`d grng wato twn`ty enefnr stgtns strntmoa`d irce Jafyg tc [aefgfwn. MCEN]G icrenb a` Bnmnefnr 7112, rnpjgma`d g prninrn`tagj trgbn grng togt ogb nxastnb sa`mn 71?7. @a`n ci ton enefnr stgtns icrenb g irnn trgbn grng a` 6888, wato Vwg`bg g`b Furu`ba kca`a`d ton IRG a` 6882 g`b ton Mcecrcs g`b Jafyg a` 6889. MCEN]G as c`n ci ton pajjgrs ci ton Giramg` Nmc`ceam Mceeu`aty. MOGJJN MOG JJN@DN] @DN] ICV GIVAMG@ ^@AC@ 

9>.

Ron mogjjn` mogjjn`dns dns mc`irc mc`irc`ta `ta`d `d Giram Giramgg ^`ac` ^`ac` a` ats ats purs pursuat uat ci ocja ocjasta stamm bnvnjc bnvnjcpen pen`t `t grn grn

eg`y. eg `y. Rony Rony rg`d rg`dnn ir irce ce pcjat pcjatam amgj gj,, nmc`c nmc`cea eam, m, nb nbumg umgta tac`g c`gjj g`b g`b a`ir a`irgs gstr trum umtu turg rgjj tc tnmo`cjcdamgj, sman`taiam g`b scmacjcdamgj. Ronsn mogjjn`dns grn a`ijun`mnb fy nxtnr`gj g`b a`tnr`gj igmtcrs. Toajn scen ci ton nxtnr`gj igmtcrs grn ja`lnb tc `nc-mcjc`agjase, ton a` a`tn tnr` r`gj gj ig igmt mtcr crss grn grn brav bravn` n` fy Gira Giramg mg`s `s to tone nesn snjv jvns ns8 $7>8 fajj fajjac ac` ` g``ug g``ugjj jjy. y.

]cen ]cen nm nmc` c`ce ceas asts ts grdu grdunn togt togt Gi Gira ramg mg` `

dcvnr`e dcvn r`en`t n`tss `nnb `nnb tc iadot iadot mcrrup mcrruptac tac` ` a`stng a`stngb b ci rnjya` rnjya`d d c` icrnad icrnad` ` gab. gab. Fut g`tag`tamcrruptac` niicrts c` ton Mc`ta`n`t ogvn socw` eaxnb rnsujts a` rnmn`t yngrs g`b egkcr  a`tnr`gtac`gj pgrt`nrs grn u`wajja`d tc nxnrt jnvnrgdn cvnr Giramg` dcvnr`en`ts bun tc ton  fn`niats tony gjsc bnravn irce mcrruptac` a` Giramg. ]cen nxpnrts nxp nrts tonrnicrn suddnst togt

6>

 

Giramg` a`tnrnst a` gttrgmta`d icrnad` a`vnsten`t wajj snrvn tc spur ecrn sufstg`tavn niicrts tc iadot mcrruptac`. Mcrruptac` a` Giramg rg`dns irce oado-jnvnj pcjatamgj drgit c` ton smgjn ci eajjac`s ci bcjjgrs tc jcw-jnvnj frafns tc pcjamn ciiamnrs cr mustces ciiamagjs. Toajn pcjatamgj drgit aepcsns ton jgrdnst barnmt ia`g`magj mcst c` g mcu`try, pntty frafns ogvnn g mc ogv mcrr rrcs csav avnn niin niinmt mt c` fgsa fgsamm a` a`st stat atut utac ac`s `s g`b u`bnr u`bnrea ea`n `n pu pufj fjam am trus trustt a` ton ton dcvnr`en`t. Cvnr ogji ci Ngst Giramg`s pcjjnb pgab frafns tc gmmnss pufjam snrvamns togt grn eng`t tc fn irnnjy gvgajgfjn, gmmcrba`d tc ton 6881 Ngst Giramg` Frafnry A`bnx mcepaj mce pajnb nb fy Rrg`sp Rrg`spgrn grn`my `my A`tnr` A`tnr`gta gtac`gj c`gj.. Gmgbnea Gmgbneamm rnsngr rnsngrmo mo socws socws togt togt g c`n-pca c`n-pca`t `t aeprcvnen`t a` g mcu`try's Rrg`spgrn`my A`tnr`gtac`gj mcrruptac` smcrn as mcrrnjgtnb wato g prcbumtavaty a`mrngsn nqugj tc 2 pnr mn`t ci DBX. Gmmcrba`d tc @uou Vafgbu ton icrenr  ongb ci @adnrag's g`ta-mcrruptac` mceeassac` bura`d g` a`tnrvanw wato  Fusa`nss Tnnl a` Ku`n 6881, "Ai ycu gttgml mcrruptac`, at's ton fnst wgy tc gttgml pcvnrty". ^`gbbrnssnb, n`bneam mcrruptac` mg` gjsc icstnr u`rnst. Ron rnmn`t a`surdn`my a` ton @adnr Bnjtg rndac` ci @adnrag wgs iunjjnb fy mjgaes togt mceeu`atans a` ton grng bc `ct snn tg`dafjn  fn`niats irce caj nxtrgmtac` c` tonar jg`b< dcvnr`en`t ciiamagjs sapoc` eumo ci ton caj rnvn`un eng`t icr ton Bnjtg‑s matazn`s . Ron prcspnmts ci ton Giramg` mc`ta`n`t a` ton twn`ty-iarst mn`tury mg` tonrnicrn `ct fn rngjasnb ai ton jnvnj ci mcrruptac` togt prnvgajs gec`dst ats matazn`s mc`ta`uns u`eatadgtnb. 47.

Xrcjainrgtac` ci ]egjj Gres.

Mc`t Mc`trrcj ci se segj gjjj ggrres a` Gir Giram amgg as as nss nssn` n`ttagj agjjy

baiiamujt bun tc ton pcrcus `gturn ci ecst fcrbnrs, wngl g`b u`bnr rnscurmnb n`icrmnen`t mgpgmaty, mgpgma ty, oado jnvnjs jnvnjs ci surpjus stcmls g`b wnjj nstgfjasonb nstgfjasonb ajjndgj suppjy moga`s.42 Roas eadot kust fn ton rngsc` woy sustga`gfjn pngmn ogs rnega`nb njusavn a` pjgmns jaln ]cegj ]ce gjag ag,, BVM, BVM, Egja Egja g`b `cw Ndypt Ndypt g`b Ja Jafyg fyg bn bnsp spat atnn ton ton niic niicrt rtss ci G^ g`b g`b ton ton a`tnr`gtac`gj mceeu`aty. Rgmlja`d toas prcfjne wajj rnquarn mceprnon`savn gmtac` sumo gs basgregen`t, bnecfajazgtac` g`b rn-a`tndrgtac` ci mcefgtg`ts. 46.

Xngmn Iu`b. Ron G^‑s mc`ij mc`ijamt amt rnscjutac` enmog`ase enmog`ase ogs snracus mc`strga`ts bun

tc a`suiiaman`t iu`ba`d. Ron G^ g`b ats prnbnmnsscr ton CG^ wnrn u`gfjn tc suiiaman`tjy rgasn iu`bs irce tonar cw` fubdnts tc pngmn iu`bs. Jgml ci iu`bs ogepnrnb rcfust mc`ijamt rnscjutac` niicrts. Iurtonrecrn, socrtgdn ci iu`bs rnega`s g egkcr mogjjn`dn tc

42

^LBIAB Mc`sujtgtac` Mc`sujtgtac` Bcmuen`t. Cp Mat. p 68.

69

 

ton summnss summnss ci ton G^‑s enmog` enmog`ase ases< s< on`mn on`mn eg`y eg`y ci ton G]I gmtava gmtavatan tanss grn bc`cr  iu`bnb.4> Toajn scen Giramg` stgtns ogvn wngl nmc`ceam fgsns, ctonrs saepjy rniusn tc  pgy icr tonar enefnrsoap buns. bu ns. Ron pnrsastn`t jgml ci iu`b a`oafats ton G^‑s mgpgmaty tc nstgfjaso g`b sustga` ton G]I wato ton rnquasatn mgpgfajaty tc n`icrmn ats rnscjutac`s. Gjj enefnr `gtac`s grn nxpnmtnb tc pgy tonar mcepujscry sufsmraptac` tc G^ wonrn 9% as g``ugjjy bnbamgtnb gs Xngmn Iu`b. Ron Iu`b as usnb tc ogr`nss g`b bnpjcy pngmn-egla`d rnscurmns a` Giramg.49 ]a`mn Grtamjn 6= ci ton Mc`statutavn Gmt prnsmrafnb sg`mtac`s icr  bnigujt a` pgyen`t ci enefnrsoap buns, ton G^ mcujb aepcsn sg`mtac`s c` bnigujta`d `gtac`s tc snrvn gs bntnrrn`mn tc ctonrs. Gmmcrba`djy, G^ wcujb fn rnquarnb tc a`vcjvn  @c` Dcvnr`en`tgj Crdg`azgtac`s (@DCs), prcinssac`gj gsscmagtac`s g`b mavaj scmanty crdg`azgtac` crdg`a zgtac`ss tc pgrtamapgtn pgrtamapgtn a` ton aepjnen`tgt aepjnen`tgtac` ac` ci ton Nmc`ceam, ]cmagj g`b Mujturgj Mujturgj Mcu`maj Mcu` maj (NMC]CMM (NMC]CMM)) ci ton G^. A` gbba gbbatac tac`, `, @NXGB @NXGB prcdrg prcdrges es wcujb wcujb `nnb tc fn n`mcurgdnb a` crbnr tc prcvabn sustga`gfjn bnvnjcpen`t g`b nmc`ceam nepcwnren`t `nmnssgry tc rnbumn ton smcurdn ci mc`ijamts a` Giramg. 4=.

Ron pnrsastn`mn ci pcvnrty . Xcvnrty rnega`s c`n ci ton ecst mogjjn`dns aepnba`d

ton rngjaz rngjazgta gtac` c` ci eg`y eg`y ctonr ctonr dcgjs dcgjs togt togt Giramg Giramg `nnbs `nnbs icr bnvnjcpen bnvnjcpen`t. `t. Gs g`gjys g`gjystt cfsnrvnb, ecrn tog` ogji ci ton pncpjn ci Giramg murrn`tjy javn c` jnss tog` c`n ^] Bcjjgr  g bgy.44 Rous, pnrvgsavn pcvnrty prcpnjs mc`ijamts gjc`d mceeu`gj, nto`am, rnjadacus g`b rndac`gj ja`ns. Bun tc pcvnrty, ton ngsn wato woamo wgrjcrbs rnmruat ycu`d pncpjn tc tonar  grenb fg`bs mcujb fn g iu`mtac` ci u`nepjcyen`t g`b pcvnrty. Iurtonrecrn, ton oado a` a`ma mabn` bn`mn mn ci a` a`tn tnrr-mce mceeu eu`g `gjj mc`i mc`ija jamt mt jaln jaln togt togt a` Bgri Bgriur ur mcuj mcujb b fn gttr gttraf afut utnb nb tc mcepnt mce pntata atac` c` cvnr cvnr smgrmn smgrmn rnscur rnscurmns mns g`b pnrsas pnrsastn` tn`mn mn ci pcvnrt pcvnrty. y. Rous, Rous, pcvnrty pcvnrty mcujb mcujb irustrgtn ton G^‑s mc`ijamt rnscjutac` enmog`ases g`b bnvnjcpen`t niicrts a` Giramg. Gs sumo, ton G^ `nnbs tc prcectn bnvnjcpen`t strgtndans wato nepogsas c` snji-rnjag`mn g`b snji-s snj i-sust ustga` ga`a`d a`d bnvnjcp bnvnjcpen` en`tt a` ton mc`ijam mc`ijamtt prc`n prc`n Giramg Giramg` ` mcu`tr mcu`trans ans.. A` toas toas rndgrb rndgrb,, Giramg` mcu`trans mcujb sufsmrafn tc ton @NXGB prcdrges gs g stgrta`d pca`t tc igmajatgtn sustga`gfjn bnvnjcpen`t a` Giramg.

4>

^`strumturnb ^`strumturn b A`tnrvanw wato Egk Dn` Ogssg` Jga.

49

Xrctcmcj Vnjgta`d tc ton Nstgfjasoen`t ci ton X]M. Grtamjn 67.

44

Dncrdns @zc`dcjg-@tgjgkg, Barnmtcr, ^@BX ‚Dccb Dcvnr`g`mn g`b Mc`ijamt Eg`gdnen`t, Tajj ton G^ Egln g baiinrn`mn3― jnmturn gt, @crwndag` Xngmn-fuajba`d Nepcwnren`t Xrcdrgeen, Csjc @crwgy, 2 ]np 6886 gt, ottp;//www.u`bp.crd/csjcmn`trn/bcmscsjc/pufjamgtac`s/Dccb%68dcvnr`g`mn%68g`b%68mc`ijamt%68eg`gdnen`ts.bcm.

64

 

42.

Tngl Cpnrgtac`gj ]trumturn. Ron G^ a`onratnb ecst ci ton strumturns g`b jcw

mgpgmaty ci ton bniu`b CG^. Ron CG^ strumturn wgs wngl, furngumrgtam g`b furbn`nb  fy ia`g`magj bniamat.4?Roas pon`cen`c` wgs mc`iarenb fy Moani ci ]tgii (MC]) G]I, won` on cfsnrvnb togt ton G^ Xngmn ]uppcrt Cpnrgtac`s Bavasac` (X]CB) wgs drcssjy u`bnrstgiinb g`b fgbjy strumturnb tc aepjnen`t ton G]I Vcgbegp. Bun tc ton wngl  mgpgmat mgpg maty y ci ton G^, ats gfajaty gfajaty tc prnvn`t prnvn`t vacjn`t vacjn`t mc`ijam mc`ijamts ts a` ton mc`ta`n`t mc`ta`n`t rnega` rnega`ss jaeatnb. A` toas rndgrb, summnss a` rnscjva`d mc`ijamts egy rnquarn dn`ua`n niicrts fy gjj stglnocjbnrs tc rnvatgjazn ton strumturn ci ton G^‑s enmog`ases icr sustga`gfjn pngmn, snmuraty g`b stgfajaty a` ton mc`ta`n`t. ]a`mn ton G^‑s eg`bgtn as frcgb fut wngl a` bnjavnry, at mcujb a` ton socrt tnre a`vnst ongvajy a` ats enmog`ases woajn a`tnr`gtac`gj  pgrt`nrs mcujb fn a`vatnb tc bnvnjcp ton oueg` rnscurmns `nmnssgry tc cpnrgtac`gjazn ton G]I niinmtavnjy. 4>.

Xrcjainrgt Xrcja inrgtac` ac` ci Vndac`gj Vndac`gj Nmc`ceam Nmc`ceam Mceeu`ata Mceeu`atans ns . Cvnrjgp Cvnrjgppa` pa`d d eg`bgt eg`bgtns ns ci 

VNMs mcujb pcsn g `uefnr ci mcepjamgtac`s tc ton G^. Ron prcjainrgtac` ci VNMs g`b eujtapjn enefnrsoaps fy enefnr mcu`trans mcujb mrngtn g mc`ijamt ci a`tnrnsts togt as bntraen`tgj tc ton X]M. ]cen ci Giramg‑s VNMs grn pgrgjytam g`b wngl woajn ctonrs jaln NMCTG] grn pcwnriuj g`b rnjgtavnjy fnttnr iu`bnb. 41Ron VNMs ogvn bnvnjcpnb g`b gssuenb bavasavn pcwnrs a` pgrt pcssafjy bun tc ton oastcram a`gfajaty ci ton CG^ tc nstgfjaso iu`mtac`gj mc`ijamt rnscjutac` enmog`ases icr Giramg. Ron Mc`statutavn Gmt ci  ton G^ g`b ton X]M ogvn rgtac`gjaznb ton stgtus ci ton VNMs g`b mrngtnb icregj enmog`ases icr a`tnrigmn.?8 Ron G^‑s X]M rnjgtac`s wato ton ^@ grn a` gmmcrbg`mn wato ton prcvasac`s ci Mogptnr YAAA ci ton ^@ Mogrtnr. Bun tc ton pnmujagraty ci ton mc`ijamts a` ton suf-rndac`s g`b ton `nnb tc rnscjvn tone tc icstnr sustga`gfjn scmac-nmc`ceam drcwto, ton VNMs mcujb tgajcr tonar gmtavatans tc rnbumn bupjamgtac`s, ogrec`azn pcjamans g`b prcmnburns wato ton X]M a` crbnr tc mcepjnen`t ton G^‑s X]M niicrts. 49.

Tngl Vndac`gj Nmc`ceam Mceeu`atans . Ror Rorcudo cudo ton bnmasav bnmasavnn gmtac` gmtac`ss ci ton

NMCTG] Ec`atcra`d Drcup (NMCECD), ton Tnst Giramg suf-rndac` ogs bnec`strgtnb ton wajj g`b mgpgmaty mgpgmaty tc tgmljn tgmljn grenb mc`ijamts mc`ijamts watoa` ton suf rndac`. rndac`. Ocwnvnr ton sgen 4?

‚Kustamn Giramg―,  Giramg―, ottp;//www.kustamngiramg.crd/ tcwgrbs%68g`%68 niinmtavn%68gu egy8=.ote#tcpgdn.

41

‚Rcwgrbs g` Niinmtavn ^`ac`; Xgrtamapgtac`, A`statutac` g`b Jngbnrsoap―, ottp;//www.kustamngiramg.crd/tcwgrbs%68g`%68niinmtavn %68guSegy8=.ote#tcpgdn ?8

Xrctcmcj Vnjgta`d tc ton Nstgfjasoen`t ci ton X]M ci ton G^, Grtamjn 79.

6?

 

mg``ct fn sgab ci ton ctonr VNMs. G djgra`d nxgepjn as Ngstnr` Giramg wonrn ton Ngst Giramg` Fradgbn (NG]RFVAD) bab `ct socw eumo a`tnrnst a` snttja`d ton prctrgmtnb mc`ij mc` ijam amts ts a` to tonn Oc Ocr` r` ci Gi Gira ramg mg g`b g`b Bgri Bgriur ur.. Ron Ron ]c ]cut uton onr` r` Gi Gira ramg mg Bnvnj Bnvnjcp cpen en`t `t Mceeu`aty (]GBM) ogs `ct fnn` gfjn tc rnscjvn ton baiinrn`mns gec`dst ats enefnrs tc igmajatgtn ton prcpnr iu`mtac`a`d ci ton crdg` c` pcjatams, bnin`mn g`b snmuraty. Fnsabns, ton mc`statutac`gj ec`grmoy ci Jnsctoc rnega`s rnjgtavnjy u`stgfjn, wato ton ec`grmoy a` ]wgzajg`b igma`d g drcwa`d pcpujgr struddjn icr bnecmrgmy fy ton matazn`s. ?7A` Mn`trgj Giramg, Ron Nmc`ceam Mceeu`aty ci Mn`trgj Giramg` ]tgtns (NMMG]) mcujb `ct bc eumo bun tc a`stgfajaty gec`dst ats enefnrs. ?6  Ecrcmmc‑s watobrgwgj irce ton ton` CG^ icjjcwa`d ton gbeassac` ci ton ]gogrgwa Grgf Bnecmrgtam Vnpufjam (]GBV) fy ton crdg`azgtac` mcujb ogvn g bnstgfajaza`d niinmt tc G^. ]aeajgrjy, Gjdnrag as egrrnb fy rnj rnjada adacus cus g`b nto`am nto`am mc`ija mc`ijamts mts.. Ronrni Ronrnicrn crn ton vagfaj vagfajat aty y ci ton @crto @crto Giramg Giramg` ` Fradgbn Fradgbn (@GFVA (@G FVAD) D) gs g rndac` rndac`gj gj enmog` enmog`ase ase as u`mnrt u`mnrtga` ga`.. Irce Irce ton icrndc icrndca`d a`d,, at mcuj mcujb b fn bnbumnb togt ton nstgfjasoen`t ci ton fradgbns a` ton VNMs as prcdrnssa`d gt g` u`nvn`  pgmn. Ron G^ wcujb `nnb tc mc`ta`un tc mccrba`gtn g`b niinmtavnjy ec`atcr ton VNM Fradgbns. 44.

Jgml ci Xcjatamgj Tajj.

G`ct G`cton onrr egkc egkcrr prc prcfj fjne ne tc mc mc`i `ija jamt mt rnsc rnscju juta tac` c` a` Gira Giramg mg

as jgml ci pcjatamgj wajj gec`d Giramg` jngbnrs g`b ton a`gfajaty ci ton G^ tc n`icrmn ats rnscjutac`s. Toajn pcjatamgj wajj wgs mjngrjy bnec`strgtnb a` ton eg`gdnen`t ci ton mc`ijamts mc`ija mts a` Rcdc g`b Bgriur, ton sgen egy `ct fn sgab ci ton murrn`t murrn`t mc`ijamt a` Rmogb. Ron G^ ogs abn`taianb ton jgml ci pcjatamgj wajj gs g prcfjne a` ton eg`gdnen`t g`b rnscjutac` ci mc`ijamt. Xcjatamgj wajj as `nmnssgry icr mc`ijamt rnscjutac` gdrnnen`ts tc fn uponjb. Ronrnicrn Giramg` jngbnrs `nnb tc fn pcsatavn a` tonar mceeaten`ts tc ton G^ fy bnvnjcpa`d ton `nmnssgry pcjatamgj wajj togt wajj n`og`mn ton gutocraty g`b mgpgfajaty ci  ton ^`ac`. 4?.

Nxtnr`gj a`ijun`mn.

Bun Bun tc ats wngl wngl ia`g ia`g`m `mag agjj g`b stru strumt mtur urgj gj fgsn, fgsn, ton ton tn`bn tn`bn`m `my y

icr nxtnr`gj eg`apujgtac` ci ton G^ mcujb fn oado. Nxtnr`gj a`ijun`mn mcujb prnvn`t ngrjy  pngmniuj rnscjutac` ci mc`ijamt fy ton G^. Iurtonrecrn, a`tnrnst socw` fy icrenr mcjc`agj egst eg stnr nrss a` mc`i mc`ija jamt mtss a`vc a`vcjv jva` a`d d to tona narr icre icrenr nr mcjc mcjc`a `ans ns mcuj mcujb b gjsc gjsc mcep mcepja jamgt mgtnn tona tonar  r 

?7Dncrdns @zc`dcjg-@tgjgkg, ?6

ottp;//www.big.dcv.zg/gu.`npgb/gu.

61

 

rnscjutac`. Icr a`stg`mn, Irg`mn gttgmlnb ton Avcrag` Gar Icrmn a` Mctn b Ycarn. ?=  ]umo nxtnr` nxt nr`gj gj a`tnri a`tnrinrn nrn`mn `mn mcujb mcujb nsmgjg nsmgjgtn tn mc`ija mc`ijamts mts a` Giramg Giramg,, on`mn on`mn a`aeam a`aeamgj gj tc ton G^‑s G^‑s a`tnrnsts. A` crbnr tc rnbumn icrnad` a`tnrinrn`mn a` Giramg` mc`ijamts, ton G^ mcujb  prcvabn ats enmog`ases icr mc`ijamt rnscjutac` wato ton rnquarnb wonrn-watogj tc prn-nept g`b bcusn mc`ijamts gt ton ngrjanst ng rjanst pcssafjn taen. 41.

@c` -Mcepjag`mn wato Xngmn Gdrnnen`ts . A` Giram Giramg, g, ecst ecst pgrta pgrtans ns tc mc`ij mc`ijam amts ts

ogrbjy mcepjy wato ton tnres ci pngmn gdrnnen`ts. A` Bgriur, bnspatn ton prnsn`mn ci ton GEA] trccps g`b ^@]M Vnscjutac` 7>>9, ton Dcvnr`en`t ci ]ubg`(DC]) fcefnb rnfnjs rnf njs‑‑ pcsata pcsatac`s c`s gt wajj. wajj.?2Iur Iurton tonrec recrn, rn, fcto fcto ton DC] g`b ton ]ubg`ns ]ubg`nsnn Jafnrg Jafnrgta tac` c` Ecvnen` Ecvn en`tt (]JE) (]JE) mc`ta`u mc`ta`unb nb tc vacjgt vacjgtnn mngsni mngsniarn arn gdrnne gdrnnen`t n`ts. s. Ron Xrctcm Xrctcmcj cj c` ton Aeprcvnen`t ci ton Oueg`atgrag` ]atugtac` a` Bgriur fntwnn` ton DC] g`b ton ]JE, g`b ton Kustamn g`b Nquaty Ecvnen`t (KNE) wgs `ct rnspnmtnb bun tc ats mc`stg`t vacjgtac` fy fcto sabns. Ron GEA] trccps wnrn `ct a` g pcsatac` tc monml g`b stcp ton vacjgtac`s bun tc jgml ci mgpgmaty tc basgre ton wgrra`d igmtac`s. ?> ?8.

Xccr Bnvnjcpen`t.

Ron prcvasac` ci snmuraty a` ats frcgbnst sn`sn aepjans togt

dcvnr`en`ts wcujb ennt ton fgsam oueg` `nnbs ci tonar pcpujgtac`s gs g mc`batac` icr  sustga`gfjn bnvnjcpen`t. Ocwnvnr, Giramg` stgtns grn bniaman`t a` ennta`d toas mc`batac` bun tc ton nxastn` nxastn`mn mn ci snji-sn snji-snrva rva`d `d dcvnr`en` dcvnr`en`ts. ts.

Fgb dcvnr`g`m dcvnr`g`mnn frnnbs frnnbs‑‑ pccr  pccr 

bnvnjcpen`t, on`mn jain nxpnmtg`my lnnps igjja`d a` ton jgst 68 yngrs a` Giramg. ?9 Toajn eg`y sntfgmls ogvn fnn` rnmcrbnb wato rndgrb tc ton enmog`ases, tonrn as `c bcuft togt bnecmrgtam dcvnr`g`mn mcujb gssast a` rnbuma`d ton vamacus mymjn ci mc`ijamts a` Giramg. Rous, tonrn as `nnb tc jccl gt ton prcspnmts icr nmc`ceam drcwto g`b bnvnjcpen`t a` Giramg. XGVR 2 XVC]XNMR] XVC]XN MR] ICV NMC@CEAMDVCTRO NMC@CEAM DVCTRO G@B BNYNJCXEN@R BNYNJC XEN@R

?7.

Ron Ron nmc`ce nmc`ceam am drcwt drcwto o ci Giram Giramgg ogs fnn` fnn` rnegr rnegrlgf lgfjn jn.. Djcfgj Djcfgjas asgt gtac ac`, `, A`icr A`icreg egta tac` c`

Mceeu`amgtac` Rnmo`cjcdy (AMR) g`b `nw nmc`ceam gjjag`mns ogvn put Giramg c` ton ?=

Fgssny NN, ‚Giramg` ^`ac` Enmog`ases icr Mrasas Eg`gdnen`t; Assuns g`b Xrcspnmts―, Injjcwsoap Bassnrtgtac` @TM 7=, 688>, (^`pufjasonb) ?2

Asggm Cjgwgjn gjfnrt, quctnb a` Fgssny NN, ‚Giramg` ^`ac` Enmog`ases icr Mrasas Eg`gdnen`t; Assuns g`b Xrcspnmts―, Injjcwsoap Bassnrtgtac` @TM 7=, 688>, (^`pufjasonb). (^`pufjasonb). ?>A`tnrvanw wato wato Mcj A Gfgo, MC 61 F`, @AFGRR @AFGRR GEA].

?9

ottp;//www.woatnocusn.dcv/`nws/rnjngsns/688>/89/pra`t/688>8968-=.otej.

=8

 

irc`t fur`nr ci wcrjb trgbn g`b nmc`ceam drcwto. Ronrn ogvn gjsc fnn` scen rnmn`t aepcrtg`t soaits a` ton djcfgj pgrgbade togt ogvn pcsatavnjy giinmtnb Giramg. ?6 ?6..

Ron Ron rngja ngjasg sgttac` ci ton ton nmc` nmc`ce ceaam drcw drcwtto ci Gira Giramg mg as fn fnaa`d g`mo g`mocr crnb nb fy ton

icregtac` ci suf-rndac`gj nmc`ceam fjcms gmrcss ton Mc`ta`n`t. Icr nxgepjn, `crto ci ton ]gogrg Bnsnrt togt icre ton Egdornf rndac` ogvn vgst rnsnrvns ci caj g`b dgs g`b grn gmtavn enefnrs ci ton Crdg`asgtac` ci Xntrcjnue Nxpcrta`d Mcu`trans (CXNM). Roas eglns ton Egdornf rndac` g vnry aepcrtg`t zc`n a` wcrjb trgbn. ?=.

]aeajgrj ]aeajgrjy, y, ]cuto ]cuto Giramg Giramg ogs ogs wnjj wnjj bnvnjcpnb bnvnjcpnb a`irgs a`irgstrumt trumturn urn g`b g`b pcrts pcrts togt og`bjn og`bjnss

eumo ci ton trgbn icr ton wocjn scutonr` Giramg rndac`. At as gjsc g bcea`g`t pgrt`nr ci  ton suf-rndac`gj nmc`ceam fjcm. At as aepcrtg`t tc stgtn onrn togt c`n mcu`try a` toas rndac`, Fctswg`g as bca`d vnry wnjj nmc`ceamgjjy, wonrngs ton Drcss Bcenstam Xrcbumt (DBX) pnr mgpatg ci ecst Giramg` mcu`trans ogs bnmja`nb cvnr ton jgst inw bnmgbns, togt ci  Fctswg`g ogs a`mrngsnb quatn rnegrlgfjy irce $678 tc $=?88. Ron lny tc Fctswg`g‑s nmc`ceam summnss stcry jans a` ton systne ci dccb dcvnr`g`mn togt wgs put a` pjgmn gt g` ngrjy stgdn ci ton mcu`try‑s pcst-a`bnpn`bn`mn bnvnjcpen`t. ?2.

Ron Ngstnr Ngstnr` ` rndac` rndac` ci Gir Giramg amg as ocen ocen tc drngt drngt wajbja wajbjain in rnsn rnsnrvn rvnss g`b g`b ton ton rait rait v vgjj gjjny ny

jgln systne woamo strntmons gmrcss mcu`trans jaln Ln`yg, ^dg`bg, Rg`zg`ag, g`b Vwg`bg. Ronsn mcu`trans grn gt ton icrnirc`t ci irnn ijcw ci dccbs g`b pncpjn. ?>. Ron Nmc`ceam Mceeu`aty ci Tnst Giramg` ]tgtns (NMCTG]) as pnrogps ton ecst  prcea`n`t g`b gmtavn nmc`ceam suf-rndac`gj drcup a` Giramg. At as g scjab dncdrgpoamgj g`b nmc`ceam fjcm ci 79 mcu`trans togt a`mjubn Fn`a`, Furla`g Igsc, Mgpn Ynrbn, Dog`g, ton Dgefag Dgefag,, Dua`ng Dua`ng Fassgu Fassgu,, Dua`ng Dua`ng,, Avcry Avcry Mcgst, Mcgst, Jafnra Jafnrag, g, Egura Eguratg` tg`ag, ag, Egja, Egja, @adnr, @adnr,  @adnrag, ]n`ndgj, ]anrrg Jnc`n g` g`b b Rcdc. Bun tc tonar rnspnmtavn mcjc`agj oastcrans, tonsn mcu`trans grn bavabnb a` Irn`mo g`b N`djaso spngla`d stgtns. @adnrag as ton bcea`g`t  pgrt`nr a` toas drcup bun tc ats caj g`b dgs rnsnrvns gs wnjj gs scjab ea`nrgj rnscurmns. ]on as gjsc ton ecst pcpujcus mcu`try a` ton suf-rndac`, gmmcu`ta`d icr ecrn tog` ogji ci ton  pcpujgtac` ci Tnst Giramg. Ron nmc`cey ci ton suf-rndac` rnvcjvns grcu`b @adnrag. ?9. Toajn eg`y mc`ta`un tc wratn cii Giramg gs g mc`ta`n`t ci bnspgar, Giramg‑s prcspnmts icr nmc`ceam drcwto jan a` ea`a`d, gdrc`cey, AMR, stcml nxmog`dns g`b tcurase. Ron

=7

 

 faddnst oa`brg`mns tc ton pursuat ci tonsn nmc`ceam prcspnmts a` Giramg grn ton jgml ci  qugja qug jaty ty a`ic a`icre regt gtac ac` ` gf gfcu cutt to tonn Mc Mc`t `ta` a`n` n`t. t. Gi Gira ramg` mg` dcvnr dcvnr`e `en` n`ts ts tonr tonrni nicr crnn `nnb `nnb tc  prcgmtavnjy n`dgdn ton rnst ci ton wcrjb fy prcvaba`d a`icregtac` gfcut gfcu t tonsn nmc`ceam  prcspnmts a` tonar rnspnmtavn bcega`s. ?4. ?4.

]a ]a`m `mnn ton n`b n`b ci ton ton Mcjb Mcjb Tgr, Tgr, ton bnec bnecmr mrgt gtam am mjae mjaegt gtnn a` Gira Giramg mg ogs ogs mog`d mog`dnb nb

sad`ai sad `aiamg amg`tj `tjy y g`b Giramg Giramg `cw ogs ton fnst fnst cppcrt cppcrtu`a u`aty ty tc prc prcmnn mnnb b tcwgrb tcwgrbss `cregj `cregj bnvnjcpen`t. Fnyc`b toas gssnssen`t, tonrn as gepjn nvabn`mn togt ton grm ci mog`dn a` to tonn bnecmr bnecmrgt gtam am n`va n`varc rc`e `en` n`tt a` Gira Giramg mg as dccb dccb icr icr ton ton Mc`t Mc`ta` a`n` n`tt g` g`b b ciin ciinrs rs eg`y eg`y  prcspnmts icr bnvnjcpen`t. Tato toas drcwa`d vafrg`my ci bnecmrgmy, tonrn ogvn fnn` sad`aiamg`t nmc`ceam fn`niats gs wnjj. At as aepcrtg`t tc oadojadot scen ci tonsn fn`niats a` g inw torava`d bnecmrgmans. ]cuto Giramg ” Iasmgj bniamat woamo wgs cvnr 1 pnr mn`t g`b rasa`d ogs fnn` rnbumnb tc fnjcw 2 pnr mn`t ci DBX sa`mn 7119< ton mcu`try `cw nxpcrts cvnr 6>8,888 ectcr vnoamjns g``ugjjy woajn ton `uefnr ci ocusns fuajt cr u`bnr  mc`strumtac` stg`bs gt cvnr 6 eajjac`. A` Rg`zg`ag, ton DBX drcwto rgtn ogs fnn` rasa`d stngbajy< ton drcwto ci ton ea`a`d snmtcr rnega`s strc`d gt gfcvn 78 pnr mn`t g`b ton rgtn ci a`ijgtac` a`ijgtac` ogs mc`sastn`tjy mc`sastn`tjy rnega`nb jcw. Ron stcry stcry as saeajgr a` eg`y ctonr mcu`trans a`mjuba`d ]n`ndgj, @adnrag, Eczgefaqun, Egurataus g`b [gefag tc en`tac` g inw. At tonrnicrn stg`bs tc rngsc` togt a`bnnb bnecmrgtazgtac` ogs n`torc`nb snvnrgj prcspnmts togt wajj nvn`tugjjy gudur wnjj icr Giramg ai ton murrn`t bravns grn sustga`nb. ??. C`n ci ton ecst bcea`g`t egmrc-nmc`ceam mc`mnpts ci ton twn`ty-iarst mn`tury as u`grdugfjy djcfgjazgtac`. Icr sgln ci nepogsas, djcfgjasgtac` rninrs tc ton prcmnss ci ton a`tn`saiamgtac` ci nmc`ceam, pcjatamgj, scmagj g`b mujturgj rnjgtac`s gmrcss a`tnr`gtac`gj  fcu`bgrans. At as pra`mapgjjy gaenb gt ton trg`smn`bn`tgj ocecdn`azgtac` ci pcjatamgj g`b scmac-nmc`ceam toncry gmrcss ton djcfn. At as nqugjjy gaenb gt ‚egla`d ton wcrjb g sa`djn stgdn cr djcfgj grn`g―. At icmusns c` c ` ton frnglbcw` ci trgbn fgrranrs g`b ton a`tndrgtac` ci  ton Tcrjb egrlnt. ]a`mn Giramg gmmcu`ts gmmc u`ts icr ton mou`l ci rgw egtnragjs usnb a` a`bustrans gmrcss ton Tcrjb, at wcujb fn gpt tc mc`mjubn togt djcfgjazgtac` ciinrs prcspnmts icr ton bnvnjcpen`t ci Giramg` nmc`ceans a` ton twn`ty-iarst mn`tury. Yanwnb irce g`ctonr   pnrspnmtavn, djcfgjazgtac` as bravn` fy brgegtam aeprcvnen`ts a` tnjnmceeu`amgtac`s, nx nxpc pc`n `n`t `tag agjj a`mr a`mrng ngsn snss a` mc mcep eput uta` a`d d pcwn pcwnrr g` g`b b ton ton bn bnvn vnjc jcpe pen` n`tt ci njnm njnmtr trc` c`am am

=6

 

mceeu` mce eu`amg amgtac tac` ` g`b a`icre a`icregta gtac` c` `ntwcr `ntwcrls. ls. Ronsn Ronsn mceeu` mceeu`amg amgtac tac` ` tnm tnmo`cj o`cjcdan cdanss grn suppcsnb tc onjp cvnr-mcen poysamgj bastg`mns. Tatoa` ton mc`tnxt ci toas grduen`t jans ton Giramg` mc`ta`n`t, wato ton wcu`bs ci pcvnrty, mavaj wgrs, igea`n, cvnrpcpujgtac`, a`mrngsa`d bnmgy ci a`irgstrumturgj g`b a`statutac`gj mgpgmatans, pccr nxpcrt pnricreg`mn, bnft-fur bnft -furbn` bn` g`b pccrjy bnvnjcp bnvnjcpnb nb oueg` mgpatgj mgpatgj tc en`ta en`tac` c` g inw. inw.

Ron qunstac qunstac` `

tonrnicrn grasns gs tc wontonr djcfgjazgtac` trujy ciinrs fn`niamagj prcspnmts tc ton Giramg` mc`ta`n`t. Ron prcspnmts woamo djcfgjazgtac` prnsn`ts tc Giramg jan a` ton `nw cppcrtu`aty at mrngtns icr ton Mc`ta`n`t tc rn-pcsatac` atsnji a` ton Tcrjb nmc`ceam nqugtac`. Rc fn mcepntatavn a` g djcfgjasa`d wcrjb, Giramg` mcu`trans `nnb tc trga` tonar jgfcur icrmn, n`surn togt jcmgj mcepg`ans grn cw`nb fy jcmgj pncpjn g`b eg`gdnb fy mcepntn`t og`bs< n`surn togt prciats grn rn-a`vnstnb gt ocen rgtonr tog` nxpgtragtnb g`b togt a``cvgtac`s a` tnmo`cjcdy grn vadcrcusjy bnvnjcpnb c` ton Mc`ta`n`t. ?1.

A` ton ton 98s 98s g`b 48s 48s,, ecst ecst Gira Giramg` mg` stg stgtn tnss usnb usnb dn`nr dn`nrcus cus ijc ijcws ws ci ci icrn icrnad ad` ` gab g`b g`b

dga`s dga `s irce irce igvcur igvcurgfj gfjnn nxpcrt nxpcrt tr trgbn gbn tcwgrb tcwgrbss nstgfj nstgfjaso asoen` en`tt ci stgtn stgtn n`tnrp n`tnrpras rasns ns togt togt vn`turnb a`tc vgracus pravgtn snmtcr gmtavatans a` a`bustry, trgbn, ia`g`mn, igrea`d g`b  prcpnrty bnvnjcpen`t. Ron stgtn u`bnrtccl ecrn barnmt cw`nrsoap, eg`gdnen`t g`b barnmtac` tog` prcvasac` ci a`mn`tavns tc pravgtn snmtcrs. Giramg` dcvnr`en`t ea`astrans  fnmgen vnoamjns icr n`tnrprasn cw`nrsoap woajn stgtn fg`ls rnmymjnb iasmgj rnscurmns tc a`vnst a` pravgtn n`tnrprasn gt ton nxpn`sn ci a`vnsten`t a` scmagj snrvamns. @gtac`gjast dcvnr`en`ts gjsc gjjcwnb g rna`mgr`gtac` ci mcjc`agj nxpjcatgtac`, fy usa`d ats cw`nrsoap ci gdramujturgj egrlnta`d fcgrbs tc nxtrgmt surpjusns irce pccr igrenrs icr rn-a`vnsten`t a` a`bustry g`b mceenrmn vag stgtn-cw`nb a`vnsten`t gdn`mans. Ron stgtn gjsc prciinrnb a`bustragj a`bust ragj nxmjusac` fy egla`d a`bustragj a`bustragj jamn`sa`d g prnmc`batac prnmc`batac` ` tc mceen` mceen`mnen`t mnen`t ci  g`y fusa`nss, dava`d nxasta`d cpnrgtcrs ton radot tc vntc gppjamgtac`s irce `nw n`trg`ts. 18.

Ron gbvn`t ci pravgtn pravgtn snmtcr snmtcr jnb irnn egrlnt egrlnt nmc`cey nmc`cey ogs mog`dnb g`b as stajj stajj

mog`da`d gjj togt a` ton twn`ty-iarst mn`tury Giramg. A` ton gitnregto ci ton bneasn ci  mceeu`ase a` ton 18s, ton pufjam snmtcr a` Giramg n`tnrnb g pnracb ci snracus aefgjg`mn, woamo wgs egbn wcrsn fy bnmja`a`d jnvnjs ci gab gs g rnsujt ci rasa`d bneg`b icr  gssastg`mn tc Ngstnr` Nurcpn. Fubdnt bniamats rcsn a` rnspc`sn tc wngl rnvn`uns mgusnb  fy nmc`ceam mc`trgmtac`. ]tgtn n`tnrprasns togt ega`tga`nb u`eatadgtnb bcea`g`mn nxgmnrfgtnb prnssurns c` ton iasmgj fubdnt, mjgaea`d ecrn rnscurmns tc mcvnr tonar jcssns,

==

 

woajn dcvnr`en`t‑s rnsastnb bneg`bs icr rnstrumtura`d. Vnicres gaenb gt egla`d stgtn n`tnrp n`t nrpras rasns ns ecrn ecrn a`bnpn a`bnpn`bn` `bn`t, t, egrlnt egrlnt cran`t cran`tgtn gtnb, b, niiama niiaman`t n`t g`b mcepnt mcepntata atavn vn wnrn wnrn  pnrmnavnb gs g eng`s ci wrnstja`d tonar pcjatamgj mc`trcj cvnr ton nmc`cey. Vnjumtg`tjy, tocudo, scen Giramg` stgtns gdrnnb tc gbbrnss ton brga`gdn ci pufjam rnscurmns fy n`ba`d stgtn n`tnrprasns‑ bnpn`bn`mn c` ton iasmgj fubdnt. fub dnt. 17.

Rons Ronsnn rnicr rnicres es dgvn dgvn rasn rasn tc tc ton cpn cpn`a `a`d `d up ci ci Gira Giramg` mg` nmc nmc`c `cea eans ns g`b g`b egrln egrlnts ts tc tc

 pravgtn n`tnrprasn. Mcupjnb wato ton `nw sogpn ci ‟gab‑ gs nxnepjaianb fy ton Giramg` Drcwto g`b Cppcrtu`atans Gmt (GDCG) togt wgs n`gmtnb fy Xrnsabn`t Dncrdn T Fuso ci  ton ^`atnb ]tgtns, Giramg` fusa`nssns grn `cw pravgtn snmtcr bravn`. Ronrn ogs gjsc fnn` g sad`aiamg`t a`-ijcw ci mgpatgj g`b a`vnsten`ts a`tc Giramg cvnr ton pgst 6 bnmgbns wato  @adnrag, ]cuto Giramg, ^dg`bg, Dog`g g`b Fctswg`g rnmnava`d icrnad` barnmt a`vnsten`ts cvnr ton pnracb a` nxmnss ci $688 fajjac`. Roas rnprnsn`ts gfcut 28 pnr mn`t ci ton tctgj a`ijcw ci a`vnsten`t a`vnsten`tss a`tc Giramg Giramg bura`d ton pnracb. pnracb. Ron rngj prcspnmts prcspnmts ocwnvnr jan a` ton gfajaty ci Giramg` fusa`nssen` tc utajazn ton cppcrtu`atans c ppcrtu`atans ciinrnb fy ton jafnrgj n`tnrprasn tc bnvnjcp tonar fusa`nssns tc djcfgj jnvnjs. Eumo gs toas as bnpn`bn`t c` a`irgstrumturgj drcwto, oueg` mgpatgj mgpgmatans g`b tnmo`cjcdy, at as rngjasgfjn ai Giramg` mcu`trans n`gmt ton radot pcjamans g`b mrngtn ton n`gfja`d mc`batac`s icr jcmgj fusa`nssns tc toravn. TGQ ICVTGVB ICV G VCF^]R VCJN CI G^

16.

Ronrn grn `uefnr ci prcpcsgjs egbn fy ton pg`nj gs wgy icrwgrb icr g rcfust rcjn

ci G^ icr snmuraty g`b bnvnjcpen`t; 1=.

Bnvnjcpa`d Mgpgmaty. G^ wcujb rnquarn rnquarn ecrn mceeaten`t mceeaten`t g`b bnbamgtac` bnbamgtac`

tc

bnvnjcp ton rnquasatn rnquasatn nxpnrtasn nxpnrtasn tc aepjnen`t GX]G. GX]G. A` ton socrt-tnre socrt-tnre sumo nxpnrtasn nxpnrtasn mcujb mcuj b fn prcmur prcmurnb nb wonrn wonrn `nnbnb, `nnbnb, icr nxgepjn nxgepjn rnt rntarn arnb b eajatg eajatgry ry pnrsc` pnrsc``nj `nj mcujb mcujb fn nepjcynb tc eg` ton E]M. A` ton jc`d-tnre, G^ mcujb spc`scr spnmagj prcdrges a` ton gpprcpragtn igmujtans ci oadonr a`statutac`s gmrcss Giramg icr mcursns g`b rnsngrmons c` Giramg` scjutac`s tc Giramg` prcfjnes .

12.

Vgtac`gjazgtac` Vgtac`g jazgtac` ci Xcwnrs g`b g` b Iu`mtac`s Iu`mtac `s ci G^ Crdg`s . Ron pcwnrs

g`b

iu`mtac`s ci vgracus G^ crdg`s socujb fn iurtonr rgtac`gjaznb a` ja`n wato ton stapujgtac`s ci ton MGG^ Gmt. Ron crdg`s socujb fn n`trustnb wato ton `nmnssgry gutocraty g`b  pcwnrs tc fn gfjn tc gmmcepjaso gssad`nb eassac`s woajn bupjamgtac` ci niicrts socujb fn gvcabnb.

=2

 

1>.

Frcgbnr A`atagtavns. A`at A`atagtav agtavns ns togt ogvn fnn` nvcjvnb nvcjvnb tc gbbrnss gbbrnss scen scen ci ton

mc`ta`n`t‑s dcvnr`g`mn mogjjn`dns g`b n`sua`d mc`ijamts sumo gs GXVE, ogvn gt taens  fnn` cvnrtgln` c vnrtgln` fy `nw by`geams togt wnrn `ct icrnsnn` gt ton taen sumo a`atagtavns wnrn bnsad`nb. Ronrn as ton `nnb tc frcgbn` ton a`atagtavns tc gmmceecbgtn nvcjva`d satugtac`s. Gjsc, ton cfknmtavn cfknmtavn ci prcec prcecta`d ta`d bnecmrgmy bnecmrgmy g`b dccb dcvnr`g`mn dcvnr`g`mn mcujb gssuen gssuen nxtrg sad`aiamg`mn c`mn a`atagtavns jaln ton GXVE fnmcen eg`bgtcry rgtonr tog` vcju`tgry v cju`tgry gs at as gt prnsn`t. 19.

Niinmtavn ]g`mtac`s Vndaen. A` gbbatac` tc ton sg`mtac`s spnmaianb icr enefnr 

st stgt gtns ns to togt gt ig igaj aj tc mcepj mcepjy y wato wato ^`ac ^`ac` ` pcjam pcjaman anss g`b barn barnmt mtav avns ns,, ?4  G^ egy bnvn bnvnjc jcp p mcepjag`mn prcdrges icr stgtns togt ijcut ats pra`mapjns, woamo eust fn aepjnen`tnb watoa` g spnmaianb pnracb. Ron aepjnen`tgtac` ci sg`mtac`s wajj rnquarn `ct c`jy pcjatamgj wajj c` ton pgrt ci jngbnrsoap, fut gjsc ton mccpnrgtac` ci gjj enefnr stgtns gs wnjj gs ton dccbwajj ci gjj Giramg`s. 14.

A`mrngsnb Mgpgmaty. Vgpab Bnpjcyen`t mgpgfajaty as mc`sabnrnb g` nssn`tagj

mcepc`n`t ci niinmtavn pngmnlnnpa`d cpnrgtac`s. Ron nxpnran`mn ci G^ a` pngmnlnnpa`d cpnrgtac`s sc igr g`b ton `gturn ci mc`ijamt satugtac`s a` Giramg, ton ^`ac` wajj `nnb tc quamljy prcbumn suiiaman`t pnrsc``nj, nquapen`t, g`b iu`ba`d tc suppcrt ats eassac`s. At as tonrnicrn pnrta`n`t togt Giramg` icrmns a`mrngsn tonar murrn`t mgpgmaty tc pgrtamapgtn a`  pngmnlnnpa`d cpnrgtac`s g`b bnvnjcp ton mgpgmaty tc wcrl niinmtavnjy g`b kca`tjy wato ctonr icrmns. 1?.

A`tnr`gtac` A`tnr `gtac`gj gj Gssastg`m Gssastg`mnn. Bnvnj Bnvnjcp cpa` a`d d ton ton prcp prcpnr nr mg mgpg pgfa faja jata tans ns tc mg mgrr rry y cut

mcepjnx pngmn cpnrgtac`s wajj rnquarn lny g`b jgsta`d pgrt`nrsoap grrg`dnen`ts/igmajatans  fntwnn` G^ g`b ton a`tnr`gtac`gj mceeu`aty. Gjsc, G^ `nnbs tc mc`va`mn ton ^@ tc usn icrmns irce mcu`trans sumo gs Xglastg`, g`b Fg`djgbnso g icr Giramg` pngmn eassac`s tc n`surn `nutrgjaty g`b gvcab bnpjntac` ci ton G]I. Ron G^ `nnbs g strc`dnr g`b ecrn icmusnb niicrt tc murry igvcr wato ton a`tnr`gtac`gj mceeu`aty icr jc`d-tnre mceeaten`t tc pcst-mc`ijamt rnmc`strumtac` wonrn `nmnssgry. Rorcudo sustga`nb jcffya`d jcffya`d fy @DCs g`b ton enbag, G^ mcujb aepjcrn a`bustragjaznb mcu`trans tc bngj wato tocsn `ndgtavn gspnmts ci ton djcfgj nmc`cey togt tn`b tc basgbvg`tgdn Giramg. Nqugjjy, ton a`tnr`gtac`gj mceeu`aty mcujb onjp gbbrnss ton nxpjcatgtac` ci rnscurmns a` mc`ijamt prc`n mcu`trans a` ?4

 Grtamjn 6= ci ton MGG^.

=>

 

Giramg. Ronrn as ton `nnb icr drngtnr mccrba`gtac` g`b mccpnrgtac` fntwnn` ton G^ g`b ^@ ai ton pctn`tagjs ci ton G^ enmog`ase grn tc fn iujjy bnvnjcpnb. Mccpnrgtac` wato a`t a`tnr` nr`gta gtac`gj c`gj fcbans fcbans mcujb mcujb fn mgrran mgrranb b cut torcud torcudo o rndujg rndujgrr nxmog`dn nxmog`dn ci a`icre a`icregta gtac`, c`, eg`pc eg `pcwn wnrr bnvn bnvnjc jcpe pen`t n`t g`b g`b tnmo tnmo`a `amgj mgj gssa gssast stg` g`mn mn.. Ron Ron cfva cfvacu cuss jgml jgml ci iu`b iu`bss g` g`b b crdg`azgtac`gj mgpgmatans mcujb fn cvnrmcen torcudo mjcsn mccpnrgtac` wato ton ^@ g`b ctonr a`tnr`gtac`gj crdg`azgtac`s sumo gs Tcrjb Fg`l, ton D-? g`b ton N^. ?? Ronrnicrn, G^ wcujb fn rnquarnb tc fn prubn`t a` ats nxpn`baturns. Rc rnbumn mc`ijamt, Giramg` jngbnrs wcujb ogvn tc nefgrl upc` mc`mnrtnb g`b icmusnb niicrts a` ton prcvasac` ci  scmacscm ac-nmc nmc`ce `ceam am gen`at gen`atans ans tc tonar tonar matazn matazn`s. `s. Ron mc`snqun mc`snqun`mn `mnss ci g` u`stgf u`stgfjn jn Giramg Giramg wcujb jngb tc ton a`ijux ci rniudnns a`tc Nurcpn g`b ctonr mcu`trans. At as tonrnicrn a` ton a`tnrnst ci ton a`tnr`gtac`gj mceeu`aty g`b pgrtamujgr ton N^, tc ecfajazn rnscurmns a` gab ci ton G^‑s mc`ijamt eg`gdnen`t niicrts. Ron dcgj a` togt rndgrb wcujb fn tc nstgfjaso niiaman`t pgrt`nrsoaps g`b g` nquatgfjn bavasac` ci jgfcr fntwnn` f ntwnn` ton ^@ g`b ton G^. 11.

Iu`ba`d ci G]I. ]uddnstnb wgys fy woamo pngmnlnnpa`d mcujb fn ia`g`mnb

a`mjubn pcpujgtac` pnr ongb, `gtac`gj tgxgtac`, mcepg`y g`b gjjanb gdn`mans tgxgtac` g`b sufvn`tac` torcudo ton ^@.?1 Rc suppcrt ton nxpg`ba`d `nnbs ci ton Xngmn Iu`b, G^ egy waso waso tc nxpjcat nxpjcat ton fusa`n fusa`nss ss mceeu` mceeu`aty aty,, nspnma nspnmagjj gjjy y eujta eujta`gt `gtac` ac`gjs gjs g`b ia`g`m ia`g`mnn a`statutac`s tc mc`trafutn g pnrmn`tgdn ci tonar prciats tcwgrbs ega`tn`g`mn ci pngmn g`b snmuraty a` Giramg g`b gjsc a`mrngsn ton Xngmn Iu`b‑s fubdntgry gjjcmgtac` fy 78%. 788.

Tcrla`d wato ton Egss Enbag.

C`n C`n ci ci ton ton wg wgys ys G^ mc mcuj ujb b stae staeuj ujgt gtnn frc frcgb gbnr  nr 

suppcrt icr ats prcdrges as torcudo ton egss enbag. Xctn`tagj rcjns icr ton enbag a` ton eg`gdnen`t ci mc`ijamt a`mjubn prcvaba`d g` nectac`gj cutjnt, n`mcurgda`d g fgjg`mn ci   pcwnr, igmn sgva`d g`b mc`sn`sus fuajba`d. 18 Enbag crdg`azgtac`s mcujb gjsc fn usnb tc n`mcu n`m curg rgdn dn gpprc gpprcpr prag agtn tn bc`cr bc`cr su supp ppcr crt. t. Tcrl Tcrla` a`d d wa wato to jcmg jcmgjj enba enbagg nato natonr nr torc torcud udo o mccpnrgtac` wato nxasta`d enbag crdg`azgtac`s cr fy sntta`d up `nw enbag cutiats wato jcmgj kcur`gjasts, ton G^ mg` mcrrnmt scen ci ton `ndgtavn stcrans c` Giramg a` ton a`tnr`gtac`gj enbag. Ecrncvnr, usa`d jcmgj trga`nrs wcujb, a` ton jc`d-tnre, fuajb jcmgj enbag mgpgmaty gbgptnb tc ton spnmaiam mc`batac`s a` Giramg. ??

Fgssny NN, ‚Giramg` ^`ac` Enmog`ases icr Mrasas Eg`gdnen`t; Assuns g`b Xrcspnmts―, Injjcwsoap Bassnrtgtac` @TM 7=, 688>, (^`pufjasonb ?1

Jc`bc`; ]IA Xufjasoa`d, 711?), p 719. 18 Bg`iujg`a ].G, ‟‟ Vndac`gj A`tndrgtac` icr Xngmn, ]nmuraty g`b Bnvnjcpen`t a` Giramg‑‑ ( Jc`bc`;

(Bnmnef nefnr nr 711?). 711?).   Vcf Eg Eg` `ci ciii, ‚ Vcjn Xjgys; Xctn`tagj Enbag Vcjns a` Mc`ijamt Xrnvn`tac` g`b Eg`gdnen`t .  (Bnm ottp;//www.a`tnr`nws.crd/pufs/enbaga`mc`ijamt/bnigujt.sote.

=9

 

787.

Frcgbnr Vcjn icr Mavaj ]cmanty Crdg`azgtac`s .

Ron rcjn ci m av avaj scmanty a`

enbagt enb agtac` ac` g`b pngmn pngmn fuajba fuajba`d `d ogs fnn` fnn` g egkcr egkcr njn njnen` en`tt ci a`tnr` a`tnr`gta gtac`gj c`gj suppcr suppcrtt tc mc`ijamt prnvn`tac` g`b rnscjutac`. A` eg`y ci Giramg‑s wgrs, jgsta`d pngmn wajj bnpn`b c` ‚bneajatgraza`d ton ea`b― g`b bnvnjcpa`d g scmagj mjaegtn togt snnls tc sustga` pngmn. 17 At as aepcrtg`t togt mavaj scmanty crdg`azgtac`s g`b rnjadacus fcbans grn davn` g frcgbnr rcjn tc pjgy a` rna`tndrgtac` g`b enbagtac` prcmnssns. 786.

Mc`trcj ci Mc`ijamt Vnscurmns.

Ron mc` mc`strumtac` ci to ton Mog Mogb-Mgenrcc` cc` caj caj

 papnja`n fy ton Tcrjb Fg`l ogs snt prnmnbn`mn a` a`tnr`gtac`gj rndujgtac` ci ton wngjto gmmrua`d irce g `gtac`‑s `gturgj rnscurmn. 16  Ron G^ egy tgln mun irce toas g`b nstgfjaso stg`bgrbs stg`bg rbs ci gmmcu`ta`d gmmcu`ta`d g`b trg`spgrn`m trg`spgrn`my y icr eujta`gtac`gj eujta`gtac`gj mcepg`ans a` mc`ijamt mc`ijamt grngs. Ron cfknmt socujb fn tc basrupt ton ajjndgj trgbn a` tonsn rnscurmns g`b rnbumn ton  pcssafajatans icr tonar usn gs pgyen`t icr ajjndgj purmogsn ci wngpc`s fy scen rgbamgj drcups. 78=.

Bnvnjcpa`d Xcjatamgj Tajj. Giramg as g vgst g`b vgranb mc`ta`n`t mc`ta`n`t wato baiinrn`t baiinrn`t

dncdrgpoamgj rndac`s, jnvnjs ci nmc`ceam g`b scmagj bnvnjcpen`t, pufjam pcjamans g`b vgran vgr anb b pgtt pgttnr nr`s `s ci a` a`tn tnr` r`gj gj g`b g`b a` a`tn tnr` r`gt gtac ac`gj `gj a`tn a`tnrg rgmt mtac ac`s `s.. Ro Ronn mogj mogjjn jn`dn `dnss icr icr ton ton enmog`ases icr mc`ijamt rnscjutac` a` Giramg rnijnmt toas bavnrsaty g`b mcepjnxaty. Gs G`g` cfsnrv cfsnrvnb< nb< "Tato "Tato pcjat pcjatamg amgjj wajj, wajj, rontcr rontcram am mg` trujy trujy fn trg`si trg`sicre crenb nb a`tc a`tc rngja rngjaty. ty. Tatocut at, nvn` ton `cfjnst sn`taen`ts wajj `ct ogvn g mog`mn ci summnss―. Roas stgtnen`t aepjans togt pcjatamgj wajj as g` aepcrtg`t igmtcr a` ton survavgj ci G^. Ocwnvnr, a` g satugtac` wonrn ia`g`magj mgpgfajaty as jgmla`d, pcjatamgj wajj egy mcrrnspc`ba`djy fn gfsn`t gfs n`t.. Roas Roas `ctwat `ctwatost ostg`b g`ba`d a`d,, Giramg Giramg` ` jngbnr jngbnr mcujb mcujb bnec`s bnec`strg trgtn tn ton wa77 wa77 tc gbcpt gbcpt  pcjatamgj rgtonr tog` eajatgry rnspc`sns tc mc`ijamt rnscjutac` g`b eg`gdnen`t. Iurton Iur tonrec recrn, rn, tony tony wcujb wcujb `nnb `nnb tc gmmcee gmmceecbgt cbgtnn ton usn ci bne bnecmr cmrgta gtamm mog``n mog``njs js icr   pursua`d jndataegtn a`tnrnsts g`b icr nxprnssa`d bassn`t. Gbonrn`mn tc ton a`atagtavns ci   @NXGB fy Giramg` jngbnrs wcujb sad`gj g rn`nwnb bnec`strgtac` ci tonar pcjatamgj p cjatamgj wajj tc prcectn pngmn g`b bnvnjcpen`t a` ton mc`ta`n`t.Ronrn as `nnb icr Giramg` jngbnrs tc

17

^LBIAB Mc`sujtgtac` Bcmuen`t. Cp Mat. p 7?.

16

  Fg`l famusg.crd/N@/Xrcknmt.69.gspx A`icregtac ` rcknmt.69.gspx Mn`tnr, Mo Mogb gb-M -Mge genr nrcc cc` ` ottp;//www. ottp;//www.famusg.crd/N@/X

Caj Caj

=4

Xapn Xapnja ja`n `n

Xrck Xrcknm nmt. t.  

(upbgtnb

77

Egrmo

6878).

 

bnec`strgtn gbnqugtn pcjatamgj wajj a` ton aepjnen`tgtac` ci ton G^‑s cfknmtavns g`b  pra`mapjns. 782. Ngrjy Vnspc`sntc Vnspc`sntc Mc`ijamt Mc`ijamt. Toajn Toajn a`sta a`statut tutac` ac`gja gjaza`d za`d ton iu`mta iu`mtac`s c`s ci ton G^ crdg`s, enefnr `gtac`s mcujb rnspc`b aeenbagtnjy tc mc`ijamt satugtac`s fy bnpjcya`d ton G]I fradgbns a` ton VNMs tc mc`tga` mc`ijamt. Iurtonrecrn, ton fradgbns wcujb fn rnquarnb tc a`tnrcpnrgtn wato c`n g`ctonr g`b tc bnvnjcp g mceec` bcmtra`n, jcdastams g`b trga`a`d. trga` a`d. Ron G^ mcujb mc`ta`un tc strn`dton` strn`dton` ats ngrjy wgr`a`d systne systne a` crbnr tc lnnp mc`ijam mc`i jamts ts watoa` watoa` eg`gdng eg`gdngfjn fjn jnvnjs jnvnjs.. Gs g egttnr egttnr ci pracra pracraty, ty, ton G^ wcujb wcujb `nnb `nnb tc nepogsazn c` pngmn nbumgtac` woajn n`sura`d mjcsn jagasc` wato ton rnspnmtavn VNMs. Icr  ton pngmn grmoatnmturn tc fn vagfjn, ton G]I wajj `nnb tc fn nstgfjasonb c` smonbujn g`b  fn prcgmtavn c` mc`ijamt rnjgtnb assuns a` Giramg. Ronrnicrn Giramg` jngbnrs g`b ctonr  st stgln glnoc ocjb jbnr nrss wcuj wcujb b fn rnqu rnquar arnb nb tc bnec bnec`s `str trgt gtnn ton ton rnqu rnquas asat atnn pcjat pcjatam amgj gj wa wajj jj g` g`b b mceeaten`t tc pngmn a` Giramg fy gssasta`d ton pngmn grmoatnmturn ci ton G^ tc iu`mtac` bnmasavnjy a` Giramg. 78>. N`mcurgda`d Bagjcdun. ]a`mn at ogs fnn` rnmcd`aznb togt enefnr stgtns ogrbjy gfabn fy gdrnnen`ts, bagjcdun, mc`sn`sus g`b eutugj rnspnmt mcujb fn c`n ci ton fnst wgys icrwgrb ci prcecta`d ton G^‑s dcgjs a` Giramg. Enefnr stgtns wcujb fn rnquarnb tc u`bnrstg`b ton aepcrtg`mn ci ton usn ci bagjcdun nspnmagjjy a` ton snttjnen`t ci mc`ijamts. Iurtonrecrn, ton G^ mcujb usn ctonr bapjcegtam mog``njs tc rnscjvn mc`ijamts fntwnn` g`b watoa` ats enefnrs wonrn `nmnssgry. Ron usn ci bagjcdun tc rnscjvn mc`ijamts ogs wcrlnb wnjj a` Rcdc g`b as murrn`tjy yanjba`d rnsujts a` Bgriur. Ocwnvnr, ton fnst g`b ecst jgsta`d wgys tc murtgaj mc`ijamts a` Giramg as torcudo dccb dcvnr`g`mn, pgrtamapgtcry bnecmrgmy g`b rnspnmt icr ton rujn ci jgw. Eumo ci ton summnss ci ton G^ a` iuturn mc`ijamt eg`gdnen`t wcujb jgrdnjy bnin`b c` tonsn strgtndans g`b a`atagtavns. MC@MJ^]AC@

789. 789.

Gira Giramg mg` ` mc mc`i `ija jamt mtss grn grn mgus mgusnb nb fy ton ton mc mcef efa` a`gt gtac ac` ` ci mc mcrr rrup upta tac` c`,, traf trafgj gjas ase, e,

rndac`gjase, nto`amaty, wngl stgtns g`b a`statutac`s. At as tonrnicrn `nmnssgry tc nxgmtjy u`ngrto ton mgusns g`b igmtcrs togt davn rasn tc mc`ijamt g`b a`stgfajaty a` crbnr tc mrngtn summnssiuj strgtndans icr ton rnscjutac` ci n`bneam vacjn`mn, g`grmoy, u`-dcvnr`gfajaty, g`b wabnsprngb pcvnrty a` Giramg` Mcu`trans. Gpgrt irce u`bnrea`a`d Giramg‑s niicrts gt

=?

 

jc`d-t jc` d-tnre nre stgfaj stgfajaty aty g`b prcspn prcspnrat raty, y, mc`ija mc`ijamt mt ogb mgusnb mgusnb eg`y eg`y bngtos bngtos g`b baspjg baspjgmnb mnb eajjac`s ci pncpjn, woamo ogvn rnsujtg`t niinmts c` ton pngmn, snmuraty g`b bnvnjcpen`t. 784.

Mog`dn Mog`dnss a` ton a`tn a`tnr`g r`gtac tac`gj `gj n`var n`varc`e c`en`t n`t gt ton ton n`b ci ton ton Mcjb Mcjb Tgr mcupj mcupjnb nb wato wato

a`gbnqugmans g`b strumturgj a`mgpgmaty ci ton CG^ jnb tc ton nenrdn`mn ci ton G^ a` 6886.Tato ton a`tnrvn`tac` mjgusn a` ats mogrtnr, ton G^ bnpgrts mjngrjy irce ton CG^ a` ton grng ci mcjjnmtavn snmuraty. 78 78?. ?.

Ron Ron Nst Nstgfj gfjaso soen en`t `t ci ton X]M X]M a` 68 688= 8=,, iurt urton onrr strn strn`d `dto ton` n`nb nb G^  pcwnrs a`

egttnrss ci mc`ijamt rnscjutac` egttnr rnscjutac` g`b prcvabnb prcvabnb ton icu`bgtac icu`bgtac` ` icr GX]G. Tato GX]G,

G^ gmoanvnb fnttnr rnsujts a` mc`ijamt mc` ijamt rnscjutac` torcudo prcgmtavn gpprcgmo g`b g rg`dn ci prnvn`tavn tccjs, rnbuma`d ton `uefnr g`b a`tn`saty ci mc`ijamts a` Giramg. GX]G ogs

 fradot prcspnmts ci rnscjva`d Giramg` mc`ijamts gjfnat gjfnat wato mogjjn`dns. 781. G rnvanw ci ton enmog`ases enmog`ases g`b a`atagt a`atagtavns avns icr mc`ijamt mc`ijamt rnscjutac` rnscjutac` a` Giramg Giramg sa`mn ton a`gudurgtac` ci ton G^ a` 6886 socwnb scen bntnrea`gtac` tc iujiajj g sufstg`tagjjy n`jgrdnb rcjn a` ton pngmn lnnpa`d, prnvn`tac`, eg`gdnen`t g`b rnscjutac` ci Giramg` mc`ijamts. Rorcudo prcgmtavn gpprcgmo g`b g rg`dn ci prnvn`tavn tccjs, ton `uefnr g`b a`tn`saty ci mc`ijamts a` Giramg ogs fnn` c` ton bnmja`n. Ocwnvnr, tonrn grn stajj mratamgj assuns ci dcvnr`g`mn `nnb tc fn gbbrnssnb torcudo strc`d pcjatamgj wajj. 778. 778. Oast Oastcr cram amgj gjjy jy,, ton ton pgrt pgrtat atac ac`a `a`d `d ci Gira Giramg mg fy mc mcjc jc`a `azn znrs rs g` g`b b on onrr sufs sufsnq nqun un`t `t  pcjgrazgtac` gjc`d abncjcdamgj ja`n mrngtnb n`eaty gec`d ton nto`am mceeu`atans. Gt a`bnpn`bn`mn, Giramg u`bnr ton CG^ wgs onjpjnss bun tc prctrgmtnb mc`ijamts a` Giramg. Tato Ta to ton ton nstg nstgfj fjas asoe oen` n`tt ci G^, G^, at atss egkc egkcrr prnc prncmm mmupg upgta tac` c` ogs fnn` fnn` togt togt ci mc`i mc`ija jamt mt rnscjutac`. Rc mc`irc`t Giramg` mc`ijamts, ton G^ nstgfjasonb eg`y enmog`ases sumo gs ton X]M, G]I, ton Xg`nj ci ton Tasn g`b ton Ngrjy wgr`a`d ]ystne. Ron sufsnqun`t rgtaiamgtac` ci ton prctcmcj nstgfjasoa`d ton X]M g`b ton scjne` bnmjgrgtac` c` g mceec` Giramg` Bnin`mn g`b ]nmuraty Xcjamy rngiiarenb ton bntnrea`gtac` g`b mceeaten`t ci  Giramg` jngbnrs tc tgmljn prcfjnes a` Giramg. 777. Roas stuby stuby `ctnb togt, togt, woajn G^ wgs trya`d trya`d tc sustga` sustga` ats enmog`ases, enmog`ases, socrtgdn socrtgdn ci  iu`bs ogepnrnb eg`y ci ats gmtavatans g`b ogb tc bnpn`b c` bc`cr gdn`mans `gtac`s. Ron bnpn`bn`mn bnpn`bn` mn ci G^ g`b onr crdg`s pgrtamujgrj pgrtamujgrjy y ton X]M c` bc`cr gdn`mans gdn`mans icr iu`bs g`b jcdastams oa`bnrnb dn`ua`n niicrts a` mc`ijamt rnscjutac` a` Giramg. A` vanw ci pnrsastn`t socrtgdn ci iu`bs a` ton G^ Xngmn Iu`b, at rnega`s tc fn snn` ocw G^ wajj fn snji-

=1

 

sustga sus tga`a` `a`d d watocut watocut rnmcursn rnmcursn tc bc`cr bc`cr gdn`ma gdn`mans ns g`b @gtac` @gtac`s. s. Ronrn Ronrn as ton `nnb icr  sufsnqun`t rnsngrmo tc prciinr g`swnr tc toas qunstac`. Bnspatn ton G^‑s niicrts tc bcusn mc`ijamts, enefnr `gtac`s wnrn icu`b fnsnt fy pcvnrty, pccr dcvnr`g`mn g`b jgml ci   pcjatamgj wajj tc eg`gdn Giramg` mc`ijamts. Ronsn socrtmcea`ds mrngtnb g stgtn ci dn`nrgj a`snmuraty a` Giramg pgrtamujgrjy won` enefnr `gtac`s wnrn `ct wajja`d tc gfabn fy ton G^‑s rnscjutac`s. 776. Ron prcspnm prcspnmts ts ci G^‑s G^‑s mc`ija mc`ijamt mt rnscjuta rnscjutac` c` enmog`ase enmog`asess mcujb mcujb fn snn` snn` a` ton fcjb bnmasac` tgln` tc enbagtn g`b rnscjvn ton mc`ijamts a` Rcdc. Iurtonrecrn, ton G^ ogs summnnbnb a` n`icrma`d g mceprnon`savn mngsniarn a` Bgriur jngba`d tc ton Bgiur Xngmn Gdrnnen`t ci > Egy 6889. Nstgfjasoa`d eutugj rnjgtac`soap gec`d enefnr stgtns g`b sufsmrafa`d tc @NXGB prcdrges gaenb gt trg`sicrea`d Giramg tc nmc`ceam prcspnraty mcujb strn`dton` G^‑s enmog`ases. ]trgtndans tc n`og`mn ton enmog`ases mcujb a`mjubn bnvnjcpa`d pcjatamgj wajj fy Giramg` jngbnrs tc rnspc`b ngrjy tc mc`ijamts. Ron G^ mcujb gjsc n`mcurgdn ton usn ci bagjcdun g`b bapjcegtam mog``njs tc rnscjvn mc`ijamt. Ecst aepcrtg`tjy, Giramg` jngbnrs wcujb fn rnquarnb tc nefrgmn bnecmrgmy g`b cfsnrvn ton rujn ci jgw gs ton fgsas ci dcvnr`g`mn d cvnr`g`mn a` tonar mcu`trans. 77=. Roas stuby stuby nstgfjasonb nstgfjasonb togt togt ton mc`ijamt mc`ijamt rnscjutac` rnscjutac` enmog`ase enmog`ase mcujb mcujb icmus c` ton  prcectac` ci pngmn g`b snmuraty `nmnssgry icr sustga`gfjn bnvnjcpen`t a` Giramg. Ron enmog`ase ogs enbagtnb a` eg`y mrasas spcrts a` Giramg g`b ton G]I VNM Fradgbns grn  fnn` nstgfjasonb n stgfjasonb a` ja`n wato ats prctcmcj. Gjtocudo ton prcspnmts ci ton G^ enmog`ases grn fradot fradot,, ton nstgfj nstgfjaso asoen` en`tt ci ton VNM Fradgb Fradgbns ns as bc`n gt u`nvn` u`nvn` pgmn. pgmn. Ron G^ tonrnicrn `nnbs tc fn mceeattnb tc ton rnscjutac` ci mc`ijamts, woajn bnvnjcpa`d ton mgpgmaty icr sustga`gfjn bnvnjcpen`t a` Giramg. Ron prcpcsnb strgtndans mg` c`jy fn niinmtavn ai Giramg` jngbnrs wajj ogvn ton pcjatamgj wajj tc aepjnen`t G^‑s vasac` g`b cfknmtavns. 772.

Ron frcgb frcgb cutja cutja`ns `ns ci wogt `nnbs `nnbs tc fn fn bc`n grn grn igar igarjy jy mjngr mjngr.. Ron urdn urdn`t `t tgsl tgsl as tc

`urturn GX]G tc egturaty tc n`gfjn at gttga` ats iujj pctn`tagj g`b vasac`. Xnrogps g drngtnr  mogjjn`dn icr ton G^ gt prnsn`t jans a` `ct gjjcwa`d ton prcdrnss togt ogs fnn` egbn a` ton  pgst inw yngrs tc fn u`bnrea`nb fy ctonr bnvnjcpen`ts a` ton a`tnr`gtac`gj n`varc`en`t.

77>. A` ton ia`gj ia`gj g`gjy g`gjysas sas,, G^‑s GX]G GX]G wato wato ats strc` strc`d d a`tnrvn a`tnrvn`ta `tac`a c`ast st mceeat mceeaten` en`tt g`b rcfust a`statutac`gj sntup ciinrs fradot prcspnmts ci  Giramg` scjutac`s tc Giramg` prcfjnes. 28

 

Ns Nssn sn`t `tag agjj jjy, y, pcja pcjata tamg mgjj wa wajj jj,, gbnq gbnqugt ugtnn ia ia`g` `g`mn mnss g`b g ecrn ecrn iu`m iu`mta tac` c`gj gj `nt `ntwc wcrl rl ci  rnjgtac`soaps fntwnn` VNMs, mavaj scmanty crdg`azgtac`s g`b ton a`tnr`gtac`gj mceeu`aty wajj bntnrea`n ton summnss ci ton G^ a` onr qunst icr g rcfust rcjn a` pngmnlnnpa`d, snmuraty g`b bnvnjcpen`t.

27

 

FAFJACDVGXOQ

7.

^`atnb @gtac`s Crdg`asgtac`, ^`atnb @gtac`s Mogrtnr , p.77.

6.

Fcufgmgr

@‑Bagyn

,

‚Mc`ijamts

g`b

Mrasns

;

A`tnr`gj

g`b  

 A`tnr`gtac`gjBaen`sac`s.― pu pufj fjaaso sonb nb a` ton fc fccl cl,,  NMCTG] g`b ton By`geams ci  Mc`ijamt Mc`ij amt g`b Xngmn Fuajba`d, Fuajba`d, Nbatnb fy Rocegs Kgyn g`b ]tnjjg Gegba, pufjasonb fy

MCBN]AVG, Mc`glry, 6876.p =? =.

Kco` Kco`sc sc` ` A g`b g`b R Rg`b g`bnl nlg, g, ‚‚Vn Vnpcr pcrtt ci ci KKca ca`t `t CG^/ CG^/AX AXG G Mc` Mc`su sujt jtgt gtav avnn Icru Icrue e c` c` CG^ CG^

g`b Mc`ijamt Eg`gdnen`t a` Giramg―71-67 Egy 711=. p 6 2.

[g [grt rteg eg T, ‚Mc` ‚Mc`ij ijam amtt Vnbum Vnbumta tac` c`,, Xrnvn Xrnvn`t `tac ac` ` Eg`gd Eg`gdne nen` n`tt g`b Vnsc Vnscju juta tac` c`―― , a`

Mc`ijamt Vnscjutac` a` Giramg,nbs. Irg`mas E. Bn`d, A. Tajjage [grteg` (Tgsoa`dtc` BM; Frccla`ds A`statutn, 7117) p.681 >.

Bcudonr onrty Kg Kgens N g`b g`b Vcfn cfnrt Xi Xigjzdrgii

J Kr Kr, Mc` Mc`ttn`ba` ba`d

Ronc oncrans ci  ci 

A`tn A`tnr` r`gt gtac ac`gj `gj Vnjg Vnjgta tac`s c`s;; G Mcep Mceprn rnon on`s `sav avnn ]u ]urv rvny ny (@ (@nw nw Qcrl Qcrl;; Ogrpn Ogrpnrr g`b g`b VCT VCT Xufjasonrs,71?7) p.7?6 9.

Ir Irg` g`ln ln,, Fn`nb Fn`nbal altt g`b Nse Nsen` n`kg kgu` u`b, b, Vceg Vcega` a`,, ‚Toc ‚Toc cw`s cw`s Gira Giramg mg` ` Cw`nr Cw`nrsa sap3 p3 Ron Ron

Giramg Gir amg`as `asgta gtac` c` ci ]nmuary ]nmuary g`b ats Jaeats Jaeats―, ―, ]cuto ]cuto Giramg Giramg` ` Kcur`g Kcur`gjj ci A`t A`tnr` nr`gta gtac`gj c`gj Giigars,7>;6, (Bnmnefnr688?). X72= 4.

D Eajj Eajjs. s. A`tn A`tnrr-g`b g`b A`tr A`trgg ]tgt ]tgtnn Mc`i Mc`ija jamt mt a` Gi Gira ramg mg a` ton ton 7118s 7118s.. XX 71-= 71-=> >

?.

]pcj ]pcjgr gr M, Nto Nto`a `ama maty ty a` a` Gir Giram amg` g` Mc` Mc`ij ijam amts ts,, Ron Ron Tgs Tgsoa oa`d `dtc tc` ` Xcst Xcst ,  , 76 Egrmo 7114,

 p28. ?.

Onre Onrens ns R, R, Gira Giramg mg;; Vnda Vndac` c`gj gj Mc` Mc`ij ijam amts ts g`b g`b Bap Bapjc jceg egta tamm A`at A`atag agta tavn vnss , Ron Nmc`ceast,

Kujy 711?, p69. 1. ]gjae, ]gjae Goenb. 7111. Jcmgjasa`d cutfrngls; Ron rcjn ci rndac`gj crdg`asgtac` a` prnvn`tavn gmtac`. A`  Xrnvn`tgtavn bapjcegmy, nbatnb fy Lnva` E. Mgoajj. 78.

Gbnbnka, Gbnfgyc, nb. 711 7111. Mceprnon`ba`d g`b egstnra`d Giramg` mc`ijamts .

Jc`bc`; [nb Fccls. 77.

Mcjj Mcjjan anr, r, Xguj, Xguj, g`b g`b Og`s Fa`s Fa`swg wg`dn `dnr. r. 7111. 7111. Nto`a Nto`amm jcygjt jcygjtan ans, s, stgt stgtnn icreg icregta tac` c` g`b

mc`ijamt. G fgmldrcu`b pgpnr prnpgrnb icr ton Giramg a` ton 67Mn`tury 76. 76.

]t ]tnb nbeg eg` ` ]K, ]K, quct quctnb nb a` @wcja @wcjasn sn CFM, CFM, ‟NMC ‟NMCEC ECD D Xngm Xngmnl nlnn nnpa pa`d `d Cpnrg Cpnrgta tac` c` a`

Jafnra Jaf nrag; g; Niinmt Niinmtss c` Xcjata Xcjatamgj mgj ]tgfaj ]tgfajat aty y a` Tnst Tnst Giramg Giramg` ` ]uf-Vnd ]uf-Vndac` ac`‑‑ a` Gir Giramg amg Xngmn Xngmn Vnvanw Ycj 7 @c 7 (Gfukg 7114) p.=1.

26

 

7=. 7=.

Ns Nssa san` n` LG, Grenb Grenb Mc`ij Mc`ijam amts ts a` Gira Giramg mg-- G Xc Xcja jata tamg mgjj Baen Baen`s `sac ac`, `, Mcjjn Mcjjndn dn Xgpnr  Xgpnr 

sufeattnb tc ton Grenb Icrmns Mceeg`b g`b ]tgii Mcjjndn ,Kgka, Gpraj 6886, p. =. 72.

www.sajamc`giramg.mce www.sajamc`giramg.mce,, 6? Kg`ugry 6872 gmmnssnb 74 @cvnefnr 687>

7>.

Abclc Abclc ]C, ]C, ‟G ‟G Oado Oado Mceeg Mceeg`b `b icr icr ton Tns Tnstt Gira Giramg mg` ` ]uf-r ]uf-rnda ndac` c`;; Xcjam Xcjamy y cptac cptac`s `s‑, ‑,

Xgpnr sufeattnb tc ton @gtac`gj Tgr Mcjjndn, 6886, p 6> g`b 69. 79. Nr`nst Nr`nst Ogrsmo Ogrsmo,, ‚Mc`ij ‚Mc`ijamt amt Vnscur Vnscurmns mns;; Irce Irce ‟Mur ‟Mursn‑ sn‑ tc Fjns Fjnssa` sa`d d - Rrg` Rrg`sic sicrea rea`d `d g` Giramg` Tgr Vasl a`tc g Xngmn Gssnt―,  Giramg Vn`nwgj, Ycj.68 #2 (Kg`ugry 6884); p 74. 74.

ottp;/ ottp;//ww /www.u w.u`.cr `.crd/n d/nmcs mcscmb cmbnv/ nv/dn`a dn`a`ic/ `ic/gir girnm/ nm/vcj vcj68`c 68`c2/6 2/682-m 82-mc`i c`ija jamtmt-rns rnscur curmns mns.ot .otej ej

7?.

Tgr g`b Xngmn a` ton 67st Mn`tury, Oueg` ]nmuraty Vnpcrt 688>, Ron ^`avnrsaty

ci Frat Fratas aso o Mcju Mcjuef efag ag (Mg` (Mg`gb gbg; g; Cx Cxic icrb rb ^`av ^`avnr nrsa saty ty Xrns Xrnss, s, 688>) 688>),, p 2. Gvga Gvgajg jgfj fjnn gtottp;//www.oueg`snmuratyrnpcrt.a`ic. 71.

A`tn A`tnr` r`gj gj Basp Baspjg jgmne mnen`t n`t;; Djcf Djcfgj gj Cvnr Cvnrva vanw nw ci Rrn` Rrn`bs bs g`b Bnvnj Bnvnjcp cpen en`t `tss a` 688?, 688?,

ABEM AB EM Vnpc Vnpcrrt (@cr (@crwn wnda dag` g` Vni Vniud udnn nn Mcu` Mcu`ma maj, j, Gpra Gprajj 68 6881 81)) p => =>.. www.a`tnr`gjbaspjgmnen`t.crd.. baspjgmnen`t.crd 68.

^@OMV ^@O MV Vnpcrt Vnpcrt,, 688? Djcfgj Djcfgj Rrn`bs Rrn`bs;; Vniudn Vniudnns, ns, Gsyjue Gsyjue-sn -snnlnr nlnrs, s, Vntur` Vntur`nns nns,,

 A`tnr`gjjy Baspjgmnb g`b ]tgtnjnss Xnrsc`s bgtnb 79 Ku`n 6881.

67.

^`atnb ^`atnb La`dbce La`dbce Bnpgrt Bnpgrten` en`tt icr icr AA`tn `tnr`g r`gtac tac`gj `gj Bnvnjc Bnvnjcpen pen`t `t (BIA (BIAB) B) Mc`suj Mc`sujtgt tgtac` ac`

Bcmuen`t, Ron Mgusns ci Mc`ijamt a` Giramg (Egrmo  (Egrmo 6887) p 78. 66.

ottp;/ ottp;//rn /rnjan janiwn iwnf.a f.a`t/ `t/rnp rnpcrt crt/fu /furu` ru`ba/ ba/rgp rgppcr pcrt-b t-bn-j n-jg-e g-egtr gtramn amn-bn-bn-sua suavava-bns bns-pj -pjgmne gmnen`t n`t--

bte-furu`ba-cmtcfrn-687> 6=.

ottp;//www.woc.a`t/ongjtoa`ic/djcfgjSfurbn`Sbasngsn.. ottp;//www.woc.a`t/ongjtoa`ic/djcfgjSfurbn`Sbasngsn

62 62.. Vnpc Vnpcrt rt ci ton Moga Mogarpn pnrrsc sc` ` ci ton ton Gira Giramg mg` ` ^`a ^`ac` Mceea Mceeass ssaac` c`,, ‟‟ N`og`ma`d   Giramg's Vnscjvn g`b Niinmtavn`nss a` N`ba`d Mc`ijamt g`b ]ustga`a`d Xngmn‑‑ tc ton ]pnmagj ]nssac` ci ton Gssnefjy ci ton ^`ac`, Rrapcja, Jafyg =8 ” =7 Gudust 6881. (Rrapcja; Giramg` ^`ac`, 6881) p =. 6>.

ottp;//www.aipra.crd.

69.

^`at ^`atnb nb La La`d `dbce bce BIAB BIAB Mc`s Mc`suj ujtg tgta tac` c` Bcmu Bcmuen en`t `t.. Cp Cp Mat Mat..

64.Kgllan 64.Kgll an Majjanrs, Majjanrs, ‟‑Ron MNT] ci ton Giramg` Giramg` ^`ac`‑‑, a` Ron Vnscjutac` ci Giramg` Mc`ijamts;Ron Eg`gdnen`t ci Mc`ijamt Vnscjutac` g`b Xcst-Mc`ijamt Vnmc`strumtac`,   nb.

Gjirnb @oneg g`b Xguj Raygefn [njnzg (Coac; Coac ^`avnrsaty Xrnss, 688?) p =7.

2=

 

6?. 6?.

]nrnlnfrog` Ia Iaqur qurnegrage, ‟‟Giramg` ]cjutac`s tc Giramg` Xrcfjnes‑‑ A`statutn A`statutn icr 

]nmuraty ]tubans, Gbbas Gfgfg (]np 688?). ottp;//www.ass.mc.zg/a`bnx.pop ottp;//www.ass.mc.zg/a`bnx.pop.. 61.

 N^ Mc`ijamt Xrnvn`tac`, Eg`gdnen`t g`b Vnscjutac` a` Giramg onjb a` Vcen

6?/61 Kujy 688=,  fy A`tnr`gtac`gj Gjnrt g`b ]ginrwcrjb (Vcen; A`tnr`gtac`gj

Gjnrt,688=),p27.ottp;//www.a`tnr`gtac`gjgjnrt.crd/pbi/pufbnv/N^Giramg Gjnrt,688=),p27.ottp;//www.a`tnr`gtac`gjgjnrt.crd/pbi/pufbnv/N^Giramg %68]nea`grAtgjag`ECIGKujy688=.pbi . =8.

Ron

Mc`statutavn

Gmt

as

ton

mc`statutac`gj

trngty

ci

ton

G^.

www. gu68   gu6886 86.d .dcv cv.z .zgg/b /bcm cms/ s/ln lnyS yScg cgu/ u/ gu Sgmt gm t.pbi .p bi.. =7. =7.

Grta Grtamj mjnn 2(o 2(o)) ci ci ton ton MGG MGG^. ^. Grta Grtamj mjnn 2(k 2(k))

=6.

ottp;//www.giramg-u`ac`.crd. ottp;//www.giramg-u`ac`.crd.

==.

JgIrg` JgIrg`anr anrnn ]ogrc ]ogrc`, `, ‟‟Tc ‟‟Tcrjb rjb Fg`l Fg`l Vnpcr Vnpcrts; ts; Xrcdrn Xrcdrnss ss a` ]uf-]go ]uf-]gogrg grg` ` Gira Giramg‑ mg‑‑. ‑. Ron

 @nw

Raens, 

Qcrl

7>

@cvnefnr

6884.Gvgajgfjn

gt

ottp;//www.`ytaens.mce/6884/77/7>/wcrjb/giramg/7>giramg.otej. ottp;//www.`ytaens.mce/6884/77/7>/wcrjb/giramg/7>giramg.otej. =2 =2..

Kglla gllann Majj Majjaanrs nrs, ‟‟Gi ‟‟Girramg amg a` ton ton @nw @nw Tcrj Tcrjb‑ b‑‑‑  Ec`cdrgpo 7>7 (Cmtcfnr 688?); p

787.ottp;//www.ass.mc.zg => =>..

@bu` @bu`d' d'u u Tga`g ga`gaa`g `g,, ‚Rra ‚Rrafu fu`g `gjj Dccb Dccb Mog` Mog`mn mn tc N`b N`b Aepu` epu`at aty― y―..  @gtac`,

67

 @cvnefnr 688?. ottp;//www.`gtac`.mc.ln/cpnb/Cpa`ac`. ottp;//www.`gtac`.mc.ln/cpnb/Cpa`ac`. =9. =9.

Inbn Inbnra ramg mg Egrzc Egrzc,, ‟‟ ‟‟Ec Ecrn rn Rrnns Rrnns Ogvn Ogvn Igjj Igjjn` n`…F …Fut ut ton Icrns Icrnstt as ]tajj ]tajj Drcwa Drcwa`d `d;;

Vnmn`t

Rrn`bs

a`

Giramg`

Xcjatams‑‑,

 Xcjamy

A`sadots

@c.

9= 

(Gpraj

688?);p7.ottp;//www.cnmb.crd/bnv/a`sadots. =4.

GEA] GEA]NM NM - G^ G^ Eass Eassac ac` ` icr icr ]uppc ]uppcrt rt tc tc ton ton Njnmt Njnmtac ac`s `s a` a` ton ton Mcec Mcecrc rcs. s.

=?. =1.. =1

NMCTG] Ec Ec`atcra`d Dr Drc cup. Gira Gi ramg mg` ` ^` ^`ac ac` ` Eas Eassa sac c` a` a` ]c ]cegj gjag ag..

28 28..

Y. Y.L. L. Ocj Ocjt, ‟‟Egl ‟Eglaa`d Mc`i Mc`ija jamt mt Vnsc Vnscju juttac` g`b g`b Xrnv Xrnvn` n`ta tac` c` a` Gir Giramg amg g Rcp

Xracraty‑‑- D?-Giramg Gmtac` Xjg` g`b Mc`sabnrgtac`s icr ]ng Asjg`b =7 Egr 6882,  fy ton D?-Giramg Xgrt`nrsoap Xrcknmt ci ton Mcu`maj c` Icrnad` Vnjgtac`s (Tgsoa`dtc` BM; D?Giramg Xgrt`nrsoap Xrcknmt,6882),p-4. 27.

Grtamjn = X]M Xrctcmcj.

26. 26.

Ron Tccb ccbrcw Tajsc` A`tn `tnr`gt `gtac`g c`gj Mn`tnr icr ]m ]mo ocjgrs grs, Giramg  Giramg Xrcdrge;

 Ntoacpag's

Njnmtac`s

g`b

Ronar

ottp;//www.wajsc`mn`tnr.crd/a`bnx ottp;//www.wajsc`mn`tnr.crd/a`bnx..

22

Gitnregto,

(Ku`n

688>).

 

2=.

Gjnr Gjnrt@ t@nt nt,, ‟‟Nto ‟‟Ntoac acpa pag, g, Nrat Nratrn rngg Vnknm Vnknmtt Fcrbn Fcrbnrr Mceea Mceeass ssac ac` ` Xrcpcs Xrcpcsgj gj‑‑ ‑‑..  Vnutnrs, 68

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