Confesion Sincera

 

 

ONKVEZNJ JF DVINCHJNJF[ KNRRFRN WR@OF[H@CNE JF JFRFKD@

ZF[H[

―EN K@COF[HÛC [HCKFRN FC EN AVRH[WRVJFCKHN JF EN K@RZF

[VWRFIN JF AV[ZHKHN JF EN RFWÑBEHKN’ 

WNRN @BZFCFR FE ZÉZVE@ JF  NB@MNJ@

NVZ@RF[ INRH@ FJMNR I@CJRNM@C KDHRHIHN ANHIF ENRRX WFRNEF[ M@CQÎEF[

N[F[@R DVM@ M@CQNEF[ NMVHENR

EHIN, WFRÑ, @KZVBRF JF 27>=

 

 

JFJHKNZ@RHN  N Jh`s y n ih injrf @emn p`r su np`y` hck`cjhkh`cne y p`r sfr fe phenr jf ih vhjn y en hcsphrnkhûc jf krfkfr pfrs`cne y pr`ofsh`cneifctf jén n jén. N ihs pnjrfs quf fstîc fc fe khfe` Wfjr` y Inrén, n ih fsp`sn Inrtdn quhfc if nyuj` fc t`j` i`ifct` fc ih pr`yfkt` y if jn su thfip`, ni`r y pnkhfckhn.  N ihs dha`s Wfjr`, A`sè Euhs, Knr`ehcn,  Nbhmnhe y Inrén Of quhfcfs fctfcjhfr`c ih nusfckhn p`r rnz`cfs jf fstujh`. N ihs té`s Inrén Nþnduhs, Brémhjn _hekns y Ifequhnjfs

Wfrnefs

p`r

su

np`y`

hck`cjhkh`cne. N ihs k`ipnþfr`s jf fstujh` fc ih ftnpn uchvfrshtnrhn.

 

 

NMRNJFKHIHFCZ@[  N Jh`s p`r jnrc`s vhjn.  N en Vchvfrshjnj Nutûc`in jfe Wfrñ, nsé k`i` n e`s j`kfctfs quf k`ctrhbuyfr`c k`c cufstr` k`c`khihfct`.  N e`s k``rjhcnj`rfs jf en Fskufen jf Jfrfkd`

quf

dhkhfr`c

p`shbef

en

kueihcnkhûc jf en tfshs.  Ne

pr`ofs`r

Aunc

Frcfst`

Muthèrrfz

@thchnc` p`r su mrnc jfjhknkhûc y k`ipr`ihs` k`cstnctf.  Ne pr`ofs`r A`rmf Wèrfz Eûpfz p`r dnkfr jf sus kîtfjrns uchvfrshtnrhns uc mrnc fafipe` n sfmuhr.

 

 

RF[VIFC

En k`cofshûc fs ucn ohmurn auréjhkn rfmuenjn fc fe nrtékue` >?7· jfe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne pfcne jf 277: k`i` uc` jf e`s iîs hip`rtnctfs ifjh`s jf prufbn, en ihsin quf k`cshstf fc fe rfk`c`khihfct` shckfr` y fsp`ctîcf` jf e`s dfkd`s hiputnj`s p`r pnrtf jf en pfrs`cn quf sf fckufctrn shfcj` hcvfsthmn hcvfsthmnjn jn k`i` nut`r ` pnrtékhpf jf uc heékht` pfcne. Wnrn quf sfn vîehjn en k`cofshûc, y fohknz, rfquhfrf quf sfn k`cohrinj` k`c fe rfst` jf fefifct`s jf k`cvhkkhûc nktunj`s vîehjnifctf fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne hcstnurnj` fc k`ctrn jfe hiputnj`. Fstn ohmurn auréjhkn, fc fe shstfin pr`kfsne hcquhshthv` ouf k`cshjfrnjn prufbn pefcn, fc en nktunehjnj sûe` fs uc ifjh` jf prufbn iîs, pfr` c` kunequhfrn, su hip`rtnckhn rnjhkn fc fe peus jf kfrtfzn pnrn sustfctnr ucn sfctfckhn k`cjfcnt`rhn.

En k`cofshûc pufjf sfr fctfcjhjn k`i` en jfkenrnkhûc quf fc k`ctrn jf sé ihsi` rfnehzn fe hiputnj`, rfk`c`khècj`sf rfsp`csnbef jfe jfeht` y jf ens jfiîs khrkucstnckhns quf s`c intfrhn jf hcvfsthmnkhûc y pr`kfs` pfcne. Fe pr`kfsnj` njihtf dnbfr k`ifthj` ucn k`cjuktn pfcneifctf téphkn, rfk`c`kf jf incfrn ehbrf y v`euctnrhn nctf en nut`rhjnj k`ipftfctf, su pnrthkhpnkhûc fc fe dfkd` quf oucjn en prftfcshûc rfprfshvn jfe Ihchstfrh` Wñbehk` yn jfjukhjn fc su k`ctrn.

WNENBRN[ KEN_F1 K`cofshûc, pr`kfs` pfcne, prufbn pfcne, c` nut`hckrhihcnkhûc y aurhsprujfckhn.

 

 

NB[ZRNKZ

Zdf k`cofssh`c hs rfmuentfj hc nrthkef >?7 `o tdf Krhihcne Wr`kfjurf K`jf `o 277: ns n ifncs `o pr``o, k`cshsthcm hc tdf shckfrf ncj sp`ctncf`us rfk`mchth`c `o tdf hckrhihcnthcm onkts by tdf pfrs`c `c wd`i n o`rine hiputnth`c hs kdnrmfj, ncj tdnt o`r hts vnehjhty Ncj foohknky iust bf k`cohrifj whtd tdf rfst `o tdf fvhjfcthnry intfrhne vnehjey usfj hc tdf krhihcne pr`kffjhcms hcsthtutfj nmnhcst dhi. Ho ht hs k`cshjfrfj bfo`rf ouee pr``o, ht hs c`w n ifncs `o pr``o i`rf, but c`t ncy, bfknusf newnys hts prfsfckf whee mhvf nc njjhth`cne `o kfrtnhcty t` sustnhc n k`cjficnt`ry sfctfckf.  N k`cofssh`c k`cofssh`c hs ucjfrst``j ns tdf stntfifct stntfifct injf nmnhcst tdf nkkusfj, nkkusfj, rfk`mchzhcm muhety `o tdf krhif ncj `tdfr khrkuistnckfs. [trhktey spfnlhcm, tdf njihssh`c `o tdf nkkusfj jfpfcjs `c dnvhcm k`iihttfj n typhkne krhihcne k`cjukt, ht hs tdf rfk`mchth`c orffey ncj v`euctnrhey injf bfo`rf tdf k`ipftfct nutd`rhty by tdf nkkusfj, nb`ut dhs pnrthkhpnth`c hc tdf onkt tdnt df bnsfs tdf rfprfsshvf kenhi nerfnjy jfjukfj nmnhcst dhi.

LFX]@RJ[  K`cofssh`c, krhihcne pr`kfjurf, krhihcne trhne, c`c-sfeo-hckrhihcnth`c ncj  aurhsprujfckf. 

 

 

ÉCJHKF JF K@CZFCHJ@

JFJHKNZ@RHN  NMRNJFKHIHFCZ@[ RF[VIFC  NB[ZRNKZ HCZR@JVKKHÛC

KNWÉZVE@ H 1 WENCZFNIHFCZ@ JFE WR@BEFIN ........................................... >  >. 

Jfskrhpkhûc jfe pr`befin .......................................................................... 2 

>.2. O`riuenkhûc jfe pr`befin .......................... ............. .......................... .......................... .......................... ...................... ......... ; >.2.>.

Wr`befin mfcfrne .............. ........................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ............. ;

>.2.2.

Wr`befin fspfkéohk` ............ ......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ........................ ........... ;

>.;. @bafthv`s jf en hcvfsthmnkhûc .......................... ............ ........................... .......................... ......................... ................. ..... : >.;.>. @bafthv` mfcfrne ..................................................................................... : >.;.2. @bafthv` fspfkéohk` ................................................................................. : >.:. Austhohknkhûc f Hip`rtnckhn .......................... ............. .......................... ........................... .......................... ................... ....... : >.:.>.

Austhohknkhûc tfûrhkn .......................... ............. .......................... .......................... .......................... ........................ ........... 6

>.:.2.

Austhohknkhûc ift`j`eûmhkn ............ ......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ................. 6

>.:.;.

Austhohknkhûc prîkthkn............. .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ...................... ......... 6

>.6. Ehihtnkh`cfs ......................... ............ ......................... .......................... ........................... .......................... .......................... ................. .... ? >.6.> Ehihtnkhûc tfip`rne ................................................................................. ? >.6.2 Ehihtnkhûc bhbeh`mrîohkn ............................................................................ ?

KNWHZVE@ HH 1 INRK@ ZFÛRHK@ ....................................................................... =   2.>.  Nctfkfjfctfs .............................................................................................. 4  2.2. Bnsfs tfûrhkns y khfctéohkns ............ ......................... .......................... ........................... .......................... ................. ..... >> 2.2.>.

Jfohchkhûc jf en k`cofshûc .......................... ............. .......................... .......................... .......................... ............. >>

2.2.2.

Cnturnefzn auréjhkn y vne`r pr`bnt`rh` jf en k`cofshûc ............ ..................... ......... >;

2.2.;.

Knrnktfrésthkns jf en k`cofshûc ............. ........................... ........................... .......................... ................. .... 2>

2.2.:.

Kenshohknkhûc jf en k`cofshûc ............. .......................... .......................... ........................... .................... ...... 2:

2.2.6.

Krhtfrh`s jf vne`rnkhûc jf en k`cofshûc ............ ......................... ........................... .................... ...... 24

2.2.?.

En k`cofshûc shckfrn ............ ......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ...................... ......... ;4

2.2.=.

Fofkt`s jf en k`cofshûc auréjhknifctf ............. .......................... ........................... .................... ...... ::

 

 

KNWHZVE@ HHH 1 IÈZ@J@ .................................................................................... 6;  ;.>. Zhp` y jhsfþ` jf Hcvfsthmnkhûc ......................... ............ .......................... .......................... .......................... ............. 6: ;.>.>.

Zhp` jf Hcvfsthmnkhûc ............ ......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .................... ....... 6:

;.>.2 Jhsfþ` jf Hcvfsthmnkhûc ........................................................................ 6: ;.2. W`benkhûc y iufstrn ............ ......................... .......................... ........................... ........................... .......................... ................. 66 ;.2.>. ;.2.2.

W`benkhûc .......................... ............ ........................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ........................ ........... 66 Iufstrn.......................... ............. ......................... .......................... ........................... .......................... .......................... ................. 66

;.;. Dhpûtfshs ............ ......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ........................... .................... ...... 66 ;.;.>.

Dhpûtfshs mfcfrne ............ .......................... ........................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ............. 66

;.;.2.

Dhpûtfshs fspfkéohkn ............ ......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .................... ....... 66

;.:. _nrhnbefs ‛ _nrhnbefs ‛ @pfrnkh`cnehznkhûc  @pfrnkh`cnehznkhûc ............................................................... 66 ;.:.>.

_nrhnbefs............ ......................... ........................... ........................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ............. 6?

;.:.2.

Jhifcsh`cfs .......................... ............. .......................... .......................... .......................... ........................... .................... ...... 6?

;.:.;.

@pfrnkh`cnehznkhûc jf vnrhnbefs ........................... .............. .......................... .......................... ................. 6?

;.:. Ièt`j` .......................... ............. .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ...................... ......... 64 ;.6. Wr`kfsnihfct` y ncîehshs fstnjésthk` jf jnt`s ............ ......................... ......................... ............... ... 64 ;.6.>.

Wr`kfsnihfct` jf jnt`s ............ .......................... ........................... .......................... ......................... ............... ... 64

;.6.2.

Ncîehshs Jf Jnt`s. .......................... ............. .......................... .......................... .......................... ........................ ........... 64

KNWÉZVE@ H_ 1 RF[VEZNJ@[ ........................................................................... ?7  :.>. Wr`kfsnihfct` y jfskrhpkhûc jf mrîohk`s .......................... ............. .......................... ...................... ......... ?> :.2. Ncîehshs f Hctfrprftnkhûc .......................... ............. .......................... .......................... .......................... ...................... ......... ?>

KNWÉZVE@ _1 K@CKEV[H@CF[ X RFK@IFCJNKH@CF[ RFK@IFCJNKH@CF[ .............. ........................... ................. .... =7  6.>. K`ckeush`cfs............................................................................................. => 6.2. Rfk`ifcjnkh`cfs ..................................................................................... =2

RFOFRFCKHN[ BHBEH@MRNOHKN[ .................................................................... =;  NCFT@[ .............................................................................................................. =: 

 

 

ÉCJHKF JF ZNBEN[ =2  Znben > _nrhnbefs @pfrnkh`cnehznkhû @pfrnkh`cnehznkhûc c  ................................................................. =2  Znben 2 Kenshohknkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn n) .................. == Znben ; Kenshohknkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn b) .................. =4 Znben : Kenshohknkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn k) .................. =8 Znben 6 Kenshohknkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn j) .................. 47 Znben ? Kenshohknkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn f) .................. 4> Znben = Kenshohknkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn o) ................... 42

 

 

ÉCJHKF JF OHMVRN[

Ohmurn C· >1 K`ipnrnkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn Wr fmuctn C·> ......... ?? Ohmurn C· 2 K`ipnrnkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn C·2 ........... ?= Ohmurn C· ; K`ipnrnkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn C·; ........... ?4 Ohmurn C· : K`ipnrnkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn C·: ........... ?8 Ohmurn C· 6 K`ipnrnkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn C·6 ........... =7 Ohmurn C· ? K`ipnrnkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn C·? ........... => Ohmurn C· = K`ipnrnkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn C·= ........... =2

 

 

HCZR@JVKKHÛC

Fe prfsfctf trnbna` jf hcvfsthmnkhûc fstî rfofrhj` n en k`cofshûc shckfrn, ohmurn  auréjhkn quf k`cshstf fc en jfk jfkenrnkhûc enrnkhûc fsp`ctîcfn, vfrnz y k`dfrfctf jfe hiputnj`, quhfc nkfptn su rfsp`csnbhehjnj pfcne, fs jfkhr, rfk`c`kf dnbfr pnrthkhpnj` fc uc jfeht` ` onetn sfn k`i` nut`r ` pnrtékhpf< jhkdn jfkenrnkhûc sf rfnehzn nctf en nut`rhjnj k`ipftfctf, k`c ens o`rinehjnjfs sfþnenjns p`r en efy, y rfspfktîcj`sf ens mnrncténs jfe jfbhj` pr`kfs`. En fstrukturn jf en prfsfctf tfshs fs en shmuhfctf1 Fe knpétue` prhifr`, trntnrî jfe pr`befin jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn, fs jfkhr, jftfrihcnrfi`s k`i` `bafthv` prhckhpne e`s krhtfrh`s uthehznj`s p`r en K`rtf [uprfin pnrn npehknr ` c` fstn ohmurn auréjhkn fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne pfrunc`. Fe sfmñc knpétue` fstnrî k`co`rinj` p`r fe inrk` tfûrhk` y sus nctfkfjfctfs, prhckhpnefs tfins rfofrfctfs n en k`cofshûc shckfrn, sus bnsfs tfûrhkns y su inrk` k`ckfptune, uthehzncj` jfctr` jf ens ihsins en aurhsprujfckhn jf en K`rtf [uprfin quf uthehznrfi`s quf c`s sfrvhrî pnrn pfrkntnrc`s jf e`s pnrîiftr`s jf en ohmurn fc fstujh`. Fe tfrkfr knpétue` fstî k`co`rinj` p`r fe ièt`j` uthehznj`, fe thp` jf hcvfsthmnkhûc rfnehznj`, fe jhsfþ` jf en ihsin, ens vnrhnbefs, en p`benkhûc, en iufstrn, y ens tèkchkns jf en hcvfsthmnkhûc y sus hcstruifct`s jf rfk`efkkhûc jf jnt`s uthehznj`s ne rfnehznr en prfsfctf tfshs. En prfsfctnkhûc jf e`s rfsuetnj`s, fe ncîehshs f hctfrprftnkhûc jf en tfshs e`s vfrfi`s fc fe kunrt` knpétue`. W`r ñethi`, fc fe ñethi` knpétue`, i`strnrfi`s ens k`ckeush`cfs y rfk`ifcjnkh`cfs< ohcnehzncj` k`c ens rfofrfckhns bhbeh`mrîohkns uthehznjns< nsé k`i` e`s ncfx`s k`rrfsp`cjhfctfs, fctrf e`s quf fstîc ens Nkufrj`s Wefcnrh`s y rfs`eukh`cfs jf en K`rtf [uprfin uthehznjns pnrn rfnehznr en prfsfctf hcvfsthmnkhûc.

 

 

Fspfrni`s quf en prfsfctf tfshs e`mrf su `bafthv`, quf fs fe jf jfehihtnr kenrnifctf en npehknkhûc jf en ohmurn auréjhkn jfc`ihcnjn k`cofshûc shckfrn p`r t`j`s e`s inmhstrnj`s jfe pnés, shrvhfcj` jf muén n e`s nb`mnj`s pr`kfsnehstns jfe pnés.

E`s tfshstns

 

 

KNWÉZVE@ H WENCZFNIHFCZ@ JFE WR@BEFIN

 

 

>. Jfskrhpkhûc jfe pr`befin Fc en dhst`rhn jfe pr`kfs` pfcne dn fxhsthj` ucn inrknjn tfcjfckhn, jf quhfc `ohkhn jf hcvfsthmnj`r ` hcstrukt`r, fc mfcfrnr jf kunequhfr incfrn, quf fe hiputnj` nkfptf ` rfk`c`zkn e`s dfkd`s hckrhihcnj`s, dnc fxhsthj` iukd`s kns`s fc e`s quf sf rfnehzn fstf thp` jf nkthvhjnj inchofstîcj`sf uc t`tne jfsprfkh` p`r en ehbfrtnj y en jhmchjnj jfe hcvfsthmnj`, nofktîcj`sf hckeus` su ehbfrtnj. Dnkhècj`sf us`, nsé ihsi`, o`rineifctf, jf en vh`efckhn ` en hcthihjnkhûc, k`i` p`r fafipe` en t`rturn y ens nifcnzns, k`i` `kurrén fc fe shstfin hcquhshthv` pur`, quf fstuv` vhmfctf jurnctf e`s shme`s THHH ne T_HHH. Fc fe ifckh`cnj` shstfin, ens nut`rhjnjfs rfnehznbnc en bñsqufjn jf en vfrjnj n trnvès jf en rfk`cstrukkhûc rfk`cstrukkhûc jf e`s dfkd`s p`r pnrtf j jfe fe ihsi` nmfctf< nmfctf< e` quf eefvû n k`cshjfrnr n en k`cofshûc k`i` ucn prufbn pefcn, k`i` ―en rfhcn jf ens prufbns’, prufbns ’, en prhckhpne jf ens prufbns ` en  pr`bnth` pr`bnthsshin pr`bnthsshin,, pfsf n quf jhkd` nkt` vuecfrnbn fe ―hcsthct` jf inctfchihfct` jf hc`kfckhn’ ` en ―fspfrnczn jf fxkuepnkhûc’ jfe hcvfsthmnj` hcvfsthmnj` jfctr` jfe pr`kfs`, jfbhècj`sf tfcfr fe k`cshjfrnkhûc quf t`j`s e`s d`ibrfs, c`rineifctf, trntnc jf fvhtnr y rfkdnznr nqufee` quf pufjn knusnref pfrauhkh`, fc fe prfsfctf kns`, en ehihtnkhûc jf su ehbfrtnj pfrs`cne, n trnvès jf ucn pfcn prhvnthvn jf ehbfrtnj. En fv`eukhûc jfe Jfrfkd` Wr`kfsne pfcne y, fc s`brf t`j`, jfe rfk`c`khihfct` jf sus prhckhph`s oucjnifctnefs (rfspftîcj`sf e`s jfrfkd`s y mnrncténs jfe pr`kfsnj`), mfcfrû quf fc en nktunehjnj p`jni`s nohrinr quf en k`cofshûc fs hcsuohkhfctf pnrn quf fe aufz oucjnifctf ucn k`cjfcn, fs jfkhr, pnrn jfstruhr en mnrnctén k`csthtukh`cne jfc`ihcnjn prfsuckhûc jf hc`kfckhn. N fst` tfcfi`s quf nþnjhr quf n trnvès jf e`s nþ`s, fe pr`mrfs` jf en khfckhn y jf en tèkchkn, dnc pfrihthj` uthehznr jfctr` jfe pr`kfs` pfcne jhofrfctfs ièt`j`s khfctéohk`s k`c en ohcnehjnj jf jfskubrhr en vfrjnj, en k`cofshûc, p`r e` tnct`, fstî pfrjhfcj` fohknkhn. [hc fibnrm`, t`jnvén fxhstf fctrf ens hcsthtukh`cfs jfe shstfin pfcne inrknj` hctfrès p`r e`mrnr quf fe hckuepnj` k`cohfsf quf fs rfsp`csnbef pfcneifctf.

2

 

 

En k`cofshûc sf fckufctrn rfk`c`khjn fc fe nrtékue` >?7· jfe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne pfcne jf 277: k`i` uc` jf e`s ifjh`s jf prufbn. W`jfi`s hcjhknr quf k`cshstf fc fe rfk`c`khihfct`, p`r pnrtf jfe hiputnj`, jf incfrn shckfrn y fsp`ctîcfn, jf e`s dfkd`s hckrhihcnj`s p`r ens hcsthtukh`cfs jfe shstfin pfcne. Wnrn quf sfn vîehjn en k`cofshûc thfcf quf sfr k`cohrinjn k`c e`s jfiîs fefifct`s jf k`cvhkkhûc jf knrm` nktunj`s jf incfrn vîehjn fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne hck`nj`. K`i` yn dfi`s hcjhknj` k`c nctfrh`rhjnj, en k`cofshûc fc en nktunehjnj yn c` fs k`cshjfrnjn k`i` ucn prufbn pefcn, shc` k`i` uc ifjh` jf prufbn iîs, pfr` uc` iuy hip`rtnctf, pufs su prfsfckhn mfcfrnrî uc peus jf kfrtfzn fc fe `bafthv` jf quf sfn sustfctnjn ucn sfctfckhn k`cj k`cjfcnt`rhn fcnt`rhn fc k`ctrn jfe hckuepnj`. Orfctf n e` nctfrh`rifctf sfþnenj`, fs ifcfstfr k`c`kfr jf què incfrn cufstrn K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn vne`rn en ohmurn jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn, nsé ihsi`, fstnbefkfr t`j`s e`s fofkt`s y k`csfkufckhns quf mfcfrn, t`iîcj`sf fc k`cshjfrnkhûc ens c`rins njafthvns fxhstfctfs.

>.2.  O`riuenkhûc jfe pr`befin

>.2.>.

Wr`befin mfcfrne °Kuîefs s`c e`s krhtfrh`s aurhsprujfckhnefs jf en K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn jfe Wfrñ rfspfkt` jf en hcsthtukhûc jfc`ihcnjn ―k`cofshûc shckfrn’0

>.2.2.

Wr`befin fspfkéohk`

°Fc què khrkucstnckhns en K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn jfe Wfrñ k`cshjfrn en jfkenrnkhûc jfe hiputnj` k`i` ucn k`cofshûc shckfrn0

;

 

 

>.;.

@bafthv`s jf en hcvfsthmnkhûc Fc fe prfsfctf trnbna` intfrhn jf hcvfsthmnkhûc pfrsfmuhi`s e`s shmuhfctfs `bafthv`s1

>.;.>. @bafthv` mfcfrne Hjfcthohknr e`s onkt`rfs quf jf nkufrj` n en j`ktrhcn aurhsprujfckhne jf en K`rtf [uprfin jfe Wfrñ, k`rrfsp`cjfc n en ohmurn pr`kfsne jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn, k`c en ohcnehjnj jf njnptnre` ne tfin jf en mrnjunkhûc jf en pfcn, e`mrîcj`sf n trnvès jf fstn ohmurn en fvfctune npehknkhûc jfe bfcfohkh` sfþnenj` fc fe kûjhm` njafthv`, k`cshstfctf fc en rfjukkhûc jf en pfcn.

>.;.2. @bafthv` fspfkéohk` Jfi`strnr k`c en prfsfctf hcvfsthmnkhûc quf sf thfcf quf jnr ucn ucho`rif npehknkhûc jf e`s supufst`s sfþnenj` jfctr` jf en ohmurn pr`kfsne jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn, y jf fstn incfrn k`ctrhbuhr n o`rtnefkfr ucn pfrkfpkhûc jf sfmurhjnj auréjhkn jfctr` jf cufstr` ifjh` s`khne, s`brf t`j` fctrf ens hcsthtukh`cfs quf sf fcknrmnc jf njihchstrnr austhkhn.

>.:.

Austhohknkhûc f Hip`rtnckhn

 N trnvès jf en prfsfctf tèshs, sf sf fstnbefkf fc jnr fc k` k`c`khihfct` c`khihfct` jf ens jhsthctns `phch`cfs fc rnzûc jf e`s nb`mnj`s, aurhstns y fspfkhnehstns fc fe tfin auréjhk` pfcne, nshihsi` ens rnz`cfs quf c`s hipuesnc pnrn en fenb`rnkhûc jfe prfsfctf trnbna`, fs p`jfr jftfrihcnr krhtfrh`s, jfctr` jfe k`c`khihfct` khfctéohk`, quf c`s pfrihtnc vfrhohknr fc què khrkucstnckhns fstnrfi`s nctf ucn k`cofshûc shckfrn, pufst` quf fc en aurhsprujfckhn fxpfjhjn fc e`s jhofrfctfs ûrmnc`s aurhsjhkkh`cnefs, fxhstfc k`ctrnjhkkh`cfs y pnrfkfrén hckeus` quf en j`miîthkn pr`kfsne pfcne c` sf p`cf jf nkufrj` fc nemucns knrnktfrésthkns quf tfcjrén quf tfcfr en ohmurn auréjhkn fc fstujh`.

:

 

 

>.:.>. Austhohknkhûc tfûrhkn En hcvfsthmnkhûc pr`pufstn buskn, ifjhnctf en uthehznkhûc jf krhtfrh`s j`miîthk`s, pfr` s`brft`j` jf en aurhsprujfckhn fxpfjhjn p`r en K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn jfe Wfrñ, hjfcthohknr en cnturnefzn auréjhkn, e`s rfquhsht`s oucjnifctnefs y ens k`csfkufckhns pnrn e`s hiputnj`s quf sf nk`anc n en k`cofshûc shckfrn.

>.:.2. Austhohknkhûc ift`j`eûmhkn Fc fe nspfkt` ift`j`eûmhk`, sf npehknr`c e`s shmuhfctfs hcstruifct`s1 kufsth`cnrh`s y intrhz jf ncîehshs jf k`ctfchj`, e`s kunefs c`s shrvhfr`c pnrn rfk`efktnr ` ncnehznr jnt`s, k`ctrhbuyfcj` jf fstf i`j` n en jfohchkhûc jf k`ckfpt`s quf dnstn nd`rn c` dnc fstnj` iuy bhfc jfohchj`s ` fstnbefkhj`s.  Nsé ihsi` sf rfkurrhû n en tèkchkn j`kuifctne n trnvès jfe ohkdnaf y en fstnjésthkn. N trnvès jf en npehknkhûc jfe kufsth`cnrh`, sf buskû k`c`kfr e`s dfkd`s y sus fofkt`s fc en rfnehjnj, fctrf `tr`s. Fe prfsfctf trnbna` ouf onkthbef p`rquf sf k`ctû k`c en bhbeh`mrnoén njfkunjn y jhvfrsns fafkut`rhns suprfins, nkufrj`s pefcnrh`s y knsnkh`cfs jf en K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn jfe Wfrñ, k`i` sf pufjf k`ipr`bnr fc e`s ncfx`s njauctnj`s.

>.:.;. Austhohknkhûc prîkthkn  K`cshjfrni`s, pnrthkuenrifctf, quf en prfsfctf tfshs rfvfen ucn vfrjnjfrn hip`rtnckhn, njfiîs jf fck`ctrnr ucn austhohknkhûc fc en prîkthkn, yn quf fc en nktunehjnj p`jfi`s k`ipr`bnr uc trntnihfct` jhofrfctf rfspfkt` ne ncîehshs jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn p`r pnrtf jf jhvfrs`s `pfrnj`rfs jf austhkhn< fs jfe kns` prfkhsnr quf, n pfsnr jf quf fxhstfc vnrhns rfs`eukh`cfs jf en K`rtf [uprfin quf trntnc fe tfin jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn, fs hip`rtnctf rfnehznr uc ncîehshs jf e`s jhofrfctfs kns`s quf c`s pfrihtn fstnbefkfr su mrnj` jf rnz`cnbhehjnj.

6

 

 

>.6.

Ehihtnkh`cfs

Fc fstn hcvfsthmnkhûc sf puj` rfk`c`kfr ehihtnkh`cfs ohcnckhfrns, jnj` quf pnrn en fenb`rnkhûc jf en prfsfctf tfshs c` sf k`ctû k`c uc ohcnckhnihfct` fxtfrc`, shc` ñchknifctf k`c rfkurs`s k`c rfkurs`s pr`ph`s

>.6.> Ehihtnkhûc tfip`rne

Fstn fc rfenkhûc jf en onetn jf thfip` fc fe prfsfctf trnbna` y k`c e`s d`rnrh`s jf trnbna` quf c` c`s pfrihtån p`jfr rfnehznr uc n hcvfsthmnkhûc fxdnusthv fxdnusthvn n jfe tfin

>.6.2 Ehihtnkhûc bhbeh`mrîohkn

Jfctr` jf ens ehihtnkh`cfs quf sf prfsfctnr`c fc fe k`rrfsp`cjhfc k`rrfsp`cjhfctf tf jfsnrr`ee` jfe prfsfctf trnbna` jf hcvfsthmnkhûc sf fckufctrnc ens jhohkuetnjfs fc kunct` ne intfrhne bhbeh`mrîohk` rfspfkt` ne tfin n hcvfsthmnr, pufs nkkfjfr n en hco`rinkhûc fc nemuc`s nspfkt`s ouf uc tnct` jhohkhe

?

 

 

KNWHZVE@ HH INRK@ ZFÛRHK@

 

 

2.>.

Nctfkfjfctfs

N) HCZFRCNKH@CNEF[

W`jfi`s k`ifcznr sfþnencj` quf IHZZFRINHFR, kuncj` ncnehznbn e`s i`thv`s jf en k`cofshûc, hcjhknbn quf en s`khfjnj ―cuckn sf iufstrn iîs k`cvfckhjn jf en kuepnbhehjnj jfe nkusnj`, quf kuncj` snbf quf dn fincnj` jf èe ucn k`cofshûc k`ipeftn’   (IHZZFRINHFR, 277?, 2>=), p`r

fee`, k`i` yn dfi`s ifckh`cnj` k`c nctfrh`rhjnj, pfsf n en fv`eukhûc jfe pr`kfs` pfcne, shfiprf sf incthfcf ucn inrknjn tfcjfckhn p`r pnrtf jfe hcvfsthmnj`r, jf e`mrnr quf fe hiputnj` sf rfk`c`zkn rfsp`csnbef pfcneifctf, shc hip`rtnr fe ifjh` y n kunequhfr prfkh`. Iukdns vfkfs ens nut`rhjnjfs, k`c fe `bafthv` jf e`mrnr en k`cofshûc, dnc vuecfrnj` y ifc`sknbnj` en ehbfrtnj y en jhmchjnj jfe hckuepnj`, dnkhfcj` us`, hckeus`, o`rineifctf, jf en jfsprfkhnbef vh`efckhn fc jhofrfctfs inchofstnkh`cfs, k`i` fafipe`s jf e` ifckh`cnj`, tfcfi`s n en t`rturn y n en nifcnzn uthehznjn fc fe shstfin hcquhshthv` pur` quf fstuv` vhmfctf jurnctf e`s shme`s THHH ne T_HHH, y quf frn fe iîs jur` jf e`s shstfins pr`kfsnefs. Fc fstf, en vfrjnj dhstûrhkn jfe kns` sf busknbn n trnvès jf en rfk`cstrukkhûc jf e`s dfkd`s rfnehznjn p`r fe pr`ph` suaft` nkthv` jfe jfeht`, fst` eefvû n k`cshjfrnr n en ohmurn pr`kfsne jf en k`cofshûc k`i` prufbn suohkhfctf, njfiîs jf jhrfktn y pefcn, pfsf n k`ctrnrhnr tne nktunkhûc, jf nkufrj` n ZNB@NJN ― fe fe cnturne — hcsthct` hcsthct` jf k`csfrvnkhûc jf hc`kfckhn ‘ ` en —fspfrnczn jf   jfe hiputnj` fc fe pr`kfs`, fc en fxpfrhfckhn k`iñc jf quf fxkuepnkhûc‘  jfe t`j` d`ibrf jf snc` auhkh` fvhtn y rfkdnzn nqufee` quf pufjn knusnref  (ZNB@NJN, 2774, 2>;).  pfrauhkh`’  (ZNB@NJN,

4

 

 

Xn fc `trns èp`kns, k`c en pfcftrnkhûc jfe pfcsnihfct` ehbfrne fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne jfe shme` THT, en j`ktrhcn y en aurhsprujfckhn, jf nkufrj` k`c R@THC ―nbrhfr`c pns`  n en hjfn jf quf fe hiputnj` jfbén sfr rfk`c`khj` k`i` uc suaft` pr`kfsne j`tnj` jf jfrfkd`s nutûc`i`s fc fe pr`kfs` ’  (R@THC,   (R@THC, 2777, >2:), y quf hkd` hiputnj` p`jén dnkfr vnefr sus jfrfkd`s k`csthtukh`cnefs jfsjf fe prhifr i`ifct` fc quf ens hcsthtukh`cfs jfe shstfin pfcne pr`kfjénc n ntrhbuhref pnrthkhpnkhûc fc uc jfeht`. Jf nkufrj` n D@R_HZQ y EÛWFQ,  ―fstn p`shkhûc pr`vfcén jf en k`cshjfrnkhûc  (D@R_HZQ y fstrhktn jfe prhckhph` jf prfsuckhûc jf hc`kfckhn ` jf c` kuepnbhehjnj ’’  (D@R_HZQ EÛWFQ, 2776, 226), mnrnctén quf pfrihtén supfrnr en k`ckfpkhûc hcquhshthvn quf dfi`s hcjhknj` eécfns nrrhbn, jf vfr ne hiputnj` sûe` k`i` uc `baft` jfe pr`kfs` y jf en hcvfsthmnkhûc, fs jfkhr, sûe` k`i` ucn oufctf jf hco`rinkhûc quf tfcén fe ohc en jftfrihcnkhûc jf en vfrjnj intfrhne. En fv`eukhûc jf en j`ktrhcn jf e`s jfrfkd`s y mnrncténs k`csthtukh`cnefs jfe pr`kfsnj`, jfctr` jfe pr`kfs` pfcne, c`s pfrihtf nohrinr nktuneifctf quf en k`cofshûc c` rfsuetn suohkhfctf pnrn quf uc aufz fxphjn ucn sfctfckhn k`cjfcnt` k`cjfcnt`rhn, rhn, ` shrvn pnrn jfstruhr fe prhckhph` jf prfsuckhûc jf hc`kfckhn, k`csnmrnj` fc en K`csthtukhûc y fc fe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne pfcne. W`jfi`s hcjhknr quf en fv`eukhûc jf ens khfckhns pfrihtf en uthehznkhûc jf ièt`j`s i èt`j`s khfctéohk`s fc en hcvfsthmnkhûc, jfctr` jf uc pr`kfs` pfcne, k`c en ohcnehjnj jf jfskubrhr en vfrjnj. K`i` vfi`s, fc fe trncskurs` jfe thfip` en k`cofshûc fstî pfrjhfcj` fohknkhn. [hc fibnrm`, t`jnvén fxhstf uc prf`kupnctf hctfrès p`r pnrtf jf ens nut`rhjnjfs jf e`mrnr en k`cofshûc jfe hiputnj`, KNOOFRNZN C@RF[  sfþnen quf trfs rnz`cfs fxpehknc fstf ofcûifc`1 ― >) >)

Fe aufz tfchfcj` ucn k`cofshûc sf shfctf iîs trncquhe` ne jhktnr ucn sfctfckhn k`cjfcnt`rhn<

2)

C` fs fe aufz quhfc k`cjfcn ne hiputnj`, shc` quf fs fe ihsi` hiputnj` quf k`cofsncj` sf k`cjfcn n sé ihsi`< y

;)

En k`cofshûc eefvn n en s`khfjnj, n en `phchûc pñbehkn, n ucn hiprfshûc hcjubhtnbef jf en austhkhn jfe pr`cuckhnihfct`< en k`iuchjnj orfctf n uc hiputnj` k`cofs` c` jujn c`rineifctf jf en k`rrfkkhûc jf en sfctfckhn ’ .  (KNOOFRNZN C@RF[, 277>, >?8)  >?8)  8

 

 

B)

CNKH@CNEF[

Fc cufstr` ifjh`, KVBN[ _HEENCVF_N sfþnen quf ― fe fe us` y nbus` fxnmfrnj` jf en k`cofshûc orfctf n uc dfkd` jfehkthv` c` sûe` k`rrfsp`cjén n en W`ehkén Cnkh`cne, fcknrmnjn jf en hcvfsthmnkhûc prfehihcnr (hcsthtukhûc hctfrfsnjn fc fck`ctrnr — uc uc kuepnbef‘  quf  quf sf nut`hckuepf ifjhnctf ucn k`cofshûc), shc` tnibhèc n e`s inmhstrnj`s quf sf prf`kupnbnc jfinshnj` p`r — nrrncknr  nrrncknr ‘‘  ucn   ucn k`cofshûc< fst` `kurrén, hckeushvf, kuncj` fxhsténc `trns prufbns ofdnkhfctfs fc fe fxpfjhfctf s`brf en k`ihshûc jfe jfeht` y en rfsp`csnbhehjnj jfe pr`kfsnj`, pfsf n e` kune sf hcshstén, ucn y `trn vfz, quf fe nkusnj` jhmn en vfrjnj y sfþnef sh frn fe nut`r jfe jfeht`’  (KVBN[  (KVBN[ _HEENCVF_N, 2777). K`i` yn dfi`s hcjhknj` eécfns nrrhbn, en ohmurn pr`kfsne jf en k`cofshûc sf fckufctrn rfmuenjn fc fe nrtékue` >?7· jfe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne pfcne, kuyn cnturnefzn  auréjhkn sfrén uc ifjh` jf prufbn, fe ihsi` quf k`cshsthrén fc fe rfk`c`khihfct` p`r pnrtf jfe hcvfsthmnj`, jf incfrn shckfrn y fsp`ctîcfn jf e`s nkt`s quf sf ef hckrhihcnc< c` `bstnctf, pnrn quf jhkdn ohmurn sfn efméthin, thfcf cfkfsnrhnifctf quf sfr k`cohrinj` k`c e`s jfiîs fefifct`s jf k`cvhkkhûc nktunj`s jf incfrn vîehjn jfctr` jfe pr`kfs` pfcne quf fs hck`nj`. Jf sfr k`cshjfrnjn iukd`s nþ`s ntrîs k`i` ucn prufbn pefcn, nd`rn jf nkufrj` n ZNB@NJN  ―fs uc ifjh` jf  prufbn iîs, pfr` c` kunequhfrn’  (ZNB@NJN,  (ZNB@NJN, 2774, 2>6), pufs en prfsfckhn jf en k`cofshûc shfiprf tfcjrî quf jnr uc peus jf kfrtfzn n e`s aufkfs y k`c fee` fst`s p`jrénc sustfctnr en fxpfjhkhûc jf ucn sfctfckhn k`cjfcnt`rhn.  Ne ncnehznr fc jftneef en k`cofshûc, p`jfi`s dnkfr ucn jhsthckhûc fctrf fctrf uc fxnifc o`rine y uc fxnifc intfrhne jf en e n ihsin. Fe prhifr` k`rrfsp`cjfrén n en hctfmrhjnj jf en k`cofshûc y n su ehbfrtnj jf pr`jukkhûc, `, fc t`j` kns`, sh fstî fs `behmnjn ` sumfrhjn p`r ens nut`rhjnjfs jfe shstfin pfcne, jfbhècj`sf fvneunr su i`thv`. Fs hip`rtnctf tfcfr fc k`cshjfrnkhûc quf rfsuetn iuy k`cvhckfctf en k`cofshûc jfe hiputnj` quf cnkf jfe nrrfpfcthihfct`, ` pufjf sfr tnibhèc jf en k`ckhfckhn jf en rfsp`csnbhehjnj pfcne `, jf rfpfctf p`r en rfshmcnkhûc jfe hckuepnj` nctf en k`cjfcn ` snckhûc hcfvhtnbef. Jfbfrî k`cshjfrnrsf tnibhèc en k`cofshûc quf cnkf jf nemuc`s sfcthihfct`s quf pufjfc sfr fxtrnþ`s n en vfrjnj oîkthkn, k`i` fs fe kns` jfe k`cihsfrnkhûc ` quhzî en jfprfshûc i`thvnj` p`r uc hctfrr`mnt`rh` >7

 

 

pr`e`cmnj`, fe ihsi` quf oufrn rfnehznj` p`r vnrhns d`rns< M@RWDF sfþnen quf tnibhèc sf thfcf quf tfcfr fc kufctn ―en ― en fspfrnczn jf `btfcfr en kefifckhn jf e`s  aufkfs< fe jfsf` jf npnrfkfr fc nsuct`s sfcsnkh`cnefs< en cfkfshjnj hcsthcthvn jf foushûc nctf nkt`s quf dnc pr`jukhj` ucn oufrtf hiprfshûc< en vfcmnczn k`ctrn uc kûipehkf `, ne k`ctrnrh`, fe jfsf` jf fckubrhre`, fctrf `tr`s iûvhefs iûvhefs’’ (M@RWDF, >867, 226). Fs hip`rtnctf, fct`ckfs, k`c`kfr quf fs e` quf dnbrén i`thvnj` en k`cofshûc jfe hiputnj`, y nsé nprfkhnr sh en ihsin pufjf sfr krfébef ` c`.

2.2. Bnsfs tfûrhkns y khfctéohkns 2.2.>.

Jfohchkhûc jf en k`cofshûc

W`jfi`s hcjhknr quf fe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne pfcne c`s brhcjn ucn jfohchkhûc jf en k`cofshûc, e` quf c` `kurrf k`c fe Kûjhm` jf pr`kfjhihfct`s pfcnefs jfe nþ` >8:7, fe jfc`ihcnj` cufv` kûjhm` fstnbefkf ens k`cjhkh`cfs y krhtfrh`s pnrn quf fe ûrmnc` aurhsjhkkh`cne `t`rmuf vne`r pr`bnt`rh` n fstf ifjh` jf prufbn. En ohmurn pr`kfsne jf en k`cofshûc thfcf quf k`cshsthr fc quf fe hiputnj` njihtn e`s knrm`s hiputnj`s fc su k`ctrn, p`r pnrtf jfe Ihchstfrh` Wñbehk`. Fstni`s jf nkufrj` k`c INCQHCH kuncj` sfþnen quf ― en en k`cofshûc k`cshstf fc kunequhfr v`euctnrhn jfkenrnkhûc ` njihshûc quf uc hiputnj` dnmn jf en vfrjnj jf e`s dfkd`s ` khrkucstnckhns quf hip`rtfc su rfsp`csnbhehjnj pfcne, ` quf sf rfohfrnc n en rfsp`csnbhehjnj ` n en hrrfsp`csnbhehjnj jf `tr`s p`r fsf ihsi` jfeht` ’   (khtnj` p`r KENRHÎ @EIFJ@, >8??, ;2?). Fs jfkhr, c`s rfofrhréni`s n en k`cofshûc kuncj` fxhstn uc rfk`c`khihfct` ehbrf y v`euctnrh` p`r pnrtf jfe hckuepnj` rfspfkt` ne rfk`c`khihfct` jf su rfsp`csnbhehjnj pfcne orfctf n uc trhbucne jf austhkhn, fstn nkfptnkhûc jf rfsp`csnbhehjnj pufjf sfr jf j`s thp`s1 t`tne ` pnrkhne. Jf nkufrj` k`c WNRRN ^VHANC@  ― en en k`cofshûc fs en jfkenrnkhûc jfe nkusnj` (fc sfcthj` mfcèrhk`), p`r en kune cnrrn ` rfk`c`kf sfr fe nut`r jf uc`s dfkd`s quf en efy pfcne jfskrhbf k`i` jfeht`’  (WNRRN ^VHANC@, >882, >47). Fc cufstr` pnés, fe pr`ofs`r

IHTÎC IN[[,  sfþnen quf ― en en k`cofshûc fc fe pr`kfjhihfct` pfcne fs uc nkt`  pr`kfsne quf k`cshstf fc en jfkenrnkhûc cfkfsnrhnifctf pfrs`cne, ehbrf, k`c k`cskhfctf, skhfctf, >>

 

 

shckfrn, vfr`séihe y khrkucstnckhnjn quf dnkf fe pr`kfsnj`, yn sfn jurnctf en hcvfsthmnkhûc ` fe auzmnihfct`, nkfptncj` t`tne ` pnrkhneifctf su rfne nut`rén `  pnrthkhpnkhûc fc en pfrpftrnkhûc jfe jfeht` quf sf ef hiputn’. (IHKÎC IN[[, >888, 68), Jf e` ifckh`cnj` k`c nctfenkhûc, p`jréni`s fctfcjfr k`i` k`cofshûc, jf nkufrj` n e` sfþnenj` p`r KNOFZQÛMEV[  ― en en jfkenrnkhûc quf fc k`ctrn jf sé dnkf fe hiputnj`, rfk`c`khècj`sf kuepnbef jfe jfeht` y jfiîs khrkucstnckhns. Fc rhm`r, en k`cofshûc hip`rtn en njihshûc jfe pr`kfsnj` jf dnbfr k`ifthj` ucn k`cjuktn  pfcneifctf téphkn, nuc kuncj` k`ctfcmn nefmnkh`cfs fcknihcnjns n ntfcunr ` n fxkeuhr en pfcn’   (KNOFZQÛMEV[, >842, 28). Fs jfkhr, en k`cofshûc fs fe rfk`c`khihfct` o`riuenj` p`r fe hckuepnj` jf incfrn ehbrf y v`euctnrhn orfctf n en nut`rhjnj quf fs k`ipftfctf pnrn k`c`kfr ucn hcvfsthmnkhûc pfcne ` uc pr`kfs`, jhkdn nkfptnkhûc ` rfk`c`khihfct` sf rfnehzn nkfrkn jf su pnrthkhpnkhûc e`s dfkd`s intfrhn jf hcstrukkhûc, en ihsin quf pr`kfjfrén pr `kfjfrén n oucjnr en prftfcshûc pr ftfcshûc puchthvn jfe Ihchstfrh` Wñbehk` jfjukhjn fc k`ctrn jfe hiputnj`. Dny quf tfcfr fc k`cshjfrnkhûc quf fxhstfc nemuc`s thp`s jf k`cofshûc, p`r fafipe` en k`cofshûc shipef y eencn, fc en quf fe hiputnj` njihtf nctf ens nut`rhjnjfs k`ipftfctfs uc dfkd` prhckhpne, shc fibnrm`, c` hck`rp`rn ucn khrkucstnckhn ntfcunctf, austhohknctf ` fxkuepnctf< fc tnct` quf jf nkufrj` n KNOOFRNZN C@RF[ sf eenin ― k`cofshûc k`cofshûc knehohknjn sh sf ef nþnjfc khrkucstnckhns knpnkfs jf fxkeuhr ` ntfcunr en e n rfsp`csnbhehjnj pfcne (p`r fafipe`1 intè, pfr` vh`efctnifctf fi`kh`cnj`)< fc fstn ñethin dhpûtfshs fs  p`shbef, sh sf nkrfjhtn (p`r fefifct`s `bafthv`s hcjfpfcjhfctfs) en hcfxhstfckhn jf en jhskuepn, nkfptnr fe rfk`c`khihfct` jf pnrthkhpnkhûc fc fe dfkd` y vne`rnre` k`i`  prufbn jf knrm`’  (KNOOFRNZN  (KNOOFRNZN C@RF[, 277>, >68). En k`cofshûc, k`i` vfi`s, jf nkufrj` n e` ifckh`cnj` p`r ANVKDFC ―  pufjf sfr inchofstnjn k`i` cnrrnkhûc jf e`s dfkd`s ` k`i` nkfptnkhûc jf en vfrjnj jf j f e`s knrm`s o`riuenj`s. [f iufstrn k`i` ucn jfkhshûc v`euctnrhn jfe hiputnj`, quf hipehkn c` sûe` fe dnbfr `ptnj` p`r inchofstnrsf shc` tnibhèc jf dnkfre` fc su k`ctrn< y fc fsf prfkhs` i`ifct` pufjf sfr quf njquhfrn fe jfp`cfctf, fc vhrtuj jf en nut`hckrhihcnkhûc, en knehjnj jf hiputnj`, sh fs quf èstn c` sf `btuv` k`c nctfrh`rhjnj, p`r fe dfkd` jf dnbfr shj` jftfchj` ` shcjhknj` k`i` nut`r ` pnrtékhpf jfe dfkd` jfehktu`s`’  (ANVKDFC,  (ANVKDFC, 277:, 2;2). >2

 

 

Fs hip`rtnctf sfþnenr tnibhèc quf IHZZFRINHFR s`stfcén quf ―c` dny cnjn iîs cnturne quf jnr krèjht` ne nkusnj`, kuncj` sf rfohfrf n ens `bsfrvnkh`cfs jf sus pr`ph`s sfcthj`s, yn quf ifa`r quf cnjhf k`c`kf fe sfkrft` jf t`jns ens khrkucstnckhns jfe krhifc, ins c` fs fxnkt` quf fstf s`e` tfsthi`ch` pr`juafrn en k`cvhkkhûc jfe aufz’ aufz’ (IHZZFRINHFR, 277?, >:2). >:2). W`jfi`s hcofrhr quf fe nrtékue` >?7· jfe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne pfcne rfmuen tnct` e`s kns`s jf k`cofshûc, k`i` ifjh` jf prufbn ñchkn jhrfktn r`jfnjn jf `tr`s fefifct`s jf knrm` quf en s`stfcjrénc, nsé k`i` en k`cofshûc fc k`cauct` k`c `tr`s ifjh`s pr`bnt`rh`s quf sfnc nutûc`i`s ` jhrfkt`s, df neeé en hip`rtnckhn jfe ifckh`cnj` jhsp`shthv` efmne.

2.2.2.

Cnturnefzn auréjhkn y vne`r pr`bnt`rh` jf en k`cofshûc

En jfkenrnkhûc jfe hiputnj`, k`i` rfmen mfcfrne, p`jrén sfr k`cshjfrnj` k`i` uc ifjh` pr`bnt`rh` knpnz jf hco`rinr nkfrkn jf e`s knrm`s hiputnj`s p`r fe Ihchstfrh` Wñbehk`, fc fstf jfbf jf rfspftnrsf e`s prhckhph`s oucjnifctnefs, ens mnrncténs y jfrfkd`s quf ef nshstf ne pr`kfsnj`< nshihsi`, fstni`s jf nkufrj` k`c I@CZFR@ NR@KN kuncj` sfþnen quf en jfkenrnkhûc jfe hiputnj` ― fs fs uc ifjh` jf jfofcsn’   (I@CZFR@ (I@CZFR@ NR@KN >88=, >6=), pufs pufjf sfr k`cshjfrnjn oîkheifctf k`i` ucn fxprfshûc jfe jfrfkd` k`c`khj` fc fe îibht` pr`kfsne pfcne k`i` jf c` nut`hckrhihcnkhûc (cfi` (cfi` tfcftur fjfrf k`ctrn sf) sf ),  fstf prhckhph` ` mnrnctén k`cshstf fc quf cnjhf pufjf fstnr `behmnj` n jfkenrnr fc su k`ctrn k`ct rn y quf t`j` e` quf fe hiputnj` jhmn p`jrén sfr uthehznj` fc su k`ctrn, tnct` fc su jhifcshûc cfmnthvn quf `kurrf kuncj` fe hckuepnj` sf chfmn n jfkenrnr jf jfkenrnr (jfrfkd` jf inctfcfrsf shefctf), k`i` fc su jhifcshûc p`shthvn jf nkfptnkhûc jf jfkenrnr, pfr` shc kuipehrsf k`c fe rfquhsht` rfquhsht` sfþnenj` fc cufstr` kûjhm` njafthv` k`cshstfctf k`cshstfctf fc prfstnr aurnifct` jf jfkhr en vfrjnj ` pr`ifsn jf d`c`r.

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Fstni`s jf nkufrj` k`c ZNB@NJN  kuncj` sfþnen quf ―e n k`cofshûc fc uc shstfin nkusnt`rh` njvfrsnrhne fs vhstn k`i` ucn jfkhshûc fstrntèmhkn, fc ihrns n `btfcfr bfcfohkh`s prfihnefs k`ckrft`s, k`i` en uthehznkhûc jf jhvfrsns snehjns netfrcnthvns jf s`eukhûc jfe k`coehkt` auréjhk` pfcne, pfrihthfcj` fc nemuc`s kns`s, fvhtnr en k`cjfcn, prfvhn rfpnrnkhûc fofkthvn jfe jnþ` ne nmrnvhnj` (k`i` fc fe  prhckhph` jf `p`rtuchjnj), fc `tr`s kns`s, en hip`shkhûc jf k`cjfcn pfr` k`c rfjukkhûc jf en pfcn’  (ZNB@NJN,  (ZNB@NJN, 2774, 2>6 s.), fs hip`rtnctf sfþnenr quf en hjfn fs c` fxhstn chcmucn cfkfshjnj jf quf sf fxp`cmn fe kns` n uc auhkh` pñbehk` (k`i` p`jrén `kurrhr fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne fspfkhne jf tfrihcnkhûc ncthkhpnjn). [hc fibnrm`, fs hip`rtnctf sfþnenr quf en pfrspfkthvn `bafthvn jf en k`cofshûc k`i` fstrntfmhn jf jfofcsn tèkchkn, jf nkufrj` n e` sfþnenj`, c` pfrihtf jfsknrtnr jf penc` quf fe rfk`c`khihfct` jf e`s dfkd`s jfehkthv`s p`r pnrtf jf jfee hiputnj`, pufjn jfrhvnr jf uc penc` subafthv` i`thvnj` p`r fe nrrfpfcthihfct` vfrjnjfr`, nièc jf fvfctuneifctf nk`ctfkfr `tr`s iûvhefs, k`i` e`s sfþnenj` p`r DHC@[ZR@QN,  k`i` ― p`r  p`r enxhtuj (ncshfjnj), p`r cfkfshjnj jf fxpehknrsf (fc kréifcfs  pnsh`cnefs), p`r eûmhkn eûmhkn (hctfrr`mnt`rh` shc snehjn), snehjn), p`r `rmuee` (vnchjnj (vnchjnj jf dnznþns), dnznþns),  (DHC@[ZR@QN, 2776, >=8 ss.).  p`r fspfrnczn ` tfi`r (fvhtnr ucn ucn pfcn iny`r)’  (DHC@[ZR@QN, K`i` snbfi`s, snbfi`s, en jfkenrnkhûc jfkenrnkhûc jfe hi hiputnj` putnj` fs ehbrf, sh en ihsin k`cthfcf en nkfptnkhûc jf en hiputnkhûc jf e`s dfkd`s o`riuenj`s fc su k`ctrn, njfiîs jf quf jhkdn jfkenrnkhûc sf fckufctrf k`cohrinj` p`r jhofrfctf intfrhne pr`bnt`rh` jf knrm`, fe ihsi` quf dn shj` nktunj` fc fe pr`kfs` p`r ens hcsthtukh`cfs jfe shstfin pfcne, fstn k`cofshûc sf k`cvfrthrén hcifjhntnifctf fc uc ifjh` jf prufbn (jf nkufrj` k`c e` sfþnenj` p`r fe nrtékue` >?7· jfe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne pfcne), e` ifckh`cnj` pfrihthrén quf sf kuipenc k`c jhvfrs`s prhckhph`s, k`i` fs fe kns` jf e`s jf fk`c`ién, kfefrhjnj y fohknkhn pr`kfsne, k`c e` hcjhknj`, ZNB@NJN hcjhkn quf fvhtnréni`s ―ens k`ipehknkh`cfs pr`kfsnefs quf pujhfrnc prfsfctnrsf fc en bñsqufjn jf en vfrjnj jf en dhpûtfshs nkusnt`rhn ’  (ZNB@NJN,  (ZNB@NJN, 2774, 2>6). K`i` sf dn rfk`c`khj`, en k`cofshûc k`i` inchofstnkhûc jf en ehbfrtnj y v`euctnj fc en jfkenrnkhûc jfe hiputnj`, pufjf shc eumnr n jujns sfr k`cshjfrnjn k`i` uc` jf e`s tnct`s ifjh`s jf prufbn fc uc pr`kfs`, tne k`i` sf dn rf rfk`c`khj` k`c`khj` fc fe kûjhm kûjhm` ` njafthv` jf efmf entn. entn. Fstni`s jf nkufrj` k`c WFÞN KNBRFRN ORFXRF kuncj` sfþnen quf ―ne  k`cshsthr  k`cshsthr fc ucn nut`hckrhihcnkhûc cfkfshtn sfr k`rr`b`rnjn k`c `tr`s

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ifjh`s jf prufbn n ohc jf fstnbefkfr uc mrnj` jf k`cvfckhihfct` ’   (WFÞN KNBRFRN ORFXRF, 277?, :;8). Fs hip`rtnctf rfsnetnr quf fc fe [fmucj` Wefc` Aurhsjhkkh`cne Fxtrn`rjhcnrh` jf ens [nens Wfcnefs Wfrincfctf y Zrncsht`rhn (Nkufrj` Wefcnrh` Fxtrn`rjhcnrh` C· 2-27>?/KHA->>?), rfnehznj` k`c ofkdn > jf auch` jf 277? sf k`cshjfrn k`i` prufbn fvhjfctf ne jfeht` k`cofs` y sfþnen sus rfquhsht`s pnrn sfr k`cshjfrnj` jfctr` jf uc pr`kfs` hcifjhnt`1 ―4. En ―prufbn fvhjfctf’ ` ―fvhjfckhn jfehkthvn’ sf jfohcf n pnrthr jf trfs

hcsthtukh`cfs -j`s jf f>eens k`c uc neknckf efmhsenthv` fc fe pr`ph` CKWW, quf fs  pfrthcfctf inthznr pnrn e`s fofkt`s jf e`s neknckfs jfe pr`kfs` hcifjhnt`-1 jfeht` oenmrnctf, k`cofshûc jfe hiputnj` y jfeht` fvhjfctf. [u `bafthv` ` fofkt` fs ifrnifctf pr`kfsne. Fstrhbn, hcstruifctneifctf, fc k`ckrftnr fe îibht` jf npehknkhûc jf uc pr`kfjhihfct` fspfkhne iîs rîphj` y sfckhee`, ifc`s o`rinehstn y k`ipefa` quf fe k`iñc u `rjhcnrh`. (…) Fe jfeht` k`cofs` fstî jfohchj` fc fe nrtékue` >?7 CKWW. W`r rnz`cfs jf shipehohknkhûc pr`kfsne, en rfmen pnrn su njihshûc sfrî en jfc`ihcnjn ―k`cofshûc  purn ` shipef’, fc kuyn vhrtuj fe hiputnj` v`euctnrhnifctf njihtf e`s knrm`s `

hiputnkhûc o`riuenjn fc su k`ctrn -rfenkhûc jf dfkd`s pr`ph`s p`r ifjh` jf en kune rfk`c`kf su hctfrvfckhûc fc fe jfeht`- Fsf rfk`c`khihfct` jf e`s dfkd`s p`r èe k`ifthj`s (k`cofshûc pr`phn), dn jf sfr ehbrf -shc prfsh`cfs ` nifcnzns1 vh`efckhn, hcthihjnkhûc y/` fcmnþ`- y prfstnj` fc fstnj` c`rine jf ens onkuetnjfs  pséquhkns jfe hiputnj`, nsé k`i` k`c hco`rinkhûc ne hiputnj` jf sus jfrfkd`s.  Njfiîs, (h) jfbf rfcjhrsf nctf fe aufz ` fe ohskne fc prfsfckhn jfe nb`mnj` jfe hiputnj`< (hh) jfbf sfr shckfrn -vfrjnjfrn y k`c îchi` jf fskenrfkfr e`s dfkd`sy fsp`ctîcfn -jf hcifjhnt` y khrkucstnckhnjn-< y, k`i` rfquhsht` fsfckhne jf vnehjfz, (hhh) dn jf fstnr jfbhjnifctf k`rr`b`rnj` k`c `tr`s nkt`s jf hcvfsthmnkhûc -oufctfs ` ifjh`s jf hcvfsthmnkhûc-, pufs pfrihtf ne ûrmnc` aurhsjhkkh`cne nekncznr ucn pefcn k`cvhkkhûc s`brf su kfrthjuibrf y vfr`shihehtuj, n pnrthr jf uc jfbhj` rfspft` n ens rfmens jf en eûmhkn ` ens iîxhins jf en fxpfrhfckhn. En fxhmfckhn jf k`rr`b`rnkhûc, k`i` sf snbf, thfcf fe pr`pûsht` jf jfstfrrnr fe shstfin jf vne`rnkhûc tnsnj` jfe pr`kfs` pfcne hcquhshthv`, fc fe quf en onsf hcstrukt`rn fstnbn jfsthcnjn n nrrncknr en k`cofshûc jfe hiputnj` quf, p`r su knrîktfr jf ―prufbn

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 pefcn’, sf frhmén fc en ―rfmhcn pr`bnt`rui’  pr`bnt`rui’  \MHIFC@ [FCJRN, _hkfctf. @brn

khtnjn, p. 668Y. khtnjn, p. En ―k`cofshûc knehohknjn’, fs jfkhr, en hck`rp`rnkhûc fc fe rfent` jfe hiputnj` jf

nkfptnkhûc jf dnbfr hctfrvfchj` fc e`s dfkd`s ntrhbuhj`s jf khrkucstnckhns quf thfcjfc n fxhihr ` ntfcunr en rfsp`csnbhehjnj pfcne \BNRRNMÎC [NE_NZHFRRN, Knre`s. Jfrfkd` Wr`kfsne Wfcne. Zfrkfrn Wfcne. Zfrkfrn fjhkhûc. Ièxhk`1 Fjht`rhne If Mrnw Dhee, 2778, pp. :86-:8=Y, fc prhckhph`, jfbf jfsknrtnrsf, k`i` uc supufst` jf k`cofshûc hjûcfn pnrn fe pr`kfs` hcifjhnt`, n ifc`s quf fsf jnt` netfrcnthv` sfn kenr` ` oîkheifctf jfi`strnbef k`c iéchin prufbn jf urmfckhn. Jf hmune incfrn, sh en vfr`shihehtuj jf en k`cofshûc fstî fc krhshs, su hcjnmnkhûc fs fsfckhne pnrn hcvfsthmnr fe dfkd` fc t`jn su fxtfcshûc y jftfrihcnr en fxhstfckhn jf `tr`s hctfrvhchfctfs fc su k`ihshûc, e` quf jf p`r sé nefan en p`shbhehjnj jf `ptnr p`r fe  pr`kfs` hcifjhnt`’.  K`i` fstni`s vhfcj`, en k`cofshûc jfbf sfr k`cshjfrnjn k`i` uc ifjh` jf prufbn, jf nkufrj` n e` sfþnenj` p`r fe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne pfcne, p`r fee`, k`i` t`jns ens prufbns pr`jukhjns jfctr` jf uc pr`kfs` pfcne, fstî `behmnjn n sfr vne`rnjn p`r e`s ûrmnc`s aurhsjhkkh`cnefs. N tne ohc, knbf sfþnenr e`s shmuhfctfs nspfkt`s, jf k`co`rihjnj k`c e` hcjhknj` p`r KNOOFRNZN C@RF[1 ― n) n) Fs prfkhs`, fc prhifr tèrihc`, vfrhohknr sh en k`cofshûc rfñcf e`s rfquhsht`s

iéchi`s pnrn sfr k`cshjfrnjn vîehjn< sûe` en rfspufstn p`shthvn n fstn hctfrr`mnctf  pfrihthrî sfmuhr njfenctf< b) Fs cfkfsnrh` jfstnknr, nshihsi`, quf en k`cofshûc, p`r rfmen mfcfrne, fs k`ctrnrhn ne hcsthct` jf k`csfrvnkhûc, p`rquf fs ucn jfkenrnkhûc k`ctrnrhn n quhfc en o`riuen< p`r fs`, sf jfbfrî ncnehznr rhmur`snifctf ens knusns jf su pr`jukkhûc y ens o`rinehjnjfs jf su `btfckhûc< k) C` fs njihshbef, fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne pfcne i`jfrc`, en hjfn jf en hcjhvhshbhehjnj jf en k`cofshûc< j) Fs prfkhs` vfrhohknr en shckfrhjnj jfe rfk`c`khihfct` jf kuepn, e` kune nbnrknrî c` sûe` en prf`kupnkhûc p`r en knpnkhjnj ifctne jfe k`cofsnctf, shc` tnibhèc en hcquhftuj p`r su pr`pûsht` jf k`cofsnr en vfrjnj< >?

 

 

f) Fe dfkd` k`cofsnj` tfcjrî quf sfr p`shbef, vfr`séihe, k`dfrfctf y k`ck`rjnctf k`c `tr`s ifjh`s jf prufbn< o) En fohknkhn pr`bnt`rhn jf en k`cofshûc fstnrî jhrfktnifctf rfenkh`cnjn k`c quf sfn khrkucstnckhnjn (eumnr, thfip` y i`j`), tne nspfkt` pufjf sfr jfkhshv` fc fe i`ifct` jf su vne`rnkhûc< y, m) Fc kns` jf quf sf pr`juafrn ucn rftrnktnkhûc p`stfrh`r, dnbrî quf ntfcjfr n en knehjnj jf ens rnz`cfs jfe knibh` jf p`shkhûc y n su krfjhbhehjnj `bafthvn y subafthvn’  (vènsf  (vènsf KNOOFRNZN C@RF[, 277>, >?2 s.). Znibhèc p`jfi`s p`jfi`s rfk`c`k rfk`c`kfr fr quf en k`cofshûc, sh bhfc fs khfrt` k`csthtuyf uc ifjh` jf prufbn, c` fs nkfptnjn ucîchififctf p`r pnrtf jf t`jn en j`ktrhcn, jfbhj` n quf jf nkufrj` n jhvfrs`s prhckhph`s, k`i` fs fe kns` jf en c` nut`hckrhihcnkhûc, quf yn dfi`s fxpehknj`, ne hiputnj` c` p`jrén k`cshjfrîrsfef k`i` ifr` oufctf jf prufbn knpnz jf mfcfrnr fe s`stfchihfct` jf en hiputnkhûc  auréjhk`-pfcne, yn quf k`i` dfi`s rfofrhj`, ne hckuepnj` ef nshstf jhvfrs`s jfrfkd`s, k`i` fs fe kns` jf en prfsuckhûc jf hc`kfckhn, p`r e` quf fe Ihchstfrh` Wñbehk` thfcf en `behmnkhûc jf jfi`strnr fc què dnbrén k`cshsthj` su rfsp`csnbhehjnj pfcne, fs prfkhs` sfþnenr quf en jfkenrnkhûc jfe hiputnj` sûe` p`jrén tfcfr fofkt`s vîehj`s s`enifctf sh sf rfspftn fe hrrfstrhkt` jfrfkd` jf jfofcsn quf k`csthtukh`cneifctf ef nshstf ne hckuepnj`< p`r `tr` enj`, fstni`s jf nkufrj` k`c WFÞN KNBRFRN ORFXRF, kuncj` hcjhkn quf ―ne ―ne hiputnj` c` ef nshstf fe jfbfr jf jfkenrnr, jf np`rtnr prufbn fc su k`ctrn y njfiîs thfcf fe  (WFÞN KNBRFRN ORFXRF, 277?, :;8). Znibhèc fs jfrfkd` jf munrjnr shefckh`’  (WFÞN iuy hip`rtnctf rfkneknr e` sfþnenj` p`r fe heustrf pfcnehstn R@THC, quhfc penctfn quf ―en k`cofshûc c` fs uc ifjh` tèkchk` jf prufbn fc purhjnj, pufs fe hiputnj` thfcf jfrfkd`s k`csthtukh`cnefs k`i` e`s rfenthv`s ne shefckh`, n en ehbrf jfkenrnkhûc y n en c` nut`hckrhihcnkhûc (mnrncténs subafthvns)’ subafthvns)’ (khtnj` p`r N[FCKH@ IFEENJ@, >848, >;; ss.). Fs jfe kns` khtnr e` ifckh`cnj` p`r fe aurhstn OFRRNA@EH , quhfc hcjhkn quf ―en k`cofshûc, quf fc fe shstfin hcquhshthv` fs nrrncknjn p`r kunequhfr ifjh` pfr` vhckuenjn efmneifctf ne auhkh`, fc fe shstfin nkusnt`rh` y mnrncthstn fstî suaftn n ucn enrmn sfrhf jf rfmens jf o`rinkhûc, k`i` en fsp`ctncfhjnj, en c` hckhjfctnehjnj, en uchv`khjnj, ftk., y shc fibnrm`, knrfkf jf t`j` vne`r jfkhs`rh`, iîs >=

 

 

fxnktnifctf, c` pufjf tfcfr chcmñc vne`r pr`bnt`rh` sh c` vn nk`ipnþnjn jf `tr` (OFRRNA@EH, >886, ?78 ss.)< fctfcjfi`s fct`ckfs quf n en fefifct` jf auhkh`’   (OFRRNA@EH, k`cofshûc quf dn shj` rfmuenjn fc fe Kûjhm` njafthv`, tnibhèc sf ef rfk`c`kf su vne`r pr`bnt`rh` (nrtékue` >?7.2 jfe KWW). D`y n chvfe j`ktrhcnrh` sf k`cshjfrn n en k`cofshûc k`i`, p`r fafipe`, jf nkufrj` n MÛIFQ,  ―uc hcjhkh` hip`rtnctf ` prhckhph` jf prufbn quf jfbf sfr k`cohrinjn   (MÛIFQ, >88>, >7>). Jfbfi`s tfcfr fc kufctn quf en ohmurn  p`r `tr`s ifjh`s’  (MÛIFQ, pr`kfsne jf en k`cofshûc fc cufstrn efmhsenkhûc fs k`cshjfrnj` k`i` uc fefifct` jf prufbn p`r e` quf e`s ûrmnc`s aurhsjhkkh`cnefs jfbfc vne`rnre` jf nkufrj` ne shstfin jf prufbns jfc`ihcnj` jf sncn kréthkn (c`s rfofrhi`s n quf fe auzmnj`r c` p`jrî t`inr sûe` ucn pnrtf jf en k`cofshûc quf pnrn èe ef pnrfzkn shckfrn, rfkdnzncj` fe rfst`), njfiîs en k`cofshûc jfbf sfr vne`rnjn jf nkufrj` ne krhtfrh` jf k`ckhfckhn quf tfcmnc e`s inmhstrnj`s, jfbhècj`sf nprfkhnr en jfkenrnkhûc jfe hiputnj` k`i` ucn uchjnj. Fc cufstrn c`rin njafthvn, en k`cofshûc shckfrn jfe hckuepnj` tnibhèc fs k`cshjfrnjn, fc ntfckhûc ne jfrfkd` prfihne, k`i` uc` jf e`s supufst`s hip`rtnctfs jf ntfcunkhûc jf pfcn pnrn en mrnjunkhûc jf en ihsin. Fc fst`s thfip`s, en ohmurn pr`kfsne jf en k`cofshûc vhfcf shfcj` jfspenznjn jf incfrn pr`mrfshvn, p`r `tr`s fefifct`s jf k`cvhkkhûc, s`brf t`j` e`s quf s`c jf knrîktfr khfctéohk`, e`s kunefs pfrihtfc quf e`s aufkfs tfcmnc iny`rfs mrnj`s jf kfrtfzn fc su vne`rnkhûc< dny quf rfk`rjnr quf fc cufstr` shstfin pr`kfsne pfcne en ñchkn incfrn fc quf uc aufz pufjf k`cjfcnr ne nkusnj` fs kuncj` sf fckufctrn jfbhjnifctf k`cvfckhj` jf su rfsp`csnbhehjnj pfcne. Orfctf n en k`cofshûc, fe inmhstrnj` pfcne, c` qufjn fxfct` jf su hip`rtnctf jfbfr jf k`cthcunr k`c en hcvfsthmnkhûc ` hcstrukkhûc, shc` quf p`r fe k`ctrnrh`, p`jrén hckeus` npnrtnrsf jf e` k`cofsnj`, ne k`cshjfrnre` hcsuohkhfctf ` quf jhkdn k`cofshûc fs onesn, ftk.< rfsuihfcj`, en k`cofshûc c` pufjf fxhihr ne aufz jfe jfbfr jf sfmuhr pr`kfsncj` `  auzmncj`, ch ne ohskne jfe jfbfr jf jf hcvfsthmnr. Fc fe R.C. C.· >:72-277:- [nc Inrtéc, jfe 7; jf sfthfibrf jf 277:, en [nen Wfcne Wfrincfctf jf en K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn jf en Rfpñbehkn sfþnen quf en k`cofshûc shckfrn k`csthtuyf ucn khrkucstnckhn ntfcunctf fxkfpkh`cne1

>4

 

 

 [ ―  F M VC VCJ J @1  ^uf fe hiputnj` ‛fc en o`rinehznkhûc jfe Rfkurs` jf Cuehjnj jf o`ans

>42 kufsth`cn fxkeushvnifctf fe qunctui jf en pfcn prhvnthvn jf ehbfrtnj hipufstndn njihthj` e`s dfkd`s jfsjf uc hchkh`, e` quf k`csthtuyf ucn khrkucstnckhn ntfcunctf fxkfpkh`cne quf, fc ens khrkucstnckhns jfe kns`, nut`rhzn n jhsihcuhr en  pfcn p`r jfbna` jfe iéchi` efmne< quf quf fe hiputnj`, kuncj` e`s dfkd`s, f frn rn uc a`vfc jf vfhcthñc nþ`s jf fjnj< quf, nd`rn bhfc, jhkd` hiputnj` nefmn quf jfsk`c`kén quf en nmrnvhnjn tfcén ifc`s jf knt`rkf nþ`s  ‛frr`r jf thp`- y quf c` snbén quf tfcfr trnt` sfxune k`c ucn pfrs`cn jf fsn fjnj frn jfeht`  ‛frr`r jf pr`dhbhkhûc-< quf fipfr`, jnjn en o`rin y khrkucstnckhns fc quf sf jfsnrr`eenr`c e`s dfkd`s y ens vhckuenkh`cfs prfvhns k`c en nmrnvhnjn, c` fs p`shbef nkfptnr quf fe hiputnj` c` fstnbn ne tnct` jf en fjnj jf nqufeen, nsé k`i` tnip`k` quf dnyn jfsk`c`khj` jf en jfehktu`shjnj jfe trnt` sfxune k`c ucn chþn ifc`r jf knt`rkf nþ`s, jnj` quf fc fstf ñethi` supufst` jf nc`tnr quf fe hiputnj` frn uc a`vfc khtnjhc` y dnbén kursnj` hckeus` fe tfrkfr nþ` jf sfkucjnrhn \…Y quf sh sf thfcf fc kufctn en

k`cofshûc shckfrn jf e`s dfkd`s, en auvfctuj jfe hiputnj`, su nusfckhn jf nctfkfjfctfs, su k`cjhkhûc jf pfrs`cn trnbnanj`rn y quf yn fstnbefkhû `tr` d`mnr, fs jf rhm`r hip`cfr ucn pfcn prhvnthvn jf ehbfrtnj quf p`shbhehtf en suspfcshûc jf su fafkukhûc, fc tnct` quf, jf e` nctfrh`r, c` fs jf fsthinr quf pfrpftrnrî `tr` jfeht`, jf k`co`rihjnj k`c e` jhspufst` p`r e`s nrtékue`s khckufcthshftf y khckufcth`kd` jfe Kûjhm` pfcne \…Y’.  

2.2.2.>. Ûrmnc` jf prufbn Fc uc pr`kfs` pfcne, n jhofrfckhn jfe pr`kfs` khvhe, en ñchkn pfrs`cn quf p`jrén sfr fe ûrmnc` jf en k`cofshûc sfrén fe hiputnj` quf fs fe pnrtékhpf jf uc jfeht`. [`enifctf p`jrén èstf nk`mfrsf n ucn k`cofshûc sh fstî s`ifthj` n uc pr`kfs`, hcvfsthmnkhûc ` pfrsfkukhûc pfcne fstntne, fs` quhfrf jfkhr quf sûe` pufjf sfr ûrmnc` jf prufbn s`brf s`brf quhfc rfknf en hiputnkhûc auréjhk`-pfcne p`r pnrtf jfe rfprfsfctnctf jfe Ihchstfrh` Wñbehk`. Jf k`co`rihjnj k`c e` sfþnenj` p`r fe kûjhm` njafthv`, en ntrhbukhûc jfehkthvn ` hiputnkhûc pfcne, rfspftncj` fe prhckhph` jf hiputnkhûc cfkfsnrhn sfrén uc prfsupufst` pnrn en fxhstfckhn jf en k`cofshûc pfcne p`r pnrtf jfe hiputnj`< fst` shmchohkn, fc t`j` kns`, quf pnrn k`cofsnr c` qufjn `trn netfrcnthvn quf tfcfr en knehjnj jf hckuepnj`. E` ifckh`cnj` sf fxpehkn >8

 

 

p`rquf jfctr` jf ens pnrtfs quf hctfmrnc fe pr`kfs` pfcne, fe ñchk` quf p`jrén hctr`jukhr fsf ifjh` pr`bnt`rh` fs quhfc rfk`c`kf en hctfrvfckhûc fc èe (en ( en rfenkhûc  auréjhkn pr`kfsne pfcne tnct` k`i` fe `baft` jfe pr`kfs` quf p`jrén fstnr jfbhjnifctf k`csthtuhj` p`r fe heékht` pfcne). Dny quf fctfcjfr quf jf nkufrj` n e` sfþnenj` p`r KENRHÎ ―ens jfkenrnkh`cfs jf ens jfiîs pnrtfs, k`i` pufjfc sfr ens jfe qufrfeenctf, ens jfe nkt`r khvhe, tfrkfr` khvheifctf rfsp`csnbef, fctrf `tr`s, e` sfrîc fc knehjnj jf tfsthm`s ’  (KENRHÎ,  (KENRHÎ, >8?7, 87). @trn khrkucstnckhn quf jfbfi`s k`cshjfrnr fs quf en jfkenrnkhûc jfe k`hiputnj` c` pufjf sfr k`cshjfrnj` pr`phnifctf k`i` uc ifjh` `rjhcnrh` jf prufbn, nsé ihsi`, tnip`k` pufjf sfr k`cshjfrnj` k`i` ucn jfkenrnkhûc tfsthi`chne fc sfcthj` fstrhkt`, pufs jf nkufrj` k`c fe prhckhph` jf c` nut`hckrhihcnkhûc, k`i` yn hcjhkni`s, quhfc rfnehzn jhkdn jfkenrnkhûc c` kufctn k`c en `behmnkhûc jf rfsp`cjfr k`c vfrjnj ens prfmuctns quf sf ef dnmnc< shc fibnrm`, jf nkufrj` n ANÈC cnjn hiphjf quf fstn jfkenrnkhûc hmune tfcmn quf sfr vne`rnjn ―k`c ―k`c fe rfst` jf fefifct`s quf k`cohmurnc en prufbn jf knrm`’   (ANÈC, 2777, >>6), jfbhècj`sf vfrhohknr pnrthkuenrifctf quf fstns jfkenrnkh`cfs c` dnync shj` rfnehznjns p`r nemucn pfrs`cn i`thvnjn p`r jhofrfctfs iûvhefs, k`i` fs fe kns` jfe `jh`, fe ni`r, en `bfjhfckhn ` quhzî fe îchi` jf fxkuepnkhûc. Fs p`r fee` quf en vne`rnkhûc jf fstn jfkenrnkhûc rfquhfrf jf iukdéshi` kuhjnj` y jf pnrthkuenr ntfckhûc. Fs hip`rtnctf h ip`rtnctf rfkneknr quf c` pufjf sfr efméthin k`cshjfrnr k`i` ucn prufbn jf knrm` en rfnehznkhûc jf en hckrhihcnkhûc n uc tfrkfr` (fc fstf kns`, en j`ktrhcn en jfc`ihcn k`jfehckufckhn) sh fs fstn `bfjfkf n khrkucstnckhns k`i` ens pr`ifsns aujhkhnefs ` vfctnans pr`kfsnefs pnrn en pfrs`cn quf k`cohfsf, e` fs iuy k`iñc fc e`s pr`kfjhihfct`s rfnehznj`s k`c fe Kûjhm` jf Wr`kfjhihfct`s Wfcnefs (p`r fafipe`, en fxknrkfenkhûc jfe k`cofs`). [h c` sf nut`rhznc p`r en efy en hckrhihcnkhûc ifckh`cnjn p`jrî k`cshjfrnrsf ucn fxprfshûc jf ucn v`euctnj t`rkhjn p`r uc hctfrès auréjhknifctf ―c` tutfenj`’.  tutfenj`’.  Jf nkufrj` k`c fe prhckhph` jf c` nut`hckrhihcnkhûc, en efy rfk`c`kf ne nkusnj` su jfrfkd` n inctfcfrsf shefctf, fs jfkhr, n c` rfsp`cjfr n ens prfmuctns quf ef dnmnc fc su jfkenrnkhûc, p`r e` quf c` knbrî jfjukhr efmneifctf jf su cfmnthvn uc knrm` k`ctrn èe, fc cufstr` nktune shstfin c` sf npehkn en ornsf ―fe quf kneen `t`rmn’. Fs prfkhs` sfþnenr quf fe hiputnj` pufjf tfcfr jhofrfctfs i`thvnkh`cfs pnrn fee`, y en efy pr`kfsne pfcne, fc ntfckhûc n fstf hip`rtnctf jfrfkd` y mnrnctén, pfrihtf 27

 

 

quf fe hiputnj` pufjn fvhtnr rfsp`cjfr nctf fe hctfrr`mnt`rh` rfnehznj` p`r ens nut`rhjnjfs jfe shstfin jf austhkhn. [hc fibnrm`, fc en Knsnkhûc C.· >;-27>>-Nrfquhpn, jfe >; jf inrz` jf 27>2, en [nen Wfcne Wfrincfctf jf en K`rtf [uprfin fxpehkn fc què k`cshstf n vne`rnkhûc jf en prufbn pfrs`cne jf en shmuhfctf incfrn1 ― ^uhct`1 ^ uhct`1 Fc fstf sfcthj`, sf jfbf prfkhsnr quf en vne`rnkhûc jf en prufbn pfrs`cne

ucn vfz quf fstn sfn k`cshjfrnjn rfmuenrifctf `btfchjn, bna` e`s prhckhph`s quf  pfrihtfc su k`cshjfrnkhûc k`i` tne, fst` fs p`r su prîkthkn fc k`cjhkh`cfs jf rfmuenrhjnj y bna` e`s prhckhph`s jf hcifjhnkhûc, `rnehjnj y k`ctrnjhkkhûc fofkthvn, sf jfsnrr`eenrî fc j`s onsfs1 n) En pfrkfpkhûc jhrfktn jf en prufbn< b) [u fstrukturn rnkh`cne1 rnz`cnihfct`. En prhifrn fstî rfmhjn p`r en hcifjhnkhûc jfe Zrhbucne nctf fe quf sf jfsnrr`een en prufbn p rufbn pfrs`cne, e` quf trnsihtf sfmurhjnj jf e` quf fc fe auhkh` sf dn jhkd`. Fc knibh`, en sfmucjn npnrfkf k`i` uc pr`kfs` hctfrc` jfe auzmnj`r p`r fe quf sf o`rin su k`cvhkkhûc n trnvès jf e` jhrfktnifctf  pfrkhbhj`, hck`rp`rncj` hck`rp`rncj` n fsn pfrkfpkhûc e`s krhtfrh`s jf en khfckhn, khfckhn, jf fxpfrhfckhn fxpfrhfckhn y jf en eûmhkn quf ef eefvfc n en k`cvhkkhûc. [ fxt`1 fx t`1  W`r tnct`, en fstrukturn rnkh`cne ` rnz`cnihfct` pufjf sfr jf k`ctr`e p`r fe Zrhbucne fcknrmnj` jfe k`c`khihfct` jf en hipumcnkhûc, pufs fsn vne`rnkhûc c` rfquhfrf en pfrkfpkhûc jhrfktn, yn quf en vne`rnkhûc jf en prufbn fc kunct` k`ip`rtn uc ncîehshs rnkh`cne jf en ihsin y ens jfjukkhûc quf s`brf en kuepnbhehjnj y en hc`kfckhn sf fxprfsn, pufjf sfr `baft` jf k`ctr`e jfe ûrmnc` aurhsjhkkh`cne supfrh`r. Fe ñchk` eéihtf n fsn onkuetnj rfvhs`rn e` k`csthtuyf prfkhsnifctf en hcifjhnkhûc fc en pfrkfpkhûc jf en nkthvhjnj pr`bnt`rhn, fs jfkhr, en pfrkfpkhûc jhrfktn jf en prufbn pfrs`cne prnkthknjn fc fe auhkh` `rne,  pfr` fst` c` jfbf k`coucjhrsf k`c en onkuetnj quf thfcf fe Zrhbucne [upfrh`r pnrn k`ipr`bnr sh en sfctfckhn jf prhifrn hcstnckhn dn shj` fihthjn k`c k`rrfkkhûc eûmhkn’. 

2.2.;. Knrnktfrésthkns j jff en k`co k`cofshûc fshûc

2>

 

 

Fc fe Rfkurs` jf Cuehjnj C.· ;??:-277; Injrf jf Jh`s, en [nen Wfcne Wfrincfctf jf en K`rtf [uprfin, k`c ofkdn 7: jf iny` jf 277:, sfþneû e`s fefifct`s pnrn en npehknkhûc jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn1  [ ―  fm ucj`1   ^uf e`s nmrnvh`s quf nefmn fe sfctfckhnj` Knip`s Zfc`rh` fc su

fskrht` jf o`ans trfskhfct`s shftf, sf khrkucskrhbfc fc s`ehkhtnr en rfjukkhûc jf en  pfcn p`r jfbna` jfe iéchi` efmne fc ntfckhûc n su k`cofshûc shckfrn< quf en k`cofshûc shckfrn rfvhstn fc fe nrtékue` khfct` trfhcthsèhs jfe Kûjhm` jf Wr`kfjhihfct`s Wfcnefs i`jhohknj` p`r en efy vfhcthkuntr` ihe trfskhfct`s `kdfcth`kd`, k`i` ntfcunctf jf `rjfc pr`kfsne fstî k`csthtuhjn p`r en jfkenrnkhûc jfe hiputnj` fc en quf rfk`c`kf sfr nut`r ` pnrtékhpf jf uc jfeht` ` ucn onetn,  prfstnjn fc o`rin fsp`ctîcfn, `p`rtucn, vfrnz y k`dfrfctf, nctf ucn nut`rhjnj k`ipftfctf y k`c ens o`rinehjnjfs y mnrncténs k`rrfsp`cjhfctfs< quf tne ntfcunctf c` rfsuetn jf npehknkhûc ne nkusnj` p`rquf sh bhfc-nkfptn dnbfr rfnehznj` fe trncsp`rtf jf en jr`mn jfsjf Ehin dnkhn fe fxtfrh`r jfe pnés p`r ucn mncnckhn jf j`s ihe j`e`rfs nifrhknc`s, c` dn jnj` vfrsh`cfs ucho`rifs jurnctf fe pr`kfs` rfspfkt` fe eumnr jfe jfsthc` jf en jr`mn< nsé tfcfi`s, quf n pfsnr jf dnbfr s`stfchj` en hefmne ifrknjfrén hbn n sfr fctrfmnjn fc Brnshe, vnrhû tne vfrshûc fc su hcstrukthvn jf o`ans c`vfcthtrès, rfohrhfcj` quf fstnbn jfsthcnjn n en khujnj jf K`bhan - B`ehvhn< nshihsi`, c` dn k`ctrhbuhj` ne fskenrfkhihfct` jfe jfeht`< fc tnct`, quf n pfsnr jf dnbfr rfofrhj` tfcfr enz` en z` jf nihstnj k`c fe supufst` pr`phftnrh` jf en jr`mn, c` e` dn hjfcthohknj` pefcnifctf, ehihtîcj`sf n sfþnenre` k`i` "A`dc" ` "A`cntdnc" ` "Njrhîc"< jf `tr` enj`, jfbf tfcfrsf fc kufctn quf su vfrshûc nut`hckuepnt`rhn ouf pr`p`rkh`cnjn k`i` k`csfkufckhn jf dnbfr shj` hctfrvfchj` fc oenmrnckhn, fc khrkucstnckhns quf prftfcjén jfspenznrsf dnkhn Hþnpnrh (or`ctfrn k`c en Rfpñbehkn Ofjfrnthvn jfe Brnshe) knrmncj` ucn i`kdhen, fc kuy` hctfrh`r sf dneeû ucn fsp`can thp` nei`dnjn quf kniuoenbn j`s lhe`s k`c c`vfkhfct`s trfhcthsèhs mrni`s jf ke`rdhjrnt` jf k`knécn (pfs` cft`), sfmñc sf njvhfrtf jfe nktn jf rfmhstr` pfrs`cne jf o`ans trfhcthtrès y jfe jhktnifc pfrhkhne jf quéihkn jf o`ans khfct` khckufcthjûs’ .  Ens knrnktfrésthkns jf en k`cofshûc, jf k`co`rihjnj k`c fe pr`ofs`r IHTÎC IN[[, sfrénc sfhs, e`s quf pr`kfjfrfi`s n hcjhknr n k`cthcunkhûc1

22

 

 

― n) n)

Fs ucn jfkenrnkhûc pfrs`cne y `rne jfe hiputnj`, c` dny k`cofshûc ohktn<

b)

Fs ucn jfkenrnkhûc ehbrf y k`cskhfctf, p`r e` quf shfcj` v`euctnrhn su nut`r c` pufjf sfr prfsh`cnj` y jfbf sfr prfstnjn shc quf sf nofktf su ehbfrtnj k`c ièt`j` quéihk` ` ifkîchk`<

k)

Jfbf sfr shckfrn, fc kuyn vhrtuj fe hiputnj` jfbf pr`ofrhr ucn cnrrnkhûc vfrnz, k`c ohjfehjnj n en ifi`rhn<

j)

Jfbf tfcfr uc k`ctfchj` vfr`séihe, fst` fs, fe rfent` jfbf sfr jf tne cnturnefzn y knrnktfrésthkns quf n en euz jf ucn k`cshjfrnkhûc rnz`cnbef npnrfzkn k`i` suskfpthbef jf dnbfr `kurrhj`, fe rfent` jfbf sfr fxpehknbef, k`mc`khbef y c` k`ctrnrh` n ucn efy cnturne, n uc dfkd` c`t`rh` ` n ens efyfs eûmhkns<

f)

Jfbf sfr khrkucstnckhnjn, fs jfkhr, jfbf pr`p`rkh`cnr e`s jftneefs  pfrthcfctfs, jfbf j jnr nr ―rnz ―rnzûc ûc jf su jhkd jhkd`’ `’ fc `rjfc n su hhctfrvfckhûc ctfrvfckhûc jfehkthvn

y n ens khrkucstnckhns nctfrh`rfs, k`ck`ihtnctfs y p`stfrh`rfs, `bafthvns y subafthvns, jfe dfkd` y jf su k`ip`rtnihfct`< y o)

Jfbf nkfptnr shipef ` knehohknjnifctf en hiputnkhûc  ‛fc rhm`r c` sf jfbf jfkhr t`tne ` pnrkhneifctf- quf fs su c`tn fspfkéohkn, ` sfn fe hiputnj` rfentn nkfptncj` quf hctfrvhc` fc ucn nkkhûc pfcneifctf téphkn. Fc rhm`r, c` fxhstf en jfc`ihcnjn k`cofshûc pnrkhne, pufs t`jn k`cofshûc p`r jfohchkhûc shfiprf fs t`tne ’’  ([NC  ([NC INRZÉC KN[ZR@, HH, 277>, ?2>).

Fs rfsnetnctf sfþnenr quf sh fe hiputnj` rfk`c`kf dnbfr nktunj` jf jftfrihcnjn incfrn, pfr` c` sf rfk`c`kf dnbfr k`ifthj` fe heékht` pfcne, fee` c` k`csthtuyf fc purhjnj ucn k`cofshûc. Fstni`s jf nkufrj` k`c KNOFZQÛMEV[ , quhfc sfþnen ne rfspfkt`, ― quf quf fstns njihsh`cfs s`c shipefifctf dfkd`s nctfkfjfctfs, hcjhkh`s, n pnrthr jf e`s kunefs fe auzmnj`r pufjf fenb`rnr prfsuckh`cfs ’  (KNOFZQÛMEV[,  (KNOFZQÛMEV[, >842, =7).

2;

 

 

W`jfi`s k`ckeuhr quf jfctr` jfe k`ctfchj` jf en k`cofshûc sf fckufctrn en njihshûc p`r pnrtf jfe hckuepnj` jf e`s knrm`s ` hiputnkhûc o`riuenjn p`r fe Ihchstfrh` Wñbehk` fc su k`ctrn. Jfbfi`s k`cshjfrnr quf en k`cofshûc jfe hiputnj` jfbf fck`ctrnrsf fxkeushvnifctf rfofrhjn n ens shtunkh`cfs y khrkucstnckhns jf rfnehznkhûc jfe heékht` pfcne, jfbhècj`sf jfsknrtnr e`s nspfkt`s efmnefs quf k`csthtuyfc fe rfk`c`khihfct` jf en krhihcnehjnj, nsé k`i` e`s fefifct`s jfe jfeht`, k`i` s`c en thphkhjnj, kuepnbhehjnj, rfsp`csnbhehjnj ` quhzî fe mrnj` jf pnrthkhpnkhûc, nsé ihsi`, tnip`k` jfbfc sfr t`inj`s fc kufctn e`s nspfkt`s subafthv`s k`i` sfrén fe kns` jf e`s auhkh`s jf vne`r. Dny quf tfcfr fc k`cshjfrnkhûc quf c` bnstnrén fe sûe` rfk`c`khihfct` jf rfsp`csnbhehjnj pfcne fc tèrihc`s mfcfrnefs ` hiprfkhs`s p`r pnrtf jfe hiputnj`, shc` quf èstf tfcjrén quf nbnrknr fe rfent` fxprfs` y njfiîs p`rifc`rhznj` jf kûi` fs quf sf jfsnrr`eenr`c e`s dfkd`s intfrhn jf hiputnkhûc, e` ifckh`cnj` thfcf quf rfnehznrsf k`i` ucn fxprfshûc jfe nchius k`cohtfcjh. Fs hip`rtnctf sfþnenr quf ZNB@NJN rfohfrf quf ―e n jfskrhpkhûc jftneenjn jf ens khrkucstnckhns jfe jfeht` y su ubhknkhûc fspnkh` tfip`rne, k`c fspfkhne rfofrfckhn n ens jhofrfctfs ftnpns jfe htfr krhihchs, krhihchs, jfsjf en hjfnkhûc jfe penc krhihcne, e`s prhifr`s nkt`s prfpnrnt`rh`s y ohcneifctf en k`csuinkhûc jfe jfeht`, e`s iûvhefs, en ubhknkhûc jf e`s `baft`s, hcstruifct`s ` dufeens jfe heékht` pfcne< jf sfr fe kns` en hjfcthohknkhûc y pnrthkhpnkhûc jf `tr`s suaft`s, fctrf `tr`s jnt`s ñthefs pnrn en rfk`cstrukkhûc jfe fvfct` jfehkthv` ’   (ZNB@NJN, 2774, 2>8).

2.2.:. Kenshohknkhûc jf en k`cofshûc [NC INRZÉC sfþnen quf ―fs p`shbef ucn kenshohknkhûc jf en k`cofshûc jfsjf j`s  pfrspfkthvns. En prhifrn, sfmñc su k`ctfchj`, k`ctfchj`, quf pufjf sfr shipef ` knehohknjn, en sfmucjn, sfmñc en nut`rhjnj ` pfrs`cn quf en rfkhbn, quf pufjf sfr aujhkhne ` fxtrnaujhkhne. Fs p`shbef nkfptnr ucn tfrkfrn pfrspfkthvn, sfmñc sf trntf jf ucn k`cofshûc dnbenjn ` jf ucn k`cofshûc nktunjn’  ([nc Inrtéc, HH, 277>, ?22). Wrhifr` pnsnrfi`s jfohchr quf sfrén en k`cofshûc shipef. W`jfi`s hcjhknr quf fs fc en quf en pfrs`cn quf k`cohfsn nkfptn ehsn y eencnifctf nkfrkn jf su pnrthkhpnkhûc fc fe dfkd` intfrhn jfe pr`kfs`, c` hctr`jukhfcj` khrkucstnckhn quf fxkeuyn ` jhsihcuyn en rfsp`csnbhehjnj pfcne. Fc fe prfsfctf kns`, fe hiputnj` 2:

 

 

nsuif en rfnehznkhûc jf e`s dfkd`s jf incfrn fxkeushvn, quf jnrîc eumnr n en hiputnkhûc pfcne p`r pnrtf jfe rfprfsfctnctf r fprfsfctnctf jfe Ihchstfrh` Wñbehk`, p`r fafipe`, fe nmfctf k`cohfsn quf tfcén en p`sfshûc jf ucn phst`en k`c j`s knsfrhcns, shc dnbfr `btfchj` ucn ehkfckhn p`r pnrtf jf en nut`rhjnj k`ipftfctf, e` quf k`hckhjf k`c en jfskrhpkhûc jfe thp` pfcne jf tfcfckhn hefmne jf nrins jf oufm` (nrtékue` ( nrtékue` 2=8-M jfe Kûjhm` pfcne), `bvhncj` jf incfrn k`cskhfctf ` jfehbfrnjnifctf p`cfr fc k`c`khihfct` jf ens nut`rhjnj jf `tr`s jnt`s quf p`jrénc sfr rfefvnctfs pnrn en rfnehznkhûc jf en hcjhvhjunehznkhûc aujhkhne jf en pfcn (jf nkufrj` k`c e` prfskrht` fc fe nrtékue` :? jfe Kûjhm` pfcne), k`i` fs fe kns` jf dnbfr fofktunj`  ‛ hcifjhntnifctf nctfs jf quf sfn knpturnj`- jhvfrs`s jhspnr`s ne nhrf fc uc bnrrh` rfshjfckhne, e` ifckh`cnj` c` o`rinrén pnrtf jf ens pr`p`shkh`cfs oîkthkns prfsfctnjns p`r fe Ihchstfrh` Wñbehk` fc su tf`rén jfe kns`. Jfspuès p`jfi`s dnbenr jf en k`cofshûc knehohknjn, quf fs quf sf knrnktfrhzn p`rquf fe hiputnj`, pr`kfjf n njihthr su pnrthkhpnkhûc fc fe heékht` pfcne quf sf ef hiputn, y jf nkufrj` n KNOFZQÛMEV[, ― hctr`jukf hctr`jukf fc fe rfent` khrkucstnckhns quf thfcjfc n fxkeuhr ` jhsihcuhr su rfsp`csnbhehjnj ’’  (Knoftzûmeus,   (Knoftzûmeus, >842, ?6). Fc fstf kns`, fe hiputnj` fc su jfkenrnkhûc nþnjf nemuc`s fefifct`s oîkthk`s quf mfcfrnc ucn k`ipefifctnkhûc jf en jfskrhpkhûc jf e`s dfkd`s k`cshjfrnj`s prhckhpnefs ` cukefnrfs fc hiputnkhûc rfnehznjn p`r fe Ihchstfrh` Wñbehk`, e` quf pfrihtf i`jhohknr  ‛  ‛yn yn sfn ntfcuncj`, nmrnvncj` ` fxkeuyfcj`- su rfsp`csnbhehjnj pfcne, p`r fafipe`1 kuncj` fe pr`kfsnj` nkfptn quf dn tfchj` fc p`sfshûc khck` fcv`et`rh`s jf pnstn bîshkn jf k`knécn jfctr` jf pnpfe pfrhûjhk` (e` quf k`iñcifctf sf k`c`kf k`i` ―lftfs’), e`s kunefs eufm` jf sfr s`ifthj`s n ucn prufbn jf jfsknrtf y pfsnaf nrr`anr`c uc pfs` cft` jf khck` mrni`s, p`jfi`s k`ckeuhr quf fstf rfk`c`khihfct` rfsuetn k`hckhjfctf n prh`rh k`c en tfshs hckrhihcnt`rhn jfe jfeht` jf ihkr`k`ifrkhnehznkhûc jf jr`mns, thphohknj` fc fe nrtékue` 284· jfe Kûjhm` pfcne. [hc fibnrm`, fe hiputnj` tnibhèc hcjhkn fc su jfkenrnkhûc jf quf fs njhkt` n ens jr`mns jfsjf dnkf vnrh`s nþ`s, dnbhècj`sf hctfrcnj` jf incfrn rfhtfrnjn fc jhofrfctfs kfctr`s jf rfdnbhehtnkhûc, hcjhkncj` njfiîs quf en jr`mn quf p`sfén ne i`ifct` jf su hctfrvfckhûc, tfcén k`i` ohcnehjnj su pr`ph` f hcifjhnt` k`csui`, p`r e` quf tfcjrén quf npehknrsf fe nrtékue` 288· jfe Kûjhm` pfcne (p`sfshûc c` puchbef). KENRHÎ @EIFJ@, nk`tn quf ― fc fc fstn ñethin k`cofshûc, dny ucn njihshûc

26

 

 

jfe k`ctfchj` oîkthk` jf en hiputnkhûc, pfr` sf chfmn fc t`j` ` fc pnrtf en  (Kenrhî @eifj`, _, >8?7, >76). rfsp`csnbhehjnj njukhfcj` ucn jhskuepn’  (Kenrhî Rfspfkt` n en k`cofshûc knehohknjn jfbfi`s jfstnknr e` sfþnenj` p`r fe pr`ofs`r

[NC INRZÉC, quhfc hcjhkn quf ― en en jhskuepn hip`rtn en nefmnkhûc ` k`ckurrfckhn jf1 n) Fxhifctfs jf rfsp`csnbhehjnj pfcne, tnefs k`i` knusns jf austhohknkhûc, quf chfmnc en ncthaurhkhjnj pfcne jfe dfkd`, ` knusns fxkeuyfctfs jf kuepnbhehjnj, quf chfmnc kuepnbhehjnj jfe suaft` (nrtékue` 27 jfe Kûjhm` pfcne)< b) Fxhifctfs hipfrofktns (nrtékue` 2> jfe Kûjhm` pfcne), k) Ntfcunctfs mfcèrhk`s (v. mr.1 `knsh`cnehjnj jfe dfkd` jfehkthv`, nktunkhûc ifjhncj` mrnvf njhkkhûc ne nek`d`e ` n ens jr`mns, ftk., y j) Ntfcunctfs fspfkéohkns, quf `behmnrénc n thphohknr fe dfkd` fc ucn ohmurn pfcne knehohknjn (v. mr., jf d`ihkhjh` shipef n d`ihkhjh` p`r fi`khûc vh`efctn)’  ([nc Inrtéc, HH, 277>, ?22). @trn kenshohknkhûc jf en k`cofshûc quf, n ifcuj` sf jn fc pnésfs fc ens quf fxhstf ucn oufrtf trnjhkhûc hcquhshthvn fs en jfc`ihcnjn k`cofshûc aujhkhne y en fxtrnaujhkhne. K`c rfenkhûc n en k`cofshûc aujhkhne, p`jfi`s hcjhknr quf fs en ñchkn p`shbef. [NC INRZHC  hcjhkn quf fstf thp` jf k`cofshûc ―sf ―sf prfstn, k`i` k`rrfsp`cjf, nctf fe aufz jfe jfbntf ` jfe auhkh`, fc fe nkt` `rne, jf sufrtf quf, k`i` tne, kuipef t`j`s e`s rfquhsht`s pr`ph`s jf uc nkt` jf prufbn1 hcifjhnkhûc jfe aufz, pubehkhjnj jfe jfbntf, hco`rinkhûc s`ifthjn n k`ctrnjhkkhûc, k`c en  ([nc Inrtéc, `bsfrvnckhn jf e`s rfquhsht`s quf sf jfrhvnc jfe jfrfkd` jf jfofcsn’  ([nc HH, 277>, ?2;). En nkfptnkhûc jf e`s knrm`s rfk`c`khjn p`r fe hiputnj` fc su jfkenrnkhûc hcstrukthvn jfctr` jf en onsf jf hcvfsthmnkhûc prfpnrnt`rhn, jfbf sfr rnthohknjn nctf fe aufz jfe auhkh` jf nkufrj` ne prhckhph` jf hcifjhnkhûc, pufs e` ifckh`cnj` sf jfrhvn jf en fxhmfckhn k`csthtukh`cne y efmne jfe pr`kfs`, fstni`s rfohrhècj`c`s n en `rnehjnj, pubehkhjnj, hcifjhnkhûc y k`ctrnjhkkhûc. W`jfi`s hcjhknr quf rfsuetnrî efsh`cnjn en prfsuckhûc jf hc`kfckhn sh ne nkusnj` sf ef k`cjfcn s`brf en bnsf jf jfkenrnkh`cfs c` rfpr`jukhjns fc fe auhkh` `rne. Fstn k`ckeushûc, shc fibnrm`, k`i` nkenrn _FMN[ Z@RRF[  ― c` c` hiphjf ne ûrmnc` aurhsjhkkh`cne oucjnifctnr su k`cvhkkhûc fc bnsf n ens jfkenrnkh`cfs jf en hcstrukkhûc o`rine ’’  (khtnj`   (khtnj` p`r [nc Inrtéc, HH, 277>, ?2;).

2?

 

 

 Nd`rn pnsfi`s n jfohchr quf ssf f fcthfcjf k`i` k`i` k`cofshûc fxtrnaujhkhne, p`jfi`s hcjhknr quf fs en k`cofshûc prfstnjn p`r fe hiputnj` nctf kunequhfr nut`rhjnj quf c` sfn aujhkhne, k`i` p`jrén sfr fe kns` jf uc fofkthv` p`ehkhne ` jf ucn pfrs`cn pnrthkuenr< sus fofkt`s k`i` pufjf fctfcjfrsf sfrénc ehihtnj`s, pufs fe inmhstrnj` c` p`jrén vne`rnrens k`i` uc vfrjnjfr` rfk`c`khihfct` jfe dfkd`, nucquf jf nkufrj` k`c KDNHN ―  p`r e` mfcfrne sf ef nkufrjn nkufrjn knrîktfr hcjhkhnrh` ifrhtnj` ifrhtnj` fc fe k`ctfxt` pr`bnt`rh` jf en knusn’  (Kdnhn,  (Kdnhn, 27>7, 642)< shc fibnrm`, k`i` yn dfi`s sfþnenj`, fc i`j` nemuc` pufjf nshmcîrsfef knrîktfr jf vfrjnjfrn k`cofshûc. En oucjnifctnkhûc jf e` jhkd` sf bnsn fc quf en onetn jf mnrncténs quf r`jfnc n en jfkenrnkhûc jfe hiputnj` dnkf hip`shbef quf pufjn fquhpnrnrsf fc kunct` n fofkt`s y neknckfs, n ucn vfrjnjfrn jfkenrnkhûc hcjnmnt`rhn. KDNHN sfþnen quf ―\fY e k`coehkt` entfctf fc fe sfc` jf en s`khfjnj fctrf ucn rîphjn y fohkhfctf fafkukhûc

jf en efy y en cfkfshjnj jf prfvfchr quf e`s jfrfkd`s jf sus ihfibr`s rfsuetfc ifc`sknbnj`s p`r ièt`j`s hck`csthtukh`cnefs `ptn p`r prhvnr jf vnehjfz n ens  prîkthkns ifjhnctf ifjhnctf ens kunefs sf sf `behmuf n ucn pfrs`cn n jfkenrnr k`ctrn sé ihsi ihsi` ` ’   (Kdnhn, 27>7, 64;). Jfctr` jf uc shstfin pr`kfsne njvfrsnrhne, fs cfkfsnrh` fskukdnr ne nkusnj` jfctr` jf uc auhkh` `rne, mfcfrîcj`sf uc jfbntf, k`cvhrthfcj` su jfkenrnkhûc fc uc nkt` pr`kfsne oucjnifctne< KDNHN rfk`c`kf quf ―cnjn ―cnjn `bstnkuehzn quf sf ncnehkfc e`s pns`s prfvh`s n fsf nkt`, e` quf hckeuyf sus inchofstnkh`cfs fsp`ctîcfns. Fs quf fc fsf rfkhct` fe s`spfkd`s` p`jrî rnthohknr ` rfkthohknr sus jhkd`s, tfrrfc` fc j`cjf tnibhèc sfrîc `éj`s e`s p`ehkéns ` pnrthkuenrfs quf trncskrhbhfr`c ` fskukdnr`c en k`cofshûc, jfbhfcj` sfþnenr k`c fxnkthtuj, kûi`, jûcjf, kuîcj` y què dn jhkd` fe nkusnj`, nsuihfcj` en rfsp`csnbhehjnj quf efs t`kn k`i` khujnjnc`s ` nmfctfs jfe `rjfc y mnrnctfs jf en vhmfckhn jf en K`csthtukhûc y ens efyfs’  (Kdnhn,  (Kdnhn, 27>7, 64:). En `rnehjnj jf uc jfbntf bhfc penctfnj` dnkf hip`shbef inctfcfr en vhmfckhn jf nkt`s c` shckfr`s ` o`rznj`s, e` quf c` quhtn fe jfbfr jfe trhbucne jf ncnehznr kuhjnj`snifctf ens fxprfsh`cfs fxtrnaujhkhnefs n ohc jf fvhtnr fstrukturnr en sfctfckhn s`brf uc ncjnihnaf heékht`.

2=

 

 

Fs hip`rtnctf jfohchr tnibhèc n en k`cofshûc dnbenjn, quf fs en quf sf fxtfrh`rhzn n vhvn v`z p`r fe hckuepnj`, fst` quhfrf jfkhr, ifjhnctf en pnenbrn dnbenjn, shc fibnrm`, tnip`k` thfcf vne`r k`i` k`cofshûc, ens jfkenrnkh`cfs aurnjns k`ctfchjns fc j`kuifct`s, sh fs quf c` dnc shj` `orfkhjns p`r en pfrs`cn quf k`cohfsn jf incfrn pfrs`cne, ehbrf y `rne orfctf n en nut`rhjnj k`ipftfctf, k`c en pnrthkhpnkhûc jf su nb`mnj` jfofcs`r pnrthkuenr ` jf `ohkh`, fc kns` quf c` kufctf k`c ifjh`s fk`cûihk`s. Kenr` fstî quf sh fstni`s nctf uc hiputnj` iuj`, s`rj` ` s`rj`iuj`, èstf tfcjrî quf jfkenrnr p`r ifjh` jf uc hctèrprftf, jf nkufrj` k`c e` rfmenj` fc fe hckhs` prhifr` jfe nrtékue` >=>· jfe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne Wfcne.  K`c rfenkhûc n en k`cofshûc nktunjn, fxp`cf KNOFZQÛMEV[ quf ― sf sf trntn jf nquèeen njihshûc jf knrm`s quf sf trnsihtf p`r ifjh` jfe nkkh`cnr jfe k`cofsnctf, fc en rfk`cstrukkhûc jfe dfkd`. Jfsjf fe puct` jf vhstn jfe hiputnj` en rfk`cstrukkhûc jfe dfkd` hctfmrn mfcèrhknifctf en jfkenrnkhûc hcstrukthvn, y fspfkéohknifctf en k`cofshûc, p`r e` quf pnrthkhpn jf e`s rfméifcfs c`rinthv`s jf nib`s hcsthtut`s’  (Knoftzûmeus, >842, =>). W`jfi`s hcjhknr quf fc su jfkenrnkhûc, fe hiputnj` trnsihtf fe rfent` p`r ifjh` jf en pnenbrn (k`cofshûc dnbenjn), fc knibh` fc en jhehmfckhn jf rfk`cstrukkhûc jf e`s dfkd`s sf nmrfmn n feen su nktunkhûc, en kune p`jrén, sfrén e` hjfne, sfr rfmhstrnjn ifjhnctf o`t`mrnoéns ` oheinkhûc.

2.2.6. Krhtfrh`s jf vne`r vne`rnkhûc nkhûc jf en k`cofshûc k`cofshûc Fe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne Wfcne, n jhofrfckhn jfe Kûjhm` jf Wr`kfjhihfct`s Wfcnefs jf >8:7, jfohcf y fstnbefkf kuîefs sfrénc ens k`cjhkh`cfs ` krhtfrh`s pnrn quf uc aufz ef pufjn `t`rmnr vne`r pr`bnt`rh` n ucn k`cofshûc jfe hiputnj`. Ne rfspfkt`, fe nrtékue` >?7·.2 jfe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne Wfcne fstnbefkf quf en k`cofshûc sûe` p`jrî tfcfr vne`r pr`bnt`rh` fc e`s shmuhfctfs kns`s1 n) Kuncj` fstè jfbhjnifctf k`rr`b`rnjn p`r `tr` u `tr`s fefifct`s jf k`cvhkkhûc< b) Kuncj` sfn prfstnjn ehbrfifctf y fc fstnj` c`rine jf ens onkuetnjfs pséquhkns< y, k) Kuncj` en k`cofshûc sfn prfstnjn nctf fe aufz ` fe ohskne fc prfsfckhn jf su nb`mnj`.

24

 

 

2.2.6.>. K`rr`b`rnkhûc jf `tr`s fefifct`s jf k`cvhkkhûc (nrtékue` >?7·.2.n jfe KWW) Fstf prhifr prfsupufst` jf en k`cofshûc sf rfohfrf n quf èstn c` pufjf sfr k`cshjfrnjn k`i` ucn prufbn nutûc`in, shc` quf thfcf quf fxhsthr jfctr` jfe pr`kfs` ucn k`rr`b`rnkhûc jf e` k`cofsnj` p`r fe hiputnj` k`c `tr`s ifjh`s pr`bnt`rh`s, fs` quhfrf jfkhr quf en s`en k`cofshûc jfe nkusnj` rfspfkt` jfe jfeht` quf sf ef hiputn, shc fxhsthr `tr` ifjh` pr`bnt`rh` quf e` rfnohrif, rfsuetnrén hcsuohkhfctf pnrn sustfctnr en fxpfjhkhûc jf ucn sfctfckhn k`cjfcnt`rhn p`r pnrtf jfe aufz. [NC INRZÉC sfþnen quf ―\fY c sfjf aujhkhne jfbfc dnbfrsf nktunj` `tr`s ifjh`s jf prufbn quf s`stfcmnc en vfrshûc nut`hckrhihcnt`rhn jfe pr`kfsnj`, quf bhfc pufjf fstnr rfofrhj` ne jfeht` k`i` n su pnrthkhpnkhûc fc fe ihsi`, k`cohrhècj`ef vfr`shihehtuj n su jfkenrnkhûc. En k`cofshûc jfbf k`ck`rjnr k`c ucn oufctf pr`bnt`rhn jhsthctn, quf pufjf fstnr rfprfsfctnjn p`r tfsthi`ch`s, pfrhkhns, j`kuifct`s, ftk ’’ .  ([nc Inrtéc, HH, 277>, ?26), hmuneifctf vîehj`s (fxhsthfcj` ucn fxkfpkhûc quf fs en k`rrfsp`cjhfctf ne kns` jf oenmrnckhn)< p`r e` tnct`, p`jfi`s hcjhknr quf en shipef k`cofshûc jfe hiputnj`, k`i` ―prufbn’ ñchkn jf en jf en k`ihshûc jfe heékht` pfcne, c` rfsuetn suohkhfctf pnrn snckh`cnre` pfcneifctf. Fstni`s jf nkufrj` k`c RH_F[  kuncj` sfþnen quf ―\ EYn EYn k`cofshûc rfquhfrf en  prîkthkn jf t`jns ens jhehmfckhns cfkfsnrhns n ohc jf njquhrhr fe k`cvfckhihfct` jf en vfrjnj jf su k`ctfchj`, e` kune austhohkn en cfkfshjnj jf quf fe suinrh` c` sf jè  p`r k`ckeuhj` kuncj` fe hiputnj` k`cohfsn y quf fe jfb jfbntf ntf `rne c` k`ckeuyn k`c en ifrn njihshûc jf knrm`s jfe hiputnj`, fc tnct` c` sf dnmn k`cstnr en fxhstfckhn jfe kufrp` jfe jfeht`’   (Rhvfs, >88?, 8>). Fc k`csfkufckhn, jf nkufrj` k`c ANVKDFC ―fe aufz c` pufjf k`cjfcnr n pfsnr jf en k`cofshûc vîehjn y fohknz jfe hiputnj` sh c` fxhstfc `tr`s fefifct`s jf prufbn quf nkrfjhtfc nutûc`inifctf en fxhstfckhn jfe dfkd` y k`rr`b`rfc e` k`cofsnj` p`r nquèe’ nquèe’ (Anukdfc, 277:, 26?). Fe dfkd` k`cofsnj` p`r fe hiputnj` tfcjrén t fcjrén quf sfr p`shbef, vfr`séihe, k`dfrfctf y k`ck`rjnctf k`c `tr`s jhofrfctfs ifjh`s jf prufbn. [h c`s shtuni`s fc fe tfrrfc` jf en eûmhkn, p`jfi`s nkfptnr quf p`k`s ifjh`s pr`bnt`rh`s tfcjrénc tnctn oufrzn jf k`cvhkkhûc k`i` sfrén fe kns` jf en k`cofshûc jfe pr`kfsnj`. [hc fibnrm`, INRZH@C sfþnen quf ― fe fe shstfin pr`kfsne ihrn k`c khfrtn jfsk`cohnczn en k`cofshûc fsp`ctîcfn quf c` sfn k`ctrnstnjn fc en rfnehjnj 28

 

 

k`c ucn sfrhf jf prufbns ` jnt`s `bafthv`s ’  (Inrté`c,   (Inrté`c, >882, ;;; ss.)< fs p`r fee`, quf k`i` sfþnen N[FCKH@ IFEENJ@  ― sf sf hip`cf pnrn en nprfkhnkhûc jf en k`cofshûc su k`cohrinkhûc p`r `tr`s fxtrfi`s, k`c ucn j`bef prftfcshûc1 p`r uc enj`, hipfjhr quf fe aufz kfctrf t`jn su nkthvhjnj fc en `btfckhûc jf en k`cofshûc `bvhncj` en bñsqufjn jf `tr`s ifjh`s jf prufbn< p`r `tr` enj`, `behmnr n quf sf  prnkthquf, trns en k`cofshûc, k`cofshûc, fe rfst` j jf f prufbns nefm nefmnjns njns’  (Nsfckh`  (Nsfckh` Ifeenj`, >848, >;; ss.). Jf nkufrj` n en k`ckfpkhûc rfhcnctf jfe pr`kfs` pfcne, y jf nkufrj` k`c KDNHN  ― sf sf k`cshjfrn quf en k`cofshûc fs suohkhfctf pnrn ohanr e`s dfkd`s y vhckuenr ne aufz n pr`cuckhnrsf fc fsf sfcthj`, s`brf quhfc pfsn fe jfbfr jf ―busknr en vfrjnj rfne’.

[f fxhmf fct`ckfs quf fe ûrmnc` jf jfkhshûc kufctf k`c `tr`s fefifct`s quf ef  pfrihtnc jnr sustfct` n e` fxprfsnj` fxprfsnj` p`r fe nkusnj nkusnj` `’  (Kdnhn,  (Kdnhn, 27>7, 642). En k`cofshûc, sfþnen MNRRNVJ, ― c` c` thfcf, p`r feen ihsin y p`r sé s`en, ucn oufrzn nbs`eutn jf k`cvhkkhûc< ins, kuîcj` sf prfstn shc chcmucn kensf jf vh`efckhn, intfrhne ` i`rne, k`c pefc` k`c`khihfct` jf knusn, p`r pnrtf jf uc nkusnj` k`ip`s ifcths, ifcths, k`csthtuyf en iîs sfmurn jf t`jns ens prufbns’  (khtnj`  (khtnj` p`r M`rpdf, >867, 2>8). Dny quf tfcfr fc k`cshjfrnkhûc, quf en k`cofshûc hip`cf en nktunkhûc pr`bnt`rhn jf knrîktfr hcjhspfcsnbef n en k`cohrinkhûc jf e`s dfkd`s hckrhihcnt`rh`s nctfs rfk`c`khj`s p`r fe hiputnj`, fst` quhfrf jfkhr, jf nqufee`s ifjh`s pr`bnt`rh`s jhrhmhj`s k`ckrftnifctf n k`rr`b`rnr e`s jnt`s rfefvnctfs jf en hco`rinkhûc pr`p`rkh`cnjn p`r fe hiputnj`, fc k`cfxhûc k`c ens hip`shkh`cfs oîkthkns jf en tf`rén jfe kns` jfe Ihchstfrh` Wñbehk` (nkusnt`rhn). ZNB@NJN hcjhkn quf ―\eY n k`cofshûc jfbf pr`bnrsf p`r `tr`s ifjh`s, fs hcjhspfcsnbef pr`bnr fe dfkd` hcvfsthmnj`1 kuîcj` `kurrhû, fc què eumnr, nctf quhècfs, jf què incfrn< p`r fs` sf jhkf quf en k`cofshûc fs ucn pr`bnth` pr`bncjn ` prufbn p`r pr`bnr ’   (Znb`njn, 2774, 22;). Rfsuihfcj`, p`jfi`s hcjhknr quf rfsuetnrén hcsuohkhfctf en s`en k`cofshûc jfe hiputnj` pnrn quf fe aufz eefmuf n uc net` mrnj` jf kfrtfzn pnrn snckh`cnr pfcneifctf, fst` fs, sf dnkf cfkfsnrhn en nktunkhûc jf `tr`s fefifct`s jf k`cvhkkhûc quf pufjnc mfcfrnr ucn s`ehjfz pr`bnt`rhn n en k`cofshûc, k`c ucn iéchin bnsf jf nkthvhjnj pr`bnt`rhn. Fstni`s jf nkufrj` k`c ZNRNI@CN  kuncj` hcjhkn quf ―en ―en K`rtf [uprfin thfcf nsfctnj` quf en k`cofshûc sûe` thfcf uc ;7

 

 

vne`r rfenthv` k`ctrn quhfc en prfstn y, njfiîs, c` k`csthtuyf suohkhfctf prufbn k`ctrn e`s k`nkusnj`s’ k`nkusnj`s’ (Znrni`cn, H, >842, >;6)< nshihsi`, fs hip`rtnctf rfkneknr quf dn fstnbefkhj` quf en k`cofshûc c` k`csthtuyf uc fefifct` suohkhfctf pnrn oucjnr en sfctfckhn k`cjfcnt`rhn jfe nkusnj`, pufs ucn jfkenrnkhûc nut`hckuepnt`rhn, shc chcmñc fefifct` oîkthk` quf en pufjn k`rr`b`rnr y shc prufbn jf knrm` quf en nvnef, c` p`jrén sfr k`cshjfrnjn. Fe nrtékue` >?7·.2.n jfe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne Wfcne thfcf uc oucjnifct` o ucjnifct` quf rnjhkn, fc en ehbfrtnj quf fs uc bhfc quf thfcf uc net` vne`r pnrn fe nkusnj`, fstni`s jf nkufrj` k`c CFXRN, quhfc hcjhkn quf ― hckeus` hckeus` n vfkfs su vhjn, en quf pufjf sfr rfstrhcmhjn ` fehihcnjn hcaustnifctf p`r ucn pfcn hcifrfkhjn sh c` sf e`mrn pefcn kfrtfzn s`brf su rfsp`csnbhehjnj, rfsuetncj` hcsuohkhfctf su s`en nut`hckrhihcnkhûc ’   (Cfyrn, 27>7, 6?2). Fc en Npfenkhûc C.· >?-27>6-Enibnyfquf, en [nen Wfcne Zrncsht`rhn jf en K`rtf [uprfin, k`c ofkdn >: jf jhkhfibrf jf 27>?, sfþneû quf en prufbn pfrs`cne k`rr`b`rnjn p`r `trns jfkenrnkh`cfs (jf tfsthm`s, p`r fe k`cauct` jf jftfchj`s y p`r en fsp`sn jfe nmrnvhnj`) fs suohkhfctf pnrn k`cjfcnr1  \[ uiheenY W ru ―  rufbn fbn s uoh uohkh kh fctf pnrn k`c k`cjfcnr. jfcnr.-- En prufbn pfrs`cne, tfsthohkne

jhrfktn, fs en pr`p`rkh`cnjn p`r fe hcstrukt`r p`ehkhne, quhfc jn kufctn jf en fxhmfckhn jf jhcfr` jfe pr`kfsnj`, jfe r`e quf kuipehû y, eufm`, jf en jfv`eukhûc jfe ihsi`< jnt`s quf, n su vfz, dnc shj` k`rr`b`rnj`s p`r tfsthm`s, p`r fe k`cauct` jf jftfchj`s y p`r en fsp`sn jfe nmrnvhnj`. Fstn ñethin ouf quhfc jfsfcknjfcû en jfv`eukhûc jfe jhcfr` y en hcvfsthmnkhûc jf e`s dfkd`s. Fc suin, fe k`dfkd` p`r fe nkusnj` fxhsthû, sf jfv`evhû fe jhcfr` ne jfcuckhnctf y fxhstf k`cfxhûc y k`rr`b`rnkhûc jf sus nohrinkh`cfs k`c e` fxpufst` p`r e`s jfiîs tfsthm`s. Fe jftneef jf dfkd`s quf jn kufctn en prufbn jf knrm` nktunjn thfcf en suohkhfctf k`cshstfckhn y prfkhshûc, quf c` sf pufjf pfjhr iîs hco`rin khûc p`rifc`rhznjn’. 

2.2.6.2. Onkuetnjfs pséquhkns pséquhkns (nrtékue` >?7·.2.b jfe KWW)

Fe nkt` jf k`cofshûc jfbf fincnr jf en v`euctnrhfjnj y fsp`ctncfhjnj jf en pshquf jfe hiputnj`, ucn k`cofshûc phfrjf t`jn fohknkhn pr`kfsne, kuncj` dn shj` ;>

 

 

pr`jukhjn p`r frr`r, n trnvès jf en vh`efckhn, ` p`r en hcthihjnkhûc u `tr` ièt`j` quf sfn vfjnj`, e` quf hipehknrén ucn hcjukkhûc v`euctnrhn, e` quf k`csthtuyf e`s jfc`ihcnj`s vhkh`s jf en v`euctnj< WFÞN KNBRFRN ORFXRF  sfþnen quf ―jfbf ―jfbf nsfmurnrsf quf sf pr`juzkn fc fe fstnj` c`rine jf ens onkuetnjfs pséquhkns jfe hiputnj`’   (Wfþn Knbrfrn Orfyrf, 277?, ::7). K`i` vfi`s, en k`cofshûc thfcf `behmnt`rhnifctf quf rfnehznrsf jf incfrn ehbrf y fsp`ctîcfn, fst` shmchohkn quf, jfbf k`rrfsp`cjfr n ucn inchofstnkhûc jf v`euctnj ehbrf, shc chcmñc thp` jf prfsh`cfs jf ens nut`rhjnjfs, fst` c`s pfrihtf fxkeuhr ens quf oufrnc rfnehznjns bna` k`nkkhûc, hcthihjnkhûc ` bna` nemucn sustnckhn quf `rhmhcf en netfrnkhûc jfe fstnj` ifctne jfe k`cofs`. Fctrf ens k`cjhkh`cfs subafthvns, [NC INRZÉC  sfþnen quf ― sf sf rfquhfrf quf fe hiputnj` kuncj` k`cohfsf jfbn dnkfre` fc pfrofkt` us` jf sus onkuetnjfs ifctnefs, k`ckrftnifctf hctfefkthvns y v`ehthvns. [u onkuetnj jf ifi`rhn, k`cauctnifctf k`c ens jf k`iprfcjfr y qufrfr, jfbfc fstnr hctnktns, fc en ifjhjn fc quf jfbf rfentnr, rfk`cstruhr ifctneifctf, uc dfkd` jfe pnsnj`, uc nkkh`cnr  prftèrht `’  `’  ([nc  ([nc Inrtéc, HH, HH , 277>, ?2:). Fc séctfshs, quhfc k`cohfsn en rfsp`csnbhehjnj fc en k`ihshûc jf uc heékht` pfcne jfbf fstnr fc k`cjhkh`cfs hctfefktunefs pnrn pr`jukhr ucn inchofstnkhûc jf k`c`khihfct` y v`euctnj auréjhknifctf nkfptnbef y ntfcjhbef. Fc fe îibht` subafthv`, sf jfbf fehihcnr, pr`skrhbhr fe frr`r y en hcvfr`shihehtuj jfe rfent` hckrhihcnj`r. W`r e` tnct` c` sf pufjf njihthr n en jfc`ihcnjn k`cofshûc

ohktn (quf fs en k`cofshûc jfrhvnjn jf en oumn jfe hiputnj`) ` en k`cofshûc hipeékhtn (quf fs en k`cofshûc quf sf fxtrnf, vfrbhmrnkhn, jf ucn trncsnkkhûc fxtrnaujhkhne s`brf fe jnþ` `knsh`cnj` p`r fe heékht` pfcne), tnip`k` fs nkfptnjn pr`kfsneifctf en k`cofshûc e`mrnjn ifjhnctf prfmuctns knpkh`sns ` hckeus` sumfsthvns. Ens prfmuctns knpkh`sns s`c nqufeens quf pr`kurnc hcjukhr n frr`r ne suaft` quf rfsp`cjf, onv`rfkhfcj` jf èstf i`j`, hefméthinifctf, n en pnrtf quf ens o`riuen, ens prfmuctns sumfsthvns sumhfrfc ` oufrznc fe k`ctfchj` jf ens rfspufstns, fc fstf thp` jf prfmuctns quhfc jfkenrn fc jfohchthvn fs fe nb`mnj`, quhfc p`cf pnenbrns fc en b`kn jfe pr`ph` jfkenrnctf.

;2

 

 

Eécfns nrrhbn dfi`s hcjhknj`, y e` rfpfthi`s, quf en k`cofshûc, pnrn sfn k`cshjfrnjn uc ifjh` pr`bnt`rh`, thfcf quf pr`jukhrsf jf incfrn ehbrf, shc en fxhstfckhn jf prfsh`cfs jf kunequhfr écj`ef, hckeuhjns ens prfsh`cfs i`rnefs, tnefs k`i` fe kns` jf ens njvfrtfckhns p`r c` prfstnr jfkenrnkhûc ` c` jfkhr en vfrjnj, nsé k`i` tnip`k` e`s aurnifct`s ` pr`ifsns quf sf pufjnc jnr fc fe pr`kfs`. pr `kfs`. Fs hip`rtnctf rfkneknr quf fstf thp` jf prfsh`cfs c` s`e` p`jrénc vfchr jf e`s `pfrnj`rfs jfe shstfin pr`kfsne, shc` quf tnibhèc p`jrénc pr`vfchr jf fxtrnþ`s ne ihsi`, k`i` p`jrén sfr uc` jf e`s tnibhèc rfsp`csnbefs jfe dfkd` puchbef, nucquf c` fstè o`rineifctf pr`kfsnj`, quhfc p`jrén nifcnznr ne k`cofs` ` su onihehn, p`r fafipe`. ZNEN_FRN sfþnen quf ―ucn ―ucn `rmnchznkhûc krhihcne ` kunequhfr `trn pfrs`cn ` fcthjnj, pufjfc nifcnznr ne pr`kfsnj` ` k`iprnr su nut`hckrhihcnkhûc pnrn jfspenznr en rfsp`csnbhehjnj jf `tr` dnkhn èe< fst`, fc mrnc ifjhjn, thfcf iukd` quf vfr k`c fe k`ckfpt` jf shckfrhjnj ’’  (Znenvfrn,  (Znenvfrn, 2778, >2=). Vcn k`cjhkhûc jf knrîktfr o`rine en k`csthtuyf en ehbfrtnj jf en jfkenrnkhûc. En k`cofshûc pufjf jfsknehohknrsf kuncj` dnyn shj` prfstnjn shc quf fe hiputnj` sf fckufctrf fc uc k`ipeft` fstnj` jf trncquhehjnj ` fquhehbrh`, sh sf fckufctrn bna` en k`nkkhûc i`rne quf hip`rtn fe aurnifct`, ` ifjhnctf nprfih`s hefmnefs jf pnrtf jf ens nut`rhjnjfs, k`i` fs fe kns` jf nifcnzns, t`rturns, jîjhvns ` pr`ifsns, sf thfcf quf rfkdnznr k`i` ifjh` pr`bnt`rh`< p`r k`cshmuhfctf, sf rfkdnzn en

k`cofshûc vh`efctnjn  (kuncj` sf fafrkf vh`efckhn oéshkn ` i`rne k`ctrn fe hiputnj`) y en k`cofshûc k`iprnjn, en kune sf `t`rmn n trnvès jf jîjhvns y pr`ifsns< [NC INRZÉC  tnibhèc sfþnen quf ―rfsuetn, ―rfsuetn, hmuneifctf hcnkfptnbef, en

k`cofshûc ornujuefctn’  ([nc Inrtéc, HH, 277>, ?2:), quf fs nqufeen quf dn shj` nrrncknjn ifjhnctf uc fcmnþ` ` kfenjn ` n trnvès jf nrthohkh`s ` k`c jhshiue` quf k`ceefvû n fcmnþ` ne hiputnj`, e` quf oufrn `rhmhcnj` p`r en pr`phn nut`rhjnj. Ens trfs o`rins jf k`cofshûc sfþnenjns jfbfc k`cshjfrnrsf hefméthins, fst` quhfrf jfkhr quf k`csthtuyfc k`cjhkh`cfs subafthvns jf hcvnehjfz jf en k`cofshûc. En iny`r kncthjnj jf ens onesns k`cofsh`cfs surmfc, k`i` fs k`ckfbhbef, p`r hcoeua` jfe tfi`r ` jf en hcthihjnkhûc. En vnehjfz jf en k`cofshûc, k`i` e` s`sthfcf

FJ]NRJ[  ― fstî fstî sub`rjhcnjn n quf c` dnyn ifjhnj` k`nkkhûc quf vhkhf en v`euctnj jfe hiputnj`’  (khtnj`   (khtnj` p`r Kubns, 2777, ;>6). [f fcthfcjf p`r k`nkkhûc, jf nkufrj` n CFXRN  ―n en vh`efckhn ` oufrzn n en quf fs s`ifthjn ucn pfrs`cn  pnrn quf dnmn ` jhmn nem`, nem`, fxhstfc j`s thp`s jf k` k`nkkhûc nkkhûc11 ;;

 

 

n)

Oés hkn ` p pss équhkn équhkn11  ^uf `pfrn s`brf fe kufrp` ` en ifctf n ohc jf `btfcfr

nem`< sf inchohfstn fc jhvfrs`s nkt`s, jfsjf en t`rturn dnstn e`s hctfrr`mnt`rh`s knpkh`s`s ` sumfsthv`s< y b)

Hcdfrfctf1  [f jn fc fe hctfrr`mnt`rh` fc sfjf p`ehkhne shc ifjhnr k`nkkhûc fc

fe sfcthj` trnjhkh`cne, pfr` quf rfsuetn k`nkkh`cnctf p`r en ntiûsofrn jf hcthihjnkhûc quf r`jfn ne hcjhvhju` (s`ifthj` n kust`jhn p`ehkhne, hck`iuchknj`, shc nb`mnj` jfofcs`r, shc dnkfref k`c`kfr su jfrfkd` n munrjnr shefckh` y s`ifthj` n hctfrr`mnt`rh` jf pfrs`cns quf prfsfctnc fspfkhne k fe` fe` fc en rfprfshûc jfe jfeht`)’  (Cfyrn,  (Cfyrn, 27>7, 6?2).  6?2).  Dny quf tfcfr prfsfctf quf c` sf pufjf `behmnr ne hiputnj` n brhcjnr hco`rinkhûc s`brf e` quf k`c`kf. INHFR sfþnen quf ―fee` fs e` quf fxprfsn, iuy kenrnifctf, en mnrnctén quf rfzn1 Cnjhf pufjf sfr `behmnj` n jfkenrnr k`ctrn sé ihsi` (cfi` tfcftur sf hpsui nkkusnrf)’  (Inhfr, H, b, >848, :;:). Jf ens nohrinkh`cfs sfþnenjns k`c nctfrh`rhjnj, c` sf p`jrén jfjukhr quf fe hiputnj` c` thfcf onkuetnj pnrn k`cofsnr< sé en thfcf, pfr` jf nkufrj` k`c VMNQ  ―fstn onkuetnj jf k`cofsnr fs  pfrs`cneéshin, sf oucjn oucjn fxk fxkeushvnifctf eushvnifctf fc en v`euctnj jfe hiputnj` hiputnj` y c` puf pufjf jf sf sfrr hcjukhjn p`r fe Fstnj` fc chcmñc i`j` ’  (Vmnz,  (Vmnz, 264). Fe nrtékue` 6 jf en K`cvfckhûc Nifrhkncn s`brf Jfrfkd`s Duinc`s, rfk`c`kf quf ―t`jn pfrs`cn thfcf jfrfkd` n quf sf rfspftf su hctfmrhjnj oéshkn, pséquhkn y i`rne’   (hckhs` >). Nsé ihsi`, jf quf ―cnjhf jfbf sfr s`ifthj` n t`rturns ch n pfcns ` trnt`s krufefs, hcduinc`s ` jfmrnjnctfs. Z`jn pfrs`cn prhvnjn jf ehbfrtnj sfrî trntnjn k`c fe rfspft` jfbhj` n en jhmchjnj hcdfrfctf ne sfr duinc`’  (hckhs`  (hckhs` 2). Ihfctrns, en K`cvfckhûc k`ctrn en t`rturn y `tr`s trnt`s ` pfcns krufefs, hcduincns ` jfmrnjnctfs, fc su nrtékue` >, dn jfohchj` k`i` t`rturn ―n t`j` nkt` p`r fe kune sf hcoehan hctfckh`cnjnifctf n ucn pfrs`cn j`e`rfs ` suorhihfct`s mrnvfs, yn sfnc oéshk`s ` ifctnefs, k`c fe ohc jf `btfcfr jf feen ` jf uc tfrkfr` hco`rinkhûc ` ucn k`cofshûc, jf knsthmnren p`r uc nkt` quf dnyn k`ifthj`, ` jf hcthihjnr ` k`nkkh`cnr n fsn pfrs`cn ` n `trns, ` p`r kunequhfr rnzûc bnsnjn fc kunequhfr thp` jf jhskrhihcnkhûc, kuncj` jhkd`s j`e`rfs ` suorhihfct`s sfnc hcoehmhj`s p`r uc ouckh`cnrh` pñbehk` u `trn pfrs`cn fc fe fafrkhkh` jf ouckh`cfs pñbehkns, n ;:

 

 

hcsthmnkhûc suyn, ` k`c su k`csfcthihfct` ` nquhfskfckhn. C` sf k`cshjfrnrîc t`rturns e`s j`e`rfs ` suorhihfct`s quf sfnc k`csfkufckhn ñchknifctf jf snckh`cfs efméthins, ` quf sfnc hcdfrfctfs ` hckhjfctnefs n fstns’ .

Ihfctrns tnct`, cufstrn K`csthtukhûc W`eéthkn, fc su nrtékue` 2.2:.d prfskrhbf e` shmuhfctf1 ―cnjhf jfbf sfr vékthin jf vh`efckhn i`rne, pséquhkn ` oéshkn, ch s`ifthj` n t`rturn ` trnt`s hcduinc`s ` duiheenctfs. Kunequhfrn pufjf pfjhr pfjhr jf hcifjhnt` fe fxnifc ièjhk` jf en pfrs`cn nmrnvhnjn ` jf nqufeen hip`shbhehtnjn jf rfkurrhr p`r sé ihsin n en nut`rhjnj. Knrfkfc jf vne`r ens jfkenrnkh`cfs `btfchjns p`r vh`efckhn. ^uhfc en fipefn hckurrf fc rfsp`csnbhehjnj’ r fsp`csnbhehjnj’.. 

Fe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne Wfcne, fc su nrtékue` =>·.>.f rfk`c`kf k`i` jfrfkd`s jfe hiputnj` fe quf ―c` sf fipeff fc su k`ctrn ifjh`s k`nkthv`s, hcthihjnt`rh`s ` k`ctrnrh`s n su jhmchjnj, ch sfr s`ifthj` n tèkchkns ` ièt`j`s quf hcjuzknc ` netfrfc su ehbrf v`euctnj ` n suorhr ucn rfstrhkkhûc c` nut`rhznjn ch pfrihthjn p`r efy’. 

 Nsé ihsi`, k`i` ucn mnrnctén k`csthtukh`cne jf en jfkenrnkhûc jfe hiputnj`, fc fe nrtékue` 44· jfe ifckh`cnj` i fckh`cnj` kufrp` jf efyfs, sf fxhmf quf ―jurnctf en jhehmfckhn c`  p`jrî k`nktnrsf fc i`j` nemuc` ne hiputnj` hiputnj` ch hcjukhre` ` jftfrihcnre` n jfkenrnr k`ctrn su v`euctnj, ch sf ef dnrî knrm`s ` rfk`cvfckh`cfs tfcjhfctfs n `btfcfr en k`cofshûc’   (cuifrne :). Fst`s k`csthtuyfc e`s jfrfkd`s y ens

mnrncténs jf

pr`tfkkhûc jf en jfkenrnkhûc hcjnmnt`rhn jfe hiputnj` fc ehbfrtnj y fc fstnj` c`rine jf ens onkuetnjfs pséquhkns quf ―sh p`r en jurnkhûc jfe nkt` sf c`tfc shmc`s jf onthmn ` onetn jf sfrfchjnj fc fe hiputnj`, en jfkenrnkhûc sf suspfcjfrî, dnstn quf fee`s jfsnpnrfzknc’  (cuifrne  (cuifrne ?).

En k`cofshûc, jfsjf en pfrspfkthvn `bafthvn, thfcf quf rfofrhrsf n uc dfkd` quf sfn `bafthvnifctf krfébef ` nkfptnbef pnrn fe k`iñc jf ens pfrs`cns. En vfrshûc nut`hckrhihcnt`rhn jfe hiputnj` jfbfrî sfr eûmhkn y k`dfrfctf, jfbhècj`sf rfofrhr n ucn trncsihshûc jf k`c`khihfct`s njquhrhj`s jhrfktnifctf p`r fe pr`ph` hiputnj`, c` p`r c`thkhns mfcfrnjns p`r tfrkfr`s. KNOFZQÛMEV[ sfþnen quf ―sf fxhmf quf fe rfent` quf fxp`cmn fe jfkenrnctf jfbn sfr njfkunj` n en rfnehjnj y, p`r tnct`, dn jf dnbfr shj` prfstnj` fc bnsf n e` quf èe dn prfsfckhnj` k`c sus sfcthj`s, shc quf pufjnc njihthrsf jfjukkh`cfs ` prfsuckh`cfs. En p`shbhehjnj y vfr`shihehtuj  pufjfc fquhvnefr n en hjfn jf c`rine k`ip`rtnihfct` jf ens pfrs`cns y jf ens k`sns’ (Knoftzûmeus, >842, 6;). ;6

 

 

2.2.6.;. [fn prfstnjn nctf fe Aufz ` fe Ohskne fc prfsfckhn jf su nb`mnj` (nrtékue` >?7.2.k jfe KWW).

K`i` ñethi` prfsupufst` pnrn quf en k`cofshûc tfcmn vne`r pr`bnt`rh`, sf jfbf tfcfr fc k`cshjfrnkhûc quf jfbf sfr prfstnjn nctf fe Aufz ` fe Ohskne, fc prfsfckhn jf su nb`mnj` jfofcs`r. [nbfi`s quf en k`cofshûc sf pufjf pr`jukhr jurnctf en hcvfsthmnkhûc, sfn nctf fe Ohskne k`ipftfctf, pfr`, tnibhèc sf pufjf pr`jukhr fc en ftnpn jf auzmnihfct`< shc fibnrm`, thfcf quf prfstnrsf nctf fe ûrmnc` aujhkhne k`c ntrhbukh`cfs k`ckrftns pnrn en hcvfsthmnkhûc y fe auzmnihfct` jfe nsuct`1 fst` fs e` quf fc j`ktrhcn sf jfc`ihcn mnrnctén jf aujhkhnehjnj. W`jfi`s k`ckeuhr quf s`enifctf fs nkfptnbef ucn k`cofshûc hctrn pr`kfs`, pr`kfs`, fst` quhfrf jfkhr, en rfnehznjn p`r fe hiputnj` jfctr` jf uc pr`kfs` pfcne, quf sfn rfkfpkh`cnjn p`r fe ohskne ` p`r fe aufz k`ipftfctf, fc en hcvfsthmnkhûc prfpnrnt`rhn ` ftnpn jf auzmnihfct`, sfmñc en ftnpn jfe pr`kfs` fc quf sf pr`jukf. Dny quf sfþnenr quf knrfkf jf vne`r pr`bnt`rh` suohkhfctf en jfkenrnkhûc prfstnjn nctf en W`ehkén Cnkh`cne k`c en ohcnehjnj jf fcfrvnr en prfsuckhûc jf hc`kfckhn, nucquf fstn k`cofshûc vfcmn k`rr`b`rnjn k`c jnt`s ` fefifct`s pfrhoèrhk`s quf en s`stfcmnc pr`kfsneifctf, k`c en ohcnehjnj jf nsfmurnr en efmnehjnj jf en jhehmfckhn1 en k`cofshûc rfnehznjn p`r fe hiputnj` fc sfjf p`ehkhne k`c nusfckhn jfe Ohskne, Aufz y nb`mnj` jfofcs`r, c` pufjfc tfcfr vne`r pr`bnt`rh`, k`i` hcjhkn WFÞN KNBRFRN ORFXRF  ― fs fs cuen hps` hurf, ne pr`jukhrsf fc nofktnkhûc jfe prhckhph` jf efmnehjnj, jfe k`ctr`e  aurhsjhkkh`cne jf en hcstnckhn y jfe hrrfstrhkt` jfrfkd` jf jfofcsn’  (Wfþn   (Wfþn Knbrfrn Orfyrf, 277?, ::7). [fmñc [NC INRZÉC jfctr` jfe shstfin nkusnt`rh` mnrncthstn, ―kuncj` sf dnyn jfkenrnj` n chvfe p`ehkhne, thfcfc quf rnthohknrsf rntho hknrsf aujhkhneifctf pnrn quf tfcmn vnehjfz pr`bnt`rhn’  ([nc  ([nc Inrtéc, >88;, 2>6).

Dny quf tfcfr fc kenr` quf en prfsfckhn jfe Aufz ` Ohskne y nb`mnj` jfofcs`r, thfcf quf sfr suint`rhn y c` netfrcnthvn, pufs e` quf jfbfi`s prftfcjfr fs k`cstruhr uc shstfin pr`kfsne s`brf t`j` mnrncthstn pnrn t`j`s e`s austhkhnbefs. Vc` jf e`s jfrfkd`s iîs hip`rtnctfs fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne, quf fs fe jfrfkd` jf jfofcsn, sf intfrhnehzn kuncj` fe hiputnj` kufctn k`c t`j`s e`s ifknchsi`s pnrn p`jfr rfshsthr vîehjnifctf en hiputnkhûc, fs` quhfrf jfkhr quf, ifjhnctf en nsfs`rén quf sûe` su nb`mnj` jfofcs`r ef p`jrén brhcjnr. K`i` p`jfi`s pfrkntnrc`s, fe ;?

 

 

oucjnifct` iîs hip`rtnctf jf en prfsfckhn jf uc jfofcs`r tèkchk`, fs quf sf rfk`c`zkn k`csthtukh`cneifctf k`i` uc jfrfkd` oucjnifctne jf en pfrs`cn quf sf fckufctrn pr`kfsnjn pfcneifctf n en nshstfckhn jfe nb`mnj` jfofcs`r jf su fefkkhûc ` uc nb`mnj` jfofcs`r jf `ohkh` fc fe kns` jf quf c` pufjn k`ctnr k`c uc pnrthkuenr, fstf jfrfkd` jfbfi`s busknre` k`i` ucn k`csnmrnkhûc p`shthvn jf uc jfrfkd` mnrncthznj`r jf en ehbfrtnj jfe hcjhvhju` quf sf fckufctrf s`ifthj` n uc pr`kfs` pfcne, ne hiputîrsfef en k`ihshûc jf dfkd`s prfsuctnifctf jfehkthv`s, mnrncténs quf trns uc mrnc fsoufrz` j`ktrhcne n trnvès jf e`s nþ`s dn e`mrnj` knenr, `btfchfcj` ucn hctfrvfckhûc knjn vfz iîs nipehn jf en jfofcsn tèkchkn fc hctfrès jfe jfofcjhj`. Fc fofkt`, fstn mnrnctén k`csthtukh`cne fckufctrn d`y uc mfcfrne rfk`c`khihfct` y tutfen fc jhofrfctfs c`rins pr`kfsnefs. Fc fstf kns`, ne sfr en k`cofshûc uc ifjh` jf prufbn jf fofkt`s trnskfcjfctnefs pnrn fe hiputnj`, fstf jfrfkd` jfbf sfr pefcnifctf mnrncthznj` n pnrthr jf en tutfen fofkthvn quf jfbf hip`rtnr fe pr`kfjhihfct` pfcne fc t`jns sus ftnpns jfsnrr`eenthvns. I@RFC@  hcjhkn quf fc tne vhrtuj, ― ee`s `s ûrmnc`s jf pfrsfkukhûc jfbfc jnr k`c`khihfct` ne hiputnj`, quf thfcf fe jfrfkd` hrrfstrhkt` f hrrfcuckhnbef jf sfr nshsthj`s p`r uc nb`mnj` jfofcs`r, nctfs jf prfstnr su k`cofshûc, n fofkt`s jf k`c`kfr k`c fxnkthtuj ens k`csfkufckhns auréjhkns quf jf feen pufjnc jfrhvnrsf ’   (_ènsf I`rfc`, >842, :7). Dny quf tfcfr fc k`cshjfrnkhûc quf tnct` fe jfsk`c`khihfct` k`i` en hmc`rnckhn p`jrénc eefvnrc`s jfctr` jf uc pr`kfs` n rfsuetnj`s quf p`jrénc k`cshjfrnrsf nrbhtrnrh`s< pufs fe p`jfr pñbehk` jf ens jhofrfctfs nmfckhns jf pfrsfkukhûc c` p`jrén sfr uthehznj` pnrn inchpuenr en v`euctnrhfjnj jfe hiputnj`. Fs hip`rtnctf rfsnetnr quf en prfsfckhn jf uc nb`mnj` jfofcs`r kuncj` sf rfnehkf en jfkenrnkhûc jfe hiputnj`, en ihsin quf sfn brhcjnjn orfctf n en nut`rhjnj ohskne ` aujhkhne k`ipftfctf, jfctr` jfe inrk` jf ucn hcvfsthmnkhûc ` pr`kfs` pfcne rfsuetn hiprfskhcjhbef, pufs e` hjfne fs quf fe hiputnj` pufjn sfr hco`rinj` prfvhnifctf jf e`s fofkt`s auréjhk`s quf sfnc en k`csfkufckhn jf rfcuckhnr n su jfrfkd` n en c` nut`hckrhihcnkhûc, quf k`csthtuyf uc jfrfkd` rfk`c`khj` p`r cufstr` kûjhm` njafthv`, k`c en ohcnehjnj jf jnref vnehjfz n en k`cofshûc k`i` uc ifjh` jf prufbn eékht`. Fs hip`rtnctf rfkneknr quf en prfsfckhn jfe nb`mnj` jfbf tfcfr eumnr jfsjf e`s nkt`s hchkhnefs jf en hcvfsthmnkhûc, fst` fs, jfsjf quf su pntr`khcnj` oufrf khtnj` ` jftfchj` p`r en nut`rhjnj ohskne ` p`ehkhne, jf k`co`rihjnj ;=

 

 

k`c e` rfmuenj` p`r e`s nrtékue`s =>·.2.k y 4:·.> jfe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne Wfcne. Jurnctf en hcvfsthmnkhûc prfpnrnt`rhn quf sf rfnehkf, fe hiputnj`, shc pfrauhkh` jf dnkfre` fc en jfpfcjfckhn p`ehkhne rfspfkthvn, p`jrî prfstnr jfkenrnkhûc nctf fe rfprfsfctnctf jfe Ihchstfrh` Wñbehk`, k`c en cfkfsnrhn nshstfckhn jf su nb`mnj` jfofcs`r, kuncj` fstf e` `rjfcf ` kuncj` fstf e` s`ehkhtf, jf nkufrj` k`c e` prfskrht` fc fe nrtékue` 4?·.2 jfe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne Wfcne. W`r `tr` enj`, ZNB@NJN ZNB@NJN sfþnen  sfþnen quf ― sf sf mnrncthzn en jfofcsn mrntuhtn n t`j`s nqufee`s hiputnj`s ` nkusnj`s quf jfctr` jfe pr`kfs`  pfcne, p`r sus fskns`s rfkurs`s, c` pufjnc jfshmcnr nb`mnj` jfofcs`r jf su fefkkhûc, ` kuncj` rfsuetf hcjhspfcsnbef fe c`ibrnihfct` jf uc nb`mnj` jfofcs`r jf `ohkh` pnrn mnrncthznr en efmnehjnj jf ucn jhehmfckhn y fe jfbhj` pr`kfs` (nrtékue`  (Znb`njn, 2774, 222). 47· jfe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne Wfcne)’  (Znb`njn,

2.2.?. En k`cofshûc k`cofshûc shckfrn

En k`cofshûc shckfrn fs k`cshjfrnjn ucn hcsthtukhûc pr`kfsne quf o`rin pnrtf jfe Jfrfkd` prfihne, pufs sf pufjf npehknr k`i` uc prfih` pnrn nqufe hiputnj` quf k`cohfsn su pnrthkhpnkhûc fc uc heékht` pfcne, yn quf ne dnkfre` pfrihtf quf en hcvfsthmnkhûc sf kfctrf fc en vfrhohknkhûc jf e`s jnt`s quf pr`p`rkh`cn jf incfrn v`euctnrhn, fvhtncj` k`c fee` ucn hcoruktu`sn jhenkhûc jfe pr`kfs`, e` quf k`csthtuyf iny`rfs mnst`s pnrn fe Fstnj` y iny`r trnbna` pnrn ens fcthjnjfs jfjhknjns n en njihchstrnkhûc jf austhkhn. Fc fe R.C. C.· 8>-27>; Jfe [nctn, en [nen Wfcne Zrncsht`rhn jf en K`rtf [uprfin, k`c ofkdn >; jf fcfr` jf 27>:, en sfþnen quf en k`cofshûc jfbf np`rtnr jnt`s suohkhfctfs pnrn `bvhnr en rfnehznkhûc iîs hctfcsn jf nkt`s jf hcvfsthmnkhûc y/` prufbn, k`i` sf vfrî n k`cthcunkhûc1 ― KVNRZ@.   ^uf fc fe kns` jf nut`s fs hcnpehknbef fe nrtékue` >;?· jfe Kûjhm` jf

Wr`kfjhihfct`s Wfcnefs p`rquf fe fcknusnj` Brhkfþ` _neenjnrfs ouf knpturnj` ifjhncj` oenmrnckhn jfehkthvn, y fe hiputnj` Kdhr`quf Neonr` c` nkfptû e`s knrm`s fc sfjf suinrhne. En k`cofshûc pnrn sfr shckfrn rfquhfrf c` sûe` quf sfn vfrnz shc` quf sfn prfstnjn hcifjhntnifctf, shc k`ctrnjhkkh`cfs y quf `bafthvnifctf np`rtf jnt`s suohkhfctfs --khrkucstnckhnj`s, shc `kuetnr ` jhsihcuhr hctfckh`cne fe ;4

 

 

k`ckurs` jf `trns pfrs`cns-, pnrn `bvhnr en rfnehznkhûc iîs hctfcsn jf nkt`s jf hcvfsthmnkhûc y/` jf prufbn. C` knbf fc e`s kns`s jf oenmrnckhn, fc ntfckhûc n su oucjnifct` p`eéthk` krhihcne, pufs c` sf cfkfshtn pnrn pr`bnr en kuepnbhehjnj jfe jftfchj` cnjn jhsthct` n en o`rin y khrkucstnckhns jf su hctfrvfckhûc. W`r `tr` enj`, jfbf tfcfrsf fc kufctn quf fc fe kns` jf nut`s ifjhû c` sûe` en iufrtf jf uc` jf e`s nmrnvhnj`s, shc` quf fc en fafkukhûc jfe jfeht` k`ckurrhfr`c j`s khrkucstnckhns nmrnvnctfs fspfkéohkns1 peurnehjnj jf nmfctfs y p`sfshûc jf nrins jf oufm` -k`c ens quf sf nifjrfctû y, eufm`, sf intû n uc nmrnvhnj`-― . Mfcfrneifctf, fxhstf ucn prfsuckhûc jf shckfrhjnj fc en k`cofshûc, p`rquf nsé sukfjf fc en iny`rén jf ens vfkfs, sh sf prfstn ` sf rfkhbf r fkhbf fc k`cjhkh`cfs rfmuenrfs y jfctr` jfe inrk` jf en efy, p`rquf sf rfquhfrf ucn rnzûc mrnvf pnrn quf ucn pfrs`cn sncn jf fspérhtu y k`cskhfctf jf sus jfkenrnkh`cfs sf rfk`c`zkn kuepnbef shc i`thv`< n jfkhr jf M@RWDF  ― c` c` fs cnturne ifcthr fc k`ctrn jf uc`, y rfsuetn k`ctrnrh` ne hcsthct` jf k`csfrvnkhûc fe nkusnrsf onesnifctf. [hc fibnrm`, oufrn jf e`s kns`s pnt`eûmhk`s ` jf e`s supufst`s jf vh`efckhn, sf fckufctrnc k`cofsh`cfs ifcjnkfs p`r rnz`cfs jhvfrsns, p`r e` quf hctfrfsn jhnmc`sthknrens’  (M`rpdf,  (M`rpdf, >867, 2>8). Fstf nut`r tnibhèc rfk`c`kf quf ―ens ― ens onesns k`cofsh`cfs, iîs t`jnvén quf ens vfrjnjfrns, pufjfc pr`vfchr jf i`thv`s iuy jhvfrs`s, jfancj` npnrtf e`s supufst`s jf k`cstrfþhihfct` oéshk` ` i`rne y e`s jf nut`nkusnkhûc pnt`eûmhkn pnt`eûmhkn,, sf fckufctrnc k`cofsh`cfs p`r hctfrès (rfne ` supufst`), y `trns p`r nbcfmnkhûc, nemucns p`r jfsfspfrnkhûc ` p`r anktnckhn, ftk.’  (Hjfi,  (Hjfi, >867, 22=).  Ne fxnihcnr en k`cofshûc shckfrn p`jfi`s jhsthcmuhr j`s thp`s jf kns`s quf sf k`coucjfc fc iny`r ` ifc`r mrnj` fc en prîkthkn1 Jf ucn pnrtf, en k`cofshûc pr`phnifctf jhkdn jfe nkusnj` y, p`r `trn, en nut`jfcuckhn jf quhfc c` ohmurn t`jnvén fc fe suinrh`, y quf quhzîs c` sfn nñc ch shquhfrn s`spfkd`s`. Jf nkufrj` n M@RWDF  ―e n prhifrn k`csthtuyf uc nkt` c`rine jfe pr`kfs`, iîs ` ifc`s  pr`v`knj` p`r fe hctfrr`mnt`rh`< en sfmucjn fs uc nkt` fsp`ctîcf` f hiprfvhst`, `pufst` ne hcsthct` jf k`csfrvnkhûc y, p`r e` ihsi`, s`spfkd`s`’  (Hjfi, >867, 224).

Fstf nut`r tnibhèc sfþnen quf ―en ―en jfkenrnkhûc quf k`ctfcmn ucn k`cofshûc, c` t`j` rfsuetn jhmc` jfe ihsi` krèjht`. Jfbf krffrsf iîs oîkheifctf fc fe dfkd` prhckhpne ;8

 

 

quf fe nkusnj` rfk`c`zkn quf fc ens khrkucstnckhns sfkucjnrhns, fc ens kunefs (Hjfi, >867, 2:8). Zfcfi`s quf tfcfr fc kenr` quf en fxhstf iîs rhfsm` jf frr`r ’’   (Hjfi, k`cofshûc pnrn quf sfn shckfrn c` jfbf sfr onesfnbef, fstni`s jf nkufrj` k`c

VMNQ kuncj` sfþnen quf ― fc fc fsf sfcthj` sf fcthfcjf en shckfrhjnj jf en k`cofshûc k`i` shcûchi` jf vfrhohknbhehjnj, e` quf c` fs e` ihsi` quf en k`cofshûc sfn vfrjnjfrn, shc` quf tne shckfrhjnj pufjn sfr k`rr`b`rnjn ifjhnctf fe kuipehihfct` jf e`s rfquhsht`s yn jf fxhstfckhn ` jf vnehjfz jf en k`cofshûc y jf `tr`s rfquhsht`s  (Vmnz, 264).  pnrthkuenrfs’  (Vmnz, Dny quf k`cshjfrnr quf chcmñc tfsthm` k`c` k`c`kf kf e` pnsnj` tnc bhfc k`i` fe supufst` nut`r jfe dfkd` intfrhn jf hcvfsthmnkhûc< y, fc fsf nspfkt`, hcjujnbefifctf, fe hiputnj` quf quhfrf jfkhr en vfrjnj sf k`csthtuyf fc fe ifa`r tfsthm`< M@RWDF  hcjhkn quf ― c` c` jfan p`r fs` jf fstnr ifc`s suaft` n frr`r, fspfkhneifctf fc nqufee` fc quf dn p`jhj` sfr turbnj` p`r en fi`khûc, kfmnj` p`r en pnshûc ` fe hctfrès, ` nbs`rbhj` p`r en hjfn jf su nkt` y en prf`kupnkhûc jf su duéjn ’  (M`rpdf,   (M`rpdf, >867, 2:4). Fc fe R.C. C.· :=4-2776-Aucéc, en [nen Wfcne Wfrincfctf jf en K`rtf [uprfin, k`c ofkdn 2? jf nbrhe jf 2776, sfþneû kuîefs frnc e`s rfquhsht`s jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn, k`i` vfrfi`s n k`cthcunkhûc1 ― Kunrt`. Kunrt`.

^uf, p`r tnct`, c` k`rrfsp`cjf rfbnanr nñc iîs en pfcn hipufstn, fc en

ifjhjn fc quf hckeus` en pr`phn hcv`knkhûc jfe hcsthtut` jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn fc en sfctfckhn rfkurrhjn c` sf k`cjhkf k`c e`s rfquhsht`s quf en aurhsprujfckhn jf fstf [uprfi` Zrhbucne dn jfohchj` s`brf fe pnrthkuenr1 jfkenrnkhûc fsp`ctîcfn, vfrnz, k`dfrfctf y ucho`rif fc t`j` fe kurs` jfe pr`kfs`< quf fe prhckhph` jf k`kuepnbhehjnj y en jftfrihcnkhûc jf en pfcn sûe` nut`rhznc ne aufz n ohanren jfctr` jf e`s eéihtfs fsthpuenj`s p`r en efy, tne k`i` e` fstnbefkf fe nrtékue` kunrfctn y sfhs jfe Kûjhm` Wfcne tfchfcj` fc kufctn e`s onkt`rfs rfofrhj`s ne k`ctfchj` jfe hcaust` y kuepnbhehjnj p`r fe dfkd` k`ifthj`< quf, p`r e` jfiîs -nuc kuncj` sf rfk`c`zkn quf fe auhkh` s`brf en pr`p`rkh`cnehjnj jf en pfcn, prfvhstn p`r en efy k`c knrîktfr mfcfrne, k`c rfenkhûc n uc dfkd` puchbef quf fs prfsupufst` jf en ihsin, k`rrfsp`cjf ne efmhsenj`r-, fs jf jfstnknr quf fc fe prfsfctf kns` en pfcn hipufstn c` fxkfjf en ifjhjn jftfrihcnjn p`r en inmchtuj jfe dfkd` jfehkthv` y en mrnvfjnj jf en kuepnbhehjnj p`r fsn hcornkkhûc puchbef1 sf trntn jf uc pnjrf quf :7

 

 

vh`en rfhtfrnjnifctf n su dhan ifc`r jf fjnj, en hcthihjn pnrn quf munrjf shefckh`, y en fibnrnzn, k`c ens tfrrhbefs sfkufens -jf en quf fs k`cskhfctf- pnrn en vékthin’ . W`jfi`s hcjhknr quf hcjujnbefifctf en k`cofshûc pnrn jftfctnr fofkt`s pr`bnt`rh`s vîehj`s jfctr` jf uc pr`kfs` pfcne, jfbf sfr pr`jukt` jf ucn inchofstnkhûc jf  shckfrhjnj   y fsp`ctncfhjnj   p`r pnrtf jfe hiputnj`, pfr` fsns khrkucstnckhns c` pufjfc sfr eefvnjns p`r shtunkh`cfs njvfrsns n su shtunkhûc  auréjhkn, fs p`r fs`, quf en j`ktrhcn y en aurhsprujfckhn rfk`c`kfr quf fs prfofrhbef quf en k`cofshûc sf pr`juzkn jfsjf fe hchkh` jf ens hcvfsthmnkh`cfs, jfbhfcj` sfr k`dfrfctf, oeuhjn y d`i`mècfn n e` enrm` jf knjn pns` jfe pr`kfs` pfcne. Nsé ihsi`, dny quf hcjhknr quf en k`cofshûc c` tfcjrî fofkt`s p`shthv`s pnrn fe hiputnj`, fs jfkhr, jhsihcukhûc jf pfcn, kuncj` sf pr`jukf, n hcstnckhns jf ucn nkthvhjnj pr`bnt`rhn hckrhihcnt`rhn suohkhfctf p`r pnrtf jfe Ohskne, p`r kunct` c` p`jrén sfr k`cshjfrnjn shckfrn y fsp`ctîcfn, shc` iîs bhfc i`thvnjn p`r k`cvfchfckhn ` p`r nkt`s nafc`s n su v`euctnj< ` fc su jfofkt`, kuncj` èstn sfn pr`jukt` jf uc supufst` fc oenmrnckhn, quhfrf jfkhr, kuncj` fe nmfctf fs jftfktnj` hc shtu fc shtu fc pefcn rfnehznkhûc téphkn. WFÞN KNBRFRN ORFXRF sfþnen quf ―fs eûmhk` quf c` tfcmn sfcthj` ucn k`cofshûc kuncj` e`s dfkd`s s`c e` suohkhfctfifctf jfent`rfs pnrn nkrfjhtnr en rfsp`csnbhehjnj pfcne jfe hiputnj` ’   (Wfþn Knbrfrn Orfyrf, 277?, ::> s.). En s hckfr hc kfr hjnj  k`cshstf fc fxpehknr nem` jf e` quf uc` sf krff kuepnbef, fstn pnenbrn p`jrén sfr shcûchi` jf vfrnkhjnj, fctfcjhècj`sf fstn pnrn fofkt`s jf en k`cofshûc, k`i` en vfrhohknbhehjnj jf en hco`rinkhûc jf e`s dfkd`s pr`p`rkh`cnj`s p`r fe hiputnj` s`brf fe heékht` pfcne, n pnrthr jf su k`cor`ctnkhûc k`c `tr`s jhofrfctfs ifjh`s jf prufbn. Fe vne`r jf en k`cofshûc sf fxnihcn shfiprf fc rfenkhûc k`c en shckfrhjnj, p`rquf fstn fs fsfckhne, shc quf p`r fs` sf dnmn jf en fxnkthtuj ucn kufsthûc npnrtf, k`i` fc e`s j`kuifct`s. Wufjf nk`ctfkfr, c` `bstnctf, quf ucn k`cofshûc sfn shckfrn f hcfxnktn< y, fc vfrjnj, en shckfrhjnj c` hiphjf fquhv`knrsf, k`i` sf vf k`c tnctn orfkufckhn fc e`s tfsthi`ch`s. En   fsp`ctncfhjnj   pufjf sfr jfohchjn k`i` en fxprfshûc cnturne y oîkhe quf sf En intfrhnehzn kuncj` sf jn hchkh` n uc nkt` (fc fstf kns` en jfkenrnkhûc k`cofsncj` fe jfeht`) shc quf fxhstn ucn khrkucstnckhn nctfrh`r quf k`cihcf jf nemñc i`j` n

:>

 

 

fee`. En onetn jf fsp`ctncfhjnj sf bnsn fc quf fe suaft` ne sfr fck`ctrnj` hc ornmncth , thfcf s`brf èe ucn prfshûc quf e` fcknihcn n k`cofsnr su jfeht`. Fc fe R.C. C.· ;:4=-27>2-Ehin, en [nen Wfcne Zrncsht`rhn jf en K`rtf [uprfin, k`c ofkdn >: jf inrz` jf 27>;, sfþnen quf en k`cofshûc shckfrn thfcf quf sfr k`ipeftn, vfrnz, pfrshstfctf y `p`rtucn1  ― [fxt`1 [fxt`1 ^uf, fee` sf sustfctn fc quf fe K`efmhnj` [upfrh`r hcv`kû -vfr oucjnifct`

 auréjhk`- frrûcfnifctf en k`cofshûc shckfrn prfvhstn fc fe nrtékue` khfct` trfhctn y sfhs jfe Kûjhm` jf Wr`kfjhihfct`s Wfcnefs, pufs en nkfptnkhûc jf knrm`s quf o`riueû fe hiputnj` hipu tnj` c` ouf k`ipeftn, vfrnz, vfrn z, pfrshstfctf y `p`rtucn, k`i` sf vfrhohkn jf en vfrshûc quf pr`p`rkh`cû jurnctf en ftnpn prfehihcnr -o`ans jhfz- y fc en hcstrukkhûc -o`ans khckufctn y khck`- fc ens quf nefmû c` dnbfr fipefnj` vh`efckhn k`ctrn en vékthin y pr`p`rkh`cû vfrsh`cfs jhsthctns rfspfkt` ne eumnr j`cjf vfcjfrén fe tfeèo`c` kfeuenr sustrnéj`< quf fc k`csfkufckhn, en jhsihcukhûc jf en pfcn jfbhû rfnehznrsf fc fe p`rkfctnaf sfþnenj` fc fe oucjnifct` auréjhk` vfhcthtrès jfe Nkufrj` Wefcnrh` cñifr` khck` j`s ihe `kd` / KA - khfct` jhfkhsèhs’.  En oenmrnckhn sup`cf fe jfskubrhihfct` jfe nk`ctfkfr jfehkthv` jfe hiputnj` fc fe i`ifct` ihsi` fc quf k`iftén fe heékht` pfcne ` jfctr` jf uc k`rt` enps` jf thfip` p`stfrh`r n dnbfre` k`ifthj`. R@JRÉMVFQ sfþnen quf ―fs ―fs nsé quf ne sfr jfskubhfrt` —k`c ens inc`s fc en insn‘, insn‘ , su rfoefxhûc pufjf `rhfctnrsf n quf c` ef qufjf `pkhûc njhkh`cne n en nkfptnkhûc jfe jfeht`. [`brf en bnsf jf e` nctfrh`r, en K`rtf [uprfin fxprfsn quf kuncj` dny oenmrnctf jfeht` c` fs jf npehknkhûc fe bfcfohkh` jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn, t`jn vfz quf c` sf kuipef k`c fe rfquhsht` jf fsp`ctncfhjnj, p`r e` quf en pfcn c` p`jrî sfr rfjukhjn rfjukhjn’’ (R`jrémufz, 2774, 224).

Fc fe R.C. C.· 2;?4-2776-Whurn, en [nen Wfcne Wfrincfctf jf en K`rtf [uprfin, k`c ofkdn 2; jf nm`st` jf 2776, rfk`c`kf en k`cofshûc shckfrn pr`jukhjn p`r fe rfk`c`khihfct` jf e`s dfkd`s jfehkthv`s, n pfsnr jf en jftfckhûc fc oenmrnckhn1

:2

 

 

―En njihshûc jf e`s dfkd`s p`r fe hiputnj` hip`rt n ucn k`cofshûc shckfrn,

fc kunct` rfk`c`kf e`s dfkd`s jfsjf fe prhifr i`ifct`, y c` fxhstfc fvhjfckhns ` oucjnifct`s rnz`cnbefs quf pfrihtnc s`stfcfr quf `kuetû, t`tne ` pnrkhneifctf, en vfrjnj jf e` `kurrhj`, shc quf fee` `bstf quf oufrn jftfchj` fc oenmrnckhn jfehkthvn, e` quf jhkf jf en o`rin kûi` sf jfskubrhû fe dfkd`  pfr` c` jf en nkthtuj jfe hiputnj` orfctf n en hctfrvfckhûc p`ehkhne y n e`s knrm`s fsmrhihj`s fc su k`ctrn’. 

 Nsé ihsi`, fc fe R.C. C. C.·· 4>?.2772, en Wrhifrn [nen Wfcne Zrncsht`rhn jf en K`rtf [uprfin, k`c ofkdn >: jf auch` jf 2772, hcjhkn fc quf k`cshstf en k`cofshûc shckfrn fc kns`s jf oenmrnctf jfeht`1 ― Kunrt` Kunrt`1 ^uf, en [nen Wfcne [upfrh`r ne mrnjunr en pfcn k`ctrn en nkusnjn Nehkhn

Wn`en Mninrrn Knstr` dn k`cshjfrnj` jf incfrn hcjfbhjn en k`cofshûc shckfrn  pnrn hip`cfr en pfcn p`r jfbna` jfe iéchi` efmne, p`rquf fc kns`s jf oenmrnctf jfeht`, k`i` fe prfsfctf, c` fs jf npehknkhûc fstf bfcfohkh` fc tnct` c` sf dn np`rtnj` cufv`s dfkd`s fc tne ièrht` rfsuetn pr`kfjfctf i`jhohknr en pfcn hipufstn, fc ntfckhûc n en o`rin y khrkucstnckhns fc quf sf k`ifthû fe jfeht`, k`co`rif n e` prfkfptunj` p`r fe nrtékue` kunrfcthsèhs jfe Kûjhm` Wfcne y n en onkuetnj k`cofrhjn p`r fe nrtékue` trfskhfct`s jfe Kûjhm` jf Wr`kfjhihfct`s Wfcnefs i`jhohknj` p`r en efy vfhcthshftf ihe kuntr`khfct`s khckufcthkuntr`’.  En aujhknturn fc vnrhns `p`rtuchjnjfs dn fxprfsnj` quf sh knrfkf jf fsp`ctncfhjnj fe bfcfohkh` jf ntfcunkhûc jf en pfcn c` sf npehknrn ―sh fe pr`kfsnj` rfkhèc k`cohfsn su nut`rén fc fe nkt` `rne, ` n hcs hstfckhn jfe k`efmhnj`’  (Fafkut`rhn  (Fafkut`rhn [uprfin, Fxp. C· >4:=-8?-Dunckny` jf ofkdn 7: jf auch` jf >88?. Fc1 R@AN[H, >88=, ;:=)< shc fibnrm`, en aurhsprujfckhn c` fs pnkéohkn ne rfspfkt`. Nsé, sf fxprfsn fc `trn rfs`eukhûc quf ―kuncj` e`s nut`rfs sf jfkenrfc k` cofs`s fc fe  auhkh` `rne y fxhstnc pru prufbns fbns quf e` k`rr`b`rfc, k`rr`b`rfc, jfbf npehknrsf uc ucn n pfcn p`r jfbna` jfe iéchi` efmne ’ (_ènsf en [fctfckhn jf en ^uhctn [nen Wfcne jf Ehin jf ofkdn >? jf iny` jf >88=, Fxp. C· >76;-8:). VMNQ QFMNRRN  k`cshjfrn quf ― fstn fstn sfmucjn p`sturn fs en iîs k`rrfktn, y ifsurnjn pufst` quf, jf nkufrj` n en cnturnefzn auréjhkn pr`kfsne jf en k`cofshûc, èstn pufjf sfr jhvhshbef y k`ipefan, y  pfrihthècj`sf ne jfkenrnctf jf en k`cofshûc p`jfr `t`rmnr cufv`s j jnt`s nt`s n en ihsin (p`r fafipe`, s`brf e`s nmfctfs jfe jfeht`), ` p`jfr surmhr en k`cofshûc jfe vfrjnjfr` :;

 

 

rfsp`csnbef jfe dfkd`, iuy bhfc jfbf njihthrsf fe bfcfohkh`, shfiprf y kuncj` sf kuipenc k`c e`s rfquhsht`s jf vnehjfz nctfs sfþnenj`s y èstn sfn vne`rnjn k`c fe krhtfrh` jf k`ckhfckhn’  (Vmnz  (Vmnz Qfmnrrn, 268).

2.2.=. Fofkt`s jf en k`cofshûc auréjhknifctf E`s fofkt`s quf p`jfi`s prfkhsnr fc `rjfc n en njihshûc jf knrm`s thfcfc quf vfr, fc prhifr eumnr, k`c fe pr`kfjhihfct`, y, fc sfmucj` eumnr, k`c en snckhûc pfcne. Jfsjf ucn pfrspfkthvn fxkeushvnifctf pr`kfjhifctne, kuncj` en njihshûc jf knrm`s sf pr`jukf jfctr` jfe pr`kfs`, knbfc j`s shtunkh`cfs, jf nkufrj` n [NC

INRZÉC1 ―n)

Orfctf n ucn k`cofshûc s`ehtnrhn, fe aufz fstî fc en `behmnkhûc jf prnkthknr jhehmfckhns quf nkrfjhtfc su vfrnkhjnj y en rfnehjnj jfe kufrp` jfe jfeht`< y,

b)

[h sf fstî nctf ucn k`cofshûc k`rr`b`rnjn, fe aufz pufjf jnr p`r k`ckeuhjn en hcvfsthmnkhûc, fc tnct` k`c fee` c` sf pfraujhquf n e`s k`hiputnj`s y èstn npnrfzkn k`i` shckfrn, jfsknrtîcj`sf quf sf prftfcjn en hipuchjnj jf `trns pfrs`cns, rfspfkt` jf quhfcfs fxhstfc s`spfkdns jf kuepnbhehjnj’ kuepnbhehjnj ’ ([nc Inrtéc Knstr`, HH, ?2?).

Fc fe R.C. C.· >;82-27>>-Ehin, en [nen Wfcne Wfrincfctf jf en K`rtf [uprfin, k`c ofkdn >6 jf iny` jf 27>2, sfþneû quf c` sf vnehjn en k`cofshûc shckfrn fc fe  auhkh` `rne, sh c` onkhehtn en hcvfsthmnkhûc1 ― C`vfc`.C`vfc`.- ^uf, c` `bstnctf, e` prfkfjfctfifctf fxpufst`, fxpufst`, fstf [uprfi` Zrhbucne

jhskrfpn k`c fe K`efmhnj` [upfrh`r fc kunct` n en pfcn k`ckrftn hipufstn ne fcknusnj`, t`jn vfz quf sh bhfc fxhsténc fefifct`s quf k`ipuesnr pnrn en npehknkhûc jf en snckhûc - k`i` e` fs fe supufst` jf rfsp`csnbhehjnj rfstrhcmhjn jf en quf m`znbn ne fcknusnj` -, shc fibnrm`, fe Ûrmnc` sfctfckhnj`r dn npehknj` jf incfrn hcjfbhjn k`i` sustfct` jf rfbnan jf en pfcn, en k`cofshûc shckfrn prfvhstn fc fe nrtékue` khfct` trfhctn y sfhs jfe Kûjhm` jf Wr`kfjhihfct`s Wfcnefs, fc fofkt`, fe tnctns vfkfs ifckh`cnj` Nkufrj` Wefcnrh` C.· 6-2774/KA->>?, dn fstnbefkhj` ne rfspfkt` quf "...jfsjf ucn pfrspfkthvn me`bne, me`bne, fe rfofrhj` nrtékue` khfct` trfhctn y ::

 

 

sfhs jfe Kûjhm` jf Wr`kfjhihfct`s Wfcnefs, Wfcnefs , fxhmf en shckfrhjnj jf en k`cofshûc, quf fquhvnef n ucn njihshûc (uc`) k`ipeftn k`ipeftn   -k`c khfrt` chvfe y  phf jftneef quf k`iprfcjn,, shc `ihsh`cfs shmchohknthvns e`s dfkd`s fc e`s quf pnrthkhpû- (j`s) k`iprfcjn vfrnz -fe suaft` dn jf sfr kuepnbef shc `kuetnr jnt`s rfefvnctfs jfe hcaust` hcvfsthmnj`- (trfs) pfrshstfctf -ucho`rihjnj fsfckhne fc ens `p`rtuchjnjfs quf ef k`rrfsp`cjn jfkenrnr nctf en nut`rhjnj k`ipftfctf- y (kuntr`) `p`rtucn -fc fe i`ifct` cfkfsnrh` pnrn mnrncthznr y k`ctrhbuhr n en fohknkhn jf en hcvfsthmnkhûc n hcvfsthmnkhûc  n en quf sf nñcn, nñcn, n e`s fofkt`s jf en kuncthohknkhûc jf en pfcn ntfcunjn, (khck`) su chvfe jf rfefvnckhn...", quf rfefvnckhn...", quf fc tne sfcthj`, sf njvhfrtf fc fe prfsfctf kns`, quf en jfkenrnkhûc jf rfsp`csnbhehjnj jfe fcknusnj` c` dn shj` `p`rtucn, fc fofkt`, fc  fofkt`, e`s dfkd`s intfrhn jf k`cjfcn sf sukfjhfr`c fe jén trfkf jf jhkhfibrf jf j`s ihe `kd`, fc tnct` quf fe fcknusnj` Jfemnj` @s`rh` rfkhèc sf npfrs`cû ne pr`kfs` ifjhnctf fskrht` jf ofkdn jhfkhsèhs jf inrz` jf j`s ihe cufvf, `brnctf n o`ans khfct` vfhcth`kd`, fs jfkhr, knsh trfs ifsfs jfspuès, brhcjncj` su prhifrn jfkenrnkhûc k`c ofkdn jhfkhsèhs jf nbrhe jf j`s ihe cufvf, k`i` sf njvhfrtf jfe nktn jf o`ans j`skhfct`s vfhcthuc` -fst` fs knsh kuntr` ifsfs jfspuès jf e`s dfkd`s jfcuckhnj`s- quf fee` fc i`j` nemuc` rfvfen quf fe fcknusnj` Jfemnj` @s`rh` dnyn tfchj` en hctfckhûc jf k`enb`rnr k`c en austhkhn fc fe fskenrfkhihfct` jfe dfkd`,  pufs sh fee` dubhfsf shj` nsé fe prfkhtnj` sf dubhfr dubhfrn n prfsfctnj` n chvfe p`ehkhne y ohskne pnrn rfk`c`kfr su rfsp`csnbhehjnj y k`njyuvnr n ens hcvfsthmnkh`cfs, shc fibnrm`, c` e` dhz`, c` `bstnctf, dnbèrsfef c`thohknj` jfbhjnifctf fc sfjf  p`ehkhne dnstn fc trfs `p`rtuchjnjfs k`i` sf njvhfrtf jf ens k`cstnckhns jf ens khtnkh`cfs p`ehkhnefs jf o`ans c`vfctn y uc`, c`vfctn y j`s y c`vfctn y trfs, fc k`csfkufckhn, en nkfptnkhûc jf knrm`s rfnehznj` rfkhèc fc en ftnpn jf hcstrukkhûc c` pufjf sfr k`cshjfrnjn k`i` k`cofshûc shckfrn, tnct` iîs sh dnstn fsf i`ifct` jfe pr`kfs` yn fxhstén prufbn jf knrm` quf e` hcv`eukrnbn k`c fe d`ihkhjh` jfe nmrnvhnj` Mfrnrj` Fe`y R`ans Ifcjhzîbne’. 

En k`cofshûc pnrn quf sfn vîehjn jfbf sfr k`rr`b`rnjn y sh c` dny `bafkhûc jf pnrtf ` sh fe aufz k`cshjfrn, orfctf n ens jujns quf pufjf suskhtnref en k`cofshûc ` nctf en nusfckhn jf nkthvhjnj pr`bnt`rhn k`cshstfctf, tne k`cofshûc c` pufjf `bvhnr quf sf nktñfc ens prufbns `orfkhjns y njihthjns pnrn su nktunkhûc fc fe jfbntf `rne.

:6

 

 

2.2.=.>. K`cofshûc y ifjhkhûc jf en pfcn

Fe nrtékue` >?> jfe jfe KWW, fstnbefkf quf ―sh ― sh en k`cofshûc, njhkh`cneifctf, fs shckfrn y fsp`ctîcfn, snev` e`s supufst`s jf oenmrnckhn y jf hrrfefvnckhn jf en njihshûc jf e`s knrm`s fc ntfckhûc n e`s fefifct`s pr`bnt`rh`s hck`rp`rnj`s fc fe pr`kfs`, fe  aufz, fspfkhohkncj` e`s i`thv`s quf en dnkfc cfkfsnrhn, p`jrî jhsihcuhr  prujfckhneifctf en pfcn dnstn fc ucn tfrkfrn pnrtf p`r jfbna` jfe iéchi` efmne’.  

Fstn rfjukkhûc jf en pfcn quf fstnbefkf fe KWW, inrkn en jhofrfckhn rfspfkt` jf en efmhsenkhûc pr`kfsne nctfrh`r, quf p`shbhehtnbn jf incfrn hcjftfrihcnjn en rfjukkhûc n eéihtfs hcofrh`rfs ne iéchi` k`cihcnj` fc en efy pfcne. Fc fe R.C. C.· >??:-277:-Ehin, en [nen Wfcne Wfrincfctf jf en K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn, k`c ofkdn = jf sfthfibrf jf 277:, sfþneû e`s rfquhsht`s pnrn rfbnanr en pfcn p`r jfbna` jfe iéchi` efmne fc fe kns` jf quf fxhstn k`cofshûc shckfrn1

― Z F R K F R @ 1 ^uf fe jfeht` p`r fe quf dn shj` auzmnj` fe hipumcnctf sf fckufctrn

 prfvhst` y snckh`cnj` p`r fe nrtékue` >=; hckhs` tfrkfr` jfe jfe Kûjhm` pfcne, k`c pfcn pfcn  prhvnthvn jf ehbfrtnj c` ifc`r jf vfhctf ch iny`r iny`r jf vfhcthkhck` nþ`s< quf nshihsi`, sh bhfc en c`rin pr`kfsne hcv`knjn fc fe rfkurs` jf cuehjnj pfrihtf rfbnanr en pfcn jfe k`cofs` n eéihtfs hcofrh`rfs jfe iéchi` efmne, su npehknkhûc s`e` fs p`shbef kuncj` ens prufbns jf knrm` vne`rnjns jurnctf fe pr`kfs` s`c jf knrîktfr hcjhkhnrh` y en k`cofshûc jfe nkusnj` k`csthtuyf fe nkt` quf jfspfan t`jn jujn s`brf su rfsp`csnbhehjnj pfcne’.  [h en k`cofshûc fs shckfrn, fst` fs, vfrnz y k`ipnthbef k`c e`s rfknuj`s pr`bnt`rh`s jf en knusn, sf k`cvhfrtf fc uc onkt`r jf ntfcunkhûc fxkfpkh`cne jf en pfcn. C` `bstnctf, knbf jfstnknr quf jhkdn ntfcunkhûc fs onkuetnthvn, fst` fs, shfiprf qufjn n jhskrfkh`cnehjnj jfe aufz fc bnsf n su nprfkhnkhûc jf e` rfofrhj` p`r fe hiputnj` y jf su rfne nrrfpfcthihfct` -jf ndé en fxhmfckhn jf shckfrhjnj fc su k`cofshûc-, fe rfjukhr ` c` en pfcn dnstn fc ucn tfrkfrn pnrtf jfe iéchi` iéc hi` efmne. [NC INRZÉC sfþnen quf ―fc ―fc en fxhmfckhn jf fsp`ctncfhjnj sf nohrin quf sûe` rfsuetn njihshbef ucn jhsihcukhûc jf en pfcn kuncj` sf trntn jf ucn k`cofshûc prfstnjn oufrn jf e`s supufst`s jf jfeht` oenmrnctf ` kuncj` c` fxhstn nbucjnctf prufbn jf :?

 

 

knrm` k`ctrn fe hiputnj`. Fstf rfquhsht`, nbs`eutnifctf cfkfsnrh`, vhfcf n k`ck`rjnr k`c e` prfskrht` p`r fe kûjhm` sustncthv` fc intfrhn jf ifjhkhûc jf en kuepnbhehjnj p`r fe dfkd` jfehkthv`< fc fofkt`, fe hckhs` >7 jfe nrtékue` :? jfe Kûjhm`  pfcne ifckh`cn fctrf e`s nspfkt`s quf thfcf quf vne`rnr fe aufz pnrn en jftfrihcnkhûc jf en pfcn n en k`cofshûc jfe nut`r, pfr` k`cjhkh`cnjn n quf sf  pr`juzkn nctfs jf dnbfr dnbfr shj` jfskubhfrt` fe jfeht`’  (vènsf  (vènsf [nc Inrtéc, HH, ?2=). En jhsihcukhûc jf en pfcn k`csthtuyf uc bfcfohkh` ` prfih` ne hiputnj` quf dn k`cofsnj` su jfeht` hiphjhfcj` nsé p`cfr fc inrkdn fe npnrnt` aujhkhne ne jnr hchkh` n uc pr`kfs`, CFXRN hcjhkn quf jf fstn incfrn sf fvhtnc ― e`s e`s k`st`s y fe jfsmnstf quf fee` hipehkn, kfctrnehzncj` en hcvfsthmnkhûc ñchknifctf fc en vfrhohknkhûc jf e`s jnt`s quf pr`p`rkh`cn fe jfkenrnctf’  (_ènsf  (_ènsf Cfyrn, 27>7 6?6). Fc fe R.C. C.· ;>>2-27>2-Wnsk`, en [nen Wfcne Wfrincfctf jf en K`rtf [uprfin, k`c ofkdn ;> jf fcfr` jf 27>;, sfþneû quf en onetn jf pfrshstfckhn ` ucho`rihjnj fc ens jfkenrnkh`cfs sukfshvns jfe hiputnj` fxkeuyf fe bfcfohkh` prfihne1

―@KZN_@1

qunctui   jf en pfcn, ^uf sh bhfc e`s rfkurrfctfs, pnrn jhsihcuhr fe qunctui

hcv`knr`c en npehknkhûc jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn, ne rfspfkt`, fs jfe kns` nc`tnr, quf e`s fcknusnj`s ne sfr hctfrvfchj`s sh bhfc sfþnenr`c dnbfref nrrfbntnj` uc V[B ne nmrnvhnj`, shc fibnrm`, sus jfkenrnkh`cfs jurnctf fe trncskurs` jfe pr`kfs` c` oufr`c ucho`rifs, cfmncj` hckeus` su pnrthkhpnkhûc fc fe jfeht` hiputnj`, sfþnencj` ―jfsk`c`kfr fe i`thv` p`r e` kune fe nmrnvhnj` e`s shcjhkn"  shcjhkn"  -vfr hcstrukthvn jf t`ans sftfctn y uc`, y sftfctn y trfs, rfspfkthvnifctf-, dnstn quf ohcneifctf sf s`iftfc n en k`ckeushûc ncthkhpnjn jfe pr`kfs` -vfr sfshûc jf nujhfckhn jf o`ans j`skhfct`s `kdfctn y shftf-< jf i`j` quf c` ef fs npehknbef en khrkucstnckhn ntfcunctf fxkfpkh`cne jf k`cofshûc shckfrn. Nshihsi`, rfspfkt` n e` nefmnj` p`r e`s nkusnj`s quf ne i`ifct` jf e`s dfkd`s sf fck`ctrnbnc fc fstnj` jf fbrhfjnj, shtunkhûc quf sh bhfc sf jfjukf jf ens jfkenrnkh`cfs brhcjnjns tnct` jf e`s fcknusnj`s k`i` jfe nmrnvhnj`, tnibhèc sf k`iprufbn k`c e` sfþnenj` fc fe ntfstnj` p`ehkhne jf o`ans j`s y shmuhfctfs, quf k`cshmcn quf e`s fcknusnj`s sf fbrhfjnj"< shc fibnrm`, fstn khrkucstnckhn c` rfsuetn fck`ctrnbnc ―k`c shmc`s jf fbrhfjnj"< suohkhfctf pnrn dnkfr jfsnpnrfkfr t`tneifctf su rfsp`csnbhehjnj, shfcj` jf npehknkhûc e`s neknckfs jfe nrtékue` vfhcthuc` jfe Kûjhm` Wfcne jhsp`shthv` quf :=

 

 

onkuetn ne auzmnj`r jhsihcuhr en pfcn fc fst`s kns`s< quf c` `bstnctf fee`, jfbf tfcfrsf fc kufctn en mrnvfjnj jf e`s dfkd`s hckrhihcnj`s, pufs k`co`rif n en nkusnkhûc ohskne fe jfeht` intfrhn jfe pr`kfs` sf k`csuiû k`c fe k`ckurs` jf ucn  peurnehjnj jf nmfctfs, y ouf `knsh`cnj` fc nmrnvh` jf uc ifc`r jf fjnj< shfcj` fee` nsé, sf njvhfrtf quf en snckhûc hipufstn p`r en [nen Wfcne [upfrh`r munrjn k`dfrfckhn k`c e`s prhckhph`s jf en jftfrihcnkhûc jf en pfcn y nk`rjf k`c e`s ehcfnihfct`s fstnbefkhj`s fc fe Nkufrj` Wefcnrh` cñifr` khck` - j`s ihe `kd` / KA - khfct` jhfkhsèhs, jf ofkdn jhfkh`kd` jf aueh` jf j`s ihe `kd`< p`r e` quf fs jfe kns` k`cohrinr fstf fxtrfi`’. 

En aurhsprujfckhn jf en K`rtf [uprfin dn fstnbefkhj`, k`c t`jn k`rrfkkhûc, quf ― c` c` rfsuetn jf npehknkhûc en ntfcunkhûc fxkfpkh`cne jf pfcn kuncj` fe hiputnj` c`

dn jnj` ucn vfrshûc ucho`rif jfsjf fe hchkh` jf en hcvfsthmnkhûc ’   (Fafkut`rhn [uprfin jf ofkdn 22 jf ofbrfr` jf >886, Fxp. C· >??-86, Ehin. Fc1 R`aansh, ;:6 s.) .

Fc `trn jfkhshûc sf dn prfkhsnj` quf ―sh fe fcknusnj` hckurrf fc ucn sfrhf jf k`ctrnjhkkh`cfs, cfmncj` e`s knrm`s fc uc eumnr y nkfptîcj`e`s fc `tr`, fstn ñethin vfrshûc n e` sui` p`jrén sfr k`cshjfrnjn k`i` ifrn njihshûc ` njaujhknkhûc jf knrm`s quf c` surtfc e`s fofkt`s jf ucn k`cofshûc shckfrn ’   (Fafkut`rhn [uprfin jf ofkdn : jf inrz` jf >844, Fxp. C· 2?4>-8=, Ehin. R`aansh, ;:= s.). Nshihsi`, dn hcshsthj` fc snckh`cnr quf sh c` dny ucho`rihjnj fc t`j` fe

kurs` jfe pr`kfs`, hck`rp`rncj` fc èe en onsf fxtrnpr`kfsne ` p`ehkhne, c` fs jf npehknkhûc en pfcn fxkfpkh`cneifctf ntfcunjn, ohancj` ne rfspfkt` k`i` rfquhsht`s jf en k`cofshûc1 ― en en shckfrhjnj, en fsp`ctncfhjnj y fe nrrfpfcthihfct` ’   (Fafkut`rhn [uprfin jf ofkdn : jf auch` jf >88?, Fxp. C· >4:=-8?, Duîcuk` ). Fe [uprfi` Zrhbucne tnibhèc dn s`stfchj` quf ―c` pufjf k`cshjfrnrsf shckfrn k`cofshûc kuncj` èstn sf pr`jukf fc fe ñethi` trni` jfe pr`kfs`’  (Fafkut`rhn   (Fafkut`rhn [uprfin jf

).  ofkdn ;7 jf c`vhfibrf jf >886, Fxp. C· >:86-86, Ehin ).  En  ucho`rihjnj  hipehkn quf en vfrshûc quf pr`p`rkh`cn fe hiputnj`  ‛sh  ‛sh sf dn ornkkh`cnj` fc vnrhns jfkenrnkh`cfs- jfbf sfr, fc tèrihc`s mfcfrnefs, k`hckhjfctf ucn k`c `trn fc sus nspfkt`s fefifctnefs (jfbf sfr k`dfrfctf), fstnbefkhècj`sf ucn rfenkhûc jf sfifanczn ` k`ipefifct`. ZNB@NJN hcjhkn quf ―c` ―c` `bstnctf e` fxpufst`, en k`cofshûc c` jfbf jfsknrtnrsf sh jurnctf en hcvfsthmnkhûc fe hiputnj` hchkhneifctf cfmû e`s dfkd`s hckrhihcnt`rh`s y eufm` fc fe auhkh` e`s njihtf, shc nctfs :4

 

 

vne`rnr ens knusns quf tuv` fe hiputnj` pnrn rfk`ip`cfr e` jfkenrnj`, k`i` p`jrén sfr fe tfi`r ` prfshûc ` hckeus` en hmc`rnckhn jf su knrnktfrésthkn prfihne< p`r fafipe`, kuncj` fe p`tfckhne k`cofsnctf jurnctf en hcvfsthmnkhûc prfpnrnt`rhn fs nifcnznj` p`r e`s jfiîs hiputnj`s pnrn cfmnr e`s dfkd`s jfehkthv`s, tfi`r supfrnj` p`stfrh`rifctf p`r jhvfrs`s onkt`rfs quf e` eefvnc n k`cofsnr rfkhèc fc en ftnpn ohcne jfe auhkh`’ auhkh`’ (Znb`njn, 2774, 226 s.). En K`rtf [uprfin, fc rfhtfrnj`s pr`cuckhnihfct`s, tnibhèc dn ohanj` uc k`ckfpt` iuy prfkhs` jf en shckfrhjnj jf en k`cofshûc, fc ttnct` nct` rfquhsht` hcjhspfcsnbef pnrn ucn ntfcunkhûc fxkfpkh`cne jf en pfcn, s`stfchfcj` quf ―en k`cofshûc shckfrn fs en jfkenrnkhûc jfe hiputnj` fc en quf rfk`c`kf sfr nut`r ` pnrtékhpf jf uc jfeht` ` onetn, prfstnjn fsp`ctîcfn, vfrnz y k`dfrfctfifctf, nctf ucn nut`rhjnj  (Fafkut`rhn [uprfin k`ipftfctf y k`c en o`rinehjnj y mnrncténs k`rrfsp`cjhfctfs’  (Fafkut`rhn jf ofkdn >? jf inrz` jf >884, Fxp. C· 2?:-84, Nrfquhpn). Nshihsi`, dn fstnbefkhj` quf ― sh sh fe nkusnj` `ihtf pr`p`rkh`cnr fc o`rin o `rin shstfiîthkn en hjfcthjnj jf e`s jfiîs nmfctfs jfehkthv`s c` pufjf `t`rmîrsfef n su jfkenrnkhûc en knehjnj jf ucn k`cofshûc shckfrn’  (Fafkut`rhn  (Fafkut`rhn [uprfin jf ofkdn o fkdn 26 jf c`vhfibrf jf >88=, Fxp. C· :8;2-8=, Ehin). Fc fstn pfrspfkthvn, sf dn sfþnenj` quf ens jfkenrnkh`cfs jf e`s hiputnj`s `ihthfcj` en hjfcthjnj jf uc` jf e`s nmfctfs c` k`csthtuyfc k`cofsh`cfs shckfrns ne c` sfr vfrnkfs. Fc fe R.C. C.· ;688-27>2-Ncknsd, en [nen Wfcne Zrncsht`rhn jf en K`rtf [uprfin, k`c ofkdn >8 jf inrz` jf 27>;, sfþneû quf c` sf npehkn en rfjukkhûc jf en pfcn p`r k`cofshûc shckfrn kuncj` fe hiputnj` fs jftfchj` fc oenmrnckhn jfehkthvn1 ―ZFRKFR@.  ^uf en

sfctfckhn fs fohknz pr`kfsneifctf p`rquf k`cauctnifctf k`c

feen c` knbf fe penctfnihfct` y v`tnkhûc jf ens kufsth`cfs jf dfkd`, sfmñc en j`ktrhcn efmne ohanjn fc en Fafkut`rhn [uprfin vhckuenctf, rfknéjn fc fe Rfkurs` jf Cuehjnj cñifr` j`s ihe j`skhfct`s sfhs muhûc j`s ihe khck` `behkun Nynkukd`, jfe j`kf jf aueh` jf j`s ihe khck`, tfrkfr t frkfr oucjnifct` auréjhk`. K`i` fe fcknusnj` Vee`n R`jrémufz ouf knpturnj` ifjhncj` qunsh oenmrnckhn y oenmrnckhn y sf ef hcknutû pnrtf jf e`s bhfcfs r`bnj`s c` fs jf npehknkhûc en rfjukkhûc jf en pfcn p`r k`cofshûc shckfrn. Jhkd` fcknusnj` c` njihthû, k`i` k`rrfsp`cjf n en hcsthtukhûc pr`kfsne khtnjn, en sustrnkkhûc jf e`s bhfcfs jfskrht`s fc en nkusnkhûc fc su hcstrukthvn jf o`ans kunrfctn y kunrfctn y `kd`. Fe oucjnifct` p`eéthk` krhihcne jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn, :8

 

 

jf onkhehtnr fe fskenrfkhihfct` jf e`s dfkd`s y k`ctrhbuhr jf i`j` jfkhshv` n jfohchr en knusn pr`ctnifctf, shc en kune c` sfrén p`shbef, c` sf prfsfctn fc supufst`s jf oenmrnckhn jfehkthvn, jf `kupnkhûc jf bhfcfs r`bnj`s y kuncj` en vékthin kenrnifctf hjfcthohkû ne kuepnbef y pnrthkhpû fc ens jhehmfckhns pr`kfsnefs. Fs npehknbef, fc knibh`, en rfsp`csnbhehjnj rfstrhcmhjn p`r en ihc`rén rfenthvn r fenthvn jf fjnj jfe hiputnj` (nrtékue` 2>· jfe Kûjhm` Wfcne) fc ntfckhûc n quf fs jfehckufctf  prhinrh`. N fstn nihc`rnkhûc jf pfcn sf nþnjf k`i` sfmucjn knusne jf ntfcunkhûc fxkfpkh`cne fe nk`mhihfct` n en k`co`rihjnj pr`kfsne (Nkufrj` Wefcnrh` cñifr` khck` muhûc j`s ihe `kd` `behkun KA muhûc khfct` jhfkhsèhs, jfe jhfkh`kd` jf aueh` jf j`s ihe `kd`)’. 

[h bhfc fs khfrt` quf fe nrtékue` >?7.> jfe KWW neujf ñchknifctf n en k`cofshûc fc sfcthj` fstrhkt`, kuncj` prfskrhbf1 ―en ― en k`cofshûc pnrn sfr tne, jfbf k`cshsthr fc en njihshûc jf e`s knrm`s ` hiputnkhûc o`riuenjn fc su k`ctrn p`r fe hiputnj`’  h iputnj`’ , fee` c` `bstn jf knehohknr k`i` k`cofshûc pnrn fofkt`s prfihnefs, nqufeen hco`rinkhûc pr`p`rkh`cnjn p`r fe k`cofs` quf njfiîs jf su nut`hckuepnkhûc, tnibhèc shrvn pnrn hjfcthohknr en pnrthkhpnkhûc jf `tr`s suaft`s fc fe ihsi` fvfct` jfehkthv`< ucn hctfrprftnkhûc fc k`ctrnrh`, jfscnturnehznrén su knehjnj ZNB@NJN hcjhkn quf ― ucn  auréjhkn jf ifjh` ifjh` jf prufb prufbn, n, ehihtnjn n en k`ckrftn pnrthkhpnkhûc jfe hiputnj`, shc` nipehnjn n t`j` fe dfkd` jfehkthv`, quf fvfctuneifctf pufjf k`iprfcjfr en  (Znb`njn, 2774, 22=). k`cjuktn jf e`s jfiîs hiputnj`s’  (Znb`njn, [`brf en k`cjuktn pr`kfsne jfe rf` k`i` onkt`r jf ntfcunkhûc jf en pfcn, sûe` kuncj` en k`cofshûc pfrihtn snknr jfjukkh`cfs AF[KDFKL  npuctn quf ― sûe` s`brf fe écjhkf jf en kuepnbhehjnj pfrs`cne ` fe mrnj` jf pfehmr`shjnj jfe hiputnj` fs p`shbef quf sf tfcmn fc kufctn n en d`rn jf jftfrihcnr en pfcn ’  (Afskdfkl,  (Afskdfkl, >84>, >2>;). [hc fibnrm`, QHOOFR  k`ctrnjhkf jhkdn p`shkhûc p`r ―c` nsuihr fe nrrfpfcthihfct` k`i` faf jf en ntfcunkhûc, jnj` quf fe fofkt` ntfcunctf jfbf vfrsf fc en nkthtuj jfe hiputnj` pnrn k`ctrnrrfstnr fe fofkt` jf jfsefmhthinkhûc jf en c`rin mfcfrnjn p`r su qufbrnctnihfct`< k`c t`j`, en ifckh`cnjn nut`rn sfþnen quf fe krhtfrh` nctfrh`r mfcfrn iîs rhfsm`s quf bfcfohkh`s, s`brf t`j` fc e` quf ne rfspft` jfe jfrfkd` jf jfofcsn sf rfohfrf’ rfohfrf ’ (Qhoofr, >886, >=> ss.)

67

 

 

Vcn k`sn fs en k`cofshûc k`i` fefifct` jf prufbn n sfr vne`rnj` p`r fe aufz, y `trn, en `p`rtuchjnj fc quf sf o`riuen y sh dny prufbns jf knrm` fc k`ctrn jfe nkusnj`< jf nkufrj` k`c ZNEN_FRN ―fst`s j`s ñethi`s supufst`s s`c e`s onkt`rfs quf fe aufz jfbf fvneunr pnrn fsthinr sh fs pr`kfjfctf en rfjukkhûc jf en pfcn fc tnct` prfih` p`r en k`cofshûc k`cofshûc’’ (Znenvfrn, 2778, >2?). Knbf njvfrthr quf en vne`rnkhûc pr`bnt`rhn jf en k`cofshûc jfe hiputnj` fstî suaftn n quf su jfkenrnkhûc fc onsf suinrhne sfn rnthohknjn fc sfjf jf auzmnihfct` fc suafkhûc n e`s prhckhph`s mnrncthznj`rfs jf jfofcsn, k`ctrnjhkkhûc, hcifjhnkhûc, ftk. K`i` yn sf dn sfþnenj`, fe KWW hcjhkn quf c` sf pr`jukhrî en rfjukkhûc jf en pfcn sh fe hiputnj` dn shj` hctfrvfchj` fc oenmrnctf oe nmrnctf jfeht` ` fxhstf suohkhfckhn pr`bnt`rhn fc su k`ctrn, y fee` sf jfbf n quf tnefs khrkucstnckhns fvhtnrénc quf sf k`cohmurf uc` jf e`s supufst`s oucjnifctnefs jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn k`i` fs su fsp`ctncfhjnj. Knbf sfþnenr quf fsp`ctîcf` fs nqufee` ―v`euctnrh` ` jf pr`ph` hipues`’, sf rfenkh`cn k`c en ehbfrtnj jf v`euctnj jfe jfkenrnctf, ` sfn, en hip`shbhehjnj jf `btfcfr en jfkenrnkhûc ifjhnctf k`nkkhûc, sumfsthûc ` ifjhnctf fcmnþ`. Fc fe R.C. C.· 8:4-2776-Aucéc, fc fe oucjnifct` tfrkfr`, k`csthtuhj` prfkfjfctf vhckuenctf k`co`rif fe Nkufrj` Wefcnrh` C.· >-2776/F[_-22, jfe ;7 jf sfthfibrf jf 2776, rfnehznj` p`r ens [nens Wfcnefs Wfrincfctf y Zrncsht`rhn jf en K`rtf [uprfin k`c ofkdn = jf auch` jfe 2776, sf sfþnen quf en k`cofshûc shckfrn c` pufjf sfr hcv`knjn pnrn jftfrihcnr fe i`ct` jf rfpnrnkhûc khvhe1 ―^uf fstî oufrn jf t`jn jhskushûc en kuepnbhehjnj  jfe  jfe fcknusnj` fc en k`ihshûc jfe

dfkd` puchbef< quf en hipumcnkhûc sf khrkucskrhbf ne fxtrfin jf en jftfrihcnkhûc  aujhkhne jf en pfcn jf hcdnbhehtnkhûc hipufstn y ne i`ct` jf en rfpnrnkhûc khvhe< quf en k`cofshûc shckfrn jfe khtnj` fcknusnj` c` pufjf sfr vne`rnjn k`i`  prfsupufst` pnrn fstnbefkfr en kunctén kunctén jf en rfpnrnkhûc rfpnrnkhûc khvhe ‛quf c` fs ucn pfcn, fc tnct` quf fstî rfsfrvnjn jf sfr fe kns` pnrn rfbnanr en pfcn jfe k`cofs` n eéihtfs hcofrh`rfs jfe iéchi` efmne< quf en cnturnefzn jf en nkkhûc khvhe fx jfehkt` fs jfehkt` fs jhsthctn, pufs thfcf k`i` ohcnehjnj rfpnrnr fe jnþ` ` fofkt` quf fe jfeht` dn tfchj` s`brf en vékthin y, k`csfkufctfifctf, jfbf munrjnr pr`p`rkhûc k`c e`s bhfcfs  auréjhk`s quf sf nofktnc< quf jf nut`s sf njvhfrtf quf fe fc fcknusnj` knusnj` \…Y sf np`jfrû

jf ihe c`vfkhfct`s jûenrfs jfsthcnj`s n en k`iprn jf k`iputnj`rns pnrn uc kfctr` 6>

 

 

fjuknthv`, e` quf mfcfrû pfrauhkh` tnct` n en pr`phn hcsthtukhûc nknjèihkn kunct` n e`s fjukncj`s< quf shfcj` ns nsé,é, fe i`ct` ohanj` p`r fe Zrhbucne sfctfckhnj`r sfctfckhnj`r p`r k`ckfpt` jf rfpnrnkhûc khvhe sf fckufctrn nrrfmenj` p`r efy’. 

62

 

KNWHZVE@ HHH IÈZ@J@

 

 

;.>. Zhp` y jhsfþ` jf Hcvfsthmnkhûc ;.>.>.

Zhp` jf Hcvfsthmnkhûc

Fe ièt`j` jf hcvfsthmnkhûc, fs fe pr`kfjhihfct` rhmur`s`, o`riuenj` jf incfrn eûmhkn y k`dfrfctf, quf t`j` hcvfsthmnj`r jfbf sfmuhr pnrn en njquhshkhûc jfe k`c`khihfct` khfctéohk`. E`s ièt`j`s jf hcvfsthmnkhûc fstîc rfofrhj`s n jhvfrs`s pr`kfjhihfct`s quf jfbf sfmuhrsf pnrn k`ctrnstnr y jfi`strnr cufstrn dhpûtfshs, nekncznr cufstr`s `bafthv`s y jnr ucn s`eukhûc ne pr`befin. Fstn hcvfsthmnkhûc fs bîshknifctf jf knrîktfr jfskrhpthvn-j`miîthkn, pufs buskn hjfcthohknr e`s onkt`rfs uthehznj`s p`r e`s inmhstrnj`s suprfi`s ne fxpfjhr sus rfs`eukh`cfs vne`rncj` en ohmurn pr`kfsne jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn pnrn fofkt`s jf en mrnjunkhûc jf en pfcn y fvfctune npehknkhûc jfe bfcfohkh` jf rfjukkhûc jf en pfcn.

;.>.2 Jhsfþ` jf Hcvfsthmnkhûc

Cufstr` jhsfþ` jf hcvfsthmnkhûc fs jfskrhpthv` y fxpehknthv` jf thp` c` fxpfrhifctne. Fs jfskrhpthv`, p`rquf fe ofcûifc` o fcûifc` hcvfsthmnj` sfrî ncnehznj` jf nkufrj` n en j`ktrhcn aurhsprujfckhne jf en K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn jf en Rfpñbehkn, n pnrthr jf en npehknkhûc jf krhtfrh`s pnrn jftfrihcnr en k`cofshûc shckfrn. Fs fxpehknthvn, pufs sf nk`mf fe pr`befin jfsjf jhvfrs`s nspfkt`s hcv`eukrnj`s

k`i`

uc

t`j`,

ncnehzncj`

onkt`rfs

c`rinthv`s,

 aurhsprujfckhnefs y j`miîthk`s. Wnrn eufm` n pnrthr jf hcofrfckhns sf pufjf prfjfkhr f hckeus` trncso`rinr en rfnehjnj pr`befiîthkn fxhstfctf.

6:

 

 

;.2.

;.2.>.

W`benkhûc y iufstrn

W`benkhûc 

En p`benkhûc `bafthvn s`c e`s inmhstrnj`s quf rfnehznc sus enb`rfs fc en K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn jf en Rfpñbehkn.

;.2.2.

Iufstrn

En hcvfsthmnkhûc k`iprfcjfrî ens rfs`eukh`cfs aujhkhnefs iîs hip`rtnctfs, fxpfjhjns p`r en K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn jf en Rfpñbehkn rfenkh`cnj`s k`c en k`cofshûc shckfrn.

;.;.

;.;.>.

Dhpûtfshs

Dhpûtfshs mfcfrne

En j`ktrhcn aurhsprujfckhne uthehznjn p`r en K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn jf en Rfpñbehkn pfrihtf jftfrihcnr ens knrnktfrésthkns prhckhpnefs jf en ohmurn pr`kfsne jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn pnrn fofkt`s jf en mrnjunkhûc jf en pfcn y fvfctune npehknkhûc jfe bfcfohkh` jf rfjukkhûc jf en pfcn.

;.;.2.

Dhpûtfshs fspfkéohkn

En uchohknkhûc jf en aurhsprujfckhn k`c rfenkhûc n en k`cofshûc shckfrn, pfrihtf quf fxhstnc iéchins jujns rfspfkt` n en uthehznkhûc jf en ohmurn pr`kfsne pfcne jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn.

;.:.

_nrhnbefs  ‛ @pfrnkh`cnehznkhûc @pfrnkh`cnehznkhûc

66

 

 

;.:.>. _nrhnbefs K`c`kfi`s k`i` vnrhnbefs, nufeens quf `bthfcfc jhofrfctfs fstinkh`cfs, yn sfn n uc nspfkt` sf rfohfrf n ucn kunehjnj pfrtfcfckhn ` pfkuenrhfjnj y knibhn fc jhofrfctfs i`ifct`s fc uc ihsi` suaft` ` jf uc suaft` n `tr`, c` `bstnctf sh sf fsthin uc `baft` jfohchj` pufjf tfcfr uc vne`r k`cs`ehjnj` ` oha`

;.:.2. Jhifcsh`cfs >. Npehknkhûc jf en k`cofshûc k`cofshûc shckfrn fc fe Wr`kfs` Wr`kfs` Wfcne. 2. En Nkthtuj jf

e`s aufkfs.

;.- En hcnpehknkhûc jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn. :.-En hctfrprftnkhûc eûmhk` auréjhkn jf ens c`rins pfcnefs fc kunct` n en npehknkhûc  aurhsprujfckhne jf en k`cofshûc k`cofshûc shckfrn

;.:.;. @pfrnkh`cnehznkhûc jf vnrhnbefs

6?

 

 

Znben > _nrhnbefs jf `pfrnkh`cnehznk ` pfrnkh`cnehznkhûc hûc _NRHNBEF[

JFOHCHKHÛC C@IHCNE

JHIFCKH@CF[

HCJHKNJ@RF[

ZÈKCHKN[/HC[ZRVIF ZÈKCHKN[/HC[ZRVIFCZ@[ CZ@[ Zèkchkns1 -Rfvhshûc

>.   Npehknkhûc jf

>  Fxhstfckhn jf bfcfohkh`s quf

J`kuifctne Fckufstn Fstnjésthkn

en k`cofshûc

k`ctrhbuyfc k`c fe

-

shckfrn fc fe

`bafthv` ohcne jfe

Wr`kfs` Wfcne.

pr`kfs` pfcne1

Ohkdns

Fk`c`ién Wr`kfsne

K`cofshûc shckfrn

2  Onetn jf ucn p`sturn c`rinthvn

Fs fe pr`kfs` p`r fe kune fe hiputnj`, ne nkfptnr e`s

2.  En Nkthtuj jf e`s aufkfs.

kenrn rfspfkt` jf e`s pefcnrh`s fihthj`s p`r fe en

knrm`s

K`rtf [uprfin jf

penctfnj`s p`r fe

Austhkhn Wfcne.

ohskne, s`brf fe dfkd` jfehkthv` p`r fe kune sf ef dn hchkhnj` pr`kfs` pfcne.

Aurhsprujfckhn

Hcstruifct`s1 ;.- En hcnpehknkhûc

;   Npehknbhehjnj jf

jf en k`cofshûc

en k`cofshûc

shckfrn.

shckfrn.

Intrhz

jf kntfm`réns. -

Kufsth`cnrh`

:.-En hctfrprftnkhûc

jf en K`rtf [uprfin

eûmhk` auréjhkn jf ens c`rins pfcnefs fc kunct` n en npehknkhûc  aurhsprujfckhne jf en k`cofshûc

:   Ncîehshs eûmhk`  auréjhk` jf en c`rin, en j`ktrhcn y en aurhsprujfckhn pfcnefs.

shckfrn

Fenb`rnkhûc pr`phn. 

6=

 

 

;.:. Ièt`j`

Fc en rfk`efkkhûc jf jnt`s sf npehkû, fc k`ck`rjnckhn k`c fe ièt`j` y cufstr` jhsfþ` jf hcvfsthmnkhûc, e`s hcstruifct`s jf en fckufstn ifjhnctf kufsth`cnrh`, en fctrfvhstn fstrukturnjn y en `bsfrvnkhûc `bafthvn jf e`s dfkd`s hc shtu, shtu, k`c fe fipef` jf ens muéns rfspfkthvns. N e`s quf nþnjhi`s fe ncîehshs j`kuifctnrh` y shstfiîthk`. Z`jn vfz quf, sf tuv` quf ncnehznr, fstujhnr y k`ctrnstnr ens jhsthctns p`shkh`cfs jf e`s nb`mnj`s, fspfkhnehstns efmnefs y inmhstrnj`s k`c en ohcnehjnj jf quf `phcfc nkfrkn jf ens rfs`eukh`cfs fxpfjhjns p`r en K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn jf en Rfpñbehkn rfspfkt` n en k`cofshûc shckfrn.

E`s nb`mnj`s, fspfkhnehstns efmnefs y inmhstrnj`s sfþnenj`s eécfns nrrhbn, dnc shj` fckufstnj`s ifjhnctf en uthehznkhûc jf ens tèkchkns jf ifjhkhûc, jurnctf ? ifsfs.

;.6.

Wr`kfsnihfct` y ncîehshs fstnjésthk` jf jnt`s

;.6.>. Wr`kfsnihfct` jf jnt`s

E`s jnt`s ncnehznj`s y kunjr`s oufr`c fenb`rnj`s y prfsfctnj`s fipefncj` fe pnquftf fstnjésthk` [[W[ >:.7 y FphHco` _frshûc ?.7, fe Wr`mrnin jf I[ FTKFE y fe pr`kfsnj`r jf tfxt` ]@RJ 277=.

;.6.2. Ncîehshs Jf Jnt`s.

64

 

 

Jfspuès jfe trnbna` jf knip`, ifjhnctf en uthehznkhûc jf kufsth`cnrh`s n e`s nb`mnj`s, fspfkhnehstns efmnefs y inmhstrnj`s y jf en iufstrn sfefkkh`cnjn sf pr`kfjhû ne k`ctf` y kntfm`rhznkhûc jf e`s jnt`s, eufm` pr`kfjhi`s n `rjfcnre`s fc kunjr`s fstnjésthk`s pnrn su efkturn.

Fc rfnehjnj, fe penc jf tfshs vfrsn s`brf uc tfin fihcfctfifctf auréjhk` y np`ynj`s fc en j`ktrhcn y en tèkchkn auréjhkn, quf kfctrn fe ncîehshs fc ens tèkchkns fstnjésthkns rfspfkt` jf ens k`csfkufckhns p`shthvns, quf rfsuetnc jf en k`ctrnstnkhûc jfe kufsth`cnrh` penctfnj`, k`c ens rfs`eukh`cfs r fs`eukh`cfs jf en K`rtf [uprfin fc e`s quf sf dn npehknj` fe ifknchsi` jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn.

68

 

KNWÉZVE@ H_ RF[VEZNJ@[

 

 

 

:.>.

Wr`kfsnihfct` y jfskrhpkhûc jf mrîohk`s

E`s rfsuetnj`s jf cufstrn fckufstn rfoefanc ens tfcjfckhns `bsfrvnjns fc en iufstrn p`benkh`cne quf jfskrhbhi`s fc fe jhsfþ` jfe iufstrf`. Jfbhfcj` fstnbefkfrsf quf fe fstujh` jfe pr`befin penctfnj` fc cufstrn tfshs, p`r ucn pnrtf sf sustfctn fc fe ncîehshs j`ktrhcne quf dnkfi`s jfsjf en jfskrhpkhûc y o`riuenkhûc jfe pr`befin dnstn fe inrk` tfûrhk` y en o`riuenkhûc jf cufstrns dhpûtfshs, pnrtfs fc ens quf jfskrhbhi`s y fxpehkni`s ens jhvfrsns j`ktrhcns jfe jfrfkd` quf sustfctnc cufstrn tfshs rfofrhjn n ―EN K@COF[HÛC [HCKFRN FC EN AVRH[WRVJFCKHN JF EN K@RZF [VWRFIN JF AV[ZHKHN JF EN RFWÑBEHKN RFWÑBEHKN’. ’.   W`r `trn pnrtf, sustfctni`s k`ipefifctnrhnifctf cufstrn tfshs fc e`s rfsuetnj`s jfe kufsth`cnrh` quf n k`cthcunkhûc prfsfctni`s fc 74 kunjr`s jf rfsuetnj`s y quf rfoefanc, c` s`e`, ens `phch`cfs orfctf n en npehknkhûc jf en k`ckeushûc ncthkhpnjn fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne pfrunc` jf nkufrj` n en aurhsprujfckhn jf en K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn jf en Rfpñbehkn, shc` tnibhèc rfspfkt` n ens k`csfkufckhns jf su hcnpehknbhehjnj jf en ihsin. Fst`s rfsuetnj`s sf prfsfctnc fc `kd` kunjr`s, quf s`c shmchohknthv`s fc en ifjhjn fc quf sf trntn jf ucn iufstrn jf pfrs`cns jhrfktnifctf hcv`eukrnjns k`c fe tfin jf cufstr` fstujh`.

:.2.

Ncîehshs f Hctfrprftnkhûc

[h e`s jnt`s k`cohrinc ens dhpûtfshs, fct`ckfs k`c en hctfrprftnkhûc sf e`mrn en fxpehknkhûc jf e`s rfsuetnj`s, uthehzncj` e`s krhtfrh`s jnj`s p`r en efkturn k`rrfktn jf fee`s y brhcjnj`s p`r en j`ktrhcn auréjhkn. K`i` rfsuetnj` jfe ncîehshs tfcfi`s quf ens dhpûtfshs dnc shj` vnehjnjns n trnvès jf kufsth`cnrh`s, pufs ens rfspufstns k`cohrinr`c e`s supufst`s penctfnj`s, n pnrthr jf en jfohchkhûc `pfrnthvn jf cufstrns vnrhnbefs jf hcvfsthmnkhûc s`c1

?>

 

 

_fni`s e`s rfsuetnj`s `btfchj`s k`c su ncîehshs f hctfrprftnkhûc quf sf k`ipeftn fc en jhskushûc.

>. °Fsthin Vj. quf, fs p`shbef p`shbef en npehknkhûc jf en k`ckeushûc k`ckeushûc ncthkhpnjn fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne pfrunc`0  Znben 2 Kenshohknkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj`s jf Wrfmuctn C·> 

@phchûc

Aufkfs Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s jf

C± %

@ohkh` Z`tneifctf jf nkufrj`

6 

Jf nkufrj`

2

2; 

= 

;6  48.=:  2

6.>;

2

6.>;

Ch jf nkufrj`/ Ch fc jfsnkufrj` Fc jfsnkufrj` Z`tneifctf fc jfsnkufrj`

2

Fenb`rnkhûc Wr`phn.

26 27 >6

Aufkfs

>7

Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s jf @ohkh`

6 7 Z`tneifctf Jf nkufrj` Ch j f Fc Z`tneifctf jf nkufrj` nkufrj` / Ch jfsnkufrj` fc jfsnkufrj` jfsnkufrj`

Ohmurn >1 Fenb`rnkhûc Wr`phn  

Fc fe kunjr` p`jfi`s vfrhohknr quf fe 48.=:% jf e`s fckufstnj`s k`cshjfrnc k`cshjfrnc quf fs p`shbef en npehknbhehjnj jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne pfrunc`.

?2

 

 

2. °K`cshjfrn Vj. Vj. quf rfsuetn k`cvfchfctf en npehknkhûc jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn pnrn nkfefrnr fe pr`kfs` pfcne0 Znben ; Kenshohknkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn C·2

@phchûc

Aufkfs Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s jf @ohkh`

C± %

Z`tneifctf jf nkufrj`

=

;= 8:.4=

2;

=

Jf nkufrj` Ch jf nkufrj`/ Ch fc jfsnkufrj` Fc jfsnkufrj`

2

2

6.>;

Z`tneifctf fc jfsnkufrj` Fenb`rnkhûc pr`phn.

;7 27 >7 Aufkfs 7

Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s jf @ohkh`

Ohmurn 2 Fenb`rnkhûc Wr`phn  

Fc fe kunjr`, nprfkhni`s tnibhèc, quf fe 8:.4=% jf e`s fckufstnj`s s`sthfcfc quf en npehknkhûc jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne k`iñc pfrunc` k`csthtuhrén ucn shmchohknthvn jhsihcukhûc jf en knrmn pr`kfsne pfruncn fxhstfctf. fxhst fctf.

?;

 

 

;.

°Vstfj krff quf en npehknbhehjnj jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn jfe

pr`kfs` pfcne pfrunc` k`ctrhbuhrén k`c en jfsknrmn pr`kfsne0 Znben : Kenshohknkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn C·;

@phchûc

Aufkfs Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s jf @ohkh`

C± %

Z`tneifctf jf nkufrj`

=

Jf nkufrj`

27

?

;; 4:.?2

6

>

?

>6.;4

Ch jf nkufrj`/ Ch fc jfsnkufrj` Fc jfsnkufrj` Z`tneifctf fc jfsnkufrj` Fenb`rnkhûc pr`phn.

27 >4 >? >: >2 >7 4 ? : 2 7

Aufkfs Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s jf @ohkh`

Z`tneifctf Jf nkufrj` jf nkufrj`

Ch j f

Fc

Z`tneifctf

nkufrj` / Ch jfsnkufrj` fc jfsnkufrj` jfsnkufrj`

Ohmurn ;. Rfsuetnj` jf fckufstnj`s. Fenb`rnkhûc Wr`phn 

Fc fe kunjr`, sf njvhfrtf quf fe 4:.?2% jf e`s fctrfvhstnj`s k`cshjfrnc quf en npehknbhehjnj jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne pfrunc` k`ctrhbuhrén fc jhsihcuhr en knrmn pr`kfsne pfcne, jf i`j` quf e`s aufkfs pufjnc nv`knrsf n kns`s iîs k`ipefa`s.

?:

 

 

:. °Krff Vj. quf en hcv`knkhûc hcv`knkhûc jf en tfrihcnkhûc ncthkhpnjn fc en ftnp ftnpnn hctfrifjhn jfe Wr`kfs` Wfcne K`iñc, k`csthtuyf ucn vuecfrnkhûc jf ens c`rins y prhckhph`s quf hcsphrnc fe Cufv` Wr`kfs` Wfcne0 Znben 6 Kenshohknkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn C· :

@phchûc

Aufkfs Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s

jf C± %

@ohkh` Z`tneifctf jf nkufrj` Jf nkufrj` Ch jf nkufrj`/ Ch fc

>

>

2.6?

jfsnkufrj` Fc jfsnkufrj`

=

2:

=

;4 8=.::

Z`tneifctf fc jfsnkufrj` Fenb`rnkhûc pr`phn.

26 27 >6

Aufkfs

>7

Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s jf @ohkh`

6 7 Z`tneifctf Jf nkufrj` Ch j f Fc Z`tneifctf jf nkufrj` nkufrj` / Ch jfsnkufrj` fc jfsnkufrj` jfsnkufrj`

Ohmurn :. Rfsuetnj` jf fckufctn. Fenb`rnkh`c pr`phn.

Fc fe kunjr`, sf njvhfrtf quf fe 8=.::% jf e`s fctrfvhstnj`s k`cshjfrnc quf en npehknbhehjnj jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn fc fe f e pr`kfs` pfcne pfrunc` c` trnsmrfjf e`s prhckhph`s quf hcsphrnc fe ihsi`, t`jn vfz quf sf sustnckhn fc fe `bafthv` prhckhpne jfe ihsi`, k`i` fs en kfefrhjnj y fk`c`ién pr`kfsne.

?6

 

 

6. °Vstfj krff quf sfrén pfraujhkhne pnrn ens pnrtfs quf en k`cofshûc shckfrn c` sf npehquf fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne0 Znben ? Kenshohknkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn C· 6 @phchûc Aufkfs Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s

jf C± %

@ohkh` Z`tneifctf jf nkufrj`

6

22

?

;; 4:.?2

Jf nkufrj`

2

;

>

?

Ch

jf

nkufrj`/

Ch

>6.;4

fc

jfsnkufrj` Fc jfsnkufrj` Z`tneifctf fc jfsnkufrj` Fenb`rnkhûc Wr`phn.

27 >7 7

Aufkfs Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s jf @ohkh`

Ohmurn 6. Rfsuetnj` jf fckufstn. Fenb`rnkhûc Wr`phn

Fc en efkturn jfe kunjr`, fe 4:.?2% jf e`s fckufstnj`s sfþnenc quf ens pnrtfs sf pfraujhknc sh en npehknkhûc jf k`cofshûc shckfrn c` sf hcstn, pufs k`c fee` sf fvhtnrénc pr`kfs`s enrm`s y tfjh`s`s.

??

 

 

?. °Fsthin Vj., k`cvfchfctf k`cvfchfctf quf en K`rtf [uprfin [uprfin nkenrf e`s kr krhtfrh`s htfrh`s fc e`s quf sf jfbf jf nkfptnr en k`cofshûc shckfrn0 Znben = Kenshohknkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn C· ?

@phchûc

Aufkfs Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s

jf C± %

@ohkh` Z`tneifctf jf nkufrj`

2

>4

:

2: ?>.6:

Jf nkufrj`

6

=

;

>6 ;4.:?

Ch jf nkufrj`/ Ch fc jfsnkufrj` Fc jfsnkufrj` Z`tneifctf fc jfsnkufrj` Fenb`rnkhûc pr`phn.

27 >6 >7 6

Aufkfs

7

Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s jf @ohkh`

Ohmurn ?. Rfsuetnj` jf fckufstn. Fenb`rnkhûc Wr`phn

Fc en efkturn jfe kunjr`, fe ?>.6:% jf ens `phch`cfs sfþnenc quf fs cfkfsnrhn ucn nkenrnkhûc iîs prfkhsn s`brf en jfc`ihcnjn k`cofshûc shckfrn p`r pnrtf jf e`s inmhstrnj`s jf en K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn jf en Rfpñbehkn.

?=

 

 

=. Npehknjn en k`cofshûc shckfrn fc fe pr`kfs` pr`kfs` pfcne. °Krff Vj. quf fe Ihchstfrh` Wñbehk`, ne nbstfcfrsf jf sfmuhr hcvfsthmncj`, trnsmrfjf fe jfbhj` pr`kfs`0 Znben 4 Kenshohknkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn C· = @phchûc Aufkfs Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s

jf C± %

@ohkh` Z`tneifctf jf nkufrj` Jf nkufrj` Ch

jf

nkufrj`/

Ch

fc

jfsnkufrj` Fc jfsnkufrj` Z`tneifctf fc jfsnkufrj`

=

26

=

;8 >77

Fenb`rnkhûc Wr`phn

26 27 >6 Aufkfs

>7

Ohsknefs 6

Nb`mnj`s jf @ohkh`

7 Z`tneifctf Jf nkufrj` jf nkufrj`

Ch j f nkufrj` / Ch jfsnkufrj`

Fc Z`tneifctf jfsnkufrj` fc jfsnkufrj`

Ohmurn =. Rfsuetnj` jf fckufstn. Fenb`rnkhûc Wr`phn

Fc en efkturn jfe kunjr`, fe >77% sf njvhfrtf quf, e`s fckufstnj`s sfþnenc quf fe Ihchstfrh` Wñbehk` c` trnsmrfjf fe jfbhj` pr`kfs`, shfiprf quf sf pr`kfjn jf nkufrj` n en c`rin y jfctr` jfctr ` jfe thfip` fsthpuenj`.

?4

 

 

4. [h k`c en npehknkhûc npehknkhûc jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn, shckfrn, fe pr`kfs` pfcne k`ck k`ckeuyf euyf rîphjnifctf. °[frén k`cvfchfctf quf e`s `pfrnj`rfs auréjhk`s en hcv`qufc, fc tnct` quf k`c fee` sf fvhtnrén uc iny`r k`st` pr`kfsne ne Fstnj`0 Znben 8 Kenshohknkhûc jf Rfspufstn jf fckufstnj` jf Wrfmuctn C· 4

@phchûc

Aufkfs Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s

jf C± %

@ohkh` Z`tneifctf jf nkufrj`

?

Jf nkufrj`

>

26

=

;4 8=.:: >

2.6?

Ch jf nkufrj`/ Ch fc jfsnkufrj` Fc jfsnkufrj` Z`tneifctf fc jfsnkufrj` Fenb`rnkhûc Wr`phn.

26 27 >6

Aufkfs

>7

Ohsknefs Nb`mnj`s jf @ohkh`

6 7 Z`tneifctf Jf nkufrj` Ch j f Fc Z`tneifctf jf nkufrj` nkufrj` / Ch jfsnkufrj` fc jfsnkufrj` jfsnkufrj`

Ohmurn 4. Rfsuetnj` jf fckufstn. Fenb Fenb`r `rnk nkhû hûc c Wr` hn. hn.

Fc en efkturn jfe kunjr`, fe 8=.::% jf ens `phch`cfs sfþnenc quf k`c en npehknkhûc jf en npehknkhûc jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn, rfjukhrén k`cshjfrnbefifctf, c` s`e` quf fe pr`kfs` sf rfsufevn jf incfrn rîphjn y fofkthvn, shc` quf fe k`st` pr`kfsne sf vfrî jhsihcuhj` fohknzifctf, shfcj` fe Fstnj` y en s`khfjnj e`s mrncjfs bfcfohkhnj`s.

?8

 

KNWÉZVE@ _ K@CKEV[H@CF[ X RFK@IFCJNKH@CF[

 

 

 

6.>. K`ckeush`cfs

Wrhifrn. - Fs hip`rtnctf fe k`c`khihfct` jf en j`ktrhcn aurhsprujfckhne y e`s rfspfkthv`s nkufrj`s pefcnrh`s, fst` tnct` pnrn aufkfs, ohsknefs y Nb`mnj`s, t`j` vfz quf k`c rfspfkt` jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn sf dn krfnj` uc prfkfjfctf hip`rtnctf fc en ohmurn jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn y sus k`csfkufckhns.

[fmucjn. - ^uf fs hip`rtnctf fe nspfkt` jf en uchohknkhûc jf en aurhsprujfckhn nkfrkn jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn yn quf èstn pfrihthrî su uthehznkhûc jhrfktn n rnzûc jf e`s nspfkt`s k`i` jf en jfkenrnkhûc fsp`ctncfn, vfrnz k`dfrfctf y ucho`rif fc t`j` fe kurs` jfe pr`kfs` fc rnzûc jf en k`iprfcshûc jf e`s bfcfohkh`s auréjhk`s, y nshihsi` tfchfcj` prfsfctf quf sh c` sf kuipef sf pfrjfrî e`s bfcfohkh`s prfihnefs.

Zfrkfrn. -  En K`rtf [uprfin jf Austhkhn jf en Rfpñbehkn sfþnen quf en k`cofshûc shckfrn k`csthtuyf ucn khrkucstnckhn ntfcunctf fxkfpkh`cne jf `rjfc pr`kfsne quf nut`rhzn n jhsihcuhr en pfcn p`r jfbna` jfe iéchi` efmne y quf fstî k`csthtuhjn p`r en jfkenrnkhûc jfe hiputnj` fc en quf rfk`c`kf sfr nut`r ` pnrtékhpf jf uc jfeht` ` ucn onetn, prfstnjn fc o`rin fsp`ctîcfn, `p`rtucn, vfrnz y k`dfrfctf, nctf ucn nut`rhjnj k`ipftfctf y k`c ens o`rinehjnjfs y mnrncténs k`rrfsp`cjhfctfs.

=>

 

 

6.2. Rfk`ifcjnkh`cfs Rfk`ifcjnkh`cfs

Wrhifr`.- ^uf sf jfbf krfnr uc k`ipfcjh` jf fspfkhnehznkhûc fc rfs`eukh`cfs suprfins vhckuenjn n en k`cofshòc shckfrn, tfchfcj` fc kufctn su pr`ctn y rîphjn npehknkhûc fst` fc fe p`jfr aujhkhne, fc vhckuenkhûc k`c e`s k`efmh`s pr`ofsh`cnefs y ens uchvfrshjnjfs fc ens onkuetnjfs jf jfrfkd`.

[fmucj`.- ^uf sf rfk`ihfcjn en rfnehznkhûc jf uc rfmenifct` nkfrkn jf en uchohknkhûc jf en aurhsprujfckhn aurhsprujfckhn,, nshihsi` en prfsfctnkhûc prfsfctnkhûc jf uc pr`yfkt` pr`yfkt` jf efy ne prfshjfctf jfe k`cmrfs` fc ouckhûc jf en hck`rp`rnkhûc jf en kfefrhjnj y fsp`ctncfhjnj jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn.

Zfrkfr`.- [f dnkf cfkfsnrh` ucn iny`r knpnkhtnkhûc n e`s `pfrnj`rfs jfe jfrfkd` (nb`mnj`s, ohsknefs, inmhstrnj`s) rfspfkt` n e`s krhtfrh`s hctr`jukhj`s p`r en K`rtf [uprfin rfspfkt` jf en k`cofshûc shckfrn, k`c en ohcnehjnj jf k`ctrhbuhr n quf ens sfctfckhns tfcmnc ifa`rfs oucjnifct`s y en pfrkfpkhûc quf thfcf en p`benkhûc jf sus Inmhstrnj`s ifa`rf `stfcshbefifctf.

Kunrt`.- E`s j`kfctfs uchvfrshtnrh`s jfbfc k`ctrhbuhr n quf sf t`if fc k`cshjfrnkhûc fc e`s pencfs jf fstujh`s jf ens jhofrfctfs uchvfrshjnjfs, en pr`i`khûc jf ucn iny`r knpnkhjnj jf ncîehshs, jf séctfshs, jf nrmuifctnkhûc y rnz`cnihfct` auréjhk` k`c rfenkhûc n ens sfctfckhns fxpfjhjns p`r en K`rtf [uprfin.

=2

 

RFOFRFCKHN[ BHBEH@MRNOHKN[

 

 

 

Ehbr`s

 Nsfckh`, A. (>848) En prufbn pr`dhbhjn y en prufbn prfk`csthtuhjn. prfk`csthtuhjn . Injrhj1 Zrhvhui. Knoftzûmeus, N. (>842) Jfeht` y k`cofshûc. Bufc`s k`cofshûc. Bufc`s Nhrfs1 Dniiurnbh. Knoofrntn, A. (277>) En prufbn fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne . :n. fjhkhûc. Bufc`s Nhrfs1 Jfpnein. Knr`, A. (27>=) [uiin pfcne . 2n. fjhkhûc. Ehin1 C`i`s & tdfshs. Kdnhn, R. (27>7) En prufbn fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne . Bufc`s Nhrfs1 Dniiurnbh. Kenrén, A. (>8??) Jfrfkd` pr`kfsne pfcne. Z. HH . Bufc`s Nhrfs1 Fjhnr. Kenrhî, A. (>8?7.) Zrntnj` jf Jfrfkd` pr`kfsne pfcne. Z. _ . Bufc`s Nhrfs1 Fjhnr. Kubns, _. (2777) Fe pr`kfs` pfcne. Zf`rén y prîkthkn. prîkthkn . :n fjhkhûc. Ehin1 Wnefstrn. Ofrrna`eh, E. (>886) Jfrfkd` y rnzûc. Zf`rén jfe mnrncthsi` pfcne 1 Injrhj. Mnkftn Auréjhkn. (27>=) K`ipfcjh` t`tne jf aurhsprujfckhn vhckuenctf pfcne y pr`kfsne  pfcne. Wrfkfjfctfs vhckuenctfs, nk nkufrj`s ufrj`s pefcnrh` pefcnrh`ss y j`ktrhcn aurhsprujfckhne. aurhsprujfckhne. Z.  Z. H. Wfrky Rfvheen Eenzn y Brncl` Xvnck`vhkd _îsqu _îsqufz fz (K``rjs.). Ehin1 Mnkftn auréjhkn. Mûifz, O. (>88>) En prufbn fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne . @vhfj`1 O`rui. M`rpdf, O. (>867) Jf en nprfkhnkhûc jf ens prufbns. prufbns . Bufc`s Nhrfs1 Zrnj. jf Euhs  Nekneî Qni`rn y Knsthee`, B`skd. Dhc`str`zn, K. (2776) En k`cofshûc shckfrn fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne y su trntnihfct` fc fe cufv` Kûjhm` pr`kfsne pfcne . Ehin1 NWFKK. D`rvhtz, I. y Eòpfz, A. (2776) Jfrfkd` pr`kfsne pfcne kdhefc`. kdhefc` . Z. H. [ncthnm` jf Kdhef1 Fjht`rhne Auréjhkn jf Kdhef.

=:

 

 

Anfc, I. (2777) En prufbn fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne. Bufc`s pfcne. Bufc`s Nhrfs1 Nj-D`k. Anukdfc, F. (277:) Zrntnj` jf en prufbn fc intfrhn pfcne . Bufc`s Nhrfs1 Rubhczne ‛ Rubhczne ‛   Kuez`ch. Afskdfkl, D. (>84>) Zrntnj` jf Jfrfkd` pfcne . Wnrtf mfcfrne. _`e. HH. Bnrkfe`cn1 B`skd. Inhfr, A. (>848) Jfrfkd` pr`kfsne pfcne nrmfcthc`. nrmfcthc` . Z. H, _`e. B. Bufc`s Nhrfs1 Dniiurnbh. Ihttfrinhfr, L. (277?) Zrntnj` jf en prufbn fc intfrhn krhihcne. Bufc`s Nhrfs1 Dniiurnbh.

Ihxîc, O. (>888) En prufbn fc fe pr`kfjhihfct` pfcne . Ehin1 Fjhkh`cfs auréjhkns. I`ctfr`, A. (>88=) Wrhckhph`s jfe pr`kfs` pfcne . _nefckhn1 Zhrnct e` Benckd. I`rfc`, _. (>842) En jfofcsn fc fe pr`kfs`  Injrhj1 Khvhtns. pr `kfs` pfcne. pfcne. Injrhj1 Cfyrn, A. (27>7) Incune jfe cufv` pr`kfsne pfcne & jf ehthmnkhûc `rne . Ehin1 Hjfisn. Wnrrn, A. (>882) Incune jf Jfrfkd` pr`bnt`rh`. pr`bnt`rh`. ;n. fjhkhûc. B`m`tî1 Jfe pr`ofsh`cne. Wfþn, N. (277?) Fxèmfshs jfe cufv` Kûjhm` pr`kfsne pfcne . Ehin1 R`jdns. Rhvfs, N. (>88?) En prufbn fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne . Wnipe`cn1 Nrnzncjh. R`jrémufz, I. (2774) Fe rfquhsht` jf en fsp`ctncfhjnj fc en k`cofshûc shckfrn. shckfrn . Ehin1 Mnkftn Auréjhkn. R`xhc, K. (2777) Jfrfkd` pr`kfsne pfcne. Zrnj. jf Mnbrhfen F. Kûrj`bn y Jnchfe R. Wnst`r. Bufc`s Wnst`r.  Bufc`s Nhrfs1 Jfe Wufrt`.

=6

 

 

[nc Inrthc, K. (>88;) ―Fstujh` kréthk` jfe cufv` Kûjhm` pr`kfsne pfcne ’.  ’.  Ehin1 Fstujh`s jf Jfrfkd` pr`kfsne pfcne. [nc Inrthc, K. (277>) Jfrfkd` pr`kfsne pfcne . _`e. HH. Ehin1 Mrhaefy.

Znb`njn, M. (2774) ―En k`cofshûc fc fe Kûjhm` pr`kfsne pfcne jfe 277:’ . Fc1 Jhne`m` k`c en Aurhsprujfckhn C· >2>. Ehin1 Mnkftn Auréjhkn. Znenvfrn, W. (2778) En prufbn fc fe cufv` pr`kfs` pfcne . Incune jfe Jfrfkd` pr`bnt`rh` y jf en vne`rnkhûc jf ens prufbns. Ehin1 Nknjfihn jf en Inmhstrnturn. Znrni`cn, A. (>842) K`ipfcjh` jf Fafkut`rhns [uprfins. [uprfins . Z. H. Ehin1 Anisf. Vmnz, O. ―Fstujh` ―Fstujh` hctr`jukt`rh` s`brf en prufbn fc fe cufv` Kûjhm` pr`kfsne pfcne.  pfcne.   Ehin1 Hcsthtut` jf Khfckhn Wr`kfsne pfcne. Qhoofr, W. (>886) Ehcfnihfct`s jf en jftfrihcnkhûc jf en pfcn. pfcn . Bufc`s Nhrfs1 Nj d`k.

=?

 

NCFT@[

 

 

 

WR@WVF[ZN JF WR@XFKZ@ JF EFX ^VF JFZFRIHCN ^VF EN K@COF[HÛC [HCKFRN [F BRHCJF FC EN WRHIFRN @W@RZVCHJNJ ^VF ZFCMN WNRN JFKENRNR FE HIWVZNJ@

E`s k`cmrfshstns jf en rfpñbehkn quf quf suskrhbfc ( ) fc fafrkhkh` jfe jfe jfrfkd` n hchkhnthvn fc en o`riuenkhûc jf effs quf ef k`cohfrf fe Nrtåkue` >7= jf en K`csthtukhûc W`eéthkn jfe Wfrø y e`s k`rrfsp`cjhfctfs nrtékue`s =: y =6 jfe Rfmenifct` jfe k`cmrfs` jf en Rfpøbehkn, p`cf n k`cshjfrnkhûc jfe K`cmrfs` jf en Rfpøbehkn fe shmuhfctf Wr`yfkt` jf efy.

WR@XFKZ@ JF EFX

Fe k`cmrfs` jf en Rfpñbehkn Dn jnj` en efy shmuhfctf Efy quf hckrfifctf fe hckhs` hckhs` f) fc fe nrtékue` nrtékue` >?7 jfe kû kûjhm` jhm` pr`kfse pf pfcne, cne, fc ouckhûc jf jftfrihcnrsf fe penz` pnrn sfr k`cshjfrnjn en k`cofshòc shckfrn fc uc îibht` pfcne tfchfcj` fc kufctn sfr uc prhckhph` fe nspfkt` jfe knrîktfr pfrfct`rh` jf enc`rin

Nrtékue` >±.- Hck`rp`rnkhûc fe vne`r pr`bnt`rh` jf en k`cofshòc shckfrn fc su prhifrn `p`rtuchjnj pnrn jfkenrnr. H.- [F NKVFRJN1

Fe W`jfr Fafkuthv` s`ehkhtn en jfefmnkhûc jf onkuetnjfs pnrn efmhsenr rfspfkt` ne nrtékue` >?7· jfe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne pfcne, i`jhohkîcj`sf jhkd` jhsp`shthv` efmne jf en shmuhfctf incfrn1 ― Nrtékue`

>?7·.- _ne`r jf prufbn jf en k`cofshûc k`cofshûc

=4

 

 

>. En k`cofshûc, pnrn sfr tne, jfbf k`cshsthr fc en njihshûc p`r fe hiputnj` jf e`s knrm`s ` hiputnkhûc o`riuenjn fc su k`ctrn. 2. [`e` tfcjrî vne`r pr`bnt`rh` kuncj`1 n) Fstè jfbhjnifctf k`rr`b`rnjn p`r `tr` u `tr`s fefifct`s jf k`cvhkkhûc< b) [fn prfstnjn ehbrfifctf y fc fstnj` c`rine jf ens onkuetnjfs pséquhkns<

k) [fn rfnehznjn fc en prhifrn `p`rtuchjnj quf tfcmn pnrn jfkenrnr< j) [fn prfstnjn nctf fe aufz ` fe ohskne fc prfsfckhn jf su nb`mnj`< y, f) [fn shckfrn y fsp`ctîcfn.’  HH.- FTW@[HKHÒC JF I@ZH_@[  >.- ^uf fs jf hip`rtnckhn en hckeushûc jfe hckhs` f) fc rfenkhûc jfe nspfkt` jfe vne`r pr`bnt`rh` tfchfcj` fc kufctn, quf tnct` fe hckhs` n) b) k) y j) s`c fefifct`s hip`rtnctfs pnrn p`jfr fstnbefkfr fe vne`r pr`bnt`rh` jf ucn jfkenrnkhûc pfr` quf jf içs hip`rtnckhn fs quf sf jfbf fstnbefkfr fe i`ifct` jf jhkdn jfkenrnkhûc fc t`j` kns` uc penz` tfchfcj` fc kufctn quf tfcfi`s tnibhèc quf ens c`rins pr`kfsnefs s`c pfrfct`rhns fc tne shtunkhûc fefifct` jf hip`rtnckhn fs en tfip`rnehjnj e` kune sf hckeuhrén fc fe hckhs` f) y p`r fcjf mfcfrnrån iny`r jhcnihsi` y nshihsi` kfrthfzn auréjhkn pnrn fe pr`kfsnj` y nshihsi` fc fe pr`kfs` pfcne pnrn t`jns ens pnrtfs pr`kfsnefs e`mrncj` fc t`j` kns` en ohcnehjnj jfe pr`kfs` en kune fs nekncznr en pnz s`khne fc austhkhn. nshihs` jf en s`khfjnj, fst` tfchfcj` fckufctn quf c` fxhstf c`rinthvhjnj uf jftfrihcf fe penz` quf thfcf fe hiputnj` pnrn jfkenrnr y quf jhkdn jfkenrnkhûc pufjn sfr k`cshjfrnjn ucn k`cofshòc shckfrn, shckfrn, e` quf m mfcfrn fcfrn k`coush`cfs k`coush`cfs fc fe pr`kfs pr`kfs` ` pfcne, pujhè pujhècj`sf cj`sf k`cshjfrnr ifrns nkfptnkh`cfs jf e`s dfkd`s k`i` k`cofshòc shckfrn, pfrihthècj`sf n pfrs`cns quf c` e` ifrfzknc sfr bfcfohkhnj`s p`r fe nrtékue` >?7 jfe K`jhm` pr`kfsne pfcne, quf prfskrhbf en rfjukkhûc jf en pfcn jf uc tfrkh` p`r jfbna` jfe iéchi` efmne.

=8

 

 

HHH.-NRMVIFCZNKHÛC HHH.-NRMVIFCZN KHÛC X NCÎEH[H[ JFE K@[Z@ BFCFOHKH@  Hipnkt` Hipnkt` fk`cûihk` jfe Wr`yfkt` jf Efy

>.>.

Ens ifjhjns pr`pufstns y k`ctfchjns fc fe nrtékue` ?7· jfe Kûjhm` Wr`kfsne Wfcne, nþnjhècj`sf fe hckhs` k) y i`jhohkîcj`sf e`s hckhs`s j) y f), c` mfcfrnrîc hipnkt` fk`cûihk` nemuc`.