Conexión Estrella y Sus Aplicaciones

 

 CGJAZGXAZKA D¾ = MADERKÝD E]XZECCG [ ]U] G^CKMGMKADE] 7. AJIEXK_A]. Ok Okdg dgckckzg zghg hg cg pr pres esed edte temadmcukr pr prçm çmtk tkmg mg estg estgre refa fas ed madh madhkm kade dess he khedtkokmgr, gdgckzgr, evgcugr y edmgrgr cg sapergmkýd hekmka skstefgs ecëmtrkmas ed cas que se edmuedtred kdvacumrghgs cg madexkýd estreccg.

7.: AJIEXK_A] E]^EMÆOKMA] ^grg gcmgdzgr ajietkvas `edergces ed estg madexkýd, hejefas madamer y efpcegr ghemughgfedte9 -

Madhkmkades jçskmgs y `edergces he cas mkrmuktas trkoçskmas Mgfpa ecëmtrkma y fg`dëtkma

-

]erkes hesedakhgces Oaurker Zehes da Zecgmkýd estreccg trkçd`uca Hkg`rgfg ogsarkgc

:. ^UDXUGCKYGMKADE] XEÝZKMG]. Mgrgmteræ Mgrgmt eræstk stkmgs mgs @ederg @edergces ces pgrg pgrg ud mkrmuk mkrmukta ta trk trkoçs oçskma kma ed madexk madexkýd ýd estreccg (8>>-?;>>. Cgs recgmkades exkstedtes edtre marrkedtes, tedskades y patedmkgs serçd expresghgs madskhergdha ec sk`ukedte `rgokma9

 

MKZMUKXA9

 

|_  GJ|6|_ JM |6|_ MG|6|_  C| _  GD 6_ JD 6_ MD 6_  O  _  C6∙ =⋅_  O  | K  G|6| K J|6| K M |6| K  C|  K  C6 K  O   

 K  G + K J + K M 6>    K  G + K J + K M ≮>  

ZEH ]EDAKHGC ZEH DA ]EDAKHGC √ 7> %K  D ≨ K ≨+ 7> %K  D    MADHKMKÝD HE EWUKCKJZKA ]E@ÙD MGCKHGH HE HK]XZKJUMKÝD

 

_  C 9 XED]KADE] . . HE . . CKDEG _  O 9 XED]KADE] ..  HE . . O  OG]E G]E  K  C 9 MAZZKEDXE . . HE . . CKDE  CKDEG G  K  O 9 MAZZKEDXE . . HE . . O  OG]E G]E

]EMUEDMKG HE OG]E].

MGZ@G ZE]K]XK_G.

  HKG@ZGFG OG]AZKGC EWUKCKJZGHA.

 

 

 

MUZ_G] HE XED]KÝD [ MAZZKEDXE] _EZ]U] EC XKEF^A.

MGZ@G KDHUMXK_G.

HKG@ZGFG OG]AZKGC EWUKCKJZGHA.

 

MUZ_G] HE XED]KÝD [ MAZZKEDXE] _EZ]U] EC XKEF^A

 

MGZ@G MG^GMKXK_G.

 

HKG@ZGFG OG]AZKGC EWUKCKJZGHA.

 

HKG@ZGFG ]EDAKHGC EWUKCKJZGHA.

MADERKÝD YK@-YG@. Cg madexkýd fçs fçs recgmkadghg mad cg estreccg es cg hedafkdghg hedafkdghg zk`-zg` usghg ed trgd tr gdso fgha sckjr heka hk hkst jumk mkýd ýd mugt gtra bk bkca cas, s, mad ma ec ajed ietk tkva var`gs he aptk ap tkfk fkzg zgrsoar r arfg ec hare equk eqres ukck jrka he hstrk e rkju mgr`g mgr `gs s ymu surausa se gmed gmdedtù tùggajie mgr` mg gs ouertefedte hesequkckjrghgs. Estg madexkýd zk`zg` da es usghg mafa mgr`g, es hemkr, da exkste ed fatares, mgpgmktares, cçfpgrgs que puehgd mademtgrse ed estg.

 

=. FGXEZKGCE] [ EWUK^A G UXCKYGZ.          

Jajkdg (trgdsoarfghar) 7>.; \GV, :8> \_V, :.5 \L_GV Mgpgmktares (madhedsghares) (madhedsghares) :8 \uOV, =2> \_V. Zeýstgtas vgrkgjces ::> \_V, 5 \GV. _actæfetra (Xester hk`ktgc). Gfperæfetra (Xester hk`ktgc). _gtæfetra, 75-8>> \_V, 7>.5 \GV Fgcetg he fehkmkades. Mgjces he madexkýd (tkpa jgdgdg, tedgzg, pkdzg mad herkvgmkades) Asmkcasmapka he has mgdgces Jajkdgs he =8>-?8> espkrgs, 7:0 \_V.

 

8. MKZMUKXA] HE GDÇCK]K]. -

MGZ@G ZE]K]XK_G.

-

MGZ@G KDHUMXK_G.

-

MGZ@G MG^GMKXK_G.

5. FADXGIE [ EIEMUMKÝD.

 

a

a

a

a

a

^grg ccevgr ghecgdte cg presedte prçmtkmg secemmkadgfas cas equkpas, hkspasktkvas e kdstrufedtas he fehkmkýd se`ùd mkrmuktas he gdçcksks respemtkvas Mademtgr prkfergfedte, prkfergfedte, cçfpgrgs cçfpgrgs kdmgdhesmedtes kdmgdhesmedtes ed madexkýd estreccg madd y sk ma skdd deutr eutra. a. He cg reh reh gckckf fedtg edtgrr tre tres bkcas kcas :: ::>> _ g ud trgdsoarfg trgds oarfghar har ecevghar ecevghar mad recgmkýd recgmkýd :=>988> :=>988> _ y sgmgdha sgmgdha hec trgoa tre tres s ogsesg vkvgs vkv gs y he ud cg deutra deufgcetg tra,, gpckmgr gpck estas estas bkcas bkcda as acvkhe g cg madexk mad exkýd ýd he cçfpgrgs trgvës hemgrfehkmkýd, mademtgr cg reskst res kstedm edmkg kg he 7 \ℯV \ℯV pgrg pgrg cg mgptu mgpturg rg he teds tedskýd kýd pgrg pgrg cg cg se÷gc se÷gc hec hec asmkcasmapka Merrgr cg mumbkccg he gckfedtgmkýd he cg reh y tafgr cgs cemturgs he marrkedte he cædeg y deutra, tedskades he cædeg, he ogse, patedmkg =ί, hkjuigr cg oarfg he adhg. Zegckzgr ecca mad y skd deutra. Ecgjargr, mad cas hgtas re`k `ksstrghas, ec hkg`rgfg ogsarkgc represedtgtkva Made Ma demt mtgr gr,, cu cue` e`a, a, cg mg mgr`g r`g kdhu kdhumtk mtkvg vg ed estr estrec eccg cg,, mad mad y skd skd deut deutra ra gterrgha

a

a

a

a

Gckfedtgr cg mgr`g he da gckfedtgmkýd, tgctgr mafa fuestrg ec respemtkva respemtkva mkrmukta mkrmumad kta cgheouedte gdçcksks< gdçcksks< acvkhe acvkhe mademtgr madem cg sefgcetg fgce tg he fehkmkýd, eoemtuë eoemtuë cgs fehkmkades respemtkvgs respemtkvgs he tedskýd he he cædeg, he he ogse, marrkedte he cædeg, cædeg, patedmkg =ί, = bkcas, 8 bkcas bkcas taha ecca mad y skd deutra gterrgha, hkjuigr cg oarfg he adhg. Ceg cg marrkedte ed ec deutra y mafpgre mad cg marrkedte he cædeg. Madmcuyg ed jgse g este resuctgha. _ksugckme ed ec asmkcasmapka cg oarfg he adhg he cg marrkedte he cædeg, ec vactgie he ogse y ec vactgie deutra mgr`g y deutra ouedte. Mapke okecfedte estgs oarfgs he adhg mad y skd deutra gterrgha _erkokque cgs recgmkades he tedskýd he cædeg y he ogse y madmcuyg

a

a

a

a a

a

Evgcuë cgs ed oarfgs he adhgs mafpgre cg oarfg he adhg he marrkedte ec deutra mad cgvksugckzghgs he tedskýdydeutra mgr`g y deutra ouedte,  y madmcuyg Mademt Mad emtee cg mgr`g mgr`g mgpgmkt mgpgmktkvg kvg ed madexký madexkýdd estrec estreccg cg mad y skd deutra deutra gterrgha Gckfedtgr g hkmbg mgr`g par fehka hec trgdsoarfghar ecevghar he cg fgcetg he fehkmkýd y reskstedmkg he mgpturg bgmkg ec asmkcasmapka, cg ouedte he gckfedtgmkýd he cg reh ::>_, =ί, 5> Bz. Zegckme cemturgs he marrkedte, tedskýd, patedmkg trkoçskmg Ceg cg marrkedte ed ec deutra y mafpgre mad cg marrkedte he cædeg. Madmcuyg ed jgse g este resuctgha _ksugckme ed ec asmkcasmapka cg oarfg he adhg he cg marrkedte he cædeg, cg marrkedte hec deutra, ec vactgie he ogse y ec vactgie hec deutra ouedte y

 

a

deutra mgr`g, madmcuyg ed jgse g estgs oarfgs he adhg mad y skd deutra gterrgha _erkokque cgs recgmkades recgmkades edtre cg tedskýd he cædeg y he ogse y madmcuyg ecëmtrkmgfedte.

?. CEMXUZG HE HGXA] MGZ@G

_  Z]

_ ]X 

_ XZ

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 K  Z

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=0> =0: 7;;

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>.8: >.5?

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gterrgha Mgpgmktk-vg

=?5 =0> =?5 :77

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=5; =?> =5; :>=

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W∐ 8>

Kdhumtkvg mad deutra gkscgha Kdhumtkvg mad deutra

0.- MUE]XKADGZKA. 0.7 HKJ HKJUIE UIE UD HKG HKG@ZG @ZGFG FG OG] OG]AZK AZKGC GC HE CG] HKZ HKZEZE EZEDXE DXEMGZ MGZ@G] @G] ZEGCKYGHG] ZE]K]XK_A

 

_ 6 =5; _ ]X 6 =?> \ _ V _ XZ 6 =5; \ _ V _  ZD 6 :>= \ _ V _ ]D 6 :>? \ _ V

_ XD 6 :7> \ _ V

 K   ZZ 6 7 .0  \ G V  K  Z 6 7 .0  \  G GV  K  Z 6 7 . ? ? \  G GV

KDHUMXK_A _  Z] 6 =0> \ _ V _ ]X 6 =0: \ _  V V _ XZ 6 =0: \ _  V V _  ZD 6 7;; \ _ V _ ]D 6 :>> \ _ V _  7;; _  6 > . 8 7 \ G  K  Z6  G V

 K  Z 6 > . 8 = \ G  G V  K  Z 6 > . 8 : \ G  G V

MG^GMKXK_A _  Z] 6 =?5 \ _ V _ ]X 6 =0> \ _ V _ XZ 6 =5; \ _ V _  ZD 6 :77 \ _   VV _ ]D 6 :7? \ _ V _ XD 6 :78  \ _  V  K  Z 6 7 .0  \  G GV  K  Z 6 7 .0  \  G GV  K  Z 6 7 .0  \  G GV

  0.:. ER^CKWUE ]AJZE EC XZEMEZ GZFADKMA  

 

Ed estg marrkedte he cg jajkdg se edmuedtrgd ec termer, qukdta y sëptkfa, pera pe ra pr preh ehaf afkd kdgg fçs fçs ec te term rmer er gr grfý fýdk dkma ma,, cas cas hefç hefçss se edmu edmued edtr trgd gd ed mgdtkhghes hespremkgjces.  G>

 K ( t )6

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+ ∗  G d skd t + β +

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ώ  :

 G k 6∙  G  G :k + J:k Jk βk 6grmtg`  Gk

Gk ->,0:?:75 ?:,?727; :,:=>85>8 77,278=82 >,;=>0700 >,2285>8: >,8?70285 >,8:2000; >,=55;>=5

 

Ӣk

7,=>775 7,??7?5 ->,828=0 ->,;0258 >,;:250 -7,>>=?2 ->,??758 -7,77225

K(t) 6 ->,0:?:75 + ?:,?72°skd(t + 7,=>7 + ώ/:) + :,:=>8°skd(=t + 7,7?7?5 + ώ/:) + 77,278=5°skd(5t ” >,82=>7 + ώ/:) + >,;=>0°skd(0t ” >,;0258>7 + ώ/:) + >,22855?°skd(;t + >,;:250 + ώ/:) + >,8?72°skd(77t ” 7,>>=?2 + ώ/:) + >,8:2000°skd(7=t >,8:2000°skd (7=t ” >,??75 + ώ/:) + >,=55;°skd(75t ” 7,77225 + ώ/:)

0.8. 0. 8. MA MAFA FAG CG ]E JAJKDG MA MAF^ F^AZ AZXG XG [ ^A ^AZW ZWUE UE EC MA MADH DHED ED]G ]GHA HAZZ MA MAD D ZE]^EMXA ER^CÆWUE ECËMXZKMGFEDXE.

 

Cg mar arrrke kedt dtee par par ec deutr eutraa ed cg mad madexký exkýdd mgp mgpgm gmkt ktkkvg es mgsk mgsk hesp he spre remk mkgj gjce ce,, he gm gmue uerh rhaa g su oa oarf rfgg he adhg adhg,, quke qukere re hemk hemkrr que que ec madhedsghar da tkede grfýdkma que se puehg madskhergr. MAZZKEDXE ^AZ EC DEUXZA.

g. JAJKDG, JAJKD marrkedte dte par ec deutra deutra superg superg ed fg`dkt fg`dktuh uh g cg marrke marrkedte dte he ogse.G, cg marrke j. MADHED]G MADHED]GHAZ, HAZ, cg marrke marrkedte dte par par ec deutra deutra es hesprem hespremkgjce kgjce.. HE CA] GZFÝDKMA].

m. JAJKDG, JAJKDG, exksted exksted ec termer, termer, qukdta y sëptkfa sëptkfa grfýdkma. grfýdkma. h. MADH MADHED ED]G ]GHA HAZ, Z, exks exkste tedd ec së sëpt ptkf kfa, a, ud udhë hëmk mkfa fa y hëmk hëmkfa fa term termer er grfýdkma. HE CG XED]KÝD.

e. JAJKDG, JAJKDG, a mgfpa mgfpa fg`dëtkm fg`dëtkmaa ed exmesa, exmesa, prahume prahume fgs fgs mgæhg mgæhg he tedskýd tedskýd ecHED]GH skstefg ecëmtrkma. o. ed MADHED MAD ]GHAZ, AZ, a mgfpa mgfpa ecëmtrk ecëmtrkma ma ed exmesa, exmesa, prahume prahume fçs sujkhg sujkhg he tedskýd ed ec skstefg ecëmtrkma. HE CG MAZZKEDXE HEFGDHGHG.

`. JAJKDG JAJKDG,, hefgdhg hefgdhg he cg reh udg marrke marrkedte dte ed retrgs retrgsaa respemta respemta g gc tedskýd. b. MADHED]G MADHED]GHAZ, HAZ, hefgdh hefgdhgg he cg reh marrked marrkedte te ed ghecgdta ghecgdta respem respemta ta g cg tedskýd.

0.5. ZEGCKME UD HKG@ZGFG OG]AZKGC HE ^AXEDMKG] ^AZ OG]E. :

:

] 6  ^ + W ∙   ^ Masϕ6 ]  ^ ϕ 6 Mas√ 7 ]

(  )

g) MGZ@G KDHUMXK_G C (MAD DEUXZA GK]CGHA).-

 

 ^67 . 2∐8> \ P  V W6? . 5∐8>‟_GZ‟ ] 6:?;.025 \ _G V Masϕ6 >.:0 ϕ 608.5: ¹ 

 

j) MGZ@ MGZ@G G KD KDHUMKX HUMKXK_G K_G C (M (MAD AD D DEUXZA EUXZA GXEZZGHA).-

 ^6:∐8> \ P V W 60 . 5∐8>‟_GZ‟ ] 6=7>.828 \ _G V Masϕ6 >.:? ϕ 605.>0 ¹  m) MGZ@G MG^GMKXK_ MG^GMKXK_G G M.-

 ^ 6> . 5∐8> \ P  V V W 6 8:∐8>‟_GZ‟ ] 67?2>.77; \ _G V Masϕ6 > ϕ 6;> ¹  h) MGZ@G ZE] ZE]K]XK_G K]XK_G Z.-

 ^6:?∐8> \ P  V V W 6> . 5∐8>‟_GZ‟ ] 67>8>.7;: \ _G V Masϕ6 >.;;; ϕ 67 . 7 ¹  e) MGZ@ MGZ@G G Y ( Z ” C ).-

 ^ 67?.5∐8> \ P  V W 675∐8>‟_GZ‟ ] 62;7.;?8 \ _G V Masϕ6 >.08 ϕ 68:.:0 ¹ 

 

0.?. ED JZE_E] ^GCGJZG] ER^CKWUE EC FAXK_A ^AZ EC MUGC CG OAZFG HE ADHG HE CG JAJKDG [ EC MADHED]GHAZ DA ]AD ]EDAKHGCE]. JAJKDG. fatkva ec mugcpar cg oarfg he adhg es he da sedakhgc es parque ed cg jajkdg ecEc ocuia es par sedakhgc su mgrgmteræstkmg mkrmukta fg`dëtkma da ckdegc muyg marrkedte he exmktgmkýd es da sedakhgc. Cg marrkedte ed cg jajkdg se supade hepedhkedte hec mkrmukta fg`dëtkma hec trgdsoarfghar (jajkdg) y mafa da es ckdegc, par tgdta cg oarfg he adhg da es sedakhgc, pgrg ec mgsa he fumbg hepedhedmkg hec mkrmukta fg`dëtkma. MADHED]GHAZ. Amurre atra oedýfeda pgrg cg heoarfgmkýd he cg oarfg he adhg, vgce hemkr que este es madsemuedmkg hec mgr`gha y hesmgr`gha hec madhedsghar ed oudmkýd he cg oremuedmkg he trgjgia, quked gmremkedtg g estg hkstarskýd es ec hkecëmtrkma, pra su da ckdegckhgh. ckdegckhgh.

0.0. ER^CKWUE CA WUE EDXKEDHE ^AZ DEUXZA. Es ec pud pudta he ud sk skst stef efgg pack packoç oçsk skma ma que que ed mad madhkmk kmkades des he oudmkadgfkedta prevkstgs, presedtg cg fksfg hkoeredmkg he patedmkgc, mad recgmkýd g mghg uda he cas pacas a ogses hec skstefg. Ec deutra es ec medtra he cg estreccg a pudta hadhe madver`ed okdgc a prkdmkpka he jajkdg he `ederghares, trgdsoarfghares muygs mgrgmteræstkmgs sad9 _C 6 ∙= _O, hesogse he tedskades he cædeg a he ogse k`ugc g 7:>¹. Ec deutra perfkte ajteder has tedskades mafa ec mgsa he cgs cædegs he hkstrkjumkýd a jked mademtgrse g tkerrg mafa fehkhg he se`urkhgh ed mkerta tkpa he kdstgcgmkades. 0.2 ZEGCKME UDG _EZKOKMGMKÝD GDGCÆXKMG HE CA] MKZMUKXA] ER^EZKFEDXGHA] g) MGZ@G KDHUMXK_G C.-

 

|_  C|6

_  Z] + _ ]X + _ XZ

 

=

6

=0> + =?5 + =?> =

 

6 =?5 \ _ V

|_  C| =?5 |_  O |6 6 6 :7>.0== \ _ V

∙ =

∙ =

 K  Z + K ] + K X 

| K  C|6| K  O |6

=

 

6

>. 8>: + >. 8>2 + >. =;2

 

=

6 >. 8>= \  GG V

_  O | :7>.0== |Y  C|6|  O   6   6 5::.;77 \ Ϋ V | K  O | >. 8>= Y  C6|Y  C|∮ ϕ6 5::.;77∮ 08. 5: ¹ 6 7=;.5?? + i 5>=.;8: \ Ϋ V ↚ Z 6 7=;.5?? \ Ϋ V    R  C 6 5>=.;8: \ Ϋ V  K  Z 6 >. 8>= ∮ ( > ¹ + 08. 5: ¹ ) 6 >. 8>= ∮ 08. 5: ¹ \ G V GV  K ] 6 >. 8>= ∮ ( 7:> ¹ + 08. 5: ¹ )6 >. 8>= ∮ 7;8.5: ¹ \  G  K X 6 >. 8>= ∮ (√ 7:> ¹ + 08 .5: ¹ )6 >. 8>= ∮√ 85. 82 ¹ \  G GV  ^6 =∐|_  O |∐| K  O |∐Masϕ 6 =∐:7>.0==∐>. 8>=∐Mas 08.5: ¹ 6 ?2 \ P  V V W 6 =∐|_  O |∐| K  O |∐ ]kdϕ 6 =∐:7>.0==∐>. 8>=∐ ]kd 08.5: ¹ 6 :85.5=8 \ _GZ V  

] 6 =∐|_  O   O |6 =∐:7>.0== ∐>. 8>=6 :58.00? \ _G V  O |∐| K  O 

j) MGZ@G MG^GM MG^GMKXK_G KXK_G M.-

|_  C|6

_  Z] + _ ]X + _ XZ =

6

=0> + =0> + =?2 =

6 =?;.=== \ _   VV

|_  | =?;.=== 6 :7=.:=5 \ _   VV |_  O |6  C 6

∙ =

∙ =

 K  + K ] + K X 

| K  C|6| K  O |6  Z =

6

: . 2 + :.25 + : . 2 2 =

6 :.28= \ G  G V

|Y M |6|_  O | 6 :7=.:=5 6 05.>>8 \ Ϋ V | K  O | :.28= Y M 6|Y M |∮ ϕ6 05.>>8 ∮ ;> ¹ 6 > + i 05.>>8 \ Ϋ V ↚ Z 6 > \ Ϋ V    R M 6 05.>>8 \ Ϋ V  K  Z 6 :.28= ∮ ( > ¹ + ;> ¹ ) 6 :.28= ∮ ;> ¹ \ G  G V  K ] 6 :.28= ∮ ( 7:> ¹ + ;> ¹ )6 :.28= ∮ :7> ¹ \ G  G V  K X 6 :.28= ∮ (√ 7:> ¹ + ;> ¹ )6 :.28= ∮√ => ¹ \ G  G V  ^ 6 =∐|_  O |∐| K  O |∐Masϕ 6 =∐:7=.:=5∐:.28=∐Mas ;> ¹ 6 > \ P   VV W 6 =∐|_  O |∐| K  O |∐ ]kdϕ 6 =∐:7=.:=5∐:.28=∐ ]kd ;> ¹ 6 7272.?27 \ _GZ V ] 6 =∐|_  O |∐| K  O |6 =∐:7=.:=5∐:.28= 6 7272.?27 \ _G V

 

m) MGZ@ MGZ@G G ZE]K]X ZE]K]XK_G K_G Z.-

|_  C|6

_  Z] + _ ]X + _ XZ =

6

=?> + =?> + =55 =

6 =52.=== \ _   VV

|_  C| =52.=== 6 :>?.228 \ _ V |_  O |6 6 ∙ = ∙ =  K  + K  + K  7.?2 + 7.?; + 7.?7 6 7.?? \ G  G V | K  C|6| |6| K  O |6  Z ] X  6 =

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0.; MUGDXA] XK^A] HE DEUXZA] ERK]XED Exksted vgrkas tkpas he deutras g hetgccgrse

 

0.7>. ZEGCKME EC HKG@ZGFG OG]AZKGC HE G MADERKÝD YK@YG@.

 

Estg madexkýd madskste ed bgmer que cg marrkedte que mkrmucg par mghg madhumtar gmtkva hec semudhgrka, goemte skefpre par k`ugc y skfu skfuct ctçd çdeg egfe fedt dtee g has has og ogse sess pr prkf kfgr grkg kgs, s, par par cgs cgs mugc mugces es g he pgsg pgsgr, r, respem res pemtkv tkvgfe gfedte dte marrke marrkedte dtess que se ma mafpe fpedsg dsgdd futugf futugfedt edtee mad cgs hec semudhgrka. ^grg madse`ukr este prapýskta, se hkvkhed cas grraccgfkedtas semudhgrkas ed has fktghes, mademtçdhase ed serke has fktghes he has ogses madsemutkvgs, udkëdhaces terfkdgces bafýca`as. Ec fçs efpcegha ed estgpar madexkýd es [Y5, este tkpa he madexkýd se efpceg pgrg trgdsoarfghares rehumtares he hkstrkjumkýd he patedmkg bgstg 8>>L_G, pgrg fgyares patedmkgs resuctg fçs ec trgdsoarfghar mademtgha ed estreccg ” zk`zg` g mgusg que premksg fgyar dùfera he espkrgs ed ec semu se muddhgr grka ka pgrg pgrg udg udg te teddsk skýd ýd semu semudh dhggrkg rkg hghg. Da es efpce fpceggha ed trgdso trg dsoarf arfgh ghare aress ecevgh ecevghare ares, s, ec fadtgi fadtgiee kdvers kdversaa zk`zg` zk`zg` ” estrec estreccg cg Y[, tgfpama es gpckmgha. E]XZECCG ” E]XZECCG

_edtgigs. g. Madexkýd fçs fçs emadýfkmg pgrg peque÷gs peque÷gs patedmkgs y gctgs tedskades. tedskades. j. Gfja Gfjass deutras deutras estç hkspadkjc hkspadkjces es pgrg gterrgfked gterrgfkedta ta a pgrg praparmkad praparmkadgr gr udg gckfedtgmkýd equkckjrghg g mugtra bkcas. m. Udg he cgs madexkades madexkades fçs oçmkc oçmkces es he trgjgigr trgjgigr mugdha estg macamghg macamghg ed pgrgceca. h. ]k ogctg ogctg udg ogse ed mugcquke mugcqukerg rg he cas has cghas cghas cas has restas restas puehed puehed apergr he oarfg que perfktg udg trgdsoarfgmkýd fadaoçskmg, mad 7 / ∙ = he patedmkg he mugdha apergjg mad cgs trgs ogses. HE]_EDXGIG]. g. Cas deutras estç ocatgdha, g fedas que segd sackhgfedte gterrghas.

 

j. Udg ogctg ed udg ogse vuecve vuecve gc trgdsoarf trgdsoarfghar ghar kdmgpgz kdmgpgz pgrg praparmkad praparmkadgr gr udg gckfedtgmkýd trkoçskmg. m. Cgs hkokmuc hkokmuctgh tghes es he madstrum madstrummký mkýdd he cgs jajkdg jajkdgss puehed puehed ser fgyares fgyares ed masta, fçs gctas g fehkhg que cgs marrkedtes he cædeg se vuecved fumba fgyares. G^CKMGMKADE]. Usghas pgrg gckfedtgmkýd he mgr`gs he peque÷g patedmkg. HECXG ” YK@YG@.

_EDXGIG]. g. Cgs Cgs teds tedska kade dess he te term rmer er gr grfý fýdk dkma ma ec eckf kfkd kdgh ghas as pgrg pgrg cg mkrm mkrmuc ucgm gmký kýdd he marrkedte he termer grfýdkma mad ec prkfgrka ed hectg. j. Ec deutra hec semudhgrka puehe ser gterrgha a utkckzgha pgrg pgrg gckfedtgmkýd gckfedtgmkýd he mgr`gs, a tahgvæg pgrg praveer ud deutra pgrg ud skstefg he marrkedte tres m. madtkdùg Mgr`gs r`gs he equk equkck ckjr jrgmadhumtares. ghgs y heseq esequk ukckckjr jrgghgs pueh uehed ser ser gckf gckfeedtgh tghgs skfuctçdegfedte. h. He fuy juedg juedg gpckmgmkýd gpckmgmkýd ed skstefgs skstefgs he madverskýd madverskýd estçtkmg. estçtkmg. HE]_EDXGIG]. g. Cg ogctg he udg ogse vuecve gc trgdsoarfghar trkoçskma kdapergdte. kdapergdte. j. Hejk Hejkha ha gc heso hesogs gsgf gfke kedt dtaa he cg cgss fktg fktghe hess hec hec grra grraccccgf gfke kedt dtaa qu quee estç estç mademtgha ed serke pgrg oarfgr udg ogse, cg madexkýd zk`zg` exk`e ed mghg grraccgfkedta 75.5% he majre gc fgs. G^CKMGMKÝD.

 

Cg prkdm prkdmkpg kpgcc gp gpckm ckmgmk gmkýd ýd es ed trgdso trgdsoarf arfgh ghare aress pgrg pgrg madver madversar sares. es. Xahgvæg fçs udg madskhergjce mafpadedte he que hejkha gc hesequkckjrka, puehe ser sackmktgha ed mugcquker eoemta perdkmkasa sajre cg mgrgmteræstkmg fg`dëtkmg hec trgdsoarfghar. E]XZECCG ” E]XZECCG MAD XEZMEGZKA ED HECXG.

0.7:. KD_E]XK@GZ MAFA ]GCED CA] @ZU^A] HE JAJKDG] HEC FAXAZ ^GZG MADERKÝD E]XZECCG MAD ; XEZFKDGCE].

 

2.

MADMCU]KADE]. Okdgckzghg cg prçmtkmg pahefas madmcukr ca sk`ukedte9 a

a

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Cg madexkýd he remeptares trkoçskmas ed su oarfg `edergckzghg es cg hkvkskýd he prkdmkpkas a okdgces he ogses. Cg madexkýd estreccg se usg fgs mad ecevghgs tedskades par eiefpca9 =2>, ??>, 7:>>> _,…, etm. Cgs mgr`gs reskstkvgs ed madexkýd estreccg se mafpartgd sedakhgcfedte, vgce hemkr que cg patedmkg ed ogse, es udg termerg pgrte he cg tatgc, cg te teds dský kýdd he cæcæde degg es es = ve veme mess fgy fgyar ar que que cg cg teds tedský kýdd he he ogs ogse. e. Cg marrkedte ed ec deutra es k`ugc g mera ec hesogse edtre tedskýd he cædeg  y tedskýd he ogse es 7:>¾, cg mgrgmteræstkmg ed udg reh ecëmtrkmg trkoçskmg equkckjrghg ed madexkýd estreccg. Cg mgr`g reskstkvg usghg ed cg prçmtkmg trgdsoarfg cg eder`æg ecëmtrkmg hefg he fgdh dhgh ghgg ed eder eder`æ `ægg cu cufk fkda dasg sg,, të tërf rfkm kmg, g, par par ca tgdt tgdtaa cg ud udkh khgh gh mgrgmteræstkmg he patedmkg ed este remeptar es ec vgtka \PV.

 

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Ec hk hkg` g`rg rgfg fg ogsa ogsark rkgc gc re repr pres esed edtg tgtk tkva va es trgh trghkm kmka kadg dgcc gmgh gmghëf ëfkm kmaa ed madexkýd estreccg. Cg mg mgr` r`gg kd kdhu humt mtkv kvgg purg purg,, tk tked edee ud mafp mafpar artg tgfk fked edta ta skfk skfkcg cgrr g cg = , g cg oarfg he reskstedmk reskst edmkgg ed ca que se reokere reokere gc hesogse hesogse y g cg adhg sedakhgc, g cg marrkedte ed ec deutra, g cg patedmkg tatgc k`ugc g = ve veme mess cg pate patedm dmkg kg par par ogse ogse,, su hk hkg` g`rg rgfg fg ogsa ogsark rkgc gc,, tgfj tgfjkë këdd es ec trghkmkadgc pgrg mgr`g kdhumtkvg. Cg mgr`g kdhumtkvg mad hepedhedmkg hec mkrmukta fg`dëtkma (usghg ed cg prçmtkmg) tkede udg skfpce apergmkýd. Cg marrkedte he cædeg, ed fg`dktuh, es fedar g cg fg`dktuh he marrkedte ed ec deutra. Estg hkoeredmkg exg`erghg, se heje espemkgcfedte gc madtedkha he grfýdkmas he cg marrkedte he cædeg y cg marrkedte hec deutra. ]k ec `rupa he jajkdgs, mademtghgs ed [, da ce hgfas ud mgfkda he retarda par tkerrg, este presedtg ud mgsa skd`ucgr pravamgha par cas termeras grfýdkmas que resuedgd ec mkrmukta fg`dëtkma he cgs jajkdgs hesgpgremkedha ec fksfa gc herkvgr g tkerrg ec deutra he cg mgr`g kdhumtkvg. ]k mafpgrgfas cgs tedskades he cædeg y he ogse, ed estg madexkýd y pgrg ec tkpa he mgr`g experkfedtgcfedte mafprajgrefas que da exkste cg recgmkýd he = , esta hejkha g cg reh da sedakhgc trkoçskmg. Cg madexkýd trkoçskmg he madhedsghares es usghg `edergcfedte mafa mafpedsgmkýd ed rehes he jgig tedskýd y gctg tedskýd. Cg recgmkýd he tedskades he cædeg y he ogse mad ser pama hkoeredtes g =   ecca ecca parq parque ue cg oarf oarfgg he adhg adhg seda sedakh khgc gc par par sus sus adhu adhucg cgmk mkad ades es presedtes ed ec cu`gr `eafëtrkma que sk`ue cg oarfg he adhg. Cg marrkedte ed ec deutra es gpraxkfghgfedte k`ugc g mera, esta par cg presedmkg mgskadhg kdokdktg cg ogfkckghehecædeg termer Cg oarfg he ed cghemarrkedte y cggrfýdkma. marrkedte ed ec dutra es fuy hkoeredte, parque cg prkferg adhg he grfýdkmas y cg se`udhg da madtkeded ec termer grfýdkma. Cas jgdmas he madhedsghares gsæ kdstgcghas mafpedsgd ec ogmtar he patedmkg y fgdtkede cg tedskýd mgsk ed cg dafkdgc eckfkdgdha pgrte he cgs mgæhgs he tedskýd y përhkhgs he patedmkg. Mugdha ed mugcquker kdstgcgmkýd se aptg par ud jgdma he madhedsghares guta gutafç fçtk tkma ma,, heje hejefa fass te tede derr ed mu mued edte te ca sk`u sk`uke kedt dte9 e9 grrg grrgdq dque ue he madhed mad hedsgh sghare aress marrke marrkedte dte Kdrusb Kdrusb,, hkstar hkstarský skýdd he cg oarfg oarfg he adhg, adhg, resadgdmkg par pgrte kdhumtkvg he cg kdstgcgmkýd.

a

Cg ogjrkmgha madexkýd zk`zg` he su jajkdgs fuestrg `rgd mafpceikhgh, su mafa ed madexkýd, pera udg pasee gfpckgs vedtgigstgdta pgrg ed su

 

a

efpcea, skedha cgs madexkades fçs usugces cgs madexkades mad estreccg, ec [z5 y [z77, cas mugces pased ud ghemugha ædhkme bargrka. Cas hkoeredtes `rupas he jajkdgs he vgrkas terfkdgces, puehed ser mademtghas he hkoeredtes oarfgs, efpcegdha hkoeredtes madok`urgmkades, yg seg [[ a [H tgfjkëd [Y.

 ;. JKJKCKA@ZGOKG. @uæg he cgjargtarka Mkrmuktas KK. Xgjcg he D¾ he madhumtares Xrgdsoarfghares

Kd`. Asmgr Gdgve Ceýd. Fgdugc ]bkcca. Lastedla.