Conectores de Cortante

 

MLGJMULQJ] EJ MLQUBGUJ BZUL ]LKEBAKJ]  ]LKEBAKJ]  Kb mlgstrumm`ýg ej jstrumturbs mldpujstbs (bmjrl ” (bmjrl  ” mlgmrjtl)  mlgmrjtl) lhrjmj dumcbs vjgtbobs ej mbrâmtjr tàmg`ml y jmlgýd`ml. Kb jstrumturb ej bmjrl y mlgmrjtl v`gmukbeb ej dlel bprlp`bel dje`bgtj mlgjmtlrjs, pjrd`tj quj kls els dbtjr`bkjs trbabojg mldl ugb ug`ebe pbrb rjeum`r kbs ejhlrdbm`lgjs y rjs`st`r ej dbgjrb slk`ebr`b kbs mbribs quj sj kj `dplgjg bk mlgougtl jxprjsbgel bk dâx`dl kl djolr ej sus mbrbmtjräst`mbs `ge`v`eubkjs. Kls mlgjmtlrjs ej mlrtbgtj butl slkebakjs, lhrjmjg kb irbg vjgtbob ej sjr `gstbkbels mlg ugb vjklm`ebe ej = b 5 vjmjs dbylr quj kls mlgjmtlrjs `gstbkbels mlg prlmjsls ej slkebeurb dbgubk l mlgvjgm`lgbk.

Kls mlgjmtlrjs ej mlrtbgtj oujibg ug pbpjk hugebdjgtbk jg kb mlghlrdbm`ýg ej sjmm`lgjs mldpujstbs trbgsh`r`jgel kls jshujrzls jgtrj jk mlgmrjtl y jk bmjrl. Jk mlgjmtlr sj sujkeb b kls jkjdjgtls ej bmjrl y qujeb jdaja`el jg jk mlgmrjtl mrjbgel ug hujrtj vägmukl jgtrj kls els dbtjr`bkjs.

Mlgjmtlr ej mlrtbgtj t`pl jsp`il (pjrgl butl slkebel bk pbtäg supjr`lr ej kb v`ib y b trbvàs ej kâd`gb mlkbalrbgtj)

Zgl ej kls jojdpkls dâs mldugjs mlrrjsplgej b kbs v`ibs ej sjmm`ýg mldpujstb, jg kbs mubkjs jk mlgjmtlr pjrd`tj quj pbrtj ej kb klsb ej mlgmrjtl quj cb s`el `gstbkbeb slarj kbs v`ibs ej bmjrl slplrtj kbs mbribs jg mlgougtl mlg jk pjrh`k djtâk`ml budjgtbgel bud jgtbgel kb r`i`ejz ejk s`stjdb y kb mbpbm`ebe rjs`stjgtj ej kb sjmm`ýg, mlg kl quj js pls`akj lpt`d`zbr kbs sjmm`lgjs ej bmjrl quj sj rjqu`jrjg pbrb slplrtbr kbs mbribs bmtubgtjs.

 

  Mldpbrbm`ýg ej v`ibs s`g bmm`ýg mldpujstb y mlg bmm`ýg mldpujstb Ltrls jojdpkls ej mlgstrumm`ýg mldpujstb slg kbs klsbs ej mlgmrjtl vbm`bebs slarj tbakjrls djtâk`mls (kâd`gbs mlkbalrbgtjs), tuaukbrjs rjkkjgls ej mlgmrjtl y v`ibs l mlkudgbs rjvjst`ebs mlg mlgmrjtl, quj trbgsd`tjg kls jshujrzls jgtrj kls els dbtjr`bkjs pr`gm`pbkdjgtj plr becjrjgm`b. ]`g jdabril, mubgel jstbs hujrzbs ej becjrjgm`b slg `gsuh`m`jgtjs pbrb ejsbrrlkkbr ugb dbylr mbpbm`ebe jstrumturbk ejk jkjdjgtl, ejaj rjmurr`rsj b kb `gstbkbm`ýg ej bgmkbojs l mlgjmtlrjs ej mlrtbgtj.

 

  Ltrls jkjdjgtls jg sjmm`ýg mldpujstb Kbs vjgtbobs ej kbs mlgstrumm`lgjs mldpujstbs slg gudjrlsbs jgtrj kbs mubkjs sj pujejg djgm`lgbr kb rjeumm`ýg jg jk pjsl ej kb jstrumturb ej bmjrl (cbstb jg ug =6%), rjeumm`ýg ej kls mlstls jg kb m`djgtbm`ýg bk jdpkjbr ugb jstrumturb djgls pjsbeb, rjeumm`ýg ej ejhkjx`lgjs plr mbribs v`vbs y dujrtbs slarj `dpujstbs, v`ibs ej djglr bkturb quj pujejg rjeum`r kb bkturb ej kb je`h`mbm`ýg y e`sd`gu`r kls mlstls jg hbmcbebs, bsmjgslrjs y jsmbkjrbs jg je`h`m`ls ej vbr`ls p`sls, pls`a`k`ebe ej budjgtbr kbs kumjs jgtrj bplyls, ijgjrbm`ýg ej jgtrjp`sls dâs räi`els y dbylr rjs`stjgm`b mlgtrb kb mlrrls`ýg y jk hujil. Kbs ejsvjgtbobs ej jstj t`pl ej mlgstrumm`ýg slg duy plmbs> s`g jdabril jk usl ej kls mlgjmtlrjs `dpk`mb ug budjgtl jg kls mlstls ej larb bk rjqujr`r ug suamlgtrbt`stb j `gmku`r ugb kbalr be`m`lgbk ej `gstbkbm`ýgugb ej ejsvjgtbob, mlgjmtlrjs jg jk prlirbdb ej jojmum`ýg quj pujej kkjibr b mlg gl sjr mlgs`ejrbel tjg`jgel jg mujgtb quj jx`stjejkblarbs, pls`a`k`ebe ej `gstbkbrkls ug prlmjsl `geustr`bk`zbel, ut`k`zbgel mlgjmtlrjs t`pl jsp`il `gstbkbels mldl pjrgls butl slkebakjs. Jk mlgtrbt`stb ejaj tjgjr jxpjr`jgm`b y dbgl ej larb mbk`h`mbeb jg kb mlgstrumm`ýg ej s`stjdbs mldpujstls y jg jk mbsl ej ut`k`zbr pjrgls butl slkebakjs, sj gjmjs`tbg bktls rjqujr`d`jgtls ej jgjriäb jg larb.  Bmtubkdjgtj jk Qjikbdjgtl Mlklda`bgl ej Mlgstrumm`ýg ]`sdl Qjs`stjgtj G]Q-26 sýkl bvbkb jk mlgjmtlr t`pl jsp`il mlg mbajzb (scjbr stue) pbrb sjr usbels jg kls els s`stjdbs ej jgtrjp`sl dâs ut`k`zbels jg jk pbäs jg jstrumturbs djtâk`mbs? jgtrjp`sls ej klsbs dbm`zbs y jgtrjp`sls ej klsbs ej mlgmrjtl vbm`bels slarj tbakjrls djtâk`mls l kâd`gbs mlkbalrbgtjs. Kls mlgjmtlrjs t`pl mbgbk y t`pl pjrgl irbel 1 quj sj cbg ut`k`zbel jxtjgsbdjgtj jg jk pbäs, sýkl jstâg bvbkbels plr kb glrdbt`vb pbrb sjr usbels jxmkus`vbdjgtj mubgel jk s`stjdb ej jgtrjp`sl mlgs`stj jg klsbs dbm`zbs.

Kls mlgjmtlrjs t`pl jsp`il mlg mbajzb pujejg sjr `gstbkbels mldl pjrgls butl slkebakjs, jsjgm`bkdjgtj mlg ug prlmjsl ej slkebeurb ej brml jkàmtr`ml rjmt`h`mbel, ut`k`zbgel jk pjrgl l

 

mlgjmtlr d`sdl mldl jkjmtrlel. Jk s`stjdb ej `gstbkbm`ýg mlgs`stj jg mlklmbr jk pjrgl y ugb hàrukb (mbsqu`kkl mjrâd`ml) jg ug bpk`mbelr (alqu`kkb ej kb p`stlkb), `gsjrtbgel pr`djrl jk pjrgl y ejspuàs kb hàrukb, pbrb ejspuàs prjs`lgbr kb pugtb ejk pjrgl mlgtrb jk pb pbtäg täg ej kb v`ib l p`jzb b slkebr (dbtjr`bk absj) y h`gbkdjgtj bmm`lgbr jk ibt`kkl ej kb p`stlkb quj sj jgmujgtrb mlgjmtbel b ug jqu`pl ej slkebeurb. Jk brml jkàmtr`ml hlrdbel jgtrj jk pjrgl y kb supjrh`m`j ejk dbtjr`bk absj mrjb ug mcbrml ej djtbk ejrrjt`el quj js mlgh`gbel plr kb hàrukb ej mjrâd`mb, qujebgel jk pjrgl jdaja`el jg kb huge`m`ýg. Jk djtbk sj slk`e`h`mb jg ugb d`kàs`db d `kàs`db ej sjiugel y jk pjrgl qujeb baslkutbdjgtj slk slkebel ebel jg su absj.

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Vrlmje`d`jgtls  Vrlmjsl y jqu`pl ej `gstbkbm`ýg ej mlgjmtlrjs butl slkebakjs? (2) mlgjmtlr y hàrukb mjrâd`mb (1) p`stlkb bpk`mbelrb (=) prlmjsl ej huge`m`ýg ejk pjrgl slarj kb v`ib y b trbvàs ejk tbakjrl djtâk`ml (5) jqu`pl ej slkebeurb mlgjmtbel b kb p`stlkb (:) pjrgls `gstbkbels (8) klsb k`stb pbrb jk vbm`bel ejk clrd`iýg. Kls mlgjmtlrjs ej mlrtbgtj butl slkebakjs sj jgmujgtrbg jgmujgtr bg e`splg`akjs e`sp lg`akjs jg jk pbäs jg e`âdjtrls ej :/3— (2:.0dd) y =/5" (20dd), quj js jk e`âdjtrl dâx`dl pjrd`t`el plr jk rjikbdjgtl G]Q-26. ]j ejaj

 

tjgjr jg mujgtb slk`m`tbr kls pjrgls mlg kb klgi`tue bprlp`beb, eja`el b quj kls mlgjmtlrjs sj mlgsudjg eurbgtj jk prlmjsl ej huge`m`ýg rjeum`jgel su klgi`tue jgtrj 2/28— (2.8dd) b =/3— (0.:dd) y jk rjikbdjgtl jx`ij quj jk mlgjmtlr ugb vjz cbyb s`el `gstbkbel, tjgib ugb klgi`tue däg`db plr jgm`db ej kb mrjstb ej kb kâd`gb kâd `gb mlkbalrbgtj ej 2-2/1— 2-2/1— (=3dd) y ej = vjmjs jk e`âdjtrl ejk mlgjmtlr mubgel sj `gstbkb slarj klsbs dbm`zbs. Vlr jstj dlt`vl kls mlgjmtlrjs dâs mldjrm`bkjs v`jgjg jg klgi`tuejs däg`dbs ej =-9/3— =-9/3— (03dd) y 55-9/3— (215dd) pbrb sjr `gstbkbels jg kâd`gbs mlkbalrbgtjs ej 1— (:6dd) y =— (98dd) ej bkturb rjspjmt`vbdjgtj . Mldl bktjrgbt`vb kls mlgjmtlrjs pujejg sjr `gstbkbels mlg slkebeurb dbgubk jg h`kjtj bkrjejelr ej kb absj pjrgl, mbsl jg mubk sj rjqu`jrj jk`d`gbr jk pjrgl hugejgtj v`jgj jg kb pugtb ejk pjrgl. Kls els ejk prlmje`d`jgtls ej jk slkebeurb, jk dbgubk y mldl butlquj slkebakj, jstâg bvbkbels plr jk mýe`il ej slkebeurb jstrumturbk BY] E.2.2. Jstj d`sdl mýe`il ej slkebeurb tbda`àg jstbakjmj mubkjs slg kls rjqu`s`tls däg`dls ej mbk`ebe quj ejajg e jajg tjgjr kls mlgjmtlrjs t`pl jsp`il mlg mbajzb l pjrgls butl slkebakjs (scjbr stues). Kls mlgjmtlrjs ej mlrtbgtj t`pl jsp`il mlg mbajzb `gstbkbels mldl pjrgls butl slkebels lhrjmjg ugb irbg vjgtbob jg mldpbrbm`ýg mlg jk rjstl ej mlgjmtlrjs, yb quj pujejg sjr `gstbkbels mlg ugb vjklm`ebe ej = b 5 vjmjs dbylr quj kls mlgjmtlrjs `gstbkbels mlg prlmjsls ej slkebeurb dbgubk l mlgvjgm`lgbkjs, rjeum`jgel jk tltbk ej clrbs/cldarj rjqujr`ebs pbrb mldpkjtbr kb bmt`v`ebe, kkjiâgelsj b `gstbkbr cbstb 366 mlgjmtlrjs bk eäb mlg ug slkl jqu`pl y ugb slkb muber`kkb ej `gstbkbelrjs jg mlge`m`lgjs `ejbkjs. Bk d`sdl t`jdpl, kls mlgjmtlrjs butl slkebakjs jk`d`gbg tlels kls prlakjdbs rjkbm`lgbels mlg kb pjrhlrbm`ýg ej tbakjrls djtâk`mls bk plejr slkebr e`rjmtbdjgtj jk mlgjmtlr b trbvàs ej kb kâd`gb jv`tbgel jk eja`k`tbd`jgtl l ebòl ej kbs d`sdbs, djolrbgel jk boustj ej kbs kâd`gbs y jv`tbgel jk sjkkbel ej kbs pjrhlrbm`lgjs quj sj ijgjrbg jg kls prlmjsls mlgvjgm`lgbkjs pbrb jv`tbr h`ktrbm`lgjs ej mlgmrjtl jg jk dldjgtl ejk vbm`bel. Ulels jstls hbmtlrjs rjeumjg jk mlstl ej kb `gstbkbm`ýg, dbgl ej larb ej hbar`mbm`ýg y t`jdpl ej `gstbkbm`ýg ej kls mlgjmtlrjs jg larb. ]`g jdabril, jstj prlmjsl ej `gstbkbm`ýg rjqu`jrj ej irbgejs ejdbgebs jgjriàt`mbs quj ejaj sud`g`strbr kb larb l tbkkjr elgej sj `gstbkjg, plr kl quj jg larbs pjqujòbs l elgej gl sj tjgib e`splg`a`k`ebe ej kb jgjriäb bprlp`beb, sj gjmjs`tb ej ug ijgjrbelr l pkbgtb jkàmtr`mb quj pujeb sud`g`strbr kb jgjriäb suh`m`jgtj pbrb kkjvbr b mbal mlrrjmtbdjgtj jk prlmjsl ej `gstbkbm`ýg ej kls mlgjmtlrjs.