Conducting Research_Glen Mangali_2017

GOOD

MORNING!

HOUSE RULES ¢Sit

up, listen and heads up. ¢Be an active participant and not as spectator/observer ¢Be open for new leaning

WHAT ¢A

DO YOU NEED?

piece of paper/notebook ¢ Pencil/ Ball pen ¢ Suggested printed material

“RESEARCH IS NOT JUST A PART OF SCIENCE BUT ALSO A WAY OF THINKING AND DOING THINGS”

-GLEN R. MANGALI-

CONDUCTING AND WRITING SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT (S.I.P.) Prof. Glen R. Mangali

TOPIC OUTLINE

Content of each part of a Science Investigatory Project ¢ Laboratory techniques and scientific tests in line with SIP ¢ Treatment of Data gathered ¢

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this session, you should be able to: 1. identify the steps and processes in conducting and writing SIP; 2.understand common laboratory technique and scientific test; 3. familiarize common treatment in collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting and presenting data gathered.

WHAT IS A SCIENCE RESEARCH? It is a planned work in a particular field in Science (Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics) or technology that involves a problem.

It calls for creativity critical thinking and action.

WHAT IS A SCIENCE RESEARCH? It is a Scientific method in action. It applies certain principles or ideas.

¢It

employs research that would help develop the ability to identify and determine possible explanations of a particular phenomenon.

PURPOSE OF A SCIENCE RESEARCH

1.Apply / demonstrate scientific principles or attempt to provide new knowledge. 2. Be a result of continuing or parallel scientific research and investigation & not a copy of any previous research.

3. Have socio-economic significance and relevance to livelihood development. 4. Contribute to the advancement of Science and Technology and the development of the community.

STEPS IN CONDUCTING S.I.P.

WHAT IS THE FIRST STEP IN PREPARING A GOOD S.I.P?

STEP 1: SELECT A TOPIC THAT IS INTERESTING TO YOU. KNOW YOUR EXPERTISE What is your field of expertise?

CHOOSING A TOPIC

home

community

IF YOU ONLY LOOK AROUND….

STEP 2 IMMERSE YOURSELF IN THE LITERATURE How to identify the right literature source?

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE TECHNOLOGYDRIVEN LITERATURE REVIEW:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

EBSCO ELSEVIER PROQUEST DOAJ EMERALD JSTOR

STEP 3 ORGANIZE YOUR LITERATURE RESEARCHER/ S

MAJOR OBJECTIVE

Mangali , Glen, Habana, Roselle et. al 2013)

Examine the larvicidal efficiency of Piper nigrum L. and Carica papaya seed crude extracts on Aedes aegypti.

DELINEATED FACTORS

LOCUS

Aedes Philippines aegypti, Piper nigrum, Carica papaya seed, crude extracts, larvicide

METHOD

Experimenta l

STEP 4 IDENTIFY

RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL TAGS

KEY QUESTION: Which among the identified conceptual tags/parameters/variables/ are considered IMPORTANT and CONTROVERSIAL in the field where I belong?

STEP 4 IDENTIFY

RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL TAGS

COCEPTUAL TAGS (Key Concepts)

LITERATURE SOURCE ( AUTHORS, YEAR)

IS IT CT STILL IMPORTANT?

1. TOPIC 1

Author A

I

2. TOPIC 2

Author B

3. TOPIC 3

Author C

4. TOPIC 4

Author D

IS THE CT STILL CONTROVER SIAL?

ORDER OF PRIORITY

2 I

3 4

I

I

1

I- YES X- NO

Research Problem Indicators: 1. When there is an absence of information resulting in a gap in our knowledge 2. When there are contradictory results 3. When a fact exists and your intend to make your study explain it

DEFINING RESEARCH

CONCEPTUAL TAGS

CONCEPTUAL TAG LEXICAL DEFINITION ( According to Authoritative Sources)

Operational Definition ( how the term is/will be used in the paper)

STEP 5 DEVELOP YOUR RESEARCH SIMULACRUM (RESEARCH MODEL)/ FLOWCHART Typologies of Simulacrum

Physical

Conceptual

Mathematical

FLOWCHART Larvicidal activity of Piper nigrum and Carica papaya seed extract against Aedes egypti third instar larvae

Gathering of crushed Carica papaya and P. nigrum seeds commercially.

48 hours exposure of 20 third instar larvae at varied concentrations.

Recording results and comparing them from the varied set of concentrations.

Air-dried and powdered then afterwards underwent rotary evaporation.

Rearing of third instar larvae at laboratory condition.

STEP 6: FORMULATE THE RESEARCH PROBLEM OR PURPOSE ¢ Your problem statement should explain what it is

you are trying to discover (or study) . ¢ The statement should be written in the form of a question.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A clear and concise statement of the problem is important for : 1. It provides a focus for the researcher and is an essential step in investigation; and 2. It gives the reader and use of the research important information. ¢

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ¢The statement of the problem should not

be too general nor too specific ¢It should contain sufficient details and information in a sentence that is clear and succint

EXAMPLE: 1. 2.

The purpose of this research is to study seagrass. This study investigates the relationship of morphology of crustacean

EXAMPLE: 1.

The purpose of this research is to identify the species of seagrass collected from the shoreline of six towns in Iloilo namely Joaquin, Tigbuan, Carles, Mag-ao, Estancia and Dumangas and to describe its demographic characterstics by comparing its mean, age, gross recruitment, mortality rate and net recruiting nutrients and reproductive dynamics by determining the frequency and seasonality of flowering and its vegetative dynamics by determining the vertical growth rate of shoots and horizontal elongation rate of rhizomes.

WHAT

IS THE RIGHT STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

¢This

study will describe the community structures of seagrassess in coastal areas in Iloilo.

1. The problem must be researchable

( one that can be answered by collecting and analyzing data) 2. The problem should be important ( results of research need to have theoretical and practical importance)

3. The problem should indicate the type of research The language used in the research problem should indicate whether the study have a simple description, relationship or difference

A. Relationship problems that indicate correlation What is the relationship between ion concentration and voltage output? Is there a relationship between density and refractive index?

B. Relationship problems that indicate studies of difference Is amylase activity different in two species of tilapia? What is the difference in the protein content of goat’s milk and cow’s milk?

C. Relationship problems that indicate cause-and-effect relationships Will starving increase the amylase activity of tilapia? Is there a difference in the amount of dissolved oxygen between the water samples treated with seaweeds than that which is not treated?

4. The problem should specify the population The population is SIMPLY THE ORGANISMS that the researcher wants to investigate 5. The problem should specify the variables NAME the variables and HOW they may be RELATED in a single sentence

6. The problem should be clear - Includes terms that are not ambiguous. The terms effect, effective, achievement, method, role are AMBIGUOUS.

¢A

successful research problem indicates unambiguously the WHAT and HOW of the research by using the declarative sentences like ¢ “ The purpose of this study is to… or questions such as “ What is the relationhsip between .....” Is there a significant difference between.....” How do...... , What is.....” ¢ Either type sentence is acceptable

EXAMPLE This study aims to design a prototype of a computer-based Card Swipe Time-Keeping and Attendance System for Siena College using light sensor that will read color-coded cards as means of establishing employee identity. ¢ What is the amount of tannin that can be extracted from the leaves, seeds and barks of Ipil-ipil and Mahogany trees with the use of the hot water extraction technique. ¢

RESEARCH QUESTION TYPOLOGIES Sample Questions

General form

CAUSAL RESEARCH • Do red light affects the growth of the plant?

Does X cause Y?

•Does plant exposed to red light taller than plant exposed to green light?

Does X cause more of Y ?

EXAMPLE: ¢Does red light affect the growth of a

mungbean plant?

Vigna radiata (L.)

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The research objectives reflect the questions whose answers the investigators want the study to yield. ¢ It can be expressed in the form of a statement or a question ¢

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ( EXAMPLE) ¢To

measure the amount of hemoglobin( g/dL) in the blood of mice after 5 minutes exposure to gamma radiation OR ¢What is the hemoglobin level (g/dL) of the blood of mice after 5 minutes exposure to gamma radiation?

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ¢ The

objectives of the study are very important since they provide the general direction in the conduct of the research. ¢ They are used as guides in specifying the variables of the study. ¢ The choice of the research design to be used, the data to be collected, as well as the interpretation of the results all depend upon the objectives developed.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES – Generic statement which describes in BROAD TERMS what the study wishes to accomplish SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES – Identify in detail and in MEASURABLE TERMS the aims of the research. - it breaks down what needs to be accomplished into smaller and logical components

EXAMPLES

General Objectives: To determine the antihypherglycemic property of ampalaya diet on white mice. Specific Objectives: 1. To detemine the blood glucose (mg/dL) of white mice before and ampalaya diet. 2. To compare the blood glucose (mg/dL) of white mice before and ampalaya diet.

level after level after

EXAMPLES

General Objectives: To propagate yellow sweet corn using tissue culture. Specific Objectives: 1. To measure the length of shoots (mm) of yellow sweet corn grown using callus culture after 3 weeks 2. To determine the proliferation rate (mm/day) of yellow sweet corn using callus culture.

SMART OBJECTIVES

THE ¢ Specific ¢ Measurable ¢ Attainable ¢ Result-based ¢ Time-bound

S–

PECIFIC

It is phrased clearly and unambigously. This attempt to focus on a clear goal gives direction to the research process. To study fruit fly To determine the effect of environmental factors on lightwaves To determine the effect of mulching on plants To produce a robot.

S – PECIFIC To study fruit flies. could be…. To determine the reproductive capacity of Drosophila melanogaster exposed to gamma radiatio in terms of number and sex ratio of the offspring.

M – EASURABLE It can be accomplished through experimentation and measurement or data gathering. It can be described qualitatively or quantitatively. To identify the role of mangroves on the population of mollusks. To determine the significance of sunlight on Vibrio.

M – EASURABLE To identify the role of mangroves on the population of mollusks could be…. To compare the relative abundance of gastropods in natural and rehabilitated mangrove forest.

A – TTAINABLE It should be feasible or accomplished given the availability of materials, expertise on the conduct of data gathering and time. To map the gene sequence of different species of banana To compare the growth and development of hornbills in a disturbed and undisturbed forest.

R – ESULT-BASED It is stated in a way that the answer to the objectives is based on the results of the thoroughly designed experimentation or data gathering. Ex. To appreciate the importance of antennae in insects.

T – IMEBOUND It should be accomplished given the duration of the conduct of the study. To describe the inheritance of lefthandedness on human being. To compute for the rate of decay of radioactive isotopes.

AVOID to study to know to research

CHOICES…

to identify to measure to compare to develop to describe to classify to test to analyze …...............and a lot more

THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS ¢ Educated

“guesses” or tentative explanations about a correct solution to a problem, descriptions, possible relationships or difference. ¢ the expectation or prediction of the investigator about what the results will be ¢A statement of the researcher’s expectation about how the variables in the study are related ¢ A prediction made prior to data collection

PURPOSE OF 1. 2. 3. 4.

HYPOTHESIS

It provides focus that integrates information It is testable It allows the researcher to know what to do It allows the researcher to confirm or disconfirm a theory

PURPOSE OF HYPOTHESIS

5. It provides a framework for developing explanations that can be scientifically investigated 6. It provides evidence of the predictive nature of the relationship between the variables 7. It provides a useful framework for organizing and summarizing the results an conclusions of the research

Research hypothesis – declarative statement of the results the investigator expects to find.

¢

A. DIRECTIONAL – NATURE OF EXPECTED RELATIONSHIP IS STATED ¢ The

1:1 clay-talaba shell ratio will have higher breaking strength than 1:2 clay talaba shell ratio. ¢ Phytoplankton in surface waters will have more chlorophyl a content than those in benthic environment ¢ Tilapia fed with fortified feeds will be heavier than those fed with organic feeds. ¢ There is a positive relationship between water salinity and density of Halobacter.

B. NONDIRECTIONAL ¢

If the researcher believes there will difference or relationship but is unsure about the nature of it

There will be difference in the blood glucose level (mg/dL) of mice before and after ampalaya meal ¢ There will be a relationship in the temperature of soil and the reproductive rate of earthworm. ¢

“COMING UP WITH A GOOD QUESTION ACTIVITY”

STEP 7 WRITING

THE RESEARCH TITLE

Basic Questions Asked: 1. Does the title describe what the study is all about? 2. Does the title contain high specificity level? 3. Is the title academically phrased and is not verbose? 4. Is the title within the 10-12 substantive word requirement of the American Psychological Association (APA)?

TITLE ¢ is a statement of the question or problem.

For example: If you are asking a question about the inheritance patterns of the gene for aldehyde oxidase production in Drosophila melanogaster What possible title might be?

POSSIBLE TITLE? "Inheritance in Fruit Flies" ..too general.

"A STUDY OF THE INHERITANCE OF THE ENZYME ALDEHYDE OXIDASE IN THE FRUIT FLY DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER"

..too wordy.

THE WORDS "A STUDY OF THE" ARE SUPERFLUOUS AND

“ENZYME ALDEHYDE OXIDASE” AND FRUIT FLY DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER" ARE REDUNDANT.

THE SUFFIX -ASE INDICATES THAT ALDEHYDE OXIDASE IS AN ENZYME, AND MOST SCIENTISTS KNOW THAT DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER IS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME OF A COMMON FRUIT FLY SPECIES.

NOTE: HOWEVER, IT IS APPROPRIATE TO

INCLUDE IN

THE TITLE BOTH COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF LESSER KNOWN SPECIES.

WHAT IS THE BEST TITLE FOR THIS EXAMPLE?

"Inheritance of the Gene for Aldehyde Oxidase in Drosophila melanogaster."

The best time to determine the title is after you have written the text, so that the title will reflect the paper's content. • BRIEF but ACCURATE • grammatically correct • complete enough to STAND ALONE

• two- or three-word title may be too vague,

but a 14- or 15-word title is unnecessarily long. • Avoid phrases such as “on the”, “a study of”, “research on”, “report on”, “regarding”, and “use of”. • omit “the” at the beginning of the title

STEP 8 WRITING THE INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION •

• •

•

It provides the rationale for the current study. What gap in knowledge did you try to fill? What controversy did you try to resolve? It should forward the paper’s hypotheses. It usually requires a research model or simulacrum. It should end in a

CENTRAL

QUESTION to be answered by the report.

¢A

literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. ¢Its purpose is to convey to readers what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic and what their strengths and weaknesses are.

¢The

main focus of your academic research paper is to develop a new argument. ¢The literature review serves as a foundation and as support for a new insight that you’ll contribute.

¢Reviewed

Literature( Black spot or blind Spot) ¢Statement of the Problem ¢Significance of the study ¢Scope and Limitation

STEP 9 PREPARING THE RESEARCH MATRIX Research Objectives

Research Approach

Research Technique

Data Analysis

Examine the inheritance pattern of Aldehyde Oxidase in Drosophila melanogaster

Quantitative

Experimental

Genome marking and analysis

STEP 10: RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION (MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY) Scientists use the following terms: Subject: What is being tested. Variables: Conditions that are changed. Independent variable: The variable that is changed and controlled by you.

Dependent variable: The variable that changes and is not controlled by you. Controls: All the conditions that are not changed.

• This section experiment.

describes

your

•The information in this section comes from the Procedures of the experiment. In the paper, this information should not be a list of steps. •The materials and methods should be in paragraph form and in past tense.

• Include levels of treatment, numbers replications, and control treatments.

of

• If living organisms is used, include the species and the sex of the organism if that information is relevant to the experiment. • DO NOT try to justify your procedures in this section. • Write the procedures concisely, but in paragraph form.

STEP 11 RESULTS

AND

DISCUSSION

When you complete your experiments, examine and organize your findings. Explain what happen.

• This section is presentation of data. • The authors report what happened in their experiments. • The report is usually supplemented with: • graphs • tables • photographs

• Number figures and tables consecutively throughout the paper. • Refer to figures and tables within the paragraph as you describe your results, using the word Figure or Table, followed by its number. For example, "(Figure 1)."

• If possible, place each figure or table at the end of the paragraph in which it is cited. • Include your statistical analysis in the Results section. Report your data as accurately as possible as it happens.

Do not report what you expected to happen in the experiment.

Do not discuss the meaning of your results in this section.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 1. Did your experiment give you expected results? Why or why not? 2. Was the experiment performed with the exact steps each time? 3. If possible, statistically analyze your data.

DISCUSSION • This section is where you will analyze and interpret the results of your experiment. • The figures and tables in the Results section will be particularly important as you begin to think about your discussion.

• The tables allow you to present your results clearly to the reader.

• The graphs allow you to visualize the effects that the independent variable has had on the dependent variables in your experiment.

• The purpose of the discussion is to interpret and compare the results. • Be objective; point out the features and limitations of the work.

• Relate your results to current knowledge in the field and to your original purpose in undertaking the project: 1. Have you resolved the problem? 2. What exactly have you contributed? 3. Briefly state the logical implications of your results. 4. Suggest further study or applications if warranted.

STEP 12: CONCLUSIONS AND GENERALIZATION The conclusion answers the title question or problem and should contain a full interpretation of the results you found throughout the experiment. Explain why it happened.

A Model of the Science Research Process Planning Identify the problem Identify the variables

Revise methods and techniques

Formulate a hypothesis Operationalize variables; plan the design and procedure

Conducting Conduct preliminary trials Carry out the experiment Observe, measure and record data

Reformulate problem or hypothesis

Revise methods and techniques

Evaluating Evaluate the design of the experiment and the techniques or methods used Evaluate findings in relation to the problem question or hypothesis

Processing use science knowledge to develop explanations for patterns, trends or relationships Analyses data: identify pattern or trends in data and relationships between variables Organize data, calculate, make tables and construct graphs

LET’S

TAKE AN ASSESSMENT TEST.

ANSWER KEY

1. D 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C

6. D 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. D

PART I-B

KNOWING THE PARTS OF PUBLISHABLE PAPER

A

THESIS FORMAT

IMRAD

Chapter 1: The Problem: Rationale and Background •Introduction •Statement of the Problem •Theoretical Framework •Significance of the Study •Scope and Limitation •Hypothesis •Assumptions •Definition of Terms

Title Authorship and Affiliation Abstract (100-150

word count) 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Theoretical Background 2.1 Theoretical Framework 2.2 Literature Review 2.3 Research Model (Simulacrum) 3.0 Methods 3.1 Subjects 3.2 Instruments 3.3 Data Collection & Procedure 3.4 Data Analysis 3.5 Ethical Consideration 4.0 Results/ Findings 5.0 Discussion 6.0 Conclusion 7.0 References

Chapter 2 : Review of Related Literature Chapter 3 : Research Methodology •Research Design •Research Locale •Population and Sampling •Research Instrumentation •Data Gathering Procedure •Statistical analysis •Ethical consideration

Adapted from prepared slide of Golda Aira V. Crisostomo, Ph.D.

Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data 112 Chapter 5 : Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

WHAT IS IT? ¢

¢

IMRAD, which stands for Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion is a standard layout for academic journal articles. It also typically requires a title, abstract, tables and figures, acknowledgments and references to literature cited.

WHAT IS IT? ¢

It requires suitable background knowledge so that the paper: 1) complies with widely recognized publication standards 2) is approved in the peer-review process with the minimum of amendments

THIS

IS WHAT A TYPICAL THESIS MIGHT LOOK LIKE.

This is what a typical thesis might look like.

This is what a Publishable Article (IMRAD) might look like.

117

WHAT IT IS? “Short and sweet” ¢ Must have only 4,000 to 6,000 word count ¢ Single spaced ¢ Font size: 11 ¢ Length: 10 to 15 pages ¢

BENEFITS OF IMRAD It is concise. ¢ IMRAD structure facilitates modular reading. ¢ Readers usually do not read in a linear way but browse in each section of article, looking for specific information. ¢ This is normally found in pre-established areas of the paper. ¢