Condiciones Existenciales Del Fanatismo 1

 

43

Chobm `h prhshetmoiÿe; chdrhrj, 4>=9 Chobm `h mohptmoiÿe; gmyj, 4>=9 Chobm `h pudfiomoiÿe; kufij, 4>=9

FM_ OJE@IOIJEH_ HRI_PHEOIMFH_ @HF CMEMPI_GJ

 PB H HR I_ I_PH PHEP EP IM IMF F OJ OJE@ E@IP IP IJ IJE_ E_ JC PB H CME CMEMPI MPIOI OI_G _G

Kjsé Giauhf Gmyjr Gmyjram-Ajezífhz am-Ajezífhz= H-gmif; kjsh.gmy H-gmif;  kjsh.gmyjramNueigieut jramNueigieutj.h`u j.h`u JTOI@; JTOI@;   bttps;//jroi`.jra/>>>>->>>4->?43-0240 =  Ojrpjrmoiÿe Xeivhrsitmrim Gieutj `h @ijs. Ohetrj Ohetrj Thaijemf _jmobm. Ojfjgdim.

Oitm suahri`m (M^ (M ^M, shxtm h`ioiÿe)

Gmyjram-Ajezífhz, K. G. (4>=9). Fms oje`ioijehs hxistheoimfhs `hf cmemtisgj. Xeivhrsi`m` y _joih`m` , ==(0), 4=0-4=9. Thouphrm`j `h bttp;//rus.uoc.h`u.ou/ie`hx.pbp/rus TH_XGHE Hf siauiheth hstu`ij sh jrihetÿ he fm ojgprhesiÿe `h fms oje`ioijehs hxistheoimfhs `hf cmemtisgj `hs`h uem ievhstiamoiÿe didfijaríciom quh phrgitiÿ fjarmr `hsoridir m ue sukhtj cmeítioj quh crmaghetm su prjpim hxistheoim tmetj oje fjs jtrjs, quh dusom meiquifmr su prjpij phesmgihetj y ojevhrtirfj he uem hxthesiÿe `h su ojgpjrtmgihetj cmeítioj< phrj hsth phesmgihetj y ojgpjrtmgihetj ej sje prjpijs `hf ie`ivi`uj, siej quh hsth m su vhz hs uem hxthesiÿe `hf arupj< tj`j fj methrijr, ffhvm m quh hf ie`ivi`uj gmetheam ojgj sheti`j fms prhgisms y `jotriems `hf arupj dusome`j ej omgdimr he fj gís gçeigj, siej mf ojetrmrij phrphtumr hf cmemtisgj< fj quh prjvjom fm pér`i`m `h fm ompmoi`m` `h rhcfhxiÿe y `h dûsquh`m `h siaeiciom`j, puhs hf sukhtj msugh fm vhr`m` `hf arupj ojgj prjpim, fj quh ffhvm m fm iestrughetmfizmoiÿe `h su prjpim hxistheoim. ^mfmdrms ofmvh; Cmemtisgj, Meífisis Hxistheoimf, Oje`ioijehs `hf shr. MD_PTMOP Pbh cjffjwiea stu`y wms jriheth` ie tbh ue`hrstme`iea jc tbh hxisthetimf oje`itijes jc cmemtioisg crjg m didfijarmpbiomf rhshmrob tbmt mffjwh` tj `hsoridh m cmemtiomf sudkhot tbmt crmaghets bis jwe hxistheoh witb jtbhrs tbmt shhls tj meeibifmth bis jwe tbjuabt me` ture it ietj me hxthesije jc bis tbjuabt me` cmemtiomf dhbmvijrs< dut tbis tbjuabt me` dhbmvijr mrh ejt sphoicio tj tbh ie`ivi`umf, dut tbis ie ture, is me hxthesije jc tbh arjup< mff jc tbh mdjvh, fhm`s tbh ie`ivi`umf tj gmietmie ms ghmeiea tbh prhgishs me` `jotriehs jc tbh arjup, shhliea ejt tj obmeah ie tbh fhmst, dut je tbh ojetrmry phrphtumf cmemtioisg< tbh ompmoity cjr rhcfhotije me` shmrob cjr ghmeiea is fjst, dhomush tbh sudkhot mssughs tbh trutb jc tbh arjup ms bis jwe, wbiob fhm`s tj tbh iestrughetmfizmtije jc bis jwe hxistheoh. Lhywjr`s; Cmemtioisg, Lhywjr`s;  Cmemtioisg, Hxisthetimf Memfysis, Oje`itijes jc dhiea.

XEISHT_I@M@ Y _JOIH@M@ | Thvistm Oihetç﬍om `h fm Xeivhrsi`m` `h Oihecuhajs | I__E; 44=2-?34>

4=0

Sjfughe ==| Eûghrj 0 | Kufij - _hptihgdrh, 4>=9

 

XEISHT_I@M@ Y _JOIH@M@ | Thvistm Oihetç﬍om `h fm Xeivhrsi`m` `h Oihecuhajs | I__E; 44=2-?34>

IEPTJ@XOOIßE Fm motumfi`m` fmtiejmghriomem ejs guhstrm uem shrih `h ojgpjrtmgihetjs, hetrh fjs quh heojetrmgjs phrsjems quh phrthehohe m sudoufturms, quihehs dmsme su hstifj `h vi`m he fjs `ichrheths aéehrjs gusiomfhs< fjs shaui`jrhs `h fjs hquipjs `h cutdjf, quihehs phrsiauhe, marh`he y bmstm gmtme m shaui`jrhs `h jtrjs hquipjs pjr hf sigpfh bhobj `h ej shauir su i`hjfjaçm< y bmstm shaui`jrhs `h fm rhfiaiÿe, quihehs m`jrme y prhajeme quh fm smfvmoiÿe hstí he su hstifj `h orhhr. Hsth cheÿghej hs hf cmemtisgj, hf oumf, shaûe Crmelf (=920), bmoh pmrth `h fms ehurjsis ojfhotivms, he fms quh fm ie`ivi`umfi`m` `h fm phrsjem `hsmpmrhoh he gh`ij `h fm gmsm y m`jptm fjs i`hmfhs `h fm gisgm. _haûe Kmvmfjy (=920), fm ofmvh `hf cmemtisgj ‖hs quh meiquifh mf ie`ivi`uj oje hf prhthxtj `h smfvmrfh sm fvmrfh ievjome`j uem i`hm mdsjfutm‗ m dsjfutm‗,  hs prhoismgheth fj quh ahehrm hf phesmgihetj cmeítioj, fm rheueoim m fm fidhrtm` y fm rhspjesmdifi`m` `h msugir fms oirouestmeoims `h fm vi`m, m omgdij `h uem ieofusiÿe he ue arupj, y `h mohptmr `jagítiomgheth sus i`hms. M pmrtir `h fj methrijr, hf jdkhtivj `h hsth hstu`ij cuh ojgprhe`hr oje`ioijehs hxistheoimfhs hffj cuh fms igpjrtmeth rhvismr fithrmturm `hf he cmemtisgj, psiojfjaçm pmrm quh rhcfhkmrm fjs jrçahehs, omusms y ojgpjrtmgihetjs `h fms phrsjems cmeítioms< pmrm prjpjehr ue meífisis hxistheoimf `hf cmemtisgj Hf cmemtisgj, ojgj dihe fj `hsoridh Xemguej (=9=1), hs   ‖uem vjz fmtiem fm tiem `hrivm`m `hr ivm`m `h ‖cmeug‗ thgpfj, y quh hquivm fh m iespirm`j j pjshç`j `h uem `iviei`m`. _u ojrrhspje`iheth arihaj hs ‖hehraûghej‗ hstj hs; pjshç`j. Y bmstm oihrtj puetj tmgdiée fj hs ‖hetusimsgm`j‗ hs `hoir, `jgiem`j pjr ue `ijs, j ojgj si `ikérmgjs; he`ijsm`j. _jfj quh hetrh ejsjtrjs he`ijsm`j quihrh gís dihe `hoir hf quh sh orhh ue `ijs, ej hf quh hstí pjshç`j pjr ue `ijs mf oumf ou mf sir sirvh‗ vh‗. (p. =)

Hs cmeítiojuem orhh quh hs pjshç`j pjrojstm. ue `ijs y quh`hoir, `hdhhfougpfir gisiÿe `iviem m tj`m Hsth gisgj mutjr, sjstiheh quh hf cmeítioj hs pjshç`j pjr ue `ijs he ejgdrh `h uem i`hm, y ahehrmfgheth pjr uem sjfm j pjr ue arupj `h hffms sudjr`iem`ms< m`hgís pjstufm quh hs omsi igpjsidfh shr cmeítioj `h vmrims i`hms j `h vmrijs `ijshs `istietjs h ie`hphe`iheths hetrh sç. _h prhshetm ojgj uej `h fjs prjdfhgms sjoijpjfçtiojs `h gmyjr mrrmiaj bistÿrioj< hf cmemtisgj, quh hs `hsoritj pjr Mfjesj Chreíe`hz oitm`j pjr Ghkçm-Tiomrt (4>>=), ojgj ‖fm prjphesiÿe m cjrgmrsh i`hmfhs sjdrhvmfjrm`js y m ig pjehrfjs m fjs `hgís gh`imeth uem oje`uotm motivm quh sh `hsfizm `hsfiz m hetrh hf prjshfitisgj prjshfit isgj y fm f m dhfiojsi`m`‗ dhfioj si`m`‗. _h he-

tihe`h pjr i`hmf sjdrhvmfjrm`j uem ojeviooiÿe sjdrhomram`m `h mchotivi`m`, mdrmzm`m oje pmsiÿe ieojegjvidfh

y mrrmiam`m he hf ohetrj `h fm vi`m psçquiom, quh ajdihrem fjs shetigihetjs y fjs motjs `hf sukhtj. ^mrm Fuem (=993), hf cmemtisgj sh `m he fm phrsjem quh tiheh uem ghetmfi`m` ojfhotivistm `hsojejoihe`j fm prjpim phrsjemfi`m` y sh sughrah he fm gmsm. ^jr fj tmetj, auim`m pjr éstm, `hsojejoh y j`im mf quh ej siauh su bistjrim ahehrmf. Hf cmemtisgj hs ue ojeohptj quh suhfh ffhvmr ‖mph ‖mphffi`j ffi`js‗ s‗,  pjr hkhgpfj ‖Cmemtisgj rhfiaijsj‗, ‖Cmemtisgj rmoimf‗, ‖Cmemtisgj pjfçtioj‗, y ejrgmfgheth fj i`heticiomgjs oje gmeichstmoijehs `h vijfheoim, phrj hsj ej sihgprh hs msç, ym quh cmemtisgj sje tmgdiée fjs hsome`mfjsjs aritjs `h fjs m`jfhsoheths pjr sus ometmeths cmvjritjs. Mgjs Jz (4>>4), gmeicihstm quh fm hsheoim `hf cmemtisgj hs fm `h jdfiamr m fjs `hgís m omgdimr, hf cmeítioj sh guhstrm ojgj uem phrsjem mftruistm, quh sh prhjoupm gís pjr hf dihehstmr `h fjs jtrjs quh pjr sç gisgj, hstj `hdi`j, he sus pmfmdrms m ‖fm sheoiffçsigm rmzÿe `h quh tiheh ue sç gisgj dmstmeth hxiauj hxiauj j eieaûe sç gisgj gis gj he mdsjf m dsjfutj‗ utj‗.

^mrm uem gmyjr ojgprhesiÿe `h hsth cheÿghej sh ffhvÿ m omdj uem ievhstiamoiÿe didfijaríciom. M su vhz sh puh`h `hoir quh hsth trmdmkj heafjdm m fm ievhstiamoiÿe `h tipj hxpfjrmtjrij puhs sirvh pmrm fm cmgifimrizmoiÿe y jdtheoiÿe `h iecjrgmoiÿe pmrm hf `hsmrrjffj `h uem ievhstiamoiÿe gís ojgpfhtm sjdrh hsth ojethxtj pmrtioufmr `h fm vi`m rhmf y hstmdfhohr prijri`m`hs pmrm hstu`ijs. _haûe Mfcjesj (=990), fm ievhstiamoiÿe didfijaríciom hs ue prjoh`igihetj oihetçcioj, ue prjohsj sisthgítioj `h ie`mi e`mamoiÿe, rhojfhooiÿe, jrameizmoiÿe, meífisis h iethrprhtmoiÿe `h iecjrgmoiÿe j `mtjs he tjrej m ue `hthrgiem`j thgm. Mf iaumf quh jtrjs tipjs `h ievhstiamoiÿe, ésth hs oje`uoheth m fm ojestruooiÿe `h ojejoigihetjs. Fm m`quisioiÿe u jdtheoiÿe `hf ojejoigihetj, fm cikmoiÿe, jrameizmoiÿe y mgpfimoiÿe `hf gisgj, msç ojgj su trmesgisiÿe, rhquihrhe `h ejrgms hsphoimfhs, `h uem ghtj`jfjaçm quh prhoish y h`uquh he phesmgihetj y fm hxprhsiÿe, quh fjs hstigufhe y cjrtmfhzome. @H_MTTJFFJ Hf cmemtisgj hstí iecfui`j cuhrthgheth pjr cmotjrhs oufturmfhs, he fjs quh sh `hstmome fm h`uomoiÿe, hf ojethxtj cmgifimr y sjoimf he hf quh sh vivh, fm ojgueiomoiÿe `h gmsms, m`hgís `hf fi`hrmzaj quh guhstrme fjs `ichrheths arupjs rhfiaijsjs j pjfçtiojs, phrj quh `hdh shr tme cuhrth y suahstivj quh iecue`m ch he fms phrsjems. Fm sjdrhvmfjrmoiÿe `h fms i`hms, he hf cmeítioj oje`uohe m sudhstigmr j ehamr fm vmfi`hz `h i`hms ojetrmrims, msç hstée rhspmf`m`ms sjoimfgheth pjs ue eûghrj siaeiciomtivj `h phrsjems, fj oumf bmoh quh sh `hcjrgh fm rhmfi`m`. He fm motumfi`m`, ej bmy eieauem ofmsiciomoiÿe ejsjaríciom quh ieofuym mf

Sjfughe == | Eûghrj 0 | Kufij - _hptihgdrh, _hptihgdrh, 4>=9

4=8

 

XEISHT_I@M@ Y _JOIH@M@ | Thvistm Oihetç﬍om `h fm Xeivhrsi`m` `h Oihecuhajs | I__E; 44=2-?34>

cmemtisgj ojgj ue trmstjrej `h phrsjemfi`m` (_obehi`hr (_obehi`hr,, =94?, oitm`j pjr Siffmrhkj, 4>=>), `m`j quh fm rhfmoiÿe `hf cmemtisgj oje hf trmstjrej `h phrsjemfi`m` ej hstí ofmrm. Hsth gisgj mutjr, i`heticioÿ mfauejs rmsajs omrmothrçstiojs `h fms phrsjems cmeítioms, hetrh fms oumfhs hstíe;   Mutjigmahe ojgdmtivm. Fm gmyjrçm `h fjs cmeítiojs sh vhe m sç gisgjs ojgj phrsjems mftmehrms, heéraioms y mrrjameths, phrj sieohrms y mshrtivms, gjstrme`j uem igmahe `h `urhzm, jrihetm`m mf pj`hr y cmftm `h shetigihetj y shesidifi`m`< sh sihethe jrauffjsjs `h sus i`hms, y `hsojecçme `h jtrjs, tj`j hstj rhcjrzm`j pjr fm orhheoim `h suphrijri`m` gjrmf, pjfçtiom j rhfiaijsm y trmtme `h igpjehrfm m fjs `hgís.

•

  Hstifj ojaeitivj, `jagítioj y `iojtÿgioj. _u riai`hz, bmoh quh tihe`me m gmethehr sus prhkuioijs, y quh shme ieompmohs `h omgdimr `h jpieiÿe, sh guhstrme ojgj ietjfhrmeths, h ietrmesiaheths, mf vhr sjfj fjs hxtrhgjs `h fms i`hms y ej fm amgm `h gmtiohs quh puh`h hxistir.

•

  Ojgpjrtmgihetj jdshrvmdfh, suspiomz y hxpfjsivj. Ahehrmfgheth prhshetme motitu`hs `h `hsojecime-

•

`hf shr phrsjem (Fàeafh, 4>>2), hs `hoir `h fm orhmoiÿe `h siaeiciom`js quh `hthrgiehe m fm phrsjem, he om`m situmoiÿe ojeorhtm (Gmrtçehz, 4>==). Fm hxistheoim sh omrmothrizm pjr quh hf shr sh hfiah m si gisgj oje muthetioi`m`, mf ojestruir su `hstiej he ue prjohsj `ieígioj, `h ojetieui`m` y jrameizmoiÿe thgpjrmf. Iaumfgheth, fjs mutjrhs pfmethme quh tiheh ue mdjr`mkh ojgprhesivj, quh sh omrmothrizm pjr mthe`hr, omptmr, y ofmriciomr fm hstruoturm mxijfÿaiom pmrtioufmr `h om`m shr bugmej, he fm situmoiÿe ojeorhtm y fm orhmoiÿe `h siaeiciom`js quh fh phrgitme rhmfizmrsh ojgj phrsjem. Crheth m fj `iobj methrijrgheth, sh puh`h shýmfmr quh hf meífisis hxistheoimf tiheh ue mdjr`mkh ojgprhesivj, quh prjourm hstmdfhohr rhfmoijehs `h sheti`j y siaeiciom`j, `h gjtivmoiÿe y `h ciemfi`m` quh fjs hvhetjs bugmejs Oje`ioijehs `hf _hr; @ighesijehs Jetjfÿaioms `h fm Hxistheoim 

^mrm Djss (=919), tj`j shr bugmej ojgpmrth uems omrmothrçstioms j oje`ioijehs `h vi`m, m pmrtir `h fms oumfhs sh orhm m sç gisgj, hstms oje`ioijehs sje iebhrheths y ojeciaurme fm rhmfi`m` gís prjpim. Gmrtçehz (4>==), pfme-

zm y bjstifhs crheth mf hgue`j, sh guhstrme ojgjm phrsjems hxpfjsivms igpufsivms, ojesi`hrme uem phrsjem hxthrijr m sus i`hms ojgj hf hxtrmýj quh pjsidfhgheth sh pjeam he su ojetrm, fm igpufsivi`m`, tmgdiée bmoh quh shme hxpmesivjs y sjdrhhstighe tmetj fms situmoijehs ojgj sus ompmoi`m`hs `h éxitj.

thm quh hstms pjdfm`ms `h rhfmoijehs iebhrheths m fmoje`ioijehs hxistheoim, hstíe puhs sje rhfmoijehs ietheoijemfhs oje hf gue`j, quh hs orhm`m he hf gjghetj prhsheth y fm oumf iecfuyh `irhotmgheth he fm cjrgm ojgj hf shr iethrprhtm hf gue`j< hs `hoir quh he fm uei`m` ietharmf `hf bjgdrh, heojetrmgjs uem oje`ioiÿe `h shr-rhfmoiÿe, shr-ie`ivi`uj, shr-ie` ivi`uj, shr-omgdij y shr-oje shr-ojestruooiÿe. struooiÿe.

  Ojgpjrtmgihetj iethrphrsjemf, prhpjtheth y sugisj. _ihethe oihrtm smtiscmooiÿe oje fm bugiffmoiÿe `h fjs jtrjs, ej guhstrme hgpmtçm crheth mf sucrigihetj mkhej, suhfhe ej thehr rhgjr`igihetj mf bmohr `mýj ym quh hstíe ojevheoi`js `h quh hsh `mýj sh bmoh mf hehgiaj< sh prhshetme ojgj guy ojgprjghti`js oje su omusm, y he omsj `h `hcrmu`mrfm, hstíe `ispuhstjs mf omstiaj. Ojgj hstíe jrihetm-

Fm Oje`ioiÿe `hf _hr-Thfmoiÿe, hs hf gue`j `h fms rhfmoijehs oje fjs jtrjs, `hf hstmr-oje hf jtrj y `h fm iethrsudkhtivi`m` `je`h sh rhvhfm y `hsoudrh fj quh sh hs. M`hgís `h shr hf gue`j quh hevuhfvh fms motitu`hs y fjs shetigihetjs he rhfmoiÿe oje fjs jtrjs, ojgj mgjr/j`ij, ojjphrmoiÿe/ojgphtioiÿe, mohptmoiÿe/rhobmzj y ojgpmr ojgpmr-tir/ misfmgihetj. Ieofuyh fjs siaeiciom`js quh fjs jtrjs tih-

`js mfmfauihe pj`hr, mf pj`hr, gjghetj `h hkhrohrfj sh guhstrme ojgj suprhgj motume`j `h cjrgm `éspjtm oje sus sudjr`iem`js. M`hgís, crheth m uem phrsjem quh `hcihe`m sus gisgms i`hms cmeítioms, phrj quh jstheth gís pj`hr, pj`hr, hf cmeítioj sh vm m gjstrmr ojgj sugisj y m`girm`j.

ehe pmrm hstm oje`ioiÿe fm rhspuhstm m fm oufturm heejsjtrjs quh vivigjs, msç ojgj ieofuyh m fm ofmsh y fm rmzm quh phrthehohgjs. Crheth m hstj, tj`m fm oufturm tiheh pjr cie fm jr`hemoiÿe `h fm rhmfi`m` y fm `hchesm `h fm ojetieui`m` `hf yj (Gjccmtt, 4>>1) pjrquh phrgith fm i`heti`m` `h fm phrsjem m trmvés `h fm rhfmoiÿe oje hf jtrj.

•

Meífisis Hxistheoimf 

Hs uem phrsphotivm hxistheoimf-chejghejfÿaiom, oje mdjr`mkh he fm ojgprhesiÿe `h fms rhfmoijehs `hf shr he hf gue`j y ohetrm`m he fm orhmoiÿe `h siaeiciom`js he om`m situmoiÿe ojeorhtm y fm jrameizmoiÿe `h fm ojetieui`m` thgpjrmf, `hs`h hf `hsmrrjffj `h gjtivmoijehs quh phrgithe fm rhmfizmoiÿe pfhem y muthetiom `h fm phrsjem. Fm hxistheoim puh`h omrmothrizmrsh ojgj fm rhmfizmoiÿe

He hstm rhfmoiÿe oje hf jtrj sh `istieauhe `js ojgpjeheths; hf prighrj hs hf jtrj, ojgj thstigjeij `h gç. ^jr girm`m quhrhgjs ie`iomr fm pmfmdrm, hf ahstj, hf mdrmzj, hf rhobmzj, fm ie`ichrheoim i e`ichrheoim y, y, he ahehrmf, tj`j hf ojgpjrtmgihetj quh hf jtrj `hsmrrjffm bmoim gç. Hf jtrj msphotj `hf vçeoufj hs hf ghomeisgj pjr hf quh gh i`heticioj oje hf jtrj, fm ompmoi`m` `h prjyhotmr pmrths gçms he éf j ietrjyhotmr pmrths suyms he gç.

Sjfughe == | Eûghrj 0 | Kufij - _hptihgdrh, _hptihgdrh, 4>=9

4=3

 

XEISHT_I@M@ Y _JOIH@M@ | Thvistm Oihetç﬍om `h fm Xeivhrsi`m` `h Oihecuhajs | I__E; 44=2-?34>

Fm Oje`ioiÿe `hf _hr-Ie`ivi`uj, surah `hf sigpfh bhobj `h quh hstjy mquç, quh hstjy he hf gue`j (Fàeafh, 4>>?). He hstm oje`ioiÿe fm phrsjem sh hecjom he sus rhfmoijehs oje hf gue`j oiroue`meth (Gmrtçehz, 4>==). Ojbe (=991), shýmfm quh hs fm rhfmoiÿe `hf Ie`ivi`uj oje fjs msphotjs dijfÿaiojs `hf hxistir y oje hf mgdiheth< hstm oje`ioiÿe hevuhfvh fms motitu`hs he rhfmoiÿe oje hf ouhrpj, oje fjs jdkhtjs, fm smfu` y fm `jfheoim, he fm oumf sh dusom hf `jgieij sjdrh hf gue`j emturmf, tmgdiée hf bjgdrh. He hstm oje`ioiÿe sh jdshrvm mf bjgdrh ojgj cmouftmtivj, hs `hoir, ej hs ue shr cíotioj siej ue shr cmouftmtivj< éf hxisth `h mouhr`j m su prjpim pjsidifi`m` pmrm fm oumf j ojetrm fm oumf puh`h `hoi`irsh (Crmelf, =922). _hr cmouftmtivj siaeiciom shr fidrh (Amroçm, =992), pjr ojesiauiheth, hf bjgdrh hs mfaj gís quh ue prj`uotj `h fm bhrheoim y `hf gh`ij mgdiheth (Crmelf, =99>). Crheth m hstj fm oje`uotm `hf bjgdrh ej hs `iotm`m pjr fjs oje`ioijemgihetjs si ej pjr fms `hoisijehs quh tjgm (Amroçm, =992), mquç sh bmoh rhchrheoim m pj`hr shr he fj quh ‖sjy yj ojegiaj‗  (aéeh (aéehrj, h`m`, prjchsiÿe, smfu`...) y m fj quh hf gue`j cíotioj, ojeorhtj, hs (fm cmgifim, hf trmdmkj, fm oufturm). He `hcieitivm, tj`j fj quh sh phroidh `h sç y `h fj f j quh fj rj`hm. Fm Oje`ioiÿe `hf _hr-Omgdij hs hf gue`j `h fm rhfmoiÿe ojesiaj gisgj, `h fm hxistheoim sudkhtivm y chejghejfÿaiom `h si-gisgj, `h fm ojestruooiÿe `hf gue`j phrsjemf, oje mutjphrohpoiÿe `h sç, `h fms hxphriheoims pmsm`ms y `h fms pjsidifi`m`, rhoursjs, crmaifi`m`hs y ojetrm`iooijehs, prjcue`mgheth gmrom`js pjr fm dûsquh`m `h fm i`heti`m` prjpim y fm mutj-mcirgmoiÿe. Fm fuobm he hstm oje`ioiÿe hs fm hfhooiÿe `h pjsidifi`m`hs he fm ojestruooiÿe `h i`heti`m`hs. Hstm i`heti`m`, prjpjeh Gjccmtt (4>>1), sjfj sh mshaurm he fm sugm `h vivir y hxistir, sÿfj puh`h bmdfmrsh `h i`heti`m` oume`j ue yj `isorigiem`j sh phroidh `hetrj `h uem bistjrim, `iobj `h jtrm cjrgm, fm phrsjem `hdh ojestituirsh siguftíehmgheth he fms `js `ighesijehs; hspmoij y tihgpj, j shm, ojgj hehraçm y ojgj iecjrgmoiÿe, fj oumf ej hs jtrm ojsm quh fm vihkm `istieoiÿe hetrh ouhrpj (hehraçm) y gheth (iecjrgmoiÿe). Hf _hr-Omgdij ojestituyh fm ietigi`m`, hf sç gisgj, quh `me fuamr m fm i`heti`m` quh hstí he ojestmeth gjvigihetj y trmescjrgmoiÿe (Gmrtçehz, 4>==), pmrm fjs mutjrhs hsth shr omgdij rhquihrh `h rhfmoijemrsh oje hf gue`j y shr ojesoiheth `h shr vivj, hf prjohsj `h ie`ivi`umoiÿe sh ojevihrth he uem tmrhm `h ietharmoiÿe. He oumetj m fm Oje`ioiÿe `hf _hr-Ojestruooiÿe _hr-Ojestruooiÿe sh trmtm `h fm oje`ioiÿe he fm quh ejs rhfmoijemgjs oje fjs siaeiciom`js (Gmrtçehz, 4>==), oje fj `hsojejoi`j y msç orhmr ue sheti`j `h ue gue`j i`hmf, uem i`hjfjaçm y ue puetj `h vistm cifjsÿcioj. Hs mquç `je`h sh heouhetrm hf sheti`j `h pjehr tj`ms fms pihzms `hf rjgphomdhzms pmrm ejsjtrjs

gisgjs. Om`m ie`ivi`uj sh ohetrm he fm ojestruooiÿe `h siaeiciom`js oje quh fuobm ojetrm hf vmoçj y fm cmftm `h sheti`j, oje fm rhspjesmdifi`m` (hxistheoimfgheth) `h su mutj-mcirgmoiÿe y `hshevjfvigihetj, ojesoiheth `h fj quh siheth y pihesm he fm metioipmoiÿe `h fj quh puh`m vivir y shr he hf cuturj. Hf _hr‟Ojestruooiÿe hs mquhffj quh puh`h ojecrjetmrsh oje tj`j fj sjoimf, fj ojrpjrmf h ieofusj fj psçquioj he éf (Crmelf, =990). Hstm oje`ioiÿe sh rhojejoh he su rhmfizmoiÿe, mf rhquhrir `hf jrameisgj psioj-cçsioj pmrm su hxprhsiÿe (Gmrtçehz, 4>>8). _i dihe, fj cçsioj y fj psiojfÿaioj cjrgme uem uei`m` ietigm (Crmelf, =990), hstm ej hs fm gisgi`m` `h fm phrsjem, ej hs fm tjtmfi`m`, phrj si hs ehohsmrij pmrm fm hxprhsiÿe `h fj hspiritumf. Fj quh omrmothrizm m fm hxistheoim hs hstm oje`ioiÿe ym quh hf shr sh hfiah msigisgj oje muthetioi`m`, ojestruyhe`j su prjpij `hstiej, he ue prjohsj `ieígioj. He hstm oje`ioiÿe sh jdtiheh ue sheti`j `h `irhooiÿe iethrijr, iethrijr, y sh mfomezm m hxphrighetmr j vhr mfaj `hs`h uem phrsphotivm `ichrheth `hf figitm`j puetj visumf, ym quh hf bjgdrh m`quiriÿ fm ompmoi`m` `h ojestruir shouheoims, hs `hoir, pj`hr igmaiemrsh `hetrj `h uem suohsiÿe igmaiemrim `h prhsheths, quh fh sjstihehe prhsheth igpfmomdfh heiestmeth `je`h sihgprh sh heouhetrm,hsh y quh ojestituyh he om`m ue smftj hetrh fj quh cuh y fj quh shrí (Gjccmtt, 4>>1). Hstms oje`ioijehs jetjfÿaioms `h fm hxistheoim, sje fms quh omrmothrizme mf shr `hs`h hf gjghetj `h shr ojeohdi`js y quh sjstihehe fm gmeichstmoiÿe he hf jrameisgj psiojcçsioj `h fms Ompmoi`m`hs hxistheoimfhs y prjguhvhe hf `hsmrrjffj `h Gjtivmoijehs `h Orhmoiÿe. Fm ojgprhesiÿe `hf cmemtisgj `hs`h hf meífisis hxistheoimf, sh `hsmrrjffmrí pmsj m pmsj oje fm i`heticiomoiÿe `h fms oje`ioijehs hxistheoimfhs `hf cmemtisgj. Hf cmeítioj sh omrmothrizm pjr fm m`jpoiÿe `h uem i`hm, i`hm quh hs rhtrjmfighetm`m y ojgpmrti`m pjr ue arupj. Ahehrmfgheth, hstm gíxigm ej sh ojetrmstm oje fm rhmfi`m` y sh gmetiheh m trmvés `hf tihgpj, fj quh siaeiciom quh sh bm `m`j uem i`hmfizmoiÿe `hf pmsm`j y hvitm`j bmohr uem ojestruooiÿe `hf prhsheth m trmvés `hf heouhetrj< ojgj fm phrsjem cmeítiom dusom ojevheohr mf jtrj `h su i`hjfjaçm m tj`m ojstm, ej ahehrm ue heouhetrj he fm rhfmoiÿe, ym quh hstm rhfmoiÿe ej sh `m Yj-Pû, siej Yj-Hffj. Hs `hoir, fm phrsjem oje ue phesmgihetj cmeítioj, ej ojeoidh m fm jtrm phrsjem he su ie`ivi`umfi`m` siej ojgj ue jdkhtj quh sh `hdh ieofuir m su phesmgihetj m tj`m ojstm, oje hf cie `h quh ‖ojejzom‗ fm vhr`m`. Oje`ioijehs `hf shr 

Fm phrsjem, mf shr ue shr hxistheoimf, tiheh uems oje`ioijehs `hf shr, quh sje `hciei`ms ojgj fms rhfmoijehs quh

Sjfughe == | Eûghrj 0 | Kufij - _hptihgdrh, _hptihgdrh, 4>=9

4=1

 

XEISHT_I@M@ Y _JOIH@M@ | Thvistm Oihetç﬍om `h fm Xeivhrsi`m` `h Oihecuhajs | I__E; 44=2-?34>

sh `me he hf gue`j, hetrh fms oumfhs hstíe fms methrijrgheth `hsmrrjffm`ms, shr-rhfmoiÿe (_T), shr-ie`ivi` shr-ie`ivi`uj uj (_I) shr-omgdij (_O) y shr-ojestruooiÿe (__). He hf cmeítioj, hstms oje`ioijehs `hf shr sh eudfme< m ojetieumoiÿe, sh `hsmrrjffmrí om`m `ighesiÿe `hs`h fm ojgprhesiÿe `hf meífisis hxistheoimf orhmtivj. Fm oje`ioiÿe `h shr-rhfmoiÿe (_T), sh dfjquhm, ym quh hf cmeítioj, ojgj fj rhchrçme methrijrgheth fjs mutjrhs ej ojeoidhe m fm phrsjem he su ie`ivi`umfi`m`, dusom m tj`m ojstm ojevheohr m fjs `hgís `h shauir sus i`hms< fm rhfmoiÿe ym ej sh hxprhsm `h gmehrm hxistheoimf siej iestrughetmf< hs `hoir, sh ahehrm uem rhfmoiÿe Yj-Hffj. Hf heouhetrj he hf cmeítioj sh hvi`heoim ojgj iestrughetmf y ej hxistheoimf, ej sh tjgm `istmeoim `hf jtrj pmrm i`heticiomrgh he fm rhfmoiÿe, siej quh sh ievm`h su hspmoij h ietigi`m` oje hf cie `h ojevheohr< ej sh vh mf jtrj ojgj ue ‖tû‗ quh puh`h myu`mrgh m rhojejohrgh, siej ojgj ue mfaj `hf oumf sh puh`h smomr dhehcioij. Fm pjsioiÿe phrsjemf quh hxiah he hf heouhetrj, hs hsoje`i`m j eham`m pjr hf cmeítioj mf ej rhojejohrsh ojgj ûeioj y sieaufmr, siej ojgj pmrth `h uem gisiÿe `iviem< gisiÿe quh `hdh shauir `jagítiomgheth y prhajemr sus i`hms.

oihamgheth fm suym, su rhmfi`m` ej sh ojestruyh he om`m gjghetj, siej quh hstí `m`m y hstítiom. Fm oje`ioiÿe `h shr-ojestruooiÿe (__), hstm `ighesiÿe trmtm `h quh om`m ie`ivi`uj sh ohetrm he fm ojestruooiÿe `h siaeiciom`js, oje fjs oumfhs fuobm ojetrm hf vmoçj hxistheoimf y fm cmftm `h sheti`j (Omrvmfbj, 4>>3), he hsth phesmgihetj, fm ojestruooiÿe `h siaeiciom`js, sh `isgieuyh j sh ojevihrth he irrhfhvmeth, ym quh sh pjshh hf ojejoigihetj vhr`m`hrj y ûeioj. Hf shr hfiah m sç gisgj oje muthetioi`m`, ojestruyhe`j su prjpij `hstiej, he ue prjohsj `ieígioj `h shr-vivihe`j< he hf cmeítioj, hf `hstiej ym hstí gmrom`j, ojestrui`j, hs `hoir, ej sh hfiah< ojgj he hf cmemtisgj rhfiaijsj `h tipj thrrjristm, fm phrsjem quh ojghth ue motj suioi`m-bjgioi`m, tiheh fm ojeviooiÿe `hs`h su i`hjfjaçm `h shr ue hkhgpfj y mfomezmr oihrtm trmsohe`heoim (hethe`i`m ojgj ougpfir hf prjpÿsitj `iviej), hs `hoir, hf `hstiej ej sh ojestruyh, y sh hstmdfhoh ojgj uem mfthremtivm `m`m. Hf cmeítioj m`jptm uem gíxigm pmrm oudrir hf vmoçj hxistheoimf quh pjsidfhgheth sh prhsheth, he fm `ighesiÿe `hf shr-ojestruooiÿe, hs he fm quh sh `m fm rhfmoiÿe oje hf siaeiciom`j j fjs siaeiciom`js< hstm ojestruooiÿe `h siaeiciom`js hs fm cjrgm ojgj sh fuobm ojetrm

Fm oje`ioiÿe `h shr-ie`ivi`uj (_I), he fm phrsjem oje phesmgihetj cmeítioj sh pihr`h `h vistm, ym quh hf cmeítioj, mf m`jptmr fm i`hm gíxigm, sh ojeciaurm ojgj pmrth `h ue arupj `hkíe`jsh `h fm`j m sç gisgj< hsh arupj sh ojevihrth he fm hstruoturm `hf cmeítioj, ésth ej `hdh phesmr he pfmehmr quh vm m bmohr bmohr,, pjrquh hf arupj ym tiheh hstmdfhoi`j tj`j fj quh `hdh bmohr, hs `hoir, hf cmeítioj meufm su fidhrtm`. Pj`m pjsioiÿe ahehrm ue motj `h mooiÿe, mquç, sh prhshetm fm throhrm gjtivmoiÿe orhmtivm (Mooiÿe ojgj rhspuhstm m fm pjsioiÿe). Fm mooiÿe igpfiom ue cie, pjrquh ojgj fj rhcihrh Lrjobgmfey (4>>0), hf sukhtj hs thgpjrmfizmoiÿe, hs omrheoim ym quh hxisth ue cuturj `h pjsidifi`m`hs, igpfiom ue mquç y mbjrm prjyhotm`j mf cuturj, quh he térgiejs `h _mrtrh sh `hcieirçm ojgj hf pmrm-sç.

hf y fm cmftm sheti`j,fj `ighesiÿe quh vivir sh pihr`h `hvmoçj vistm puhs ej sh`hmetioipm quh sh puh`m he ue cuturj, pjrquh pmrm hf cmeítioj hf cuturj ym hstí hsoritj, ehame`j fj cmouftmtivj y fm fidhrtm` `hf bjgdrh.

Fm pjsioiÿe `hf mf cmeítioj, vm `irhooijem`m m su ej sh prjyhotm cuturj, ej pjrquh sh rhcuaim he uemcuturj, i`hm quh ej hvjfuoijem, quh ej omgdim oje hf tihgpj ei hs ojetrmstmdfh oje fm rhmfi`m`.

phrgith vhr gís ej mffí, `htihgpj fj quh eiphrgith hf gue`j He hf cmemtisgj, bmy rhmfi`m` fm ejrgmvisumf. hs fj hstítioj, ej fj `ieígioj, fj gjeÿtjej, ej fj orhmtivj< he hstm `ighesiÿe, hf bjgdrh sh `iriah m shr mfaj gís `h fj quh ym cuh, he fm mohptmoiÿe ojgj cieitj y thgpjrmf.

Fm oje`ioiÿe `h shr-omgdij (_O), tmgdiée sh mpmrtm `h fm vistm `hf cmeítioj. Muequh sihgprh sjgjs omgdij, hf cmeítioj m`jptm fm gíxigm quh bmoh quh sh quh`h he hf tihgpj, hs `hoir, hsm i`hm ej tiheh tihgpj pjr quh phrgmehoh iegÿvif y ej sh ojetrmstm oje fm rhmfi`m` omgdimeth. Hstm oje`ioiÿe hs fm hfhooiÿe hf hooiÿe `h pjsidifi`m`hs he fm ojestruooiÿe `h fm rhmfi`m`, hs `hoir, sh `m he om`m gjghetj, y hs `ieígiom< hf cmeítioj mf ieofuirsh he ue i`hmf h ietharmrsh `h gmehrm sigdiÿtiom oje hsth, ej sh phrgith hf omgdij, ej hfiah hetrh pjsidifi`m`hs siej siauh

Ojgj su ejgdrh fj ie`iom, fm `ighesiÿe `hf shr-ojestruooiÿe, sh omrmothrizm pjr fm ojestruooiÿe `ieígiom `hf prjpij `hstiej, quh sh `m m trmvés `h muthetioi`m`. Xem omrmothrçstiom `hf cmeítioj hs quh mf ietharmr hf arupj ej bmy quh prhjoupmrsh pjr hfhair, ym quh hf arupj hs hf quh hfiah, ej pjr shr muthetioj. _h ojeoidh hetjeohs ojgj trmi`jr m mfauihe quh ej pihesh ojgj fm gmsm, m mfauihe muthetioj. Ej sh phrgith uem i`hm j uem phrsphotivm `ichrheth< hstm omrmothrçstiom, sh ojetrmstm oje uem omrmothrçstiom `hf shr-ojestruooiÿe he fm quh fm phrsjem sh

OJEOFX_IJEH_ Hf sukhtj cmeítioj crmaghetm su prjpim hxistheoim tmetj oje fjs jtrjs quh dusom meiquifmr su prjpij phesmgihetj y ojevhrtirfj he uem hxthesiÿe `h i`hjfjaçm y ojgpjrtmgihetjs cmeítiojs< phrj mgdjs ej sje prjpijs `hf ie`ivi`uj, siej uem hxthesiÿe `hf arupj. Pj`j fj methrijr, ffhvm m quh hf ie`ivi`uj gmetheam ojgj sheti`j fms prhgisms y `jotriems `h hsth pmrm ej omgdimr he fj gís gçeigj, siej mf ojetrmrij phrphtumr hf cmemtisgj. _h pihr`h fm ompmoi`m`

Sjfughe == | Eûghrj 0 | Kufij - _hptihgdrh, _hptihgdrh, 4>=9

4=2

 

XEISHT_I@M@ Y _JOIH@M@ | Thvistm Oihetç﬍om `h fm Xeivhrsi`m` `h Oihecuhajs | I__E; 44=2-?34>

`h rhcfhxiÿe y `h dûsquh`m `h siaeiciom`j, puhs hf sukhtj msugh fm vhr`m` `hf ojekuetj ojgj prjpim, fj quh ffhvm m fm iestrughetmfizmoiÿe `h su prjpim hxistheoim. _h vuhfvh igpjrtmeth `hetrj `hf meífisis hxistheoimf `hf cmemtisgj ojgprhe`hr ojgj sh hxphriheoim fms ompmoi`m`hs prjpims `h hxistir, ojgj sje fm ietheoijemfi`m`, fm fidhrtm`, fm rhspjesmdifi`m` hf sheti`j y fm thgpjrmfi`m` pmrm hf fjarj `h ue meífisis gís prjcue`j `h hstm situmoiÿe quh crmaghetm fm prjpim hxistheoim `hf ie`ivi`uj.

Fàeafh, M. (4>>2). Fm Hspiritumfi`m` he psiojthrmpim. Hetrh iegmeheoim y trmsohe`heoim he hf Meífisis Hxistheoimf. Thvistm `h ^siojfjaçm, 0(1), 8-44. Thouphrm`j `h bttps;//www bttps;/ /www.mom`hgim.h`u/0809922/FmZ .mom`hgim.h`u/0809922/FmZ Hspiritumfi`m`ZheZpsiojthrmpim.ZHetrhZiegmeheoimZyZ trmsohe`heoimZheZhfZMe%O?%M=fisisZHxistheoimfZ _piritumfityZieZ^syobjtbhrmpyZDhtwhheZIggmeheohZ me`Ztrmesohe`heohZieZHxisthetimfZMemfysis 

Fuem, K. M. (=993). Fjajthrmpim; Xe hecjquh bugmeistm hxistheoimf. Djajtí; _me ^mdfj.

THCHTHEOIM_ DIDFIJATÍCIOM_ Mfcjesj, I. (=990). Péoeioms `h ievhstiamoiÿe didfijaríciom. Omrmoms; Ojethxtj H`ioijehs. Djss, G. (=919). Hxisthetimf Cjue`mtijes jc Gh`ioieh me` ^syobjfjay. Ehw Yjrl; Kmsje Mrjeoje Ieo. Ojbe, B. (=991). Hxisthetimf Pjuabt me` Pbhrmphutio ^rmotioh. Me Ietrj`uotije tj Hxisthetimf ^syobjtbhrmpy. ^syobjtbhrmpy. Fje`je; _mah ^udfiomtijes. Crmelf, S. (=920). Hf bjgdrh `jfiheth (cue`mghetjs metrjpjfÿaiojs `h fm psiojthrmpim). Dmrohfjem; Bhr`hr. Bhr`hr.

Gmrtçehz, H. (4>>8). Bmoim uem prhvheoiÿe oje sheti`j. Djajtí. OMM. Gmrtçehz, H. (4>==). Fms ^siojthrmpims Hxistheoimfhs. Djajtí; Gmeumf Gj`hrej. Ghkçm-Tiomrt, P. (4>>=). Thcfhxijehs sjdrh hf cmemtisgj, hf thrrjrisgj y fjs hvhetjs `hf == `h shptihgdrh. Ojearhsj iethrueivhrsitmrij `h psiojfjaçm `hf Omridh Ohetrjmgériom; fjarjs y phrsphotivms. Thpûdfiom @jgieiomem. Gjccmtt, M. (4>>1). Phrmpim @h Orisis, Fm Hghraheoim

Crmelf, S. (=922). Qiff rmpy. tj Ghmeiea; Cjue`mtijes Mppfiomtijes Mppfiomt ijes jc Pbh Fjajtbhrmpy. Fjajtbh Ehw Yjrl; Ghri`ime. Ghri`im e. me`

^siojfÿaiom. Duhejs Mirhs; H`ioiÿe Dmeomvi`m. Jz, M. (4>>4) Ojetrm hf cmemtisgj. Géxioj. _iruhfm, _.M

Crmelf, S. S. (=99>). Fjajthrmpim y meífisis hxistheoimf; thxtjs `h oieoj `éom`ms. Dmrohfjem; Bhr`hr.

Xemguej, G. (=9=1). Hf cmeítioj y hf hsoéptioj. _mfmgmeom; Xeivhrsi`m` `h _mfmgmeom.

Crmelf, S. (=990). Fm vjfuetm` `h sheti`j. Dmrohfjem; Bhr`hr.

Siffmrhkj, M. (4>=>). Cmemtisgj; iethrés he psiquimtrçm cjrhesh y phemf. _hviffm; Gh`ioiem Cjrhesh.

Kmvmfjy, C. (=902). Ietrj`uooiÿe mf hstu`ij `hf cmemtisgj. Dmrohfjem; Xeivhrsi`m` Mutÿejgm `h Dmrohfjem. Lrjobgmfey. ^. (4>>0). Fm thjrçm `h fm mooiÿe he fm chejghejfjaçm-hxistheoimf `h Khme-^muf _mrtrh. Thouphrm`j `h bttp;//www.iiaa.csjo.udm.mr/KjvhehsZ ievhstiam`jrhs/?Kjrem`msKjvhehs/Phgpfmths/  mooije%4>y%4>hstruoturm/LTJOBGMFEYZMOOIJE. p`c 

Fàeafh, M. (4>>?). Hf Durejut (`hsamsth prjchsijemf), sheti`j hxistheoimf y pjsidifi`m`hs `h prhvheoiÿe. Hurjphme ^siojtbhrmpy, 0(=), =>1-=44. Thouphrm`j `h bttps;//www.iomh.of/wp-ojethet/upfjm`s/4>=?/>3/  DurejutZsheti`jZhxistheoimfZyZprhvheoijeZFmeafh.p`c 

Sjfughe == | Eûghrj 0 | Kufij - _hptihgdrh, _hptihgdrh, 4>=9

4=9