Concret Dam

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

4

Zrg`cgpons ie Ci`crntn Dhbs Dnsgl` h`d Ci`structgi`

4.8

Oihds i` Ci`crntn Dhbs  

Oihds ch` fn cohssgegnd g` tnrbs ie hppogchfgogty/rnohtgvn gbpirth`cn hs prgbhry oihds, snci`dhry oihds, h`d nxcnptgi`ho oihds. g)   Zrgbhry Oihds;  Oihds;  hrn gdn`tgegnd hs tmisn ie bhkir gbpirth`cn gbpirth`cn ti hoo dhbs, grrnspnctgvn ie typn, n.l. whtnr h`d rnohtnd snnphln oihds, h`d snoe-wnglmt oihds. gg)  Snci`dhry Oihds;  Oihds;  hrn u`gvnrshooy hppogchfon hotmiulm ie onssnr bhl`gtudn (n.l. sndgbn`t oihd) ir, hotnr`htgvnoy, hrn ie bhkir gbpirth`cn i`oy ti cnrthg` typns ie dhbs (n.l. tmnrbho neencts wgtmg` ci`crntn dhbs). ggg)   Nxcnptgi`ho Oihds; hrn Oihds; hrn si dnsgl`nd i` tmn fhsgs ie ogbgtnd ln`nrho hppogchfgogty ir mhvg`l h oiw prifhfgogty ie iccurrn`cn (n.l. tncti`gc neencts, ir tmn g`nrtgh oihds hssicghtnd wgtm sngsbgc hctgvgty).

4.6

Oihds i` Ci`crntn Dhbs  

Ci`sgdnr tmn eiooiwg`l twi scmnbhtgc dghlrhbs ie prg`cgpho oihds h`d oihdg`l dghlrhb i` lrhvgty dhbs (Eglurns 4.8 h`d 4.6 hetnr @ivha, nt ho, 8775).

i ` lrhvgty dhb priegon Eglurn 4.8 Scmnbhtgc dghlrhbs ie prg`cgpho oihds i` Z82whtnr oihd Z62snoe wnglmt  p32g`tnr`ho snnphln upoget

 Hddgs  Hdd gs Ci Cioon oonln ln

p42eiu`dhtgi` snnphln upoget p>2sndgbn`t oihd p52whvn oihd

p A@/b³ (dn`sgty ie ci`crntn). \mnrn crnst lhtns h`d itmnr h`cgoohry structurns ie ci`sgdnrhfon wnglmt nxgst tmny bust hosi fn ci`sgdnrnd g` dntnrbg`g`l Zb h`d tmn hppriprghtn pisgtgi` ie og`n ie hctgi`. Snnphln oihds; nqugogfrgub snnphln phttnr`s wgoo dnvnoip wgtmg` h`d u`dnr h dhb, n.l. g`  pirns h`d dgsci`tg`ugtgns, wgtm rnsuoth`t vnrtgcho oihds gdn`tgegnd hs g`tnr`ho h`d nxtnr`ho

upoget, Z3 h`d Z4, rnspnctgvnoy. Zu    H m (u whvl )   QA@/bR Ge `i prnssurn rnogne drhg`s hrn privgdnd ir ge tmny cnhsn ti eu`ctgi` iwg`l ti onhcmg`l h`d  foicahln, tmn`

Zu

 z   z    H m   w  8 6      6  

G` wmgcm μ gs hrnh rnductgi` ehctir h`d Hm gs `ibg`ho poh`n hrnh ht h snctgi` ci`sgdnrnd. \gtm `i prnssurn rnogne eu`ctgi`g`l h`d thag`l H m 2 T, snctgi` tmgca`nss1 Z u hctg`l tmriulm tmn  prnssurn dgstrgfutgi` dghlrhb ht dgsth`cn y8 erib tmn mnno

y8

 6[ 6  [8     T   3   [ 6  [8  

QbR

G` bidnr` dhbs g`tnr`ho upoget gs ci`trioond fy tmn privgsgi` ie vnrtgcho rnogne drhg`s coisn  fnmg`d tmn upstrnhb ehcn. Eirbnd drhg`s rhgsn tmn euoo mnglmt ie tmn dhb erib h` g`spnctgi` lhoonry oichtnd hs oiw hs prhctgchfon g` rnohtgi` ti t i tmn thgowhtnr onvno. Tmn bnh` neenctgvn mnhd ht tmn og`n ie drhg`s, [d, ch` fn nxprnssnd hs

[d

 [ 6   A    d [8  [ 6   

QbR

Cineegcgn`t A d gs h eu`ctgi` ie rnogne drhg` lnibntry, g.n. dghbntnr, sphcg`l h`d oichtgi` rnohtgvn ti tmn upstrnhb ehcn. Lgvn` h` neegcgn`t drhg`hln systnb h`hoysgs gs cibbi`oy fhsnd i` hssubg`l tmht A d 2 :.33 (^SFV). Bidnr` drhg`s hrn typgchooy ie 6:: bb dghbntnr ht 3.: b cn`tnrs. Fhsn h`d eiu`dhtgi` upoget hrn ci`trioond fy h sgbgohr systnb ie rnogne drhg`s drgoond erib tmn g`spnctgi` lhoonry ti dnptm wgtmg` tmn u`dnroyg`l rica. Tmn sth`dhrd privgsgi` ie h dnnp lriut curthg` fnoiw tmn upstrnhb ehcn, g`tn`dnd ti ogbgt snnphln, hosi snrvns ti g`mgfgt prnssurns wgtmg` tmn eiu`dhtgi`. Gts neenctgvn`nss g` tmn ohttnr chphcgty gs bucm onss cnrthg` tmh` tmht ie h` neegcgn`t drhg` systnb, h`d gts g`eoun`cn i` prnssurn gs cibbi`oy dgsrnlhrdnd. f)  Snci`dhry Oihds 

g) Sndgbn`t Oihd  Tmn lrhduho hccubuohtgi` ie sgl`gegch`t dnpisgts ie eg`n sndgbn`ts, nspncghooy sgots, hlhg`st tmn ehcn ie tmn dhb ln`nrhtns h rnsuoth`t mirgzi`tho eircn, Z s. Tmn bhl`gtudn ie Z s, wmgcm gs

 Hddgs  Hdd gs Ci Cioon oonln ln

4-3

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

hddgtgi`ho ti tmn whtnr oihd, gs h eu`ctgi` ie tmn sndgbn`t dnptm, z 3, tmn sufbnrlnd u`gt wnglmt, γs’, h`d tmn hctgvn ohtnrho prnssurn cineegcgn`t, A h, h`d gs lgvn` fy

Zs

 A h

 s z 36 6

 

QA@/bR

h`d gs hctg`l ht z 3/3 hfivn poh`n ]-].

8  sg`  s A h

 8  sg`  s

 

wmnrn Υs gs tmn h`lon ie smnhrg`l rnsgsth`cn ie tmn sndgbn`t. Vnprnsn`thtgvn vhouns ie γs 2 8= –  6: A@/b³ h`d Υs 2 3:º. gg) Mydridy`hbgc \hvn Oihd Tmn uppnr pirtgi`s ie dhbs hrn sufknct ti tmn gbphct ie whvns, Z whvn. Tmn dgbn`sgi`s h`d eircn ie whvns dnpn`d i` tmn nxtn`t ie whtnr surehcn, tmn vnoicgty ie wg`d, h`d itmnr ehctirs. Gt gs ci`sgdnrnd i`oy g` nxcnptgi`ho chsns. Gt gs ie rnohtgvnoy sbhoo bhl`gtudn h`d, fy gts `hturn, rh`dib h`d oicho g` gts g`eoun`cn.

Eglurn 4.3 \hvn ru`-up

 Hddgs  Hdd gs Ci Cioon oonln ln

4-4

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

Eglurn 4.4  Entcm on`ltm ( entcm  –   ci`tg`uius hrnh ie whtnr ivnr wmgcm tmn wg`d foiws g` h ci`sth`t dgrnctgi`)

Hs h fhsgs eir whvn mnglmt cibputhtgi`, Ms  (crnst ti triulm), tmn Stnvn`si` nquhtgi` ch` fn usnd.

Ms

 :.:36 :36  ^E   :.

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

Dun ti suddn` g`crnhsn g` tnbpnrhturn ie htbispmnrn, tmn tnbpnrhturn ie tmn gcn smnnt hosi g`crnhsns h`d tmrust gs chusnd fy tmn nxph`dg`l tn`dn`cy ie gcn smnnt. Hs tmn cineegcgn`t ie tmnrbho nxph`sgi` ie gcn gs egvn tgbns tmht ie ci`crntn, tmn dhb ehcn rnsgsts tmn nxph`sgi` ie gcn h`d tmn whtnr nxnrcgsns h prnssurn i` gt. H` hccnpthfon g`gtgho privgsgi` eir gcn oihd, wmnrn ci`sgdnrnd `ncnsshry, gs lgvn` fy Z gcn 2 84> A@/b¶ eir gcn tmgca`nss lrnhtnr tmh` :.5b, itmnrwgsn `nlonctnd (^SFV).

v) Tmnrbho h`d dhb-eiu`dhtgi` g`tnrhctgi` neencts   Ciiog`l ie ohrln piurs ie bhss ci`crntn eiooiwg`l tmn nxitmnrbgc mydrhtgi` ie cnbn`t h`d tmn sufsnqun`t vhrghtgi`s g` hbfgn`t h`d whtnr tnbpnrhturns cibfg`n ti priducn cibponx h`d tgbn-dnpn`dn`t tnbpnrhturn lrhdgn`ts wgtmg` h dhb. H`d nquhooy cibponx g`tnrhctgi`s dnvnoip hs h rnsuot ie eiu`dhtgi` dneirbhtgi` ir fy oihd trh`senr fntwnn` hdkhcn`t foicas ie tmn dhb. H bhkir ci`cnr` g` ci`crntn dhb ci`structgi` gs tmn ci`trio ie crhcag`l rnsuotg`l erib tnbpnrhturn cmh`ln. Durg`l tmn mydrhtgi` pricnss, tmn tnbpnrhturn rgsns fnchusn ie tmn mydrhtgi` ie cnbn`t. Tmn ndlns ie bi`iogtms rnonhsn mnht ehstnr tmh` tmn g`tnrgir1 tmus tmn cirn wgoo fn g` cibprnssgi` h`d tmn ndlns g` tn`sgi`. \mn` tmn strn`ltm ie tmn ci`crntn gs nxcnndnd, crhcas wgoo hppnhr i` tmn surehcn. \mn` tmn bi`iogtm sthrts ciiog`l, tmn ci`trhctgi` ie tmn ci`crntn gs rnstrhg`nd fy tmn eiu`dhtgi` ir ci`crntn ohynrs tmht mhvn hornhdy ciiond h`d mhrdn`nd. Hlhg`, ge tmgs tn`sgon strhg` nxcnnds tmn chphcgty ie tmn ci`crntn, crhcas wgoo  priphlhtn cibpontnoy tmriulm tmn bi`iogtm. Tmn prg`cgpho ci`cnr`s wgtm crhcag`l hrn tmht gt heencts tmn whtnr tglmt`nss, durhfgogty, hppnhrh`cn, h`d strnssns tmriulmiut tmn structurn h`d bhy onhd ti u`dnsgrhfon crhca priphlhtgi` tmht gbphgrs structurho shenty. Xuh`tgegchtgi`/neenct gs ci`sgdnrnd g` tmn birn rglirius hpprihcm. c)  Nxcnptgi`ho Oihds  8. Sngsbgc Oihd; Mirgzi`tho h`d vnrtgcho g`nrtgh oihds hrn ln`nrhtnd wgtm rnspnct ti tmn dhb h`d tmn rnthg`nd whtnr fy sngsbgc dgsturfh`cn. Mirgzi`tho h`d vnrtgcho hccnonrhtgi`s hrn `it nquho, tmn eirbnr fng`l ie lrnhtnr g`tn`sgty. Eir dnsgl` purpisns, fitm smiuod fn ci`sgdnrnd ipnrhtgvn g` tmn sn`sn onhst ehvirhfon ti sthfgogty ie tmn dhb. ^`dnr rnsnrvigr euoo ci`dgtgi`s,

tmn bist hdvnrsn sngsbgc oihdg`l wgoo tmn` iccur wmn` n` h lriu`d smica gs hssicghtnd wgtm; 8. Mirgzi`tho eiu`dhtgi` hccnonrhtgi` ipnrhtg`lwm upstrnhb, h`d 6. Unrtgcho eiu`dhtgi` hccnonrhtgi` ipnrhtg`l diw`whrds. Hs h rnsuot ie 8, g`nrtgh neencts wgoo ln`nrhtn h` hddgtgi`ho mydridy`hbgc whtnr oihd hctg`l diw`strnhb, pous h eurtmnr g`nrtgh oihd httrgfuthfon ti tmn bhss ie tmn dhb h`d hosi hctg`l g` tmn diw`strnhb sn`sn. Eiu`dhtgi` hccnonrhtgi` diw`whrds, 6 hfivn, wgoo neenctgvnoy rnducn tmn bhss, h`d mn`cn tmn sthfgogty, ie tmn structurn.

Sngsbgc cineegcgn`t h`hoysgs; Tmn g`tn`sgty ie h smica gs nxprnssnd fy hccnonrhtgi` cineegcgn`ts θm  (mirgzi`tho) h`d θv  (vnrtgcho), nhcm rnprnsn`tg`l tmn rhtgi ie pnha sngsbgc lriu`d

hccnonrhtgi`s ti lrhvgthtgi`ho hccnonrhtgi`s, l. Gt gs cibbi`oy hssubnd tmht θm 2 (8.>  –   6.:) θv   Hddgs  Hdd gs Ci Cioon oonln ln

4-5

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

eir purpisns ie g`gtgho h`hoysgs. Vnprnsn`thtgvn sngsbgc cineegcgn`ts, θm, hppognd g` dnsgl` hrn ogstnd g` Thfon 4.8 wgtm cirrnspi`dg`l nhrtmquhan g`tn`sgtgns i` tmn bidgegnd Bnrchoog schon.

Thfon 4.8 Sngsbgc hccnonrhtgi` cineegcgn`ts, θm  Cine   egcgn`t, θm  :.: :.:> :.8: :.8> :.6:

Bidgegnd Bnrchoog schon UG UGG c. UGGG –  G]

Ln`nrho dhbhln onvno @go Bg`ir Bidnrhtn Bhkir Lrnht

G`nrtgh h`d mydridy`hbgc oihds hrn dntnrbg`nd erib sngsbgc cineegcgn`ts hs dnthgond fnoiw; G`nrtgh Eircns; bhss ie dhb

Mirgzi`tho eircn;

Unrtgcho eircn;

Znbm

     m Zb  

Znbv      v Zb wmnrn

Hs wgtm snoe-wnglmt oihd, Zb, g`nrtgh eircns hrn ci`sgdnrnd ti ipnrhtn tmriulm tmn cn`trigd ie tmn dhb snctgi`. Zisgtgvn gs usnd mnrn ti dn`itn g`nrtgh eircns ipnrhtgvn g` upstrnhb h`d/ir h diw`whrd sn`sn, hs g`dgchtnd g` Eglurn 4.6.

4.3 Oihd Cibfg`htg Cibfg`htgi`s i`s  Dgeenrn`t oihd cibfg`htgi`s hrn usnd fy dgeenrn`t hutmirgtgns. H ci`crntn dhb smiuod fn dnsgl`nd wgtm rnlhrd ti tmn bist rglirius hdvnrsn lriupg`ls ir cibfg`htgi`s ie oihds, wmgcm mhvn h rnhsi`hfon prifhfgogty ie sgbuoth`nius iccurrn`cn. Tmrnn `ibg`htnd oihd cibfg`htgi`s hrn sueegcgn`t eir hobist hoo cgrcubsth`cns. G` hscn`dg`l irdnr ie snvnrgty tmny bhy fn dnsgl`htnd hs `irbho, u`usuho, h`d nxtrnbn oihd cibfg`htgi`s, dn`itnd hs @OC, ^OC h`d NOC, rnspnctgvnoy. H thfuohr subbhry ie oihd cibfg`htgi`s gs  prnsn`tnd g` Thfon 4.3. Thfon 4.3 @ibg`htnd oihd cibfg`htgi`s (^SFV)  Oihd cibfg`htgi` 8   Oihd siurcn Xuhogegchtgi`  @irbho ^`usuho  Nxtrnbn (@OC) (^OC) (NOC)

Zrgbhry \htnr Thgowhtnr Snoe-wnglmt ^poget

Ht DEO Ht @BO Ht T\O Bg`gbub Drhg`s eu`ctgi`g`l Drhg`s g`ipnrhtgvn

 Hddgs  Hdd gs Ci Cioon oonln ln

∛  ∛  ∛  ∛  ∛ 

∛  ∛  ∛  ∛  ∛ 

∛ 

-

∛ 

6

4-<

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

 Snci  Sn ci`d `dh hr y, ge h hp ppogch ogchf fon Sgot Gcn Ci`crntn tnbpnrhturn

∛  Dgscrntgi`hry ∛  Bg`gbub `irbho ∛  Bg`gbub ht tmn tgbn ie nvn`t

∛  ∛ 

∛  ∛  ∛ 

∛ 

N xcnp xcnptgi`h tgi`hoo Sngsbgc CBN ∛  @itns; Studgns h`d g`vnstglhtgi`s bhy fn hppriprghtn wgtm rnspnct ti `ibg`htnd oihd cibfg`htgi`s g` rnohtgi` ti eiu`dhtgi` sthfgogty h`d/ir h`y itmnr oihdg`l cibfg`htgi` wmgcm gt gs ci`sgdnrnd hppriprghtn ti h`hoyzn eir tmn dhb u`dnr rnvgnw. 8. DEO 2 dnsgl` eoiid onvno1 @BO 2 `irbho bhxgbub onvno, g.n. bhxgbub rntn`tgi` onvno ie spgoo wngr (ir lhtns, ge egttnd)1 T\O 2 bhxgbub thgowhtnr onvno1 CBN 2 ci`trioog`l bhxgbub nhrtmquhan. 6. ^OC smiuod hosi fn g`vnstglhtnd eir tmn ‐drhg`s g`ipnrhtgvn’ ci`dgtgi`. 

4.4 LVHUGTW DHB DNSGL@ H@D H@HOWSGS  4.4.8  Dnsgl` Zrg`cgpons h`d Crgtnrgh 

Tmn nssn`tgho ci`dgtgi`s ti structurho nqugogfrgub h`d fhsgc sthfgogty rnqugrnbn`ts eir h lrhvgty dhb eir hoo ci`dgtgi`s ie oihdg`l hrn; 8) Tmht gt fn shen hlhg`st ivnrtur`g`l  ht h`y mirgzi`tho poh`n wgtmg` tmn structurn, ht tmn  fhsn, ir ht h poh`n fnoiw tmn fhsn. 6) Tmht gt fn shen hlhg`st sogdg`l  i` h`y mirgzi`tho ir `nhr-mirgzi`tho poh`ns wgtmg` tmn structurn, ht tmn fhsn, ir i` h`y h` y rica snhb (ohynr) g` tmn eiu`dhtgi`. 3) Tmht tmn hooiwhfon strnssns g` fitm tmn ci`crntn ir g` tmn eiu`dhtgi` bhtnrgho smhoo `it fn nxcnndnd.  Tmn nssn`tgho ci`dgtgi`s ti structurho nqugogfrgub h`d si ti sthfgogty ch` fn subbhrgznd s ubbhrgznd hs;    :  H`d   U  B   :   M  

Hssnssnd wgtm g` rnohtgi` ti hoo prifhfon ci`dgtgi`s ie oihdg`l, g`coudg`l tmn rnsnrvigr nbpty ci`dgtgi`, tmn priegon bust dnbi`strhtn h` hccnpthfon bhrlg` ie shenty wgtm rnlhrd ti 8, Vithtgi` h`d ivnrtur`g`l, 6, Trh`sohtgi` h`d sogdg`l, h`d 3, Ivnrstrnss h`d bhtnrgho ehgourn Crgtnrgh 8&6 ci`trio ivnrhoo structurho sthfgogty h`d fitm bust fn shtgsegnd wgtm rnspnct ti tmn  priegon hfivn hoo mirgzi`tho poh`ns wgtmg` tmn dhb h`d tmn eiu`dhtgi`. Ivnrstrnss crgtnrgi`-3, bust fn shtgsegnd eir tmn dhb ci`crntn & eir tmn rica eiu`dhtgi`. Tmn sogdg`l crgtnrgi`, 6, gs ln`nrhooy tmn bist crgtgcho ie tmn tmrnn, `ithfoy wmn` hppognd ti tmn `hturho rica eiu`dhtgi`. Tmn rnhsi`s eir tmgs hrn hssicghtnd wgtm tmn g`eoun`cn ie lnioilgcho ehctirs Hssubptgi`s g` prnogbg`hry h`hoysns usg`l lrhvgty bntmid (^SFV) hrn hs eiooiws ;( strnss h`hoysgsg`mnrn`t fy lrhvgty bntmid 4.4.4)

 Hddgs  Hdd gs Ci Cioon oonln ln

4-=

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

8) Tmn ci`crntn (ir bhsi`ry) gs mibiln`nius, gsitripgc h`d u`geirboy nohstgc. 6) Hoo oihds hrn chrrgnd fy lrhvgty hctgi` ie vnrtgcho phrhoono-sgdnd ch`tgonvnrs wgtm `i butuho suppirt fntwnn` hdkhcn`t ch`tgonvnrs (bi`iogtms). 3)  @i dgeenrn`tgho bivnbn`ts heenctg`l tmn dhb ir eiu`dhtgi` iccur hs h rnsuot ie tmn whtnr oihd erib tmn rnsnrvigr. 4.4.6  Ivnrtur`g`l Sthfgogty 

Ehctir ie shenty hlhg`st ivnrtur`g`l, E :, g` tnrbs ie bibn`ts hfiut tmn diw`strnhb tin ie tmn dhb;

E:



B  vn

B

 

 vn

Gt bhy fn `itnd tmht B -vn gs g`cousgvn ie tmn bibn`ts ln`nrhtnd fy upoget oihd. E: 0 8.6> bhy fn hccnpthfon, fut E: ≮ 8.> gs dnsgrhfon.  ivnrtur`g`l sthfgogty gs ci`sgdnrnd shtgsehctiry ge tmn rnsuoth`t g`tnrsncts tmn fhsn wgtmg` tmn anr`, h`d hooiwhfon strnssns hrn `it nxcnndnd. Miwnvnr, eir nhrtmquhan oihds, tmn rnsuoth`t bhy ehoo h`ywmnrn wgtmg` tmn fhsn, fut tmn hooiwhfon ci`crntn ir eiu`dhtgi` prnssurn bust `it  fn nxcnndnd. Tmn rnsuoth`t oichtgi` hoi`l tmn fhsn gs cibputnd erib

Vn suo th` t Oichtgi`

 B  

U

4.4.3  Sogdg`l Sthfgogty 

Vnsgsth`cn ti sogdg`l h`y poh`n hfivn tmn tm n fhsn ie h dhb gs h eu`ctgi` ie tmn smnhrg`l strn`ltm ie ci`crntn, ir ie tmn ci`structgi` oget kig`t. Ht tmn fhsn, gt dnpn`ds i` tmn smnhrg`l strn`ltm ie tmn ci`crntn eiu`dhtgi`, ir g`tnrehcn. Fnoiw tmn fhsn (g` tmn rica), sogdg`l rnsgsth`cn dnpn`ds upi` tmn smnhrg`l strn`ltm hoi`l tmn sogdg`l phtm (surehcn) fng`l g`vnstglhtnd, wmgcm bhy ci`sgst ie  kig`ts ir poh`ns ie wnha`nss g` tmn eiu`dhtgi` (kig`ts ir surehcn wgtm rnducnd smnhr rnsgsth`cn).tmn sogdg`l smnhr rnsgsth`cn g` ricas fnoiw tmn fhsn gs ci`trioond fy lnioilgcho dgsci`tg`ugtgns sucm hs ehuotg`l, kig`ts ir surehcn wgtm rnducnd smnhr rnsgsth`cn ntc..Tmnrneirn tmn lnioilgcho structurn ie tmn rica eiu`dhtgi`s bust fn tmiriulmoy g`vnstglhtnd, h`d tmn  prnsn`cn, `hturn, ernqun`cy h`d irgn`thtgi` ie hoo sgl`gegch`t dgsci`tg`ugtgns g`coudg`l crgtgcho g`tnrsnctgi`s nsthfogsmnd. Nxtn`sgvn g`-sgtu h`d ohfirhtiry tnstg`l gs `ncnsshry ti ci`egrb dnsgl` phrhbntnrs. Sogdg`l sthfgogty gs ci`vn`tgi`hooy nxprnssnd g` tnrbs ie h ehctir ie shenty ir sthfgogty ehctir hlhg`st sogdg`l1 Es.Tmn sogdg`l sthfgogty gs fhsnd i` h ehctir ie shenty, Es, hs h bnhsurn ie dntnrbg`g`l tmn rnsgsth`cn ie tmn structurn hlhg`st sogdg`l, wmgcm gs nstgbhtnd usg`l i`n ir itmnr ie tmrnn dneg`gtgi`s; 8) Sogdg`l ehctir, Ess, 6) Smnhr ergctgi` ehctir, ESE,  3) Ogbgt nqugogfrgub ehctir, EOE. Tmn rnsgsth`cn ti sogdg`l ir smnhrg`l, wmgcm ch` fn bifgogznd hcriss h poh`n, gs nxprnssnd tmriulm tmn phrhbntnrs cimnsgi`, c, h`d ergctgi`ho rnsgsth`cn, th` Υ. 

 Hddgs  Hdd gs Ci Cioon oonln ln

4-7

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

Cimnsgi`, c, rnprnsn`ts tmn u`gt smnhrg`l strn`ltm ie tmn ci`crntn ir rica u`dnr ci`dgtgi` ie znri `irbho strnss. N`vnoip vhouns ie c & th` Υ rncirdnd wgtm g` tmn ci`crntn bhss, rica h`d h ci`crntn-rica g`tnrehcn hrn hvhgohfon ht @IUHA 8. Sogdg`l Ehctir, ESS  ESS gs nxprnssnd hs h eu`ctgi` ie i e tmn rnsgsth`cn ti sgbpon sogdg`l ivnr tmn poh`n ci`sgdnrnd.

ESS



M  

U  Ge tmn poh`n gs g`cog`nd ht h sbhoo h`lon θ, tmn eirnlig`l nxprnssgi` gs bidgegnd ti  ESS

 M  U   th`       8   M  U  th`



H`lon θ gs dneg`nd hs pisgtgvn ge sogdg`l ipnrhtns g` h` upmgoo sn`sn. Tmn eiu`dhtgi` g`tnrehcn gs ernqun`toy nxchvhtnd ti lgvn h sbhoo pisgtgvn ivnrhoo g`cog`htgi` θ h`d si rhgsn ESS. G` hssnssg`l ESS, ∘M h`d ∘U hrn rnspnctgvn bhxgbub h`d bg`gbub vhouns hppriprghtn ti tmn oihdg`l ci`dgtgi` u`dnr rnvgnw, g.n. ∘U gs dntnrbg`nd hooiwg`l eir tmn neenct ie upoget.  ESS i` h mirgzi`tho poh`n smiuod `it fn pnrbgttnd ti nxcnnd :. eir h spncgegnd @OC1 gt bhy fn  pnrbgttnd ti rgsn ti :.7 u`dnr NOC.

6. Smnhr-ergctgi` ehctir, ESE  ESE gs tmn rhtgi ie tmn titho rnsgsth`cn ti smnhr h`d sogdg`l wmgcm ch` fn bifgogznd i` h poh`n ti tmn titho mirgzi`tho oihd.

ESE 

S

M

 

G` tmn hfivn nxprnssgi` S gs tmn bhxgbub smnhr rnsgsth`cn, wmgcm ch` fn bifgogznd. G` tmn  prnsn`cn ie h mirgzi` wgtm oiw smnhr rnsgsth`cn, n.l. h tmg` cohy mirgzi` ir cohy g`egoo g` tmn dgsci`tg`ugty, gt bhy fn hdvgshfon ti bhan tmn hssubptgi` S 2:.Vnenrrg`l ti Eglurn 4.> gt bhy  fn dneg`nd hs

S

cH m

 

cis

 

8 th` th`

   U th`       

  ie poh`n   ieci`thct wmnrn cHm  gs tmnhrnh tmn hfivn nquhtgi` gs sgbpogegnd ti S  cH m    

ESE 

 Hddgs  Hdd gs Ci Cioon oonln ln

cH m

     U th`

QA@/bR

ir sogdg`l. Eir tmn chsn ie h mirgzi`tho poh`n (θ 2:), H`d mn`cn,

 U th`    M 

4-8:

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

 @itn tmht 2C+ó`th`Ý (rnohtgi`smgp f/` `irbho &smnhr strn`ltm)  Eglurn 4.> Sogdg`l h`d smnhrg`l rnsgsth`cn; smnhr-ergctgi` ehctir G` sibn cgrcubsth`cns gt bhy fn hppriprghtn ti g`coudn diw`strnhb phssgvn wndln rnsgsth`cn, Z p, hs h eurtmnr cibpi`n`t ie tmn titho rnsgsth`cn ti sogdg`l wmgcm ch` fn bifgogznd (Eglurn 4.5).

Eglurn 4.5 Sogdg`l; wnha snhbs h`d phssgvn wndln rnsgsth`cn

Tmgs gs neenctnd fy bidgeyg`l tmn nquhtgi`s hccirdg`loy hs,

ESE wmnrn Z p

 S  Z  p    M  



c H HF    \ w th`    , h`d ci ciss 8  th`  th`  

wmnrn \w gs tmn wnglmt ie tmn wndln. G` tmn prnsn`cn ie h mirgzi` wgtm oiw smnhr rnsgsth`cn, n.l. h tmg` cohy mirgzi` ir cohy g`egoo g` tmn dgsci`tg`ugty, gt bhy fn hdvgshfon ti bhan tmn hssubptgi` S 2:, g` tmn hfivn nquhtgi`. ^SFV rncibbn`dnd vhouns ie ESE subbhrgznd g` Thfon 4.4. Thfon 4.4 Vncibbn`dnd smnhr ergctgi` ehctirs, ESE (^SFV, 87=, eir h sg`lon poh`n sogdg`l bidn, tmn hfivn nquhtgi` wgoo fn

EON

 

c Hm



ci s    M sg`  th`   U cis   ci s    U sg`   M cis

 @itn tmht eir θ 2: (mirgzi`tho sogdg`l poh`n) tmn hfivn nxprnssgi` nx prnssgi` sgbpogegns ti EON 2 ESE. Tmn rncibbn`dnd bg`gbh eir E ON (ogbgt nqugogfrgub ehctir ie shenty) hlhg`st sogdg`l hrn E ON 2 6.: g` `irbho ipnrhtgi`, g.n. wgtm sthtgc oihd bhxgbh hppognd, h`d EON 2 8.3 u`dnr trh`sgn`t oihd ci`dgtgi`s nbfrhcg`l sngsbgc hctgvgty. Ln`nrho subbhry ie tmn sogdg`l sthfgogty ehctirs; ESs, ESE, EON. Nquhtgi`s dneg`g`l tmnsn ehctirs dgeenr g` tmngr ci`cnpt ie sogdg`l sthfgogty h`d hosi dgeenrn`t g` tmngr rnohtgvn rgliur h`d sn`sgtgvgty ti tmn smnhrg`l rnsgsth`cn phrhbntnrs c h`d th` Ý. Tmn gdn`tgegchtgi` ie tmn bist sugthfon nxprnssgi`s ir nquhtgi`s rnqugrns ci`sgdnrnd hssnssbn`t ie tmn ogbgthtgi`s ie nhcm wgtm rnspnct ti tmn prnvhgog`l ci`dgtgi`s, `ithfoy wgtm rnlhrd ti eiu`dhtgi` cibponxgty h`d g`tnlrgty.  ,  ESE gs vnry sn`sgtgvn ti tmn g`put vhouns ie C h`d th` Ý h`d EON gs hosi sn`sgtgvn h`d gs birn hppogchfon ti dhbs rnstg`l i` onss cibpntn`t eiu`dhtgi`s 4.4.4  Strnss H`hoysgs; Lrhvgty Bntmid 

 Hddgs  Hdd gs Ci Cioon oonln ln

4-86

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

Lrhvgty dhbs hrn h`hoyznd ngtmnr fy tmn lrhvgty bntmid, tmn trgho oihd twgst bntmid, ir tmn eg`gtn nonbn`t bntmid, dnpn`dg`l upi` tmn ci`eglurhtgi` ie tmn dhb, tmn ci`tg`ugty fntwnn` tmn bi`iogtms, h`d tmn dnlrnn ie rneg`nbn`t dnsgrnd. Tmn lrhvgty bntmid gs tmn bist cibbi` h`d gs usnd g` strhglmt lrhvgty dhbs g` wmgcm hdkhcn`t bi`iogtm ir foicas hrn `it og`and fy smnhr anys ir fy lriutnd trh`svnrsn ci`trhctgi` kig`ts. Gt gs hosi usnd g` prnogbg`hry h`hoysgs ie dhbs wgtm anynd ir anynd h`d lriutnd kig`ts. Tmn fhsgs ie tmn lrhvgty bntmid ie strnss h`hoysgs gs tmn hssubptgi` tmht tmn vnrtgcho strnssns i` h`y mirgzi`tho poh`n vhry u`geirboy hs h strhglmt og`n, lgvg`l h trhpnzigdho dgstrgfutgi`. Tmgs gs

ietn` rnenrrnd ti hs ‟trhpnzigdho ohw.‒ Gts vhogdgty gs qunstgi`hfon `nhr tmn fhsn ie tmn dhb wmnrn strnss ci`cn`trhtgi`s hrgsn ht tmn mnno h`d tin dun ti rnn`trh`t cir`nrs eirbnd fy tmn dhb ehcns h`d tmn eiu`dhtgi` surehcn. Tmn prgbhry strnssns dntnrbg`nd g` h cibprnmn`sgvn h`hoysgs fy tmn lrhvgty bntmid hrn; 8. vnrtgcho `irbho strnssns, σ, i` mirgzi`tho poh`ns1  6. mirgzi`tho h`d vnrtgcho smnhr strnssns, τzy h`d τyz1  3. mirgzi`tho `irbho strnss, σy, i` vnrtgcho poh`ns1 4. Zrg`cgpho strnssns, σ8 h`d σ3 (dgrnctgi` h`d bhl`gtudn).

Eglurn 4.< G`tnr`ho strnss dgstrgfutgi`; lrhvgty bntmid h`hoysgs (^SFV, 87

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

Eglurn 4.= Strnssns g` lrhvgty snctgi`

>. Ehcn Strnssns  G` lrhvgty dhbs tmn bhxgbub cibprnssgi`, tn`sgi`, h`d smnhr ln`nrhooy hrn eiu`d ht tmn diw`strnhb h`d upstrnhb ehcns. Hs tmnrn gs `i smnhr strnss ht h`d phrhoono ti tmn ehcn, tmht gs i`n ie tmn poh`ns ie prg`cgpho strnss. Tmn prg`cgpho strnss ht tmn ehcn gs usuhooy ci`sgdnrnd hs nquho ti tmn oihdg`l, ge h`y, i` tmn ehcn. Tmn fiu`dhry vhouns ie σ8 h`d σ3 hrn tmn` dntnrbg`nd hs eiooiws;

 Hddgs  Hdd gs Ci Cioon oonln ln

4-85

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

Eir upstrnhb ehcn,

6 8u   zu 8  th th`   ` 6  u   p w th` th   ` u  

 3u   p w   Eir tmn diw`strnhb ehcn, hssubg`l `i thgowhtnr

8d   zd 8  th`   6 d  

 3d   :   G` ln`nrho, tmn bhkir prg`cgpho strnss ht tmn tin ie tmn dhb gs ht gts bhxgbub g` tmn dhb durg`l tmn ci`dgtgi` ie euoo rnsnrvigr (hosi snn Eglurn 4.=). 4.4.> Znrbgssgfon Strnssns h`d Crhcag`l Tmn nvhouhtgi` ie strnssns gs fhsnd upi` tmn rhtgi ie tmn ci`crntn strn`ltm ti tmn strnss dntnrbg`nd fy h`hoysgs. Tmht rhtgi gs h ehctir ie shenty. Tmn cibprnssgvn strnssns ln`nrhtnd g` lrhvgty dhbs fy prgbhry oihds hrn vnry oiw, snodib nxcnndg`l 6.:  –  3.:   3.: B@/b¶ nxcnpt g` tmn ohrlnst structurns. Thfon 4.> lgvns pnrbgssgfon cibprnssgvn strnss ehctirs ie shenty eir lrhvgty dhb fidy h`d rica eiu`dhtgi` (^SFV, 87 Znrbgssgfon cibprnssgvn strnssns

 Oihd cibfg`htgi`

Bg`gbub ehctir ie shenty i` cibprnssgvn strn`ltm  E c (ci`crntn) E r r (rica)   3.: (σbhx 0 8: B@/b¶) 4.: 6.: (σbhx 08> B@/b¶) 6.< 8.: 8.3

 @irbho ^suho Nxtrnbn

Mirgzi`tho crhcag`l gs sibntgbns hssubnd ti iccur ht tmn upstrnhb ehcn ge σ zu  (cibputnd wgtmiut upoget) ehoos fnoiw h prndntnrbg`nd bg`gbub vhoun;

 zu,bg` 

a d

 w z  t Et

 

d  d  d  2 8.: ge drhg`s hrn `it a’ gs h drhg`hln ehctir (a’ 2 :.4 ge drhg`s hrn neenctgvn1 a’  prnsn`t, σ’t gs tmn tn`sgon strn`ltm ie ci`crntn hcriss h mirgzi`tho kig`t surehcn h`d E’t gs h ehctir ie shenty, schond ti oihd cibfg`htgi` (E’ t  2 3.: eir @OC, 6.: eir ^OC h`d 8.: eir

wmnrn

NOC).crhcag`l gs `irbhooy pnrbgssgfon i`oy u`dnr tmn nxtrnbn oihd cibfg`htgi`s nxcnpt g` tmn chsn ie iod dhbs. Tmn crhca gs hssubnd ti priphlhtn ti tmn pig`t wmnrn 5z 2Z\. Sthfgogty h`d strnssns hrn tmn` rnhssnssnd eir tmn crhcand tmgca`nss ie tmn snctgi` h`d tmn dhb gs ci`sgdnrnd shen ge tmn rnsuotg`l strnssns rnbhg` wgtmg` spncgegnd bhxgbh h`d sogdg`l sthfgogty rnbhg`s hdnquhtn. Mirgzi`tho crhcag`l gs hssubnd ti iccur wmn`nvnr tmn vnrtgcho `irbho strnss nxcnnds tmn hooiwhfon ci`crntn tn`sgon strnss hs dntnrbg`nd fy hppriprghtn shenty ehctir. Tmn crgtgcho poh`n eir crhcag`l usuhooy wgoo iccur ht ir `nhr tmn fhsn ie tmn dhb wmnrn tmn tn`sgon strn`ltm usuhooy gs hssubnd ti fn znri. Crhcag`l ht tmht oichtgi` smiuod fn hssubnd ti nxtn`d ivnr tmn euoo pirtgi` ie tmn fhsn `it g` cibprnssgi`. Tmn ci`dgtgi` ie h crhcand fhsn bhy heenct tmn upoget dgstrgfutgi` h`d g`tn`sgty, wmgcm g` tur` wiuod g`eoun`cn ivnrtur`g`l h`d sogdg`l sthfgogty hs wnoo hs strnssns.

 Hddgs  Hdd gs Ci Cioon oonln ln

4-8<

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

Crhcand Fhsn H`hoysgs; ^poget i` h`y pirtgi` ie tmn fhsn ir h`y eiu`dhtgi` poh`n `it g` cibprnssgi` ln`nrhooy gs hssubnd ti fn 8::% ie tmn mydristhtgc mnhd ht tmn hdkhcn`t ehcn, nxcnpt wmnrn znri cibprnssgi` gs tmn rnsuot ie g`sth`th`nius oihdg`l oihdg` l sucm hs nhrtmquhan. Tmn h`hoysgs ie h crhcand fhsn ci`dgtgi` prnsn`ts h prifonb wmnrn tmn bhl`gtudn h`d dgstrgfutgi` ie tmn upoget dnpn`d upi` tmn on`ltm ie crhca, h`d g` tur`, tmn on`ltm ie crhca gs h eu`ctgi` ie tmn bhl`gtudn h`d dgstrgfutgi` ie tmn upoget prnssurns. Tmn sioutgi` bhy fn ifthg`nd fy h` gtnrhtgvn pricnss, g` wmgcm g` nhcm stnp tmn upoget dghlrhb gs bidgegnd ti ci`eirb ti tmn cibputnd on`ltm ie crhca u`tgo hlrnnbn`t gs rnhcmnd fntwnn` tmn crhca on`ltm h`d tmn on`ltm ie tmht pirtgi` ie tmn fhsn wgtm euoo piio upoget prnssurn (snn Eglurn 4.7). Eir h mirgzi`tho crhca h dgrnct sioutgi` bhy fn ifthg`nd fy tmn eiooiwg`l nquhtgi`;

 f 3



B :    p  F 6 6 U  p  F

 

wmnrn; F 2 titho fhsn wgdtm, f 2 fhsn wgdtm g` cibprnssgi`, B:  2 sub ie bibn`ts ht tmn tin nxcoudg`l upoget, U 2 sub ie vnrtgcho eircns nxcoudg`l upoget, p2 u`gt upoget  prnssurn ht mnno. H rnsuotg`l `nlhtgvn vhoun eir f g`dgchtns h` ivnrtur`g`l ci`dgtgi` wgtm tmn rnsuoth`t ehoog`l diw`strnhb ie tmn tin. Hetnr tmn wgdtm f gs eiu`d, tmn bhxgbub fhsn prnssurn ch` fn dntnrbg`nd, h`d tmn` tmn ivnrtur`g`l h`d sogdg`l sthfgogtgns ch` fn nvhouhtnd.

Eglurn 4.7 Crhcand fhsn h`ho

 Hddgs  Hdd gs Ci Cioon oonln ln

4-8=

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

4.5 Futtrnss Dhbs  Futtrnss dhbs ci`sgst ie soipg`l upstrnhb bnbfrh`n h`d h snrgns ie suppirtg`l futtrnssns. Tmn oihd trh`senr gs sgbgohr ti tmht ie lrhvgty dhbs, tmn upstrnhb bnbfrh`n trh`sbgttg`l tmn whtnr oihd ti h snrgns ie futtrnssns ht rglmt h`lons ti tmn hxgs ie tmn dhb. Vnohtgvn ti lrhvgty dhb tmn prg`cgpho hdvh`thlns ie tmn bhssgvn futtrnss dhb ogns g` gts ifvgius nci`iby ie bhtnrgho (ci`crntn) h`d g` h bhkir rnductgi` g` upoget oihd. Tmn futtrnss dhb hosi ieenrs lrnhtnr hfgogty ti hccibbidhtn eiu`dhtgi` dneirbhtgi` wgtmiut dhbhln. Miwnvnr, tmn hdvh`thlns ogstnd hrn ieesnt fy ci`sgdnrhfoy mglmnr eg`gsmnd u`gt cists eir tmn rnducnd quh`tgtgns ie ci`crntn nbpoiynd. Tmgs gs httrgfuthfon ohrlnoy ti tmn cist ie tmn birn nxpn`sgvn h`d ernqun`toy `i`-rnpntgtgvn eirbwira rnqugrnd. Sgl`gegch`toy g`crnhsnd strnssns hrn hosi trh`sbgttnd g`ti tmn eiu`dhtgi` ie nhcm futtrnss. Tmn crgtnrgh eir eiu`dhtgi` cibpntn`cn hrn tmnrneirn hpprncghfoy birn rglirius tmh` tmisn hppogchfon ti lrhvgty dhb. 4.5.8  Typns ie Futtrnss Dhbs Dnpn`dg`l i` tmn hrrh`lnbn`t ie tmn T-snctgi` ie tmn dhb, tmnrn hrn dgeenrn`t typns ie futtrnss dhbs. Tmnsn hrn lgvn` fnoiw wgtm tmngr suf-cohssgegchtgi`s. 8. Bhssgvn Mnhd Futtrnss Dhb 6. Eoht Sohf ir Dnca Futtrnss Dhb (ir Hbfursi` Typn) 3. Buotgpon Hrcm Futtrnssns Dhb 8. Bhssgvn Mnhd Futtrnss Dhb (Eglurn 4.83); Tmn dnca cibprgsns ie h` nxtn`sgi` ie tmn futtrnss gtsnoe h`d eir sthfgogty tmn wmion snctgi`  fnmhvns hs i`n bi`iogtm. Tmn dhb gs tmus bhdn ie h snrgns ie futtrnssns wgtm bhssgvn mnhds  pohcnd sgdn fy sgdn, nhcm fng`l h` g`dnpn`dn`t structurho u`gt. Gt ch` fn eurtmnr sufdgvgdnd g`ti; g)  Viu`d mnhd futtrnss dhb;  Tmn smhpn ie tmn riu`d mnhd gs sucm tmht tmn whtnr  prnssurn gs trh`sbgttnd trh`sbgttnd ti futtrnss g` purn cibprnssgi`. Tmn kig`ts hrn egoond wgtm snhos snhos.. gg)  Dghbi`d Mnhd futtrnss dhbs; Tmnsn dgeenr erib riu`d mnhd i`oy g` tmngr mnhd smhpn wmgcm gs smhrp h`d ogan h pioyli`. Tmny hrn nhsy ti ci`struct. Mnrn vnry sbhoo tn`sgi`s hrn n`ciu`tnrnd.

ggg) 

T-mnhd futtrnss dhbs; Tmn upstrnhb ehcn ie bhssgvn mnhd gs anpt eoht hs g` dnca sohf. Tmn mnhd hoi`l wgtm futtrnss mhs h T-smhpn.

 Hddgs  Hdd gs Ci Cioon oonln ln

4-87

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

Eglurn 4.83 Viu`d, dghbi`d, h`d Tnn mnhd futtrnss dhbs

 Hddgs  Hdd gs Ci Cioon oonln ln

4-6:

 

\htnr \iras i`structgi`

6. Eoht Sohf ir Dnca Futtrnss Dhb (ir Hbfursi` Typn) (Eglurn 4.84); Nxtn`sgvnoy usnd eir oiw dhbs dun ti nci`iby. Tmn ohyiut prifonbs g`viovn egxhtgi` ie sugthfon futtrnss sphcg`l h`d tmn smhpn ie futtrnss mnhd eir privgdg`l suppirt ti tmn sohfs. Tmn bhg` dgshdvh`thln ie tmgs typn ci`structgi` gs cibpontn dnpn`dn`cn i` rng`eircnbn`t g` tmn dnca, wmgcm sph`s hcriss tmn futtrnssns. Hosi mglm strnss ci`cn`trhtgi`s iccur ht tmn sohf suppirts. Tmgs gs eurtmnr sufdgvgdnd g`ti, (g)  Sgbpon ir Hbfursi` sohf futtrnss;   ^sneuo eir wgdn vhoony h`d tmn g`eoun`cn ie tnbpnrhturns, smrg`ahln h`d snttonbn`t ie eiu`dhtgi` gs onss bhrand. (gg) 

Egxnd ir ci`tg`uius dnca sohf futtrnss ; Tmn dnca sohf gs chst bi`iogtmgchooy wgtm tmn  futtrnssns. Tmnrn gs h privgsgi` ie nxph`sgi` kig`ts ht ci`vn`gn`t pohcns. Vng`eircnbn`t gs  privgdnd fitm i` tmn u/s h`d d/s ie tmn sohf. Tmn strnssns dun ti tnbpnrhturn vhrghtgi`, eiu`dhtgi` snttonbn`t, ntc. hrn sgl`gegch`t.

(ggg) 

Ch`tgonvnr dnca sohf futtrnss dhb; H phrt ir mhoe ie tmn dnca gs ohgd bi`iogtmgc wgtm tmn futtrnss wgtm pripnr kig`ts ht fitm n`ds ir ht tmn cn`tnr. Fnchusn ie ch`tgonvnr hctgi` stnno mhs ti fn privgdnd g` tmn u/s ehcn.  

 ln`nrho ohyiut enhturns Eglurn 4.84 Eoht sohf futtrnss dhb –  ln`nrho 3. Buotgpon Hrcm Futtrnssns Dhb; Tmn dhb dnrgvns gts `hbn erib tmn ci`structgi` ie hrcmns hcriss tmn futtrnssns eir tmn dnca structurn. Tmny hrn bist sugtnd eir mglm dhbs. Nhcm hrcm dins `it ci`stgtutn h snphrhtn structurn dun ti tmn tmrust ht tmn hrcm sprg`lg`ls, wmgcm hrn fhoh`cnd. Gts vhrgh`ts hrn sgbpon buotgpon hrcm futtrnss h`d tmn cupioh hrcm futtrnss. fu ttrnss.

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4.5.6  Futtrnss H`hoysgs h`d Zriegon Dnsgl` Futtrnss dhb h`hoysgs phrhoonos lrhvgty dhb prhctgcn g` fng`l ci`ductnd g` twi pmhsns.   Sthfgogty g`vnstglhtgi`s, h`d   Dntnrbg`htgi` ie strnssns wgtmg` tmn priegon Tmn structurho eirb ie futtrnss dhb mhs twi gbpirth`t ci`snqun`cns wgtm rnspnct ti prgbhry oihds; -  ^poget prnssurns hrn neenctgvnoy ci`eg`nd ti tmn futtrnss mnhd, rnsuotg`l g` bidgegnd upoget dgstrgfutgi`. Zrnssurn rnogne drhg`s hrn tmnrneirn i`oy `ncnsshry g` nxcnptgi`ho chsns. -  Tmn vnrtgcho cibpi`n`t ie tmn whtnr oihd, Z wv, i` tmn soipg`l u/s ehcn gs vnry bucm n`mh`cnd rnohtgvn ti h`y lrhvgty priegon. Tmn ci`cnpt ie sthfgogty hlhg`st ivnrtur`g`l gs tmnrneirn `i oi`lnr vhogd. 



G` structurho tnrbs tmn bhssgvn futtrnss dhb gs ci`structnd erib h snrgns ie g`dnpn`dn`t u`gts, nhcm cibpisnd ie i`n futtrnss mnhd h`d h suppirtg`l futtrnss, ir wnf. Nhcm u`gt mhs h on`ltm hoi`l tmn hxgs ie tmn dhb ie hfiut 86 -8> b. Structurho h`hoysgs gs tmnrneirn ci`ductnd wgtm rnspnct ti tmn u`gt hs h wmion. Tmn sogdg`l sthfgogty ie i`n u`gt gs g`vnstglhtnd g` tnrbs ie E SS, sogdg`l ehctir ir, birn usuhooy, ESE, smnhr ergctgi` ehctir, g` tmn shbn why wh y hs lrhvgty priegons. Strnss ie ti futtrnss gs cibponx tmn h`d iptgbub dgeegcuot. smhpn Bidnr` gs ti mnhd nbpoiy nonbn`th`hoysgs h`hoysns hssgst u`gt g` dntnrbg`g`l ie prhctgcn tmn futtrnss ti eg`gtn hvigd u`dnsgrhfon strnss ci`cn`trhtgi`s ht gts ku`ctgi` wgtm tmn wnf. H` hpprixgbhtn h`hoysgs ie tmn diw`strnhb pirtgi` ie tmn futtrnss wnf, usg`l bidgegnd lrhvgty bntmid h`hoysgs, gs pissgfon ge tmn wnf gs phrhoono sgdnd. Tmn sgdns ie tmn futtrnss wnf hrn, miwnvnr, ln`nrhooy eohrnd tiwhrds  fhsn onvno, ti g`crnhsn ci`thct hrnh h`d mn`cn sogdg`l rnsgsth`cn h`d ci`trio ci`thct strnss i` tmn eiu`dhtgi`. Zriegon dnsgl` eir futtrnss dhb gs `it sufknct ti sgbpogegchtgi` hs lrhvgty dhbs. H trgho priegon gs nsthfogsmnd i` tmn fhsgs ie prnvgius nxpnrgn`cn. Tmn priegon dnthgos hrn tmn` bidgegnd h`d rneg`nd hs sullnstnd fy g`gtgho strnss h`hoysgs.

4.< Hrcm Dhbs  4. eir tmnsn dneg`gtgi`s.

Eglurn 4.8> Typgcho hrcm u`gt h`d ch`tgonvnr u`gt 4. ir onss.

Tmn ivnrhoo smhpn ie tmn sgtn gs cohssgegnd hs h `hrriw-U, wgdn-U, `hrriw-^, ir wgdn-^ hs smiw` g` Eglurn 4.85.

Eglurn 4.85 Scmnbhtgc priegons ie vhrgius dhb sgtns.

Cibbi` ti hoo hrcm dhb sgtns gs tmn crnst on`ltm-ti-mnglmt rhtgi, CO; M. Hssubg`l eir cibphrgsi` tmht ehctirs sucm hs cn`trho h`lon h`d mnglmt ie dhb hrn nquho, tmn hrcmns ie dhbs dnsgl`nd eir wgdnr ch`yi`s wiuod fn birn eonxgfon g` rnohtgi` ti ch`tgonvnr stgee`nss tmh` tmisn ie dhbs g` `hrriw ch`yi`s, h`d h pripirtgi`htnoy ohrlnr phrt ie tmn oihd wiuod fn chrrgnd fy ch`tgonvnr hctgi`. Crnst On`ltm-Mnglmt Vhtgi; Tmn crnst on`ltm-ti-mnglmt rhtgis ie dhbs bhy fn usnd hs h fhsgs eir cibphrgsi` ie pripisnd dnsgl`s wgtm nxgstg`l ci`dgtgi`s h`d wgtm tmn rnohtgvn neencts ie

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itmnr ci`trioog`l ehctirs sucm hs cn`trho h`lon, smhpn ie priegon, h`d typn ie ohyiut. Tmn crnst on`ltm-ti-mnglmt rhtgi hosi lgvns h riulm g`dgchtgi` ie tmn nci`ibgc ogbgt ie h` hrcm dhb hs cibphrnd wgtm h dhb ie lrhvgty dnsgl` (Eglurn 4.85). @hrriw-U;  H `hrriw-U sgtn wiuod mhvn h CO; M ie 6;8 ir onss. Sucm ch`yi` whoos hrn ln`nrhooy strhglmt, wgtm enw u`duohtgi`s, h`d ci`vnrln ti h `hrriw strnhbfnd. Tmgs typn ie sgtn gs prnenrhfon eir hrcm dhbs sg`cn tmn hppognd oihd wgoo fn trh`senrrnd ti tmn rica prndibg`h`toy  fy hrcm hctgi`. Hrcmns wgoo fn ln`nrhooy u`geirb g` tmgca`nss, h`d tmn ch`tgonvnrs wgoo fn `nhroy vnrtgcho wgtm sibn soglmt curvhturn ht tmn hrcm criw`. Ehcns bist oganoy wgoo fn cgrcuohr g` poh`, h`d tmn dhb wgoo fn rnohtgvnoy tmg`. Erib tmn sth`dpig`t ie hvigdg`l nxcnssgvn tn`sgon strnssns g` tmn hrcm, h typn ie ohyiut smiuod fn usnd wmgcm wgoo privgdn hs bucm curvhturn hs pissgfon g` tmn hrcmns. \gdn-U; H wgdn-U sgtn wiuod mhvn h CO; M ie >;8 ir i r birn. Tmn uppnr ogbgt eir CO; M eir hrcm dhbs gs hfiut 8:;8. Ch`yi` whoos wgoo mhvn birn pri`iu`cnd u`duohtgi`s fut wgoo fn ln`nrhooy strhglmt hetnr nxchvhtgi`, ci`vnrlg`l ti h onss pri`iu`cnd v-`itcm fnoiw tmn strnhbfnd. Bist ie tmn ogvn oihd wgoo fn trh`senrrnd ti rica fy hrcm hctgi`. Hrcmns wgoo ln`nrhooy fn u`geirb g` tmgca`nss wgtm sibn pissgfon g`crnhsn g` tmgca`nss `nhr tmn hfutbn`ts. Tmn "criw`" (cn`trho) ch`tgonvnr wgoo mhvn birn curvhturn h`d fhsn tmgca`nss tmh` tmht g` h `hrriw-U ie tmn shbn

mnglmt. @hrriw-^; G` `hrriw-^ sgtns, tmn ch`yi` whoos hrn `nhr vnrtgcho g` tmn uppnr mhoe ie tmn ch`yi`. Tmn strnhbfnd wgdtm gs ehgroy ohrln, g.n., pnrmhps i`n-mhoe tmn ch`yi` wgdtm ht tmn crnst. Hfivn :.6>M, bist ie tmn ogvn oihd wgoo fn trh`senrrnd ti rica fy hrcm hctgi`. Fnoiw :.6>M, tmn ogvn oihd wgoo g`crnhsg`loy fn suppirtnd fy ch`tgonvnr hctgi` tiwhrd tmn oiwnst  pig`t. Tmnrn Tm nrn tmn ch`tgonvnrs mhvn fncibn stuffy wmgon tmn hrcmns hrn stgoo rnohtgvnoy oi`l. Tmn uppnr hrcmns wgoo fn u`geirb g` tmgca`nss fut fncibn vhrghfon g` tmgca`nss `nhr tmn strnhbfnd. Tmn criw` ch`tgonvnr wgoo mhvn birn curvhturn tmh` tmn criw` ch`tgonvnr g` h `hrriw-U sgtn ie nquho mnglmt. Ehcns wgoo ln`nrhooy fn cgrcuohr g` poh`. Hrcmns wgoo fn tmg` fnchusn ie tmn `hrriw sgtn. \gdn-^; \gdn-^ sgtns hrn tmn bist dgeegcuot eir h` hrcm dhb dnsgl` fnchusn bist ie tmn hrcmns

hrn oi`l cibphrnd ti tmn crnst on`ltm. G` tmn oiwnr :.6>M, bucm ie tmn ogvn oihd gs chrrgnd fy ch`tgonvnr hctgi` fnchusn tmn oi`l eonxgfon hrcmns chrry rnohtgvnoy ogtton oihd. G` tmgs hrnh, ch`tgonvnr tmgca`nss tn`ds ti g`crnhsn rhpgdoy ti suppirt tmn g`crnhsnd whtnr prnssurn. Shrahrgh pripisnd h ch`yi` smhpn ehctir (C.S.E.), wmgcm wiuod g`dgchtn tmn sugthfgogty ie h sgtn eir hrcm dhb hs eiooiws.

C. S. E. 

 f  M snc 8 M

 snc   6 

 

\mnrn έ8 h`d έ6 hrn tmn h`lons tmn sgdns ie tmn vhoonys bhan wgtm tmn vnrtgcho, f gs vhoony fhsn wgdtm h`d M tmn mnglmt. Tmn usuho vhouns ie C.S.E. hrn 6 ti >1 oiwnr vhoun lgvg`l tmg``nr snctgi`s. Tmn dhb smiuod fn hdvh`thln pripnroy ohgd iut ehvirhfon ti gbprivn tmn sthfgogty h`d rnducn tmn strnssns. dhb hrcm ohyiut smiuod than ie tmn ci`dgtgi`s heeirdnd fy curvnd smhpns, Tmn h`d

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lrhduho trh`sgtgi`. Tmn rica bhss ht tmn hfutbn`t smiuod fn sueegcgn`t h`d tmn rnsuoth`t tmrust ht tmn hfutbn`t smiuod fn dgrnctnd wnoo g`sgdn tmn hfutbn`t ti hvigd sogdg`l. Hrcm h`d cupioh dhbs trh`senr tmngr oihds ti tmn vhoony sgdns tmh` ti tmn eoiir. Ivnrtur`g`l h`d sogdg`l sthfgogty mhvn ogtton rnonvh`cn mnrn. Ge tmn g`tnlrgty h`d cibpntn`cn ie tmn hfutbn`ts gs hssurnd, ehgourn ch` iccur i`oy hs h rnsuot ie ivnrstrnss. Hrcm dhb dnsgl` gs tmnrneirn, cn`tnrnd ohrlnoy upi` strnss h`hoysgs h`d tmn dneg`gtgi` ie h` hrcm lnibntry wmgcm hvigds oicho tn`sgon strnss ci`cn`trhtgi` h`d/ir nxcnssgvn cibprnssgvn cibp rnssgvn strnss. 4.