Conceptos y Fundamentos de Simulacion

 

Ncdnmptcs  Fmcdhrgc Ufhzhs Dcssh Kmr`èd @cdnhgh @édgmz

y budgh`mdtcs  budgh`mdtcs  gm si`ufhniþd gikithf

 

Fmcdhrgc Ufhzhs Dcssh Ms Idkmdimrc Mfmntrþdinc y @hkàstmr md Wmfmidbcr`ètinh< timdm 81 høcs gm mxpmrimdnih md mf smntcr gm fhs Wmfmnc`udinhnicdms Wm fmnc`udinhnicdms y 9 høcs nc`c gcnmdtm md fh ]divmrsighg Gistrithf Brhdnisnc Ocsé gm nhfghs.

Kmr`èd @cdnhgh @édgmz Ms Idkmdimrc Mfmntrþdinc, Mspmnihfisth md Bàsinh y md Idkmdimràh gm ^cbtwhrm, sm jh gmsm`pmøhgc nc`c gcnmdtm md fh ]divmrsighg Uifctc gm Ncfc`aih, ]divmrsighg gm Fh ^hffm y md fh ]divmrsighg Gistrithf Brhdnisnc Ocsé gm nhfghs.

 

Ncdnmptcs y budgh`mdtcs gm si`ufhniþd gikithf Fmcdhrgc Ufhzh Dcssh Kmr`èd @cdnhgh @édgmz

 

Ncdtmdigc

Urmsmdthniþd

9

8.                        

Idtrcgunniþd 8.8. ]scs gm fh si`ufhniþd 8.1. Ufhdmhniþd gmf `cgmfc gm si`ufhniþd y su mxpmri`mdthniþd 8.>. Nufturh gm fh si`ufhniþd md gibmrmdtms msnmdhrics 8.>.8. Kmstiþd nuhfithtivh 8.>.1. Kmstiþd nuhdtithtivh 8.7. Cràkmdms gm fh si`ufh si`ufhniþd niþd 8.=.  Hfkudcs ncdnmptcs ncdnmptcs aèsincs aèsincs gm fh UCC 8.2. Msthgc hntuhf gm fh si`ufhniþd 8.;. Gmshrrcffc gm si`ufhnicdms nc`c rmnurscs gm hprmdgizhom 8.;.8. Mf `cgmfc ncdnmptuhf 8.;.1. Ncdstrunniþd gmf `cgmfc ncdnmptuhf 8.;.1.8. Gidè`inh `cfmnufhr y gidè`inh arcwdihdh

8> 87 8; 8: 8: 89 89 18 11 1> 17 1= 1;

1.          

@cgmfcs 1.8. Mf `cgmfc gm msphnic gm msthgcs 1.1.  @cgmfcs mstcnès mstcnèstincs tincs 1.1.8.  @cgmfc Ahymsihdc Ahymsihdc 1.1.1. Acctstrhpp Acctstrhppidk idk nc`c idbmrmdnih msthgàstinh 1.1.>.  @cgmfcs ncd `m`crih fhrkh fhrkh

>8 >= >; >: >9 7>

 

1.>.

77

Nritmrics gm smfmnniþd gm ud `cgmfc

 

     

1.7. Rhfighniþd gm ud `cgmfc 1.=. Nfhsi ﬈  ﬈nhniþd gm fcs `cgmfcs 1.=.8. ^istm`hs qum sm pumgmd `cgmfhr

7= 7:

   

1.=.1. Urcnmsc mstcnèstinc 1.=.>.  @cgmfcs gmtmr`idàstincs

79 =8

   

1.2. ]sc y vmdthohs gm fcs `cgmfcs  `cgmfcs  1.2.8. Urcnmsc gm udh si`ufhniþd  si`ufhniþd 

=7 ==

 >.

Rhfighniþd gm fh si`ufhniþd si`ufhniþd gm ud `cgmfc

 

>.8.

Gismøc gmf mxpmri`mdtc  mxpmri`mdtc 

=; =:

   

>.1. >.>.

Urumah gm jipþtmsis  jipþtmsis  Gismøc mxpmri`mdthf  

=: =9

     

>.>.8 Msti`hniþd gm fh budniþd gm vmrcsi`ifitug   >.>.1 Mrrcrms gm fh si`ufhniþd si`ufhniþd   >.>.>. Bihaifighg gm scbtwhr scbtwhrmm phrh si`ufhniþd  si`ufhniþd 

28 29 ;5

 

>.>.7.  @cgmfcs gm ﬈haifighg gm scbtwhrm  scbtwhrm 

;8

7.

Mspmni﬈nhnicdms md mf gmshrrcffc gm scbtwhrm gm si`ufhniþd

 

7.8.

I`pcrthdnih I`pcrth dnih gm fcs rmqumri`imdtcs  rmqumri`imdtcs 

;= ;=

   

7.1. 7.>.

Qmquisitcs scbtwhrm gm si`ufhniþd  si`ufhniþd  Gismøc y rmhfizhniþd gm ud `cgmfc  `cgmfc 

;9 :=

=.

]sc y fi`ith fi`ithnicdms nicdms gm fh si`ufhn si`ufhniþd iþd

98

 

=.8.

Ahsms phrh fh si`ufhniþd pcr nc`puthgcr  

91

   

=.1. =.>.

Mdbcqum idbcr`ètinc gm fh si`ufhniþd  si`ufhniþd  Qmhfizhniþd gm fh si`ufhniþd  si`ufhniþd 

9> 97

2.

Idtmrprmthnicdms gm prcahaifighg

9;

     

2.8. 2.1. 2.>.

9: 99 858

   

2.>.8. Rhrihafms hfmhtcrihs  hfmhtcrihs  2.>.1. Budniþd hnu`ufhtivh gm prcahaifighg  

85> 85>

 

2.>.>. Rhrihafms hfmhtcrihs gm 1-gi`mdsicdms  1-gi`mdsicdms 

857

 

2.>.7. Urcahaifighg ncdginicdhf aivhrihgh  aivhrihgh 

85=

Gm ﬈diniþd gm prcnmsc hfmhtcric  hfmhtcric   @cgmfcs gm prcnmscs prcnmscs hfmhtcrics hfmhtcrics prèntincs  prèntincs  Ncdnmptcs scarm ώ èfkmarh  èfkmarh  

77

 

85; 85; 885 885 885 888 888 881 881 881 88=

;.  

Gistriaunicdms gm prcahaifighg ;.8. Rhrihafms hfmhtcrihs ncdtiduhs  ncdtiduhs 

                 

;.8.8. ;.8.1. ;.8.>. ;.8.7. ;.1. ;.1.8. ;.1.1. ;.1.>. ;.1.7.

:.  

Urcnmscs hfmhtcrics gm Ucisscd y khussihd khussihdcs cs :.8. Urcnmsc gm Ucisscd  Ucisscd 

88; 88;

     

:.8.8.  @cgmfc gm Ucisscd Ucisscd phrh fh brmnumdnih brmnumdnih   :.1. Urcnmsc hfmhtcric khussihdc  khussihdc  :.1.8. Brhnthfighg  

889 811 811

9.        

Kmdmrhniþd gm dÿ`mrcs hfmhtcric hfmhtcricss 9.8. Urcpimghgms gmsmhghs gm ud kmdmrhgcr   9.1. Kmdmrhgcr Kmdmrhgcrms ms ncdkrumdnihfms-fidmh ncdkrumdnihfms-fidmhfms fms (KNF) (KNF)   9.>. Kmdmrhgcr Kmdmrhgcrms ms ncdkrumdnihfms fidmhfms `uftipfinhtivcs `uftipfinhtivcs   9.7. Ncdginicdms msthgàstinhs msthgàstinhs gm fh sunmsiþd psmugchfmhtcrih  psmugchfmhtcrih 

819 8>8 8>8 8>> 8>7

Gistriauniþd dcr`hf c khussihdh  khussihdh  Gistriauniþd fck-dcr`hf   Gistriauniþd gm [miauff   Gistriauniþd Kh``h  Kh``h  Rhrihafms hfmhtcrihs gisnrmths  gisnrmths  Gistriauniþd aidc`ihf   Gistriauniþd mxpcdmdnihf   Gistriauniþd gm Ucisscd  Ucisscd  Gistriauniþd nji-nuhgrhgc  nji-nuhgrhgc 

85. Urumahs gm acdghg gm houstm gm dÿ`mrcs hfmhtcric hfmhtcricss

8>;

       

85.8. Urumah gm nji-nuhgrhgc nji-nuhgrhgc   85.1. Urumah gm Lcf`ckcrcv-^`irdcv  Lcf`ckcrcv-^`irdcv  85.>.  Hpfinhnicdms gm dÿ`mrcs hfmhtcrics hfmhtcrics   85.>.8. ]sc gm dÿ`mrcs hfmhtcrics phrh mvhfuhr idtmkrhfms  idtmkrhfms 

8>: 8>9 871 871

88.  

Kmdmrhniþd gm vhrihafm vhrihafmss hfmhtcrihs 88.8. Wrhdsbcr`hgh idvmrsh phrh gistriaunicdms gisnrmths m`pàrinhs  m`pàrinhs  88.1. Nhsc gistriauniþd udibcr`m gisnrmth  gisnrmth  88.>. Gistriauniþd dcr`hf   88.>.8.  Hfkcrit`c phrh phrh kmdmrhr vhrihafms vhrihafms hfmhtcrihs hfmhtcrihs

87;

     

ncd gistriauniþd fckdcr`hf  

87; 87: 87: 8=1

 

     

88.>.1. Kmdmrhniþd gm vhrihafms hfmhtcrihs pcr mf `étcgc gm ncdvcfuniþd  ncdvcfuniþd  88.7. Wrhdsbcr`hniþd idvmrsh gm gistriaunicdms ncdtiduhs  ncdtiduhs  88.=.  @étcgc gmf rmnjhzc rmnjhzc 

8=> 8=> 8=2

81.        

Wmcràh gm ncfhs 81.8. Wipcs gm ncfhs  ncfhs  81.1. ^istm`h igmhf gm ncfhs  ncfhs  81.>. Nfhsi ﬈ ncfhs   ﬈nhniþd gm ud sistm`h gm ncfhs  81.>.8.  Hpfinhnicd  Hpfinhnicdms ms gm fh si`ufhniþd si`ufhniþd md ud sistm`h sistm`h gm ncfhs  ncfhs 

8=9 825 821 82> 82=

8>. ^i`ufhniþd ^i`ufhni þd gm @cdtmnhrfc   8>.8. ]tifizhniþd gm @cdtmnhrfc phrh si`ufhr ud sistm`h gm gm`hdgh gm smrvinic  smrvinic    8>.8.8. ^i`ufhniþd gm mvmdtcs gisnrmtcs  gisnrmtcs    8>.8.1. Gmshrrcffc gm fh si`ufhniþd y mf hfkcrit`c

82; 82: 829

         

gm udh fàdmh gm mspmrh mspmrh   8>.1.  @cgmfhgc gm smrims gm tim`pc tim`pc  8>.1.8.  @cgmfcs udivhrihdt udivhrihdtms ms   8>.1.1. Gismøc gm fh si`ufhniþd gm ud `cvi`imdtc arcwdihdc arcwdihdc   8>.>. Qmnursivighg gmf `cvi`imdtc arcwdihdc arcwdihdc   8>.>.8 Kmdmrhniþd gm fcs mdshycs hfmhtcrics  hfmhtcrics 

829 8;7 8; 7 8;7 8; 7 8:5 8:1 8:>

87.      

Jmrrh`imdths tmndcfþki tmndcfþkinhs nhs md fh si`ufhn si`ufhniþd iþd 87.8. Wmndcfckàh md prcafm`hs nc`pfmocs  nc`pfmocs  87.1.  @cvi`  @cvi`imdtc imdtc arcwdihdc arcwdihdc kmdmrhfizhgc kmdmrhfizhgc   87.>. Ncm ﬈nimdtm gm Jurst  Jurst 

8:= 8:= 8:: 8:9

8=. Qmbmrmdnihs

89>

 

Urmsmdthniþd

h mfhacrhn mfhacrhniþd iþd gm mstm trhahoc surkm gm fh dmnmsighg gm idtmkrhr jmrrh`imdths phrh mf `cgmfh`imdtc y fh si`ufhniþd gm prcnmscs y sistm`hs md prcymntcs gm idvmstikhniþd h divmf gm prmkrhgc y pcskrhgc idvcfunrhdgc fcs tm`hs gm fhs nimdnihs y sus hpfinhnicdms md fh si`ufhniþd gm mxpmri`mdtcs utifizhdgc fhs tmndcfckàhs gm fhs nc`udinhnicdms y fh idbcr`hniþd.  Hginicdhf`mdtm, sm pmdsþ md fh prèntinh pmghkþkinh ncd sus prcthkcdisths „mf mstugihdtm y mf prcbmscr„, pcr mffc smràh i`pcsiafm dc `mdnicdhr fh mxpmrimdnih. Md fc rmbmrmdtm hf ncdtmdigc gm mstm gcnu`mdtc sm gmnigiþ md pri`mrh idsthdnihh jhnmr ud édbhsis md mf mdtmdgi`imdtc, idsthdni mdtmdgi`imd tc, fh nc`prmdsiþd y fh hprcpihniþd gm fcs ncdnmptcs y mf `hdmoc cpmrhtivc gm fh si`ufhniþd gm bmdþ`mdcs phrh gmshrrcffhr prcnmscs gm `cgmfh`imdtc gm sistm`hs y su si`ufhniþd `mgihdtm jmrrh`imdths tmndcfþkinhs. Mstm gcnu`mdtc prmsmdth fcs ncdnmptcs rmfhnicdhgcs ncd fh si`ufhniþd gm prcnmscs mstcnèstincs< md bcr`h kmdmrhf, sm idnfuymd fcs sikuimdtms nc`pcdmdtms gm `cgmfhgc?  @cgmfc fidköàstinc? nhphnighg gm ushr fhs phfharhs gm `cgc mbmntivc (yh @cgmfc smh jhafhdgc, msnriaimdgc, mtn.), mstc idnfuym fh jhaifighg gm `hdipufhr fh sidthxis c msnriturh gmf fmdkuhom, fh bcdétinh c fcs scdigcs gmf fmdkuhom, fh sm`èdtinh c sikdi﬈nhgc gmf fmdkuhom c givisiþd, y fh prhk`ètinh c fcs uscs prèntincs. @cgmfc fþkinc `htm`ètinc? nhphnighg gm ushr fcs dÿ`mrcs y fhs vhrihafms gm `hdmrh mbmntivh y gm rhzcdhr hgmnuhgh`mdtm. @cgmfc nc`puthnicdhf? ghgh fh nc`pfmoighg `htm`ètinh gm hfkudcs `cgmfcs, sm prmnish mf ncdcni`imdtc gm jmrrh`imdths idbcr`ètinhs, y fh

F

 

85

jhaifighg phrh hghpthr fcs hfkcrit`cs qum prcnmshd fhs rmfhnicdms mdtrm fhs  vhrihafms qum rmprmsmd rmprmsmdthd thd mf `cgmfc y su pcstmricr ncgi﬈nhniþ nhniþd d h ud fmdkuhom gm prckrh`hniþd phrh momnuthr ud mxpmri`mdtc, qum hf rmhfizhrfc gm `hdmrh bàsinh smràh hzhrcsc y ncstcsc. ﬈

visuhf c rmprmsmdthniþd nh gmsmudpumgmd sistm`h? gmsnriam fhs bcr`hs@cgmfc dmnmshrihs phrh rmprmsmdthr udkrè sistm`h< catmdmr rmfhnicdms budnicdhfms qum pmr`itmd mxtrhpcfhr c idtmrpcfhr mf nc`pcrth`imdtc h ud bmdþ`mdc c prcnmsc. Gmsgm fh pmrspmntivh gisnipfidhr. ]d mstugihdtm, ud hdhfisth c ud idkmdimrc gmamd hpfinhr mf pmdsh`imdtc sisté`inc phrh nfhsi﬈nhr m igmdti﬈nhr fhs  vhrihafms hfmhtcrihs c gmtmr`idàstinhs gmtmr`idàstinhs gm gm fcs sistm`hs scnihfms, bàsincs „nc`c mxpcsinicdms gm numrpcs h tm`pmrhturhs mxtrm`hs„, quà`incs, tmndcfþkincs „nc`c mf ncdtrcf gm pcsinicdh`imdtc gm ud shtéfitm c fh crimdthniþd gm udh hdtmdh„, y, md kmdmrhf, tcgcs fcs rmfhnicdhgcs ncd fhs nimdnihs dhturhfms c scnicmncdþ`inhs nc`c fhs idvmrsicdms, fh mncfckàh y fcs sistm`hs gm fàdmhs gm mspmrh. Wcgcs mstcs bmdþ`mdcs sm `cgmfhd y sm si`ufhd `mgihdtm mxpm-

  z   m    g   d    é    @   h    g   h   n   d   c    @   d    è   `   r   m    K  ,   h   s   s   c    D   h   z   h    f    U   c    g   r   h   d   c   m    F

ri`mdtcs md mf nc`puthgcr, md mf nuhf sm nhfnufhd nhfnufh d fcs phrè`mtrcs qum gmsnriamd fhs `mgighs gm rmdgi`imdtc gmf sistm`h. Ncd msth bumdtm gm ncdsufth qum sm høhgm h fh aiafickrhbàh mxistmdtm, sm prmtmdgm hpcrthr udh visiþd gm fhs phuths phut hs qum hyughd h fh tc`h gm gmnisicdms gmnisicdm s rmfhnicdhghs ncd mf gmsm`pmøc gm fcs sistm`hs, ncdtriauymdgc h udh dumvh pmrspmntivh gmf mstugic gm fh si`ufhniþd. Mf prcnmsc gm fh si`ufhniþd sm `irh md mstm ncdtmxtc nc`c sidmrkih mdtrm fhs nimdnihs dhturhfms, fh `htm`ètinh, fh msthgàstinh y fhs nimdnihs gm fh nc`puthniþd. ^id smr ud trhahoc phrh mspmnihfisths, sm supcdm qum mf fmntcr timdm hfkudh mxpmrimdnih prmvih md nuhdtc h fcs tm`hs rmfhnicdhgcs. Fh mfmnniþd gmf crgmd gm ncdsufth gm fcs tm`hs pumgm gmpmdgmr gmf nritmric gmf fmntcr, sm pumgmd mdncdtrhr tþpincs rmfhnicdhgcs ncd mf `cgmfh`imdtc  y fh si`ufhniþd gm sistm`hs gmtmr`idàstincs c hfmhtcrics yh smh md bcr`h sidnrþdinh c hsidnrþdinh. Fcs prcnmscs gm `cgmfh`imdtc y si`ufhniþd, fh rmhfizhniþd gm fcs hfkcrit`cs y su ncgi﬈nhniþd gm fcs nhscs prcpumstcs smrèd hacrghgcs gm `hdmrh rikurcsh, pmrc su bcr`hfis`c scfc irè jhsth gcdgm fc pmr`ithd fhs jmrrh`imdths `htm`ètinhs y nc`puthnicdhfms ncdvmdnicdhfms. ncdvmdnicdhfms. ^m rmnc`imdgh hf fmntcr smkuir mf crgmd gmf fiarc thf nc`c sm prmsmdth, m ir hdhfizhdgc fcs nhscs prcpumstcs y su si`ufhniþd< dc casthdtm, si mstm msnritc ms hacrghgc pcr mspmnihfisths sm rmnc`imdgh ir girmnth`mdtm h sus tm`hs gm idtmrés. Mf tmxtc sm idinih ncd ud hnmrnh`imdtc idtuitivc h fhs jmrrh`imdths gmf `cgmfhom, y phufhtidh`mdtm msths sm prmsmdthd gm `hdmrh `ès bcr`hf md fh

 

88

`mgigh md qum sm hacrghd fcs tm`hs. Mstm trhahoc sm prmsmdth gm bcr`h thf qum sm privifmkih privifmki h fh `m`crih `m`cri h h fhrkc pfhzc, y si sm gmam ncdsufthr gm dumvc ud tm`h sm pumgm ncrrmfhnicdhr ncd fcs yh vistcs. Md fh pri`mrh phrtm sm jhnm udh idtrcgunniþd h fh igmdti﬈nhniþd, nhrhntmrizhniþd y nfhsi﬈nhniþd gm vhrihafms gm ud sistm`h phrh su `cgmfh`imdtc  y pcstmricr si`ufhniþd, sm prmsmdthd fhs vmdthohs y gmsvmdthohs gmsvmdthohs gmf usc gm fh si`ufhniþd, fhs mstrhtmkihs phrh pfhdmhr y ncdstruir mf `cgmfc gm ud sistm`h,  y sm jhnm udh rmvisiþd gm fcs ncdnmptcs aèsincs gm sistm`hs, `cgmfcs y su si`ufhniþd. Md fh smkudgh phrtm sm jhnm rmbmrmdnih h fcs tipcs gm si`ufhniþd, thfms nc`c si`ufhniþd ncdtiduh, gisnrmth, nc`aidhgh (gisnrmth-ncdtiduh), @cdtmnhrfc y gistriauigh. ^m jhnm udh nc`phrhniþd mdtrm scfunicdms hdhfàtinhs y nc`puthnicdhfms tmdimdgc md numdth qum mf `cgmfc ms udh rmprmsmdthniþd isc`þr﬈nh c mquivhfmdtm gm fh rmhfighg. Md fh nfhsi﬈nhniþd gm fcs `cgmfcs sm jhnm édbhsis md gcs krupcs, fcs gmtmr`idàstincs y fcs hfmhtcrics< fcs `cgmfcs hfmhtcrics timdmd ud `hycr krhgc gm nc`pfmoighg pcr tmdmr prcpimghgms rmfhnicdhghs ncd fh dc fidmhfighg, pcr mffc su mstugic rmquimrm gm udh ahsm sþfigh gm ncdcni`imdtcs md prcahaifighg y prcnmscs mstcnèstincs. Md fh tmrnmrh phrtm sm prmsmdthd fcs `étcgcs phrh kmdmrhr vhrihafms hfmhtcrihs y fcs ncrrmspcdgimdtms hfkcrit`cs rmnursivcs phrh fh kmdmrhniþd gm dÿ`mrcs hfmhtcrics< hginicdhf`mdtm, sm `umstrhd fhs prumahs gm acdghg gm houstm gm fcs vhfcrms hfmhtcrics kmdmrhgcs, fc hdtmricr ncd mf ﬈d gm vhfighr mf `cgmfc y su si`ufhniþd. Bidhf`mdtm, sm prmsmdthd fcs phrè`mtrcs dmnmshrics phrh mf gismøc y fh cpti`izhniþd gmf mxpmri`mdtc gm si`ufhniþd md mf nc`puthgcr< h tàtufc gm mom`pfc? sm `mdnicdh mf hdèfisis gm ghtcs gmf `cvi`imdtc arcwdihdc, mf hdèfisis gm fh vhrihdzh, y fcs vhfcrms `mgics c mspmrhgcs, mstcs prcpcrnicdhd ud hdèfisis gm fcs rmsufthgcs gm fh si`ufhniþd. trhahoc bumhgsnritc rmhfizhgc tcrdc prcymntc Nuamsht-]G? nidhMstm y Wmfm`mtràh hf md krupc gm hfidvmstikhniþd Kitm` gm fhWmfm`mgiBhnufthg gm Idkmdimràh gm fh ]divmrsighg Gistrithf Brhdnisnc Ocsé gm Nhfghs, pcr mf idkmdimrc Fmcdhrgc Ufhzhs Ufhz hs Dcssh, ncd fh ncfhacrhni ncfhacrhniþd þd gmf idkmdimrc Kmr`èd @cdnhgh @édgmz gm fh ]divmrsighg Uifctc gm Ncfc`aih.

 N   c d  n   m    p  t    c  s    y  b    u d  g   h  `  m  d  t    c  s   g   m   s  i   `  u f    h   n  i    þ  d  g    ki   i    t    h  f  

 

8. Idtrcgunniþd

f caomtivc gm mstm trhahoc ms prmsmdthr vhrics tm`hs gm fh si`ufhniþd c mxpmri`mdthniþd gm sistm`hs `mgihdtm mf usc gmf nc`puthgcr< hudqum mstè pmdshgc y girikigc h mstugihdtms gm idkmdimràh, dc casthdtm pumgm smr utifizhgc pcr prcbmsicdhfms qum hdhfizhd, kmsticdhd y prmsmdthd scfunicdms h gibmrmdtms prcafm`hs. Uhrh hahrnhr fcs givmrscs tþpincs sm mspmrh qum fcs mstugihdtms mstéd bh`ifihrizhgcs ncd fhs nimdnihs mxhnths y gm fh nc`puthniþd, md phrtinufhr hqumffcs tm`hs rmfhnicdhgcs ncd fh prcahaifighg, fh hrit`étinh ncdkrumdnihf, fh bàsinh y fh msthgàstinh. Mf ncdcni`imdtc suarhyhgc mstè rmfhnicdhgc ncd mf bcr`hfis`c dmnmshric md mf mstugic gm fhs nimdnihs qum utifizhd nc`c fmdkuhom mf si`acfis`c bcr`hf< sid m`ahrkc, sm dmnmsith udh krhd nhdtighg gmf idkrmgimdtm idtuinicdisth nc`c fc jhnm th`aiéd fh `htm`ètinh.  Hginicdhf`m  Hgin icdhf`mdtm, dtm, sm hacrghd hfkudcs ncdn ncdnmptcs mptcs mfm`md mfm`mdthfms thfms hnmr hnmrnh nh gmf crikmd y mf msthgc hntuhf gm fh si`ufhniþd, scarm `cgmfh`imdtc gm sistm`hs y mxpmri`mdtcs md mf nc`puthgcr, y sm idginhd fhs pridniphfms vmdthohs y gmsvmdthohs gm fcs `cgmfcs gm si`ufhniþd y su nfhsi ﬈nhniþd. ]dc gm fcs pudtcs `ès i`pcrthdtms ms mf msthafmni`imdtc gm fcs phscs qum sm gmamd smkuir phrh rmhfizhr ud mstugic gm si`ufhniþd. Fh si`ufhniþd ms fh rmprmsmdthniþd gm fh cpmrhniþd gm hfkÿd prcnmsc c sistm`h gmf `udgc rmhf h trhvés gmf tim`pc. Yh smh jmnjh `hduhf`mdtm c md ud nc`puthgcr, fh si`ufhniþd idvcfunrh fh kmdmrhniþd gm udh jistcrih hrti﬈nihf gm ud sistm`h y su casmrvhniþd casmr vhniþd phrh catmdmr idbmrmdnihs rmfhnicdhghs ncd fhs nhrhntmràstinhs cpmrhtivhs gmf sistm`h rmhf. Fcs `cgmfcs gm si`ufhniþd pumgmd smr utifizhgcs nc`c udh jmrrh`imdth gm hdèfisis phrh prmgmnir fcs mbmntcs gm nh`aics md sistm`hs mxistmdtms, c nc`c udh jmrrh`imd-

M

th gm gismøc phrh prmgmnir mf nc`pcrth`imdtc gm sistm`hs dumvcs.

 

Ncfmnnicdms gm fh udivmrsighg gistrithf brhdnisnc ocsé gm nhfghs Fh Mgitcrihf ]G sm nc`pfhnm md mdtrmkhr h sus fmntcrms sus simtm pri`mrhs ncfmnnicdms ncd fhs nuhfms ncdscfigh su smffc mgitcrihf. Ncd udh ffh`htivh prcpumsth visuhf, mf fmntcr pcgrè mdncdtrhr fcs `mocrms tàtufcs md èrmhs nc`c? fitmrhturh, `mgic h`aimdtm, hrtms, hdtrcpcfckàh, jistcrih, idkmdimràh, scnicfckàh, pmghkckàh y ctrcs< dumstrhs ncfmnnicdms scd? Fmtrhs ncfc`aihdhs Wimrrh y vigh Gigèntinhs Nrmhnicdms Msphnics Gièfckcs Niughghdàh y gm`cnrhnih

Ctrcs tàtufcs gm msth ncfmnniþd? Wrhdsbcr`hniþd gm i`èkmdms h Wrhdsbcr`hniþd trhvés gmf èfkmarh fidmhf ^h`umf Ahrrmtc @mfc, Mgkhr Amthdncurt Qczc, @iftcd Fms`ms Hncsth. Risuhf Ahsin y H^U.DMW h su hfnhdnm Nhrfcs Rhdmkhs Gismøc kmc`étrinc gm vàhs ncd hpfinhnicdms md Mxnmf y Hutcnhg [if`hd @uøcz

 

Ncd fcs dumvcs hvhdnms gm fh tmndcfckàh sm jhd nh`aihgc fhs mstrhtmkihs gm scfuniþd gm hfkudcs prcafm`hs. Ms hsà nc`c mf usc gm fhs dumvhs tmdgmdnihs gm fh tmndcfckàh hpfinhgh h fh mgunhniþd, ghd ud fukhr prc`idmdtm h fh si`ufhniþd nc`c jmrrh`imdth phrh mf `cgmfh` `cgmfh`imdtc imdtc y si`ufhniþd gm bmdþ`mdcs dhturhfms y/c scnihfms, trhthgcs trhthgcs nc`c mxpmri`mdtcs mxpmri`mdtcs hfmhtcrics c gmtmr`idistincs. gmtmr`idistincs. Mstm fiarc idtmdth rmnckmr msths dumvhs tmdgmdnihs phrh qum mf mstugihdtm hdhfinm, prcpcdkh y pumgh prhntinhr gm `hdmrh idtmdnicdhf utifizhdgc nc`c mom gm pmdsh`imdtc pmdsh`imdt c mf `cgmfh`imdtc `cgmfh`imdtc y ncdstrunniþd, ncdstrunniþd, y nhrhntmrizhniþd nhrhntmrizhniþd gm vhrihafms vhrihafms hfmhtcrihs, phrh scfunicdhr prcafm`hs prcafm`hs dc gmtmr`idistincs. gmtmr`idistincs. Ncdnmptcs y Budgh`mdtcs gm si`ufhniþd gikithf ms ud tmxtc qum dhnm gmf hbèd gm hphsicdhr h fcs mstugihdtms y pcr qué dc, h prcbmscrms gm idkmdimràh y gm fhs nimdnihs mxhnths, pcr mf mstugic y prèntinh gm fh si`ufhniþd gikithf.

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