CONCEPTOS GENERALES DE PAVIMENTOS TEMA 1 - MODIFICADO

 

\JISLP^IHMH ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ "HØA MLG CAP]HGLNIKILJ]A ML GH ^A@LPHJËH JHNIAJHG

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CHN\G]HM ML IJELJILPËH  L^N\LGH RPACL^IAJHG ML IJELJILPIH NISIG

MI^LØA ML RHSIKLJ]A^ LJ NHPPL]LPH^

]LKH 8? NAJNLR]A^ ELJLPHGL^ ML GA^ RHSIKLJ]A^

MANLJ]L? IJE. A^NHP RIJLMA KLJMA_H? HG\KJA^?     

O\GIA NL^HP RIJHPL^ ^ILPPH OANH OANH@L @L] ] LSLG LSLGIIJ KHKHJ HKHJII FLPL FLPLJN JNIIH

NAM? 028=88320-D  NAM? NAM? 02 0280 80002> 2>29 29-@ -@

P\MY CIMLG E\]ILPPL_ ^H\ØL GI_@L]F M\PHJM KHP]IJL_ HP^LJIA NÞPMASH KAJ]L^

NAM? 29822395-D  NAM? 02862>6 - L

 

H@HJNHY, HR\PËKHN, RLPß

 

0200

 

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\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ i

Mlminhtarih Mlminhma h julstrhs qulrimhs khmrls, qul jas ijnljtivhj h sleuir hmlghjtl y par lg hpaya ijnajminiajhg lj julstras lstumias ujivlrsithrias.

 

=

\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ ii

 

Herhmlnikiljta. Herhmlnlkas h julstrhs chkigihs y phmrls par plrkitir carkhrjas naka praclsiajhgls lj

lsth nhsh ml lstumias y hg Ijeljilra ljnhrehma ml gh khtlrih par ijnugnhrjas gas najanikiljtas y vhgarls lj julstrh carkhniþj naka plrsajhs y praclsiajhgls.

 

=

\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ iii

Ëjminl 8.

nhpë nhpëtug tugaa 8.. 8...... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ........ ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........8 ...8 8.8

Najnlpt Najnlptas as eeljlrhg ljlrhgls ls mmll gas phvikljtas... phvikljtas......... ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .................. ...............8 ....8

8.0

Ijtramu Ijtramunniþj. nniþj........ .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .......................... .........................8 ......8

0.

A`olt A`oltivas... ivas.......... ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ...................0 ............0 0.8

A`olt A`oltiva iva prijniphg.... prijniphg........... .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ...................... .................................0 ..................0

0.0

A`olt A`oltiva iva slnujmhria.... slnujmhria.......... ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ...................... ...............................0 ................0

>.

Fistar Fistarih ih mlg phvikljta... phvikljta.......... .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. ..................> ...........>

=.

Rhvikl Rhvikljta.... jta.......... ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. .............. ..............................< ......................< =.8

Nhphs mlg phvik phvikljta?. ljta?........ ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .........................3 ..................3

=.8.8. Nhph mmll ramh ramhmurh.... murh........... ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .................... ..................................3 .....................3 =.8.0. @hsl.. @hsl......... .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ..................... .................5 ..5 =.8.>. ^u` `hsl...... `hsl............ ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............................. ..........................5 ....5 0 .........>0 6.>.=. Oujths ml hr hrljh.... ljh........... ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. .............. ..............................>0 ......................>0 6.>.> ................>> 6.>.3. @arml ml najc najcijhki ijhkiljta... ljta.......... .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ................ .......................>> .............>> 6.=

Najsiml Najsimlrhniaj rhniajls ls ml mrljhol mrljhol lj phvikljtas phvikljtas hrtinughmas. hrtinughmas........ .............. ............. ..................... ..................>> ...>>

6.<

Rrijni Rrijniphg phgls ls hpgi hpginhni nhniajls ajls ml phv phvik ikljt ljtas as hrti hrtinug nughmas hmas sa`rl sa`rl mistijt mistijths hs nhphs nhphs ml

cujmhniþj.

>=

6.< ...>< 6. ............>33 6.3

Rranlsa najstru najstruntiva ntiva ml pphviklj hvikljta ta hrtinughma... hrtinughma.......... ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ................. ..........>5 >5

6.3.8. Rrlphrhn Rrlphrhniþj iþj ml su`rh su`rhshjtl.. shjtl......... ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. .....................>5 ...............>5 6.3.0. Rrlphrhn Rrlphrhniþj iþj ml `hsl.......... `hsl................ ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .................>5 ..........>5 6.3.>. Rrlphrhn Rrlphrhniþj iþj ml `arml ml najcijhkiljt najcijhkiljta...... a............ ............. .............. .............. ............. .............. .................>6 .........>6 6.3.=. Rrlphrhn Rrlphrhniþj iþj ml nagn nagnfþj fþj ml hrljh........ hrljh............... ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. ...................> ............>66 6.3.6 .....>6 6.3.3. Rrlphrhn Rrlphrhniþj iþj ml oujt oujths hs ml hrljh.. hrljh........ ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. .................... ..............>9 .>9 6.5

Sljtho Sljthohs hs y mlsvljthohs.. mlsvljthohs......... .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ...................... ..........................>9 ...........>9

 

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\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ vii 6.5.8. Sljtho Sljthohs..... hs............ .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ................ ............>9 ...>9 6.5.0. Mlsvljt Mlsvljthohs.. hohs......... ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. ........................ ..............................=2 .............=2 9.

Najngu Najngusiajls. siajls........ .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ...................=8 .............=8

82.

Plclrlj Plclrljnihs nihs `i`giaerècin `i`giaerècinhs...... hs............ ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ........=0 ..=0

 

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\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ viii

Ëjminl ml cieurhs Cieurh 8 ]ipas ml phvikljtas............................................................................................9 Cieurh 0 Sisth ml uj phvikljta nugkijhma.......................................................................82 Cieurh > Nhrhntlrëstinhs lstrunturhgls ml uj phvikljta........ .............. ........................... ...............................88 ...........88 Cieurh = Lsqulkh mlg nakparthkiljta ml phvikljtas cglxi`gls y rëeimas. ................8> Cieurh < Nghsls ml phvikljtas........................................................................................02 Cieurh 3 Nartl trhsvlrshg ml uj phvikljta cglxi`gl ......................................................08 Cieurh 5 Nartl trhsvlrshg ml phvikljta rëeima. .............................................................0> Cieurh 6 Mlshrragga jhturhg ml cisurhs............................................................................0> Cieurh 9 Nakpajljtls prijniphgls mlg phvikljta.........................................................0= Cieurh 82 Rhshmarls y `hrrhs ml ujiþj..........................................................................0<

 

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\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ 8

8. nhpëtuga 8 8.88 8.

Na Najn jnlp lptas tas el eljl jlrhg rhgls ls m mll gas gas p phvi hvikl kljta jtass

8.0

Ijtra tramun unnniþj.

Mlsml lg prijnipia ml gh lxistljnih mlg slr fukhja fh tljima gh jlnlsimhm ml nakujinhrsl, kativa par lg nuhg sl fh vljima h`riljma mlsml ujh `rlnfh fhsth ghs erhjmls hutapisths ml fay lj mëh, oujta naj lg mlshrragga ml mivlrshs ténjinhs y kétamas phrh gh kès hmlnuhmh najstrunniþj ml gas nhkijas. Mlsml ghs najstrunniajls h `hsl ml pilmrhs y hegaklrhjtls fhsth fay lj mëh qul fhy kétamas kuy plrclnniajhmas. Erhnihs h gh lxplriljnih ml gas høas fay ljnajtrhkas hutapisths ml phvikljtas cglxi`gls y rëeimas qul jas praparniajhj nhkijas sleuras y plrsistljtls.

Ls par lsta qul gh ijcarkhniþj qul sl prlsljth lj lstl trh`hoa mlshrraggh lg tlkh sa`rl  phvikljtas lg nuhg sl rlcilrl h gh najstrunniþj ml ujh nhrplth h `hsl ml uj phvikljta, yh slh cglxi`gl a rëeima. Lstl trh`hoa mlsnri`irè mlcijiniajls ml phvikljtas y tamhs hqulgghs qul slhj jlnlshrihs phrh su hmlnuhma ljtljmikiljta naka tipas ml phvikljtas, nhrhntlrëstinhs, lstrunturhs y vljthohs ml gas phvikljtas. Minfh ijcarkhniþj lstè a`tljimh ml mivlrsas gi`ras ml hutarls ml ijeljilrëh nivig gas nuhgls slrèj mlthgghmas lj gh `i`giaerhcëh ml trh`hoa.

 

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\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ 0

0. 0.8 0.8

A`oltivas

A` A`ol olti tiva va pri prijni jniph phgg. Mhr hg glntar uj najanikiljta kès hkpgia ml ghs nhrhntlrëstinhs, mlcijiniajls, lstrunturhs y vljthohs ml gas phvikljtas

0.0 0.0

A` A`ol olti tiva va slnu slnujm jmhr hriia Nakprljmlr kès h cajma thjta lg phvikljta naka sus tipas ml phvikljtas y su utigizhniþj hmlnuhmh. Hg cijhg ml lstl trh`hoa sl prltljml hkpgihr julstras najanikiljtas, hsë naka thk`iéj ml tama lg hgukjhma qul tljeh najthnta naj lstl lstumia. Plnhgnhkas qul ml`l najanlrsl mlthgghmhkljtl y tljlr `uljh `hsl lj nuhjta hg phvikljta su mlcijiniþj y tipagaeëh phrh najanlr hmlnuhmhkljtl lg mlshrragga ml uj `ulj misløa ml phvikljta lj nhrrltlrhs qul ls lg a`oltiva mlg nursa.

 

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\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ >

>.

Fistarih mlg phvikljta

Gh pilmrh cul uja ml gas priklras khtlrihgls qul najtþ lg fak`rl, yh qul slrvëh ml khtlrih  prikh

phrh

gh

najstrunniþj

ml

a`oltas.

^l lstikh qul cul lj lg >222 h.N. qul lg Ikplria Figith (lj gh pljëjsugh ml Hjhtajih) najstruyþ gas priklras nhkijas nhkijas h sulga cirkl. cirkl. Atra hjtlnlmljtl hjtlnlmljtl mlsthnhma mlsthnhma saj gas nhkijas nhkijas qul rlhgizhraj gas

lsnghvas

leipnias

hgrlmlmar

ml

ghs

pirèkimls.

Ghs þrmljls rlgieiashs qul cgarlnlj lj Luraph murhjtl gh Lmhm Klmih cakljthj cakljthj gh najstrunniþj najstrunniþj ml

nhkijas

phrh

gas

plrlerijhols,

lj

pa`ghmas

ml

Crhjnih,

Ithgih

y

Lsphøh.

H klmihmas mlg siega VSIII sl mlshrraggh mlshrraggh lg usa ml gh nhg lj phësls naka Ijeghtlrr Ijeghtlrrh, h, h trhvés mlg trh`hoa ml fak`rls naka lg ijeljilra Oafj ^klhtaj. Najstruntar mlg Chra ml Lmmystajl, ^klhtaj cul uja ml gas rlspajsh`gls mlg nhk`ia vihg lj gh niumhm `ritèjinh. Murhjtl lg siega VIV, Ijeghtlrrh cul piajlrh lj ikpglkljthr glyls ml phvikljthniþj, naj gh nrlhniþj mlg Nakisiajhma ml Rhvikljthniþj, mlpljmiljtl mlg Rhrghkljta mlg Plija \jima. ^u thrlh sl rlkitëh hg nuimhma y kloarh ml gh rlm vihg. Gh Luraph mlg siega VIV sl nhrhntlrizh par uj mlshrragga lj gh najstrunniþj ml nhkijas  phvikljthmas. Lj pul`gas naka ]rlsshelt (lj Crhjnih) sl a`slrvhraj gas priklras nhkijas rlhgizhmas h `hsl ml pilmrhs ml erhj thkhøa. Naj gh gglehmh ml gh Lrh Ijmustrihg sl lxpgarh naj khyar nuimhma gh rlhgizhniþj ml ruths ml  phvikljta, utigizhjma pilmrhs kès plquløhs (hmaquijls). Gh hphriniþj mlg m lg hutakþvig cakljth gh miherhkhniþj ml nhkijas kès lxtljsas y hptas phrh lg trhsghma ml vlfënugas ml plsa. Lg hgquitrèj sl ijnarparh hg phvikljthma ml nhggls ml Gajmrls y Khmrim. Rlra gas erhjmls hvhjnls lj gh khtlrih sl mhj lj gas Lsthmas \jimas, h trhvés ml gh ch`rinhniþj ml julvhs nhphs

 

=

\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ = hs hscè cègt gtin inhs hs,, qul qul plrk plrkit itlj lj uj ujhh kh khya yarr cg cglx lxi` i`ig igim imhm hm lj lg ml mlsp spgh ghzh zhki kilj ljta ta ml ga gass hu huta tas. s. Lg usa ml gas phvikljtas rëeimas sl mia lj Lsthmas \jimas, ml`ima h gh jlnlsimhm mlg phës mlg  Jartl ml nhkijas y ruths trhjsith`gls phrh lg trhjspartl khsiva. Lg nrlnikiljta mlkaerècina lxplrikljthma

murhjtl

lg

siega

VIV

pranurh`h

julvhs

vëhs

ml

trhjspartl.

Cul lg ijelji ijeljilra lra lsnanés Oafj Gaujmaj Kn Hmhk lg ijvljtar mlg ‗khnhmhk‛, uj julva tipa ml suplrcinil, hpta phrh saparthr lg plsa ml gas rljavhmas vlfënugas y trhjspartls ml nhreh. Ij Ijel elji jilr lraa ls lsna nané nés, s, h pr prij ijni nipi pias as ml mlgg si sieg egaa VIV Kn Hm Hmhk hk pu pu`g `giinh ls lsnr nrit itas as sa sa`r `rll su mlsnu`rikiljta. Lg khnhmhk najsistëh lj plquløhs erhkigghs ml pilmrh y nhphs ml ranhs, ga qul plrkitëh uj þptika mrljhol mlg heuh ml gguvih. Lj 86>2 sl najstruyl lj lg Lsthma ml Afia gh ‗Jhtiajhg Pahm‛, priklrh ruth najstruimh `hoa lstl kétama. H phrtir ml 892< nakiljzh h utigizhrsl lg najnrlta naka khtlrihg phrh gh najstrunniþj ml ghs nhrrltlrhs, mhjma guehr hg praylnta ml a`rhs pÿ`ginhs kès ikparthjtl ml gh fistarih? lg sistlkh ijtlrlsththg

ml nhrrltlrhs,

naj

ujh

gajeitum

ml

nhsi

06.222

dk.

Lstl sistlkh ml trhjspartl nakujinh tamhs ghs erhjmls niumhmls mlg phës. Cul nrlhma lj 892 lg huel ml gh hvihniþj naklrnihg fhnl jlnlshrih gh najstrunniþj ml  pisths ml najnrlta lj gas hlrapulrtas. Gh gglehmh ml gh ^leujmh Eulrrh Kujmihg lxphjmiþ gh nhjtimhm ml pisths ml htlrrizhol lj zajhs luraplhs, hjtl gh ureljnih ml ghs lstrhtleihs kigithrls. Lg cij mlg siega VV ljnuljtrh julvhs ténjinhs lj lg mlshrragga ml julvhs nhrrltlrhs, qul kloarhj gh hmflrljnih y gh nhphnimhm ml mrljhol hjtl situhniajls ngikètinhs hmvlrshs.

=.

Rhvikljta

^l gghkh phvikljta phvikljta hg najoujta najoujta ml nhphs ml khtlrihg slglnniajhma slglnniajhma qul rlni`l rlni`ljj lj carkh mirlnth ghs nhrehs mlg trèjsita y ghs trhjskitlj h gas lstrhtas ijclriarls lj carkh misiphmh, praparniajhjma ujh suplrcinil ml ramhkiljta, gh nuhg ml`l cujniajhr lciniljtlkljtl. Ghs najminiajls jlnlshrihs  phrh uj hmlnuhma cujniajhkiljta saj ghs sieuiljtls? hjnfurh, trhza farizajthg y vlrtinhg, rlsistljnih hmlnuhmh h ghs nhrehs phrh lvithr ghs chgghs y gas herilthkiljtas, hmlkès ml ujh hmflrljnih hmlnuhmh ljtrl lg vlfënuga y lg phvikljta huj lj najminiajls fÿklmhs. Ml`lrè  prlsljthr ujh rlsistljnih hmlnuhmh hmlnu hmh h gas lsculrzas mlstruntivas mlg trèjsita, ml gh ijtlkplril y mlg heuh. Ml`l tljlr ujh hmlnuhmh visi`igimhm y najthr naj uj phishol herhmh`gl phrh ja pravanhr  chtiehs.   Rulsta qul gas lsculrzas lj uj phvikljta mlnrlnlj naj gh pracujmimhm, sl ml`lrèj naganhr gas khtlrihgls ml, khyar nhphnimhm ml nhreh lj ghs nhphs suplriarls, siljma ml kljar nhgimhm gas qul sl naganhj lj ghs tlrrhnlrëhs hmlkès ml qul saj gas khtlrihgls qul kès nakÿjkljtl sl ljnuljtrhj lj gh jhturhglzh, y par najslnuljnih rlsugthj gas kès lnajþkinas.  

 

=

\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ 3 Gh mivisiþj lj nhphs qul sl fhnl lj uj phvikljta a`lmlnl h uj chntar lnajþkina, yh qul nuhjma mltlrkijhkas lg lsplsar ml ujh nhph lg a`oltiva ls mhrgl lg erasar këjika qul rlmuznh gas lsculrza lscu lrzass sa`r sa`rll gh nhp nhphh ijk ijklmi lmihth hth ijclri ijclriar. ar. Gh rlsi rlsistl stljni jnihh ml ghs miclrl miclrljtl jtlss nhphs nhphs ja saga saga mlpljmlrè mlg khtlrihg qul gh najstituyl, thk`iéj rlsugth ml erhj ijcguljnih lg pranlmikiljta najstruntiva najstru ntiva44 siljma mas chntarls ikparthjtl ikparthjtlss gh nakphnthni nakphnthniþj þj y gh fuklmhm, yh qul nuhjma uj khtlrihg ja sl hnakamh hmlnuhmhkljtl, éstl sl najsagimh par lclnta ml ghs nhrehs y ls nuhjma sl  pramunlj mlcarkhniajls plrkhjljtls. ^leÿj lg gi`ra ‗Khjuhg ml nhrrltlrhs slnniþj sulgas y phvikljtas‛ lg phvikljta par ga eljlrhg lstè najcarkhmh par ghs sieuiljtls nhphs?

=.8 =.8

Nh Nhph phss mlg mlg ph phvi vik klj ljta ta?? Gh Ghss micl miclrl rljt jtls ls nh nhph phss qu qull na nakp kpaj ajlj lj lg ph phvi vikl kljt jtaa nh nhrr rrlt ltlr lraa ti tilj ljlj lj uj ujhh cu cujn jniþ iþjj mltlrkijhmh l ikparthjtl phrh gh `uljh najslrvhniþj ml gh kiskh y gh sleurimhm ml gas usuhrias.

=. =.8.8 8.8.. Nhp Nhphh m mll ra ramh mhmu murh rh.. Ls gh phrtl suplriar ml uj phvikljta, qul pulml slr ml tipa `itukijasa (cglxi`gl) a ml najnr naj nrlt ltaa ml nl nlkl kljt jtaa Rar Rartg tghj hjmm (rë (rëei eima ma)) a ml hm hmaqu aquij ijls, ls, nu nuyh yh cujni cujniþj þj ls sa sast stlj ljlr  lr  mirlnthkljtl lg trèjsita. Lj lg nhsa ml gas phvikljtas cglxi`gls, lstè najstituimh par uj khtlrihg pétrla, hg qul sl hminiajh uj pramunta hscègtina qul tiljl par a`olta slrvir ml hegutijhjtl. Lsth nhph trhskitl ghs nhrehs ijmunimhs par lg trècina fhnih gh nhph ml `hsl lj gh qul sl hpayh, hmlkès qul pravll ujh suplrcinil hmlnuhmh phrh lg ramhkiljta mlg trècina. ]hk`iéj ml`l  pasllr gh kljar plrklh`igimhm pasi`gl, naj lg cij ml qul lg he heuh uh suplrcinihg mrljl lj su

 

=

\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ 5 khyar phrtl sa`rl ésth, rlmuniljma gh nhjtimhm ml heuh qul ggleul h gh `hsl. Lj eljlrhg, gh nhrplth ml ramhkiljta ml khyar nhgimhm sl najstruyl naj klzngh hscègtinh pramunimh y naganhmh lj nhgiljtl.

=.8. 8.00. @hsl sl.. Ls gh nhph ijclriar h gh nhph ml ramhmurh, qul tiljl naka prijniphg cujniþj ml sastljlr, mistri`uir y trhjskitir ghs nhrehs anhsiajhmhs par lg trèjsita. Lsth nhph slrè ml khtlrihg erhjughr mrljhjtl (N@P ≬ 62%) a slrè trhthmh naj hschgta, nhg a nlkljta. Ls gh nhph ml khtlrihg qul sl najstruyl sa`rl gh su``hsl. gas khtlrihgls naj gas qul sl najstruyll ml`lj slr ml kloar nhgi najstruy nhgimhm mhm qul gas ml gh su``hsl y su cujniþ cujniþjj ls gh ml tljlr gh rlsistljnih lstrunturhg phrh saparthr ghs prlsiajls trhjskitimhs par gas vlfënugas. ]ljlr lg lsplsar suciniljtl phrh qul pulmh rlsistir ghs prlsiajls trhjskitimhs h gh su` `hsl. Hujqul lxisth fuklmhm gh `hsl ja ml`l ml prlsljthr nhk`ias vagukétrinas plrouminihgls.

=. =.8. 8.>. >. ^u ^u` `` `hs hsl. l. Ls ujh nhph ml khtlrihg lsplnicinhma y naj uj lsplsar ml misløa, lg nuhg saparth h gh `hsl y h gh nhrplth. Hmlkès, sl utigizh naka nhph ml mrljhol y najtraghmar ml gh nhpighrimhm mlg heuh. Mlpljmiljma Mlpljmiljma mlg tipa, misløa y mikljsiajhk mikljsiajhkiljta iljta mlg phvikljta, phvikljta, lsth nhph pulml a`vihrsl. Lsth nhph pulml slr ml khtlrihg erhjughr (N@P ≬ =2%) a trhthmh naj hschgta, nhg a nlkljta. Ls gh nhph ml khtlrihg qul sl najstruyl mirlnthkljtl sa`rl gh tlrrhnlrëh y su cujniþj ls? Plmunir lg nasta ml phvikljta miskijuyljma lg lsplsar ml gh `hsl. Rratlelr h gh `hsl hisgèjmagh ml gh tlrrhnlrëh, yh qul, si lg khtlrihg ml gh tlrrhnlrëh sl ijtramunl lj gh `hsl,  pulml sucrir nhk`ias vagukétrinas eljlrhmas hg nhk`ihr ghs najminiajls ml fuklmhm

 

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\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ 6 mhjma naka rlsugthma ujh miskijuniþj lj gh rlsistljnih ml gh `hsl. Rratlelr h gh `hsl ikpimiljma qul lg heuh su`h par nhpighrimhm. ]rhjskitir y mistri`uir ghs nhrehs h ghs tlrrhnlrëhs.

. Rrlphrh phrhniþ niþj j ml `arml ml naj najcij cijhki hkiljta ljta.. Rhrh ghs rlstrinniajls ml `arml a gas `armiggas, ls ikparthjtl prlvljir lg mlspghzhkiljta ghtlrhg ml gas hmaquijls y gh hplrturh ml ghs oujths, naj gh najsieuiljtl pérmimh ml trh`hzþj. Gh rlstrinniþj pulml slr ujh saglrh trhminiajhg a `gaquls qul ml`lj naganhrsl  pastlriar h gh naganhniþj ml gh `hsl, ml kama qul lsth gl sirvh ml hpaya. Lj anhsiajls sl rlnakiljmh rlcarzhr gh saglrh naj uj nagnfþj ml hpaya ml farkieþj phrh ljtrlehr khyar  lsth`igimhm hg najcijhkiljta ml gas `gaquls.

6.3.=. 6.3. =. Rrl Rrlphrh phrhniþ niþj j ml na nagnf gnfþj þj ml hhrljh rljh.. Rhrh gh nhph a nagnfþj ml hrljh sl rlnakiljmh ja najtljlr kès ml 6 kk phrh lg nagnfþj ml hrljh (\ji-Eraup \^H, \^ H, 028 0282) 2).. Lst Lsthh ml ml`l `l slr lsp lsphr hrni nimh mh y lj ljrh rhshm shmhh su suhv hvlk lklj ljtl tl an anuph uphjm jmaa ji jivl vlgl glss ml rlclrljnih. \j ijhmlnuhma ljrhshma pulml lvithr nuhgquilr tipa ml nakphnthniþj mlg nagnfþj ml hrljh, par ga nuhg ja ls rlnakljmh`gl lg kavikiljta lj zie-zhe.

6.3.9

9. Rhvikljtas Hcirkhmas. 9.8

Ijtramunniþj. Lg phvikljta hcirkhma ls ujh nhph nakphnthmh ml khtlrihg er hjughr jhturhg a pranlshma naj erhmhniþj lsplnëcinh qul saparth mirlnthkljtl ghs nhrehs y lsculrzas mlg trèjsita. Ml`l pasllr gh nhjtimhm hprapihmh ml khtlrihg cija naflsiva qul plrkith khjtljlr  hegutijhmhs ghs phrtënughs. Cujniajh naka suplrcinil ml ramhmurh lj nhrrltlrhs y tranfhs nhrrazh`gls. Ghs nhrrltlrhs ja phvikljthmhs naj rlvlstikiljta erhjughr lj sus nhphs suplriarls y suplrcinil ml ramhmurh narrlspajmlj lj eljlrhg h nhrrltlrhs ml `hoa vaguklj ml trèjsita y uj jÿklra ml rlpltiniajls ml Lols Lquivhgljtls ml fhsth >22,222 LL lj uj plriama ml milz høas4 lsths nhrrltlrhs ja phvikljthmhs pulmlj slr nghsicinhmhs naka sieul? h) Nhrrltlrhs ml tilrrh najstituimhs par sulga jhturhg y kloarhma naj erhvh slglnniajhmh  par zhrhjmla y cijas giehjtls.  `) Nhrrltlrhs erhvashs najstituimhs par ujh nhph ml rlvlstikiljta naj khtlrihg jhturhg  pétrla sij pranlshr, slglnniajhma khjuhgkljtl a par zhrhjmla, ml thkhøa kèxika ml 5< kk. n) Nhrrltlrhs hcirkhmhs najstituimhs par ujh nhph ml rlvlstikiljta naj khtlrihgls ml nhjtl nhj tlrh, rh, ma masi sici cinh nhmh mhss jhturh jhturhgk gklj ljtl tl a par klmi klmias as klnè klnèji jinas nas (z (zhrh hrhjm jmla) la),, na najj ujh masicinhniþj lsplnicinhmh, nakpulsth par ujh nak`ijhniþj hprapihmh ml trls thkhøas a tipas ml khtlrihg? pilmrh, hrljh y cijas a hrniggh, siljma lg thkhøa kèxika 0 9.>

^lnn ^lnnia iajl jlss ml nnhp hphh ml hhci cirk rkhm hma. a. Rhrh lg mikljsiajhkiljta ml gas lsplsarls ml gh nhph ml hcirkhma sl hmaptþ naka rlprlsljthtivh gh sieuiljtl lnuhniþj mlg kétama JHH^PH, (Jhtiajhg Hssanihtiaj ac  Hustrhgihj ^thtl Pahm Hutfaritils, fay H\^]PAHM^) qul rlghniajh lg vhgar sapartl mlg sulga (N@P) y gh nhreh hntuhjtl sa`rl lg hcirkh hcirkhma, ma, lxprlshmh lj jÿklra ml rlpltiniajls rlpltiniajls ml LL?

H najt najtij ijuh uhni niþj, þj, sl pr prlsl lsljt jthj hj ga gass lsplsa lsplsarls rls ml hci hcirk rkhm hmaa prapu prapulst lstas as na najsi jsimlr mlrhj hjma ma su`rhshjtls naj N@P : 3% fhsth uj N@P : >2% y trècina naj jÿklra ml rlpltiniajls ml fhsth >22,222 lols lquivhgljtls. Ls jlnlshria prlnishr qul gas slntarls qul prlsljtlj su`rhshjtls naj N@P kljar h 3% (su`rhshjtl pa`rl a su`rhshjtl ijhmlnuhmh), slrèj khtl kh tlri rihh ml uj lst lstum umia ia lspln lsplnëc ëcin inaa ml lsth`i lsth`igi gizh zhni niþj þj a rl rllk lkpg pghza hza ml ^u ^ulg lgas as ml gh ^u`rhshjtl.

 

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\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ =0

 

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\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ =>

82. Najngusiajls Gas phvikljtas, par ghs carkhs lj qul sl trhskitlj ghs nhrehs h gh su`rhshjtl pulmlj slr   phvikljtas cglxi`gls a phvikljtas rëeimas, naka sl mlsnri`l lj lg trh`hohma rlhgizhma, najsimlrhjma qul ls ikparthjtl phrh su misløa takhr lj nuljth ghs oujths qul saj misløhmhs phrh trhjscl trhjsclrir rir ghs nhrehs nhrehs mlg trè trècin cinaa ljt ljtrl rl ghs gash gashs, s, najtra najtraghr ghr lg herilt herilthki hkiljt ljtaa gajeit gajeitumi umijhg jhg y trhjsvlrshg, misiphr tljsiajls ml`imhs h herilthkiljtas ijmunimas ml`hoa ml ghs kiskhs oujths4 tama lsta naj gh hyumh ml ghs phshoujths.

^leÿj gas tipas ml phvikljtas mlsnritas, gas phvikljtas ml najnrlta saj rlnajanimas naka ujh saguniþj vihg ml`ima h qul, siljma nakpltitivas lj térkijas ml nastas ml najstrunniþj, mlsthnhj hmlkès par su ghreh vimh, par su rlsistljnih y par slr lnagþeinhkljtl hkieh`gls. Ljtrl sus  prijniphgls carthglzhs sl ml`lj najsimlrhr sus kljarls nastas ml khjtljikiljta y lg kljar nasta ml aplrhniþj vlfinughr.

Lj lg plriama ml vimh ml gas phvikljtas cglxi`gls sl prlsljth pra`glkhs ml chgghs gas nuhgls  pulmlj slr? hsljthkiljtas miclrljnihgls, mlcarkhniajls pgèstinhs, chntarls ngikètinas, gh ijtljsimhm mlg trèjsita nirnughjtl, sus mlcarkhniajls, ghs najminiajls ml mrljhol y su`mrljhol, ltn. Lg phvikljta rlquilrl ml najslrvhniþj y khjtljikiljta, lciniljtl, rèpimh y lnajþkinh.

 

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\JISLP^IMHM ]LNJAGÞEINH ML GA^ HJML^ ==

88. Plclrljnihs `i`giaerècinhs.

 JHSH^ @HX\LPA, H.C y PIJNÞJ ]APPL^, N.N (0202), Hmaquëj hvhjzhma, uj pratatipa ml phvikljta hrtinughma phrh vëhs ml hgta cguoa vlfinughr. \jivlrsimhm Rigata ml Nagak`ih chnugthm ml Ijeljilrëh praerhkh Ijeljilrëh Nivig eirhrmat nujmijhkhrnh 0202.

Hrkio Hrk ioas as nuljnh, nuljnh, S.C (0288). (0288). Lstumi Lstumiaa mlg misl misløa øa lstrunt lstrunturhg urhg y najstru najstrunti ntiva va ml phv phvikl ikljta jtass hrtinughmas lj `hsl h `gaquls ml hschgta. ^hjtihea ml Nfigl, Khrza, 0288. Kajshgvl Lsna`hr, G.K y Eirhgma Shsqulz, G.N (0280). Misløa ml Rhvikljta Cglxi`gl y Pieima. \jivlrsimhm mlg Xuijmia, Hrkljih 0280. ^hjtihea ml Nfigl, Khrza, 0288 F.Nhga, M. (0280). Misløa ml phvikljtas rieimas, Ijstituta mlg Nlkljta Rartghm Hreljtija. Oarjhmh ml hntuhgizhniaj tlnjinh lj Misløa y Najhtrunniaj ml Rhvikljtas ml Farkieaj.

Ijeljilrëh ml phvikljtas phrh nhrrltlrhs, 0mh lminiþj, Hgcajsa Kajtloa Cajslnh - Jinfaghs o. ehr`lr, Glstlr h. falg. ijeljilrëh ml trèjsita y nhrrltlrhs - vivhr raklra, elrkhj, ‗misløa y najstrunniþj ml phvikljtas‛ 0mh lminiþj, Rlrÿ, 899