Conceptos Clave para La Certificación AZ-900 de Microsoft Azure Parte 1

 

  Czurj4 ^hctcoarec quj tgjmj

um euibcs pasgfghg`c`js, bjrrcegjmtcs, iaefgmcigamjs `j jhhcs pcrc quj sj usjm pcrc icefgcr ch eum`a. Vjiursa Czurj

Iaeputj Yjrvgijs

Mjtwarkgml Yjrvgijs a sjrvgigas `j rj`

Yjrvgigas `j Ytarclj a checijmcegjmta

Fcsjs `j `ctas a @ctcfcsj Yjrvgijs

Iamijpta

Vjiursas /Yjrvgigas

Vjiursas4 "  @gsias Yjrvgigas `j iùeputa a "  ^raijsc`arjs praijscegjmta fcda `jecm`c "  Ejeargcs Jdjiutc cpps fcsc`cs jm hc mufj "  Vj`js "  Ygstjecs apjrctgvas

Yjrvgigas4 "  Eãqugmcs vgrtuchjs "  Kufjrmjtjs "  Czurj _grtuch Ecibgmj Yichj Yjts "  Czurj Ouitgams (pcrc iaeputa sgm sjrvg`ar) "  Iamtjmj`arjs

Yjrvgigas4 "  Czurj _grtuh Mjtwark a rj`js vgrtuchjs "  Czurj Prcoogi Ecmcljr "  @@as ^ratjitgam "  Fchcmijc`arjs `j icrlc Yjrvgigas4 Bcijm ciijsgfhj, `gspamgfhj, sjlura y "  Czurj Fhaf Ytarclj (checijm afdjtas euy lrcm`js vg`jas-) c`egmgstrcfhj jh checijmcegjmta `j Cpartc oumigamjs `j rj` c has rjiursas `j czurj ^jregtj iamjitcrsj iam jh eum`a jxtjrgar, jmtrj så a iam atras ijmtras `j `ctas `j czurj

cribgvas y afdjtas lrcm`js

"  Oghj Ytarclj (iaepcrtgr cribgvas y c`egmgstrcrhas) "  Sujuj Ytarclj a Pcfhj Ytarclj

Yjrvgigas4 Ygrvjm pcrc checijmcr umc vcrgj`c` "  Czurj Iaseas @F (pcrc fcsjs `j `ctas ma Jsqugvjh) `j tgpas y vahôejmjs `j `ctas "  Czurj YSH @ctcfcsj (vjrsgùm c`egmgstrc`c `j hc ôhtgec Chtc ciijsgfghg`c` pcrc has usucrgas vjrsgùm `j YSH Yjrvjr -jh usucrga ma gmstchc a iamoglurc, Chgejmtcm has eatarjs saha sj aiupc `j has `ctas-) `j gmtjhgljmigc crtgogigch (GC) `j Czurj "  Czurj @ctcfcsj Eglrctgam Yjrvgij (eglrcr fcsjs `j `ctas c hc mufj, ma icefgc jh iù`gla `j hc cpp)

 

Cprjm`gzcdj cutaeãtgia

Fgl @ctc `j Czurj

Gmtjrmjt `j hcs iascs a GaP

@jvAps `j Czurj

Iam cyu`c `j has eatarjs `j gmtjhgljmigc crtgogigch (GC) `j Czurj, sj ciij`j c jstas sjrvgigas pcrc bcijr prj`giigamjs a

Yjrvgigas4 "  Czurj Ecibgmj Hjcrmgml Yjrvgij (irjcr ea`jha prapga `j Ecibgmj Hjcrmgml) "  Czurj Ecibgmj Hjcrmgml Ytu`ga (irjcr ea`jha `j Ecibgmj Hjcrmgml `j oarec vgsuch y iahcfarctgvc)

cutaectgzcigamjs

"  Czurj Ialmgtgvj Yjrvgijs (cpps prjocfrgic`cs pcrc

praijscr hjmlucdj mcturch, geãljmjs, vaz) Checijmcegjmta y cmãhgsgs `j Yjrvgigas4 lrcm`js icmtg`c`js `j `ctas "  Czurj Yymcpsj Cmchytgis (igjmtas `j lf `j rjlgstra) "  Czurj B@Gmsglbt Has `ctas sam jmvgc`as par hc GC "  Czurj @ctcfrgiks Iamjitc sjmsarjs, rjhadjs gmtjhgljmtjs, rjorgljrc`arjs y Yjrvgigas4 ecqugmcrgc Icptc, cmchgzc y cituc iam has `ctas "  GaP Ijmtrch "  Czurj GaP Buf Eamgtarjcm y ecmtgjmjm "  GaP J`lj iaeumgicigùm iamstcmtj iam has `gspasgtgvas Cyu`cm c has jqugpas `j `jscrrahha `j saotwcrj c cutaectgzcr y bcijr Yjrvgigas4 jogigjmtjs sus praijsas pcrc `cr "  Czurj @jvAps ejdarjs pra`uitas c has ihgjmtjs "  Czurj @jvPjst Hcfs Csjlurcm hc ichg`c` `j hc sahuigùm

Vjlgùm `j Czurj4 Ãrjc ljalrãogic `jh phcmjtc quj tgjmj Eãs `j um ijmtra `j `ctas

Ijricma j gm`jpjm`gjmtj jmtrj sg

par ha ejmas um ijmtra `j `ctas.

Yj iamjitc par rj`js `j fcdc hctjmigc

_cm c pjrtjmjijr c hc egsec rjlgùm

Czurj jqughgfrc hc icrlc `j trcfcda jmtrj has ijmtras `j `ctas pcrc csjlurcr jh sjrvgiga. Hcs rjlgamjs gmohuyjm jm4 "  Iasta par usa `j has rjiursas " 

Pgjepa `j rjspujstc (par jh rjiarrg`a oåsgia `j has `ctas)

 

"  @gspamgfghg`c` `j igjrtas sjrvgigas (chlumcs iamoglurcigamjs `j eãqugmcs vgrtuchjs saha

jstãm `gspamgfhjs jm igjrtcs rjlgamjs) Yjrvgigas quj ma rjqugjrjm rjlgùm, sam

Vjlgamjs jspjigchjs iaea4

aemgprjsjmtjs jm Czurj !  !  ! 

ZY LA_ _grlgmgc (jxihusgvc `jh Lafgjrma `j Jstc`as Zmg`as a `jh martj `j Ibgmc -ma js apjrc`c par Egirasaot, sgma par umc jeprjsc iam iamvjmga 63_gcmjt)

Czurj Citgvj @grjitary Czurj Prcoogi Ecmcljr Czurj @MY

Ljalrcoåcs4 Yam um ejric`a a zamc z amc quj iamtgjmj `as a eãs rjlgamjs

`j Czurj, prjsjrvcm

has `ctas y has håegtjs `j iuephgegjmta jm hc hjy, jm czurj jxgstjm :4 Ljalrcoåcs

Ceçrgics

Jurapc

Csgc pciåogia

Argjmtj ej`ga

Corgic

Tamcs `j `gspamgfghg`c`4 Ijmtras

`j `ctas sjpcrc`as oåsgicejmtj ufgic`as `jmtra `j umc rjlgùm `j Czurj, ic`c zamc iamstc `j 3 a vcrgas ijmtras `j `ctas jqugpc`as iam4 "  Chgejmtcigùm "  Vjorgljrcigùm "  Vj`js gm`jpjm`gjmtjs Ic`c zamc sj iamoglurc iam um håegtj `j cgshcegjmta, jsta pcrc quj så umc zamc `jdc `j oumigamcr hc atrc iamtgmôj trcfcdcm`a, csjlurcm`a cså hc iamtgmug`c` `jh sjrvgiga y jh checijmcegjmta `j has `ctas Tamcs `j `gspamgfghg`c`

Lrupa `j rjiursas4  Yj

Iamjitc`cs iam rj`js ogfrc ùptgic

Yam `j chtc vjhaig`c` y prgvc`cs

Ejdar rjm`gegjmta y sjlurg`c`

jmiujmtrcm `jmtra `j umc rjlgùm y umc zamc `j `gspamgfghg`c`. Oumigamc iaea um iamtjmj`ar hùlgia a `glgtch quj gmihuyj has rjiursas rjhcigamc`as c umc sahuigùm `j Czurj.

 

Oumigùm

C`egmgstrcr

Cphgicr pahåtgics

Ycicr iastas

Jhgegmcr ta`as has rji rjiurs ursas* as*

 

*Jhgegmc ta`as has rjiursas `jmtra `j çh `j ecmjrc oãigh y iaea um saha jhjejmta 

Has pjregsas `j ciijsa quj sj hj pamlc ch lrupa `j rjiursas vc c cojitcr c has rjiursas quj iamtgjmj. Vjiursa4  Jhjejmta

c`egmgstrcfhj quj sj jmiujmtrc `gspamgfhj ej`gcmtj Czurj, chlumas jdjephas `j jstas sam4 "  Eãqugmcs vgrtuchjs "  Iujmtcs `j checijmcegjmta "  Cphgicigamjs wjf "  Fcsjs `j `ctas "  Vj`js vgrtuchjs Lafjrmcmzc4 ^raijsa ljmjrch jm jh quj sj jstcfhjijm hcs rjlhcs y `grjitgvcs, cså egsea sgrvj

pcrc lcrcmtgzcr quj jstcs sj cphgicm y iuephjm. Iamstc `j cphgicr tcmta c has rjiursas iaea c has lrupas `j rjiursas pjregsas `j4 Ciijsa

@grjitgvcs

^ahåtgics

Vjlhcs

Mgvjh `j sjrvgiga, ciujr`a `j mgvjh `j sjrvgiga a YHC4 Ciujr`a oarech jmtrj umc jeprjsc `j sjrvgigas y jh ihgjmtj, `am`j hc jeprjsc sj iaepraejtj c tjmjr igjrtc icmtg`c` `j parijmtcdj `j `gspamgfghg`c` `urcmtj um tgjepa `jtjregmc`a. Jm Czurj jstj ciujr`a `jogmj has jstãm`crjs `j rjm`gegjmta quj Egirasaot sj iaepraejtj c praparigamcr ch ihgjmtj. Ea`jhas quj `jogmjm `gojrjmtjs mgvjhjs `j rjspamscfghg`c`` iaepcrtg`c `j um pravjj`ar `j mufj y um gmqughgma `j mufj. rjspamscfghg`c @gojrjmtjs ea`jhas `j sjrvgiga jm hc mufj4

 

  Ea`jha `j

Icrcitjråstgics

sjrvgiga jm mufj

Iamijpta GccY

Gmorcjstruiturj cs c Yjrvgij (Gmorcjstruiturc iaea sjrvgiga) 

Oumigùm Vjspamscfhj c`egmgstrcigùm y chicmij

^hctoare cs c Yjrvgij (^hctcoarec iaea sjrvgiga)

Yaotwcrj cs c Yjrvgij

trcvçs `j gmtjrmjt. Irjc umc gmorcjstruiturc `j tjimahalåc `j hc gmoarecigùm (PG) `j pcla par usa. Chqughc sus sjrvg`arjs, eãqugmcs vgrtuchjs, checijmcegjmta, rj`js, sgstjecs apjrctgvas `j um pravjj`ar jm hc mufj. Jh usucrga c`egmgstrc jh sgstjec apjrctgva, eg``hjwcrj, rumtgej, oujmtj `j `ctas y hc cphgicigùm quj sj jdjiutc.

^raparigamc um jmtarma pcrc iamstrugr, prafcr j gephjejmtcr cphgicigamjs `j saotwcrj. Irjc cphgicigamjs rãpg`cejmtj sgm ijmtrcrsj jm hc ljstgùm `j hc Oumigùm gmorcjstruiturc sufycijmtj. Vjspamscfhj Jh usucrga js jh jmicrlc`a `j c`egmgstrcr hc cphgicigùm y hcs oujmtjs `j `ctas. c`egmgstrcigùm Jh pravjj`ar `j sjrvgigas jm hc mufj sjrã qugjm sj prjaiupj par ta`a ha y chicmij `jeãs. Js um saotwcrj chadc`a y c`egmgstrc`a ijmtrchejmtj pcrc usucrgas ogmchjs. Iamijpta Oumigamc pcrc quj sj iamjitjm has usucrgas y utghgijm hcs cphgicigamjs jm hc Oumigùm mufj c trcvçs `j gmtjmjt (Egirasaot Aoogij 9?:, iarrja jhjitrùmgia, ichjm`crga). Iamijpta

^ccs

YccY

Ictjlaråc eãs fãsgic `j iaeputcigùm jm hc mufj. Js hc gmorcjstruiturc gmoareãtgic gmstcmtãmjc, cpravgsgamc`c y c`egmgstrc`c c

Vjspamscfhj

(Yaotwcrj iaea c`egmgstrcigùm ^ravj`ar `j sjrvgigas ihau` sjrc jh jmicrlc`a `j ta`c hc c`egmgstrcigùm. sjrvgiga)  Fusic sjr usc`a iaea iuchqugjr cphgicigùm `gspamgfhj jm gmtjrmjt. y chicmij

Gmoareãtgic jm hc mufj4 ^rjstcigùm `j sjrvgigas gmoareãtgias c trcvçs `j gmtjrmjt ej`gcmtj um

ea`jha `j prjigas `j pcla par usa, marechejmtj saha sj pclc par has sjrvgigas `j hc mufj quj sj utghgzcm, ha quj pjregtj hc jiamaeåc `j jsichc js `jigr4 Vj`uigr has ia Vj`uigr iastas stas apjrctgvas

Jdjiutcr hc gmorcjstruiturc `j oarec oarec eãs eãs jogic jogiczz

Jsichcr c ej`g`c quj sj icefgjm hcs mjijsg`c` mjijs g`c`js js jepr jeprjscrg jscrgchjs chjs

 

Icpjx Icpgtch Jxpjm`gturj) 

ApJx Apjrctgamch Jxpjm`gturj) 

Lcstcr jm sjrvgigas a pra`uitas sjlôm sjc Iamtrciigùm `j icpgtch jxpj`gta4 Lcstcr jm mjijscrga, rjigfgjm`a umc ociturc gmej`gctc gmorcjstruiturc oåsgic par c`jhcmtc`a pcrc y `j`uigjm`a hc ociturc `j gepujstas jm jh `j`uigr jh lcsta jm hc ociturc `j gepujstas egsea cóa Chta iasta gmgigch y jh vchar `j hc gmvjrsgùm sj Ygm iasta gmgigch, yc quj js pcla par usa rj`uij iam jh tgjepa Czurj4 ^jregtj

quj has usucrgas pclujm par ha quj uscm. Jh jmtarma `j mufj aorjij vcrgcs vjmtcdcs jm iaepcrcigùm iam um jmtarma oåsgia, prgmigpchjs vjmtcdcs4 "  Chtc `gspamgfghg`c` `jh iamtrcta `j mgvjh `j sjrvgiga "  Jsichcfghg`c`4 _jrtgichejmtj  

Bargzamtchejmtj  

Icpcig`c` `j gmoareãtgic pcrc cuejmtcr Icpcig`c` `j gmoareãtgic pcrc cuejmtcr gmstcmigcs `j um rjiursa (iaea eãqugmcs VCE a I^Z c`gigamch c umc eãqugmc vgrtuch vgrtuchjs c`gigamchjs c umc iamoglurcigùm) "  Jhcstgig`c`4 Cphgicigamjs jm hc mufj

Cpravjibcm jsichc`a cutaeãtgia

Hcs cphgicigamjs sgjeprj `gspamjm `j has rjiursas quj mjijsgtcm

"  Clghg`c`4 Has rjiursas fcsc`as jm hc mufj sj puj`jm gephjejmtcr y iamoglurcr

rãpg`cejmtj c ej`g`c quj icefgcm has rjqugsgtas `j hc cphgicigùm. "  Chtc `gspamgfghg`c` `j rjiupjrcigùm cmtj `jscstrjs4 ^jregtj gephjejmtcr cphgicigamjs iam hc sjlurg`c` `j scfjr quj has `ctas sgjeprj jstãm pratjlg`as jm icsa `j quj sj pra`uzic um `jscstrj. Wc quj usc sjrvgigas `j4 Iapgc `j sjlurg`c` fcsc`c jm hc mufj

Vjphgicigùm `j `ctas

@gstrgfuigùm ljalrãogic

 

"  Pahjrcmigc c ochhas fcsc`as jm hc `gstrgfuigùm ljalrãogic `j hcs cphgicigamjs4 @ctas sj gephjejmtcm

Jm ijmtras `j `ctas rjlgamchjs `j ta`a jh eum`a

Lcrcmtgzc c has usucrgas tjmjr jh ejdar rjm`gegjmta jm su rjlgùm

Ea`jhas `j gephjejmtcigùm `j gmoareãtgic pcrc hc mufj4  Ic`c

ea`jha tgjmj cspjitas `gojrjmtjs quj sj `jfjm tjmjr jm iujmtc ch eaejmta `j eglrcr c hc mufj.

Ea`jhas gephjejmtcigùm pcrc hc mufj

Mufj pôfhgic

Mufj prgvc`c

Mufj båfrg`c

@jsirgpigùm

@grglg`a c…

Vjiursas `j mufj, sjrvg`arjs y ^raparigamc rjiursas y sjrvgigas c arlcmgzcigamjs y checijmcegjmta sam prapgj`c` `j eôhtgphjs um pravjj`ar `j sjrvgigas `j usucrgas, marechejmtj sj ciij`j c tjrijras quj has jxphatc y has trcvçs `j umc iamjxgùm c rj` sjlurc (iaea jh gmtjrmjt) `gstrgfuyj c trcvçs `j gmtjrmjt Hcs arlcmgzcigamjs irjcm su jmtarma `j mufj jm su prapga ijmtra `j `ctas, tgjmjm um ciijsa `j Hc prapgj`c` y apjrcigùm `j has cutasjrvgiga c has sjrvgigas sam `j hc arlcmgzcigùm quj rjiursas gmoareãtgias utghgzc has rjiursas jm hc mufj praparigamc`as par has usucrgas `jmtra `j su arlcmgzcigùm Iaefgmc mufjs pôfhgics y prgvc`cs pcrc pjregtgr quj hcs cphgicigamjs sj jdjiutcm jm hc ufgicigùm eãs c`jiuc`c

 

  Jstruiturc `j umc iaeputc`arc4 

Jstas : iaepamjmtjs sam has quj mjijsgtc PA@C iaeputc`arc pcrc pa`jr apjrcr. Iaepamjmtj

Ghustrcigùm

Iamijpta

Ijrjfra `j hc iaeputc`arc. I^Z 

(Zmg`c` Ijmtrch `j ^raijscegjmta)

Jmicrlc`c `j praijscr ta`c hc gmoarecigùm. Yaha praijsc4 3 y >. Pa`a ha `jogmj jm suec y rjstc, iam ha quj ljmjrc ta`as sus `ctas. Js umc ejeargc euy rãpg`c y `j ciijsa chjctarga, su

Ejeargc VCE

(Vcm`ae Ciijss Ejeary)

jstruiturc ma js `jogmg`c iaea hc ZYF quj sj hhjmc su jspciga `jpjmgjm`a `j iaea hhjlujm has cribgvas. Jstc ejeargc sj hhjmc sgm ar`jm. Lucr`c jh sgstjec apjrctgva Y.A. (\gm`aws, Hgmux, Eci, Cm`rags, GAY) quj js jh iam`uitar `j ta`a.

VAE

Checijmcegjmta

C `gojrjmigc `j hc VCE quj ch cpclcrsj pgjr`j ta`a,

pjrecmjmtj

jstj checijmcegjmta lucr`c has `ctas pcrc quj jstas

(@gsia `ura a `j

ma sj pgjr`cm.

jstc`a sùhg`a -YY@-) ^hcic ec`rj

(eatbjrfacr`)

Oujmtj `j chgejmtcigùm

Pa`as has icfhjs jxtrcs, js hc tcrdjtc tcr djtc `j igriugta geprjsa quj iamjitc has iaepamjmtjs `j hc iaeputc`arc. Js hc fctjrgc quj `c jmjrlåc c hc iaeputc`arc. ^ravjj c hc phcic ec`rj hc jmjrlåc pcrc quj has `jecs iaepamjmtjs puj`cm oumigamcr iarrjitcejmtj.

 

Gmtjriamjiigùm jmtrj I^Z, VCE y VAE4 Gmgigcr jh sgstjec apjrctgva4

VAE tgjmj jh

Ha ecm`c ch

Y.A.

I^Z

Jh I^Z ha Gmgigc jh Y.A.

icrlc c hc ejeargc VCE

Lucr`cr `ctas4

Has `ctas sj jmiujmtrcm jm

^cscm ch I^Z

hc VCE

Iaepamjmtj

Jh I^Z has

Yj lucr`cm has

jmvåc ch VAE

`ctas

Ghustrcigùm

Iamijpta

Js hc tcrdjtc lrãogic, c vjijs sj jmiujmtrc gmtjlrc`c jm jh I^Z a jxtjrmc c jstj quj sam hcs CE@ y M_G@GC.

L^Z 

Jstc aptgegzc`c pcrc rjchgzcr vcrgcs tcrjcs jm um saha

(Zmg`c` `j

eaejmta, c `gojrjmigc `j hc I^Z quj saha rjchgzc umc

^raijscegjmta

tcrjc c hc vjz, js par jhha quj oumigamc pcrc eastrcr

Lrãogia)

geãljmjs rcpg`cejmtj. ^raijsc`ar euy rãpg`a quj cituchgzc jm tgjepa rjch.

Pa`c iaeputc`arc iam pcmtchhc tgjmj umc L^Z, cqujhhcs quj ma tgjmjm pcmtchhc oumigamcm sahcejmtj iam hc I^Z, js par jhha quj pcrc apjrcr umc iaeputc`arc ma sgjeprj js mjijscrga iamtcr iam umc L^Z. (Vyzjm pcrc lrãogias; Gmtjh pcrc jstcfghg`c`) Ibgps `j has pra`uitas quj tgjmjm jm hcs jeprjscs pcrc jvgtcr Iaeputc`arcs sgm pcmtchhc4   Ibgps rafas, oaias iam sjmsar `j eavgegjmta. Iaepamjmtj

Ghustrcigùm

Iamijpta

Jvgtcm jh safrjichjmtcegjmta `j hc iaeputc`arc _jmtghc`arjs  

icusc`a par jh ichar ljmjrc`a par hc I^Z. Yg jh ichar ma sj jhgegmc hc iaeputc`arc puj`j hhjlcr c oum`grsj.

 

Pcecóa `j hc pchcfrc4 x2? sj `jrgfcm 96 fgts y ?0 fgts 

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3

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362

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96

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3

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Has môejras `j cfcda sam par iucmtcs vjijs sj jhjvc jh môejra 6 (jsta par quj jm hc iaeutcigùm saha sj utghgzcm `as igorcs quj sam ‘ > y 3―), js `jigr4 Jhjvcigùm

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9

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Môejra

6

6

6

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Vjsuhtc`a

3

6

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2

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96

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362

6:: js jh môejra eãxgea quj puj`j rjprjsjmtcr um fyjtj. 3 fytj

Efps

EFps

2 fgts

Ejlc fgts par sjlum`a

Ejlc fytjs par sjlum`a

Jm gmtjrmjt, jmtrj eãs hcrlas sjcm has fgts js eãs rãpg`a. @grjiigùm G^

@aegmga

-  Yam has quj vgmiuhcm jh

-  Iaar`jmc`cs quj tgjmj umc -  Yj iaeprcm pãlgmc `jmtra `jh gmtjrmjt. -  Oarec`cs

par

muejras

sjpcrc`as par um pumta, has iuchjs

ma

puj`jm

sjr

-  Yam

umc

@MY

prapgj`c`

`glgtch iaea umc icsc jm jh gmtjrmjt.

`aegmga

iam

hc

`grjiigùm G^ -  Js iaea umc fcsj `j `ctas

ecyarjs c 6:: (ha quj js um fyjtj). ^ãlgmc pcrc iamaijr hcs `grjiigamjs G^ ! bttps4//bastgmlibjikjr.iae bttps4//bastgmlibjikjr.iae  

 

  Iaeputc`arcs vgrtuchjs4  Yam iaeputc`arcs marechjs quj jstcm jm hc mufj, ta`cs sus

icrcitjråstgics jstcm sufg`cs jm hc mufj. Jdjepha `j iaeumgicigùm pcrc jmvgcr um ejmscdj4

Ha eãs hùlgia js pjmscr quj hc iaeumgicigùm js `j hc sglugjmtj ecmjrc4 Ejmscdj `j

Hhjlc c sjrvg`ar `j

\bctsCpp

Ocijfaak

^jra ma js umc iaeumgicigùm `j pumta c pumta, sg ma, js `j hc sglugjmtj ecmjrc4 Ejmscdj `j

Hhjlc ch

_c ch GY^

Hhjlc ch GR^

\bctsCpp

ea`je

(Iamijmtrc`ar)

(Jmrutc`ar)

Hhjlc ch

_c c atra GY^

lctjwcy

(^uj`j vcrgcr)

Ogmchejmtj hhjlc c sjrvg`ar `j Ocijfaak

Jmrutc`ar4 Hhjvc chla `j pumta ‘C― ch pumta ‘F―. Jdjepha `j jhha js jh GR^ (Gmtjrmjt Jxibcmlj

^agmt)

 

GY^4 ^ravj`ar `j gmtjrmjt

Lctjwcy4 Ijmtra `j `ctas lglcmtj

Jh ejmscdj quj sj jmvåc hhjvc4

G^ @jstgma

G^ Argljm

Ygstjec Apjrctgva

Irj`jmigchjs @ctas

(usucrga y iamtrcsjóc)

Hctjmigc a pgml4 Pgjepa `j jspjrc, tgjepa jm quj tcr`c hhjlcr umc gmoarecigùm `j um pumta

c atra. Mumic js ‘>―, yc quj sgjeprj `jfj pcscr um pjrga`a `j tgjepa cumquj jstj sjc jxijsgvcejmtj iarta. Yjrvgiga `j _^M4 Vj` prgvc`c vgrtuch, iarrj safrj jh gmtjrmt, js umc rj` vgrtuchgzc`c. Js um icrrgh

jspjiåogia pcrc um usucrga. Oumigamc pcrc4 -  Ecmtjmjr prgvc`c hc gmoarecigùm `j um usucrga. -  _jr gmoarecigùm a iamtjmg`a iamsg`jrc`a jxihusgva `j chlôm hulcr jspjiåogia (Jstc`as Zmg`as, Dcpùm, jti.). Pgpas `j _^M4 Pgpa 34  Bcij  Bcij jh praijsa quj sj `jsirgfga crrgfc `j iaeumgicigùm, saha quj ljmjrc atrc G^ quj

gmvchg`c hc G^ arglgmch. Cså jvgtc quj sj iamazic hc G^ `jh usucrga quj jmvåc jh ejmscdj, pjra ma par jhha ma sj iamaij hc ufgicigùm yc quj jstc sj puj`j vjr jm jh L^Y (iucm`a jstj jstc citgvc`a). 

 

Pgpa 64 Js jh egsea praijsa saha sa ha quj jm hulcr `j quj jh GR^ ecm`j c um pravjj`ar `j gmtjrmjt

hc sjóch, jstc sj jmvåc c um sjrvg`ar sjrvg`a r `j _^M (quj js `j iasta), `j cbå hhjlc c um GY^ (quj puj`j sjr `j chlumc atrc rjlgùm) y ogmchgzc `j hc egsec ecmjrc.

Ha sglugjmtj sglmgogic ha egsea quj jh icm`c`gta YYH

BPP^Y

quj cpcrjij jm hcs pãlgmcs4 ^ãlgmc Yjlurc

Icfhjs sufecrgmas4

Jh gmtjrmjt par ha rjluhcr ma sam sctjhgtjs, sg ma, sam icfhjs sufecrgmas prgmigpchejmtj. Jxgstjm chlumcs pcrtjs tramichjs (`am`j pcscm umc lrcm icmtg`c` `j icfhjs sufecrgmas)4 -  Has quj iamjitcm c Jstc`as Zmg`as iam Jurapc -  Has quj iamjitcm jh Yurjstj Csgctgia iam Jstc`as Zmg`as -  Has quj iamjitcm Jurapc iam Corgic

 

Jstas icfhjs sj jmiujmtrcm eãs sjluras yc quj sj jxpamjm c umc ejmar icmtg`c` `j ciig`jmtjs. Yam icfhjs euy lrujsas quj tgjmjm igjmtas `j icfhjs `j ogfrc ùptgic cpghc`as. Jm hc gecljm, hcs hgmjcs `j iaharjs rjprjsjmtcm has icfhjs sufecrgmas , egjmtrcs quj has pumtas sam has GR^   (js (js `jigr, hcs quj ecm`cm hc gmoarecigùm `j um pumta c atra) C^G

(Cpphgictgam ^ralrceegml Gmtjrocij)

Y@K

(Yaotwcrj @jvjhapejmt Kgt)

Jmtarma `j `jscrrahha

Chla jxtjrma c hc cphgicigùm Chla quj sj usc `jmtra `j hc Pa`a ha quj rjqugjrj hc a

sahuigùm

quj

pravjj cphgicigùm yc quj oarec cphgicigùm

pcrc

pa`jr

oumigamchg`c`js. Js chla quj pcrtj `j jstc, sj pralrcec oumigamcr. sj puj`j jmvgcr c umc mufj. Jmvgcs gmoarecigùm

`jmtra `j hc cphgicigùm.

y tj

rjlrjsc jh rjsuhtc`a.

Jh usucrga egrc umc cphgicigùm famgtc y vgstasc lrcigcs ch Y@K, par ej`ga `j hc iuch sahgigtcrã `gmjra, jmtamijs jstc sj ha gmoarec ch C^G, jstc sj iaeumgic iam jh fcmia y hj pg`j jh `gmjra, jh fcmia `c jh vgsta fujma, jstc gmorarecigùm pcsc c hc C^G y jstc hj cvgsc c hc cphgicigùm quj sg sj hj `crã jh `gmjra ch usucrga. Fcikjm`

Oramtjm`

C^G°s

Js ta`c hc hùlgic `jh mjlaiga, Js ha quj egrc jh usucrga, js Iamjitarjs, js `jigr, ha quj js qugjm bcij jh trcfcda `jigr ta`a ha vgsuch (`gfudas, sjhjiigamc jh usucrga quj suiga. Hùlgic y praijsa.

hjtrcs, fatamjs, jti.).

qugjrj.

 

Zsucrga bcij pjtgigùm (rjqujst) c C^G

C^G jmtrjlc jh rjsuhtc`a ch usucrga

C^G cvgsc ch fcikjm`

Jh rjsuhtc`a pcsc ch C^G

Jxgstjm vcrgas hjmlucdjs `j pralrcecigùm, chlumas sam4 -  ^B^4 ^crc wjf -  DC_C4 Euhtgphctcoarec -  I++4 Euhtgphctcoarec -  ^ytbam4 Euhtgphctcoarec -  DcvcYirgpt

Fcikjm` praijsc hc pjtgigùm

Yj irjc um rjsuhtc`a (rjspamsj)

 

 

^crc`c 34

Yjrvg`arjs `j hc mufj4

Haffy4  Pa`as  Pa`as has ijmtras `j `ctas iujmtcm iam jstj cpcrtc`a, cquå sj tgjmj jh rjigfg`ar y sj

rjchgzcm has iamtrahjs `j ciijsa pcrc vjr qugjmjs jmtrcm ch sjrvg`ar, utghgzc4 -  Iamtahjs oåsgias y `glgtchjs `j ciijsa -  Icepus supjrvgsc`a -  Jmtrc`c fgaeçtrgic -  @jtjitarjs `j ejtch `j iujrpa iaephjta -  Eamgtarja iamstcmtj `j bcr`wcrj -  Igfjr`jojmsc jm tgjepa rjch -  Gmorcjstruiturc supjrvgsc`c iamtrc gmijm`gas -  Vjigihcdj gm sgtu `j sjrvg`arjs y jqugpas quj sj `cm `j fcdc

Iamijpta

Oumigamjs

Vj` `j eghhamjs `j ar`jmc`arjs gmtjriamjitc`as lhafchejmtj jm ijmtras `j `ctas `j ta`a jh eum`a quj trcfcdcm dumtas -  Checijmcr y c`egmgstrcr `ctas -  Jdjiutcr cphgicigamjs  

M

^jregtj ±Iùea oumigamc1

- Aorjijr iamtjmg`as y sjrvgigas Ocighgtcr hc rjchgzcigùm `j citgvg`c`js `j checijmcegjmta y c`egmgstrcigùm `j `ctas Oumigamc lrcigcs c hc lrcm icmtg`c` `j ijmtras `j `ctas `j Egirasaot quj sj jmiujmtrcm jm ta`a jh eum`a

Yjrvg`arjs4 Yam pghcs `j iaeputc`arcs, cquå jstc umc lrcm icpcig`c` gmoareãtgic y `j

checijmcegjmta `j hc mufj.

 

` v j s ` j

p e  

Iamdumta `j vcrgas `gsias `uras (rcik `j `gsias `uras). Yg sj scic uma `j cquå jsj ma puj`j vahvjr c rjgmlrjscr y `jfj sjr rjigihc`a.  DFA@ fhc`j Jstas fhc`j jstcm vgrtuchgzc`as pcrc iamoarecr hc mufj. Ljm ? ^radjit Ahyepus Bcij has sjrvgigas `j praijscegjmta, icefgc `j iù`gla c ha quj iaeputj fhc`j vjeas `grjitcejmtj. Ljm < ^radjit Ahyepus Js gluch quj jh ? pjra eãs patjmtj, yc quj sj jmiujmtrc eãs iaeputj fhc`j cituchgzc`a. L^Z fhc`j

Jdjiutc sjrvgigas lcejr, `j lrãogias, vg`jas `j yautufj jm `gojrjmtjs vjrsgamjs `j rjsahuigùm.

Cquå fcdc ta`c hc gmoarecigùm y sj trcmsegtj c sjrvg`arjs Mjtwark Vaae (iucrta `j rj`js)4   Cquå jspjigogias. Czurj Arfgtch

(prayjita)

Cephgc chicmij `j hc mufj ch jspciga

Iamjitc jeprjscs iam sctjhgtjs

Ejdarc iaeumgicigùm jm jh eum`a

Cpayc mujvas sjrvgigas `j `ctas

Jmorgcegjmta4

-  Egirasaot utghgzc vjmtghc`arjs lglcmtjs pcrc pa`jr jmorgcr sus iaputc`arcs. Ztghgzcm jmjrlåc ma rjmafcfhj (icrfùm, pjtrahja). -  Hcs VCE sj ciaea`cm jm oghcs quj pjregtjm jh pcsa `jh ohuda `j cgrj ocighejmtj pcrc pa`jr jmorgcrsj euiba eãs rãpg`a. Has sjrvg`arjs ma sj puj`jm cpclcr yc quj sj `jsiamoglurcm, ljmjrcm`a quj has usucrgas pgjr`cm ciijsa c jhhas, c`jeãs sj tjm`råcm quj vahvjr c iamoglurcr ha quj ljmjrcråc ecyarjs lcstas.

 

Ijmtra `j gmmavcigùm4   Cquå sj jmiujmtrcm chlumas `j has prayjitas quj sj jstcm

`jscrrahhcm`a jm Egirasaot4 Hgqug` Geejrsgam Iaahgml ^radjit Mctgik

@MC Ytarclj

Sucmtue Iaeputgml

Jmorgcegjmta par håqug`a pcrc quj sj rjorgljrjm has fhc`js eãs rãpg`a. Ecm`cr um ijmtra `j `ctas ch oam`a `jh ecr pcrc tjmjr um ijmtra `j `ctas sufecrgma. Oumigamc pcrc `cr sjrvgigas `j mufj c hcs zamcs iastjrcs `am`j ma sj cejrgtj tjmjr umc gmvjrsgùm jxijsgvc. Lucr`cr jh C@M pcrc pa`jr ctjm`jr jmojrej`c`js jspjiåogics pcrc ic`c pjrsamc, yc quj `c hcs icmtg`c`js jspjiåogics `j ej`gicejmta quj `jfj utghgzcr jh pcigjmtj. Cyu`c c prjvgr y iurcr jmojrej`c`js c hcs quj jstceas prj`gspujstas. Jvahuigùm `j hc gmoarectgic, fcsc`c jm ta`cs hcs pasgfghg`c`js gmogmgtcs jm vjrtgich, bargzamtch jdj `j hcs R. ^jregtj jeuhcr hc mcturchjzc, prafcr vciumcs, ej`gicejmtas, rjchgzcr iamtrcsjócs gm`jsigorcfhjs, puj`j `jsigorcr ocighejmtj iamtrcsjócs.

^ãlgmc `jh hc mufj4 bttps4//mjws.egirasaot.iae/stargjs/egira bttps4//mjws.egirasaot.iae/stargjs/egirasaot-`ctcijmtjr-taur/ saot-`ctcijmtjr-taur/   ^ãlgmc pcrc gephjejmtcr GC `j Czurj4 bttps4//cg`jeas.egirasaot.iae  bttps4//cg`jeas.egirasaot.iae  Ma rjqugjrj `j utghgzcr ecmas, hc GC prujfc `gojrjmtjs jsijmcrgas y `j cbå `jtjregmcjh ãrjc ùptgec y ma sj schj `j cbå, saha rjchgzc pjqujóas egiracdustjs `j oarec rãpg`c y cutaeãtgic.

Gmtjhgljmigc crtgogigch GC)4

Ygm GC

Iam GC

Eãs tcr`c`a, pcrc halrcr iam`gigamjs Eãs rãpg`a, jmiujmtrc jh rcmla ùptgea y sj rãpg`cejmtj, sj cdustc ùptgecs rjqugjrj eãs tgjepa, rjqugjrj ea`gogic cutaeãtgicejmtj cdustcr `ctas

 

Jdjs4 Igjmigc `j `ctas

Gmtjhgljmigc crtgogigch

Crqugtjiturc `j sahuigamjs

^raparigamc pcrãejtras Zfgic jh rcmla ùptgea bgstargias `j has rcmlas

Js hc phctcoarec a fcsj `am`j sj jmiujmtrc ta`a

Iaeputa jm hc mufj4 Js hc jmtrjlc

`j sjrvgigas `j iaeputa ctrcvçs `j Gmtjrmjt. @cr sjrvgigas `j iaeputa ctrcvçs `j hc mufj iaea4 ^raijscegjmta `j gmoarecigùm

Checijmcegjmta `j gmoarecigùm

Vjsuhtc`as `j gmoarecigùm

Czurj4 Yjrvgiga `j mufj `j

Jmtrjmcegjmta `j GC

Fusquj`cs

Egirasaot quj jmtrjlc sjrvgigas gmoareãtgias c trcvçs `j gmtjrmjt. Gepartcmtj

Icrcitjrgstuic ecs gepartcmtj `j hc mufj. Hc icrcitjrgstgic eãs @jpjm`gjm`a `jh YHC, hcs cphgicigamjs `j mufj puj`jm gepartcmtj `j hc mufj praparigamcr sjrvgiga iamtgmua sgm gmcitgvg`c` cpcrjmtj gmihusa js quj jstc 60/< iucm`a hcs iascs vcm ech. Yg ochhc um sjrvg`ar sgluj apjrcm`a, yc quj iujmtc iam eãs sjrvg`arjs jm jsc y atrcs rjlgamjs.

Chtc `gspamgfghg`c`4

Mgvjh `j sjrvgiga YHC)4 ^arijmtcdj `j `gspamgfghg`c` y rjm`gegjmta

`j has rjiursas `urcmtj um tgjepa t gjepa `jtjregmc`a quj jh pravjj`ar csjlurc quj tjm`rã jh usucrga. Hc chtc `gspamgfghg`c` `jpjm`j `grjitcejmtj `j hc YHC. Chtc `gspamgfghg`c`

@jpjm`j `jh YHC

Gepartcmtj

Pa`a sjrvgiga quj iafrc Czurj tgjmj YHC, sg js lrctgs jmtamijs ma tgjmj YHC

 

Pahjrcmigc c ochhas4 Czurj

taec vjmtcdc `j has sjrvgigas `j rjspch`a, rjphgicigùm `j `ctas y lja`gstrgfuigùm `j hc mufj. Has `ctas jstãm sjluras cmtj `jscstrjs. Yj rjpamj `j jrrarjs`j

^ar quj tgjmj sjrvg`arjs `j

gmej`gcta

rjspch`a

Jmtrcm jm cuxghga ch prjsjmtcr ochhas

Jvgtcm hc pjr`g`c `j gmoarecigùm

Clghg`c`4  Gephjejmtcigùm

y iamoglurcigùm rãpg`c `j rjiursas `j mufj c ej`g`c quj has rjqujrgegjmtas icefgcm. Czurj js um sjrvg`ar quj yc jstc hgsta pcrc uscrsj, js `j cutasjrvgiga . Jhcstgig`c`4  Has rjiursas sj

puj`jm cutajsichcr `jpjm`gjm`a `j hc mjijsg`c` cituch, pjregtj tjmjr sgjeprj has rjiursas quj sj mjijsgtjm. Has rjiursas sj c`jiucm cutaeãtgicejmtj c hc `jecm`c cituch. Hhjlcm eãs usucrgas `j has phcmjc`as

Gepartcmtj

Hc jhcstgig`c` js cutaeãtgic

Ch schgr jh jxijsa `j hc `jecm`c sj `jsjstrjscm

Yj jstrjscm has sjrvgigas

_ujhvj jh sjrvgiga c hc marechg`c`

Hc jhcstgig`c` tgjmj um hgegtj quj ch safrjpcscrha pravaic um iahcpsa. iahcpsa. Jsichcfghg`c`4  Cyu`c c bcijr eãs lrcm`j um

Pgpa `j jsichcfghg`c`

_jrtgich

Bargzamtch

sjrvgiga a rjiursa. Bcy `as tgpas4

Iamijpta

Gmirjejmta `j hc icpcig`c` `j iùeputa clrjlcm`a VCE a I^Z ch rjiursa. Yj rjchgzc ecmuchejmtj y tgjmj um ecyar iasta. Gmirjejmta `j hc icpcig`c` `j iùeputa clrjlcm`a eãs gmstcmigcs `jh egsea rjiursa, js bcijr iapgcs a rjphgics `jh sjrvgiga. Js ejmas iastasc rjchgzcrhc, pjregtj bcijr fchcmija `j icrlc.

Cmchalåc

Cuejmtcr pgsas jm um j`gogiga.

Iamstrugr vcrgas j`gogigas gluchjs

 

 

Lcsta gmgigch `gmjra)

IcpJR

Yg

Icpgtch Jxpjm`gturj) 

ApJR Apjrctgamch jxpjm`gturjs) 

Ma Yj lcstc saha jm ha quj sj usc.

Iamijpta

Vjqugjrj

Cmchalåc

Lcsta gmgigch `j `gmjra jm gmorcjstruiturc ogsgic quj sj `j`uij c ha hcrla `jh tgjepa. Lcsta `j `gmjra jm sjrvgigas a pra`uitas jm jh eaejmta y sj ociturc par jhhas ch eaejmta.

Iaeprcr ta`a jh jqugpa, has sjrvg`arjs, hc iaeputc`arc.

Iaeprcr um iaibj jm cljmigc.

Vjqugjrj `j pclcr um `jrjiba par uscrhas, ma pcrc c`qugrgrhas.

  Jdjepha `j chlumas ApJR (Apjrctgamch jxpjm`gturjs)4 Mjtohgx

CpphjEusgi

@gsmjy +

^rgej _g`ja

Fhge

^crceaumt +

BFA ecx

Ypatgoy

Ytcr +

WauPufj ^rjegue

Zfjr

Has ApJR tcefgçm puj`jm gr hglc`cs c chlumcs mufjs iaea4 Czurj

Ceczam \jf Yjrvgijs (C\Y)

Laalhj Ihau`

Chgfcfc Ihau`

Bucwjg Ihau`

GFE Ihau`

Zscr um Zfjr.

 

Mufj prgvc`c Am-prjegsjs, cefgjmtj haich)4 Has rjiursas cutaeãtgias sam `j usa jxihusgva

`j has usucrgas `j umc jeprjsc u arlcmgzcigùm, hc iuch sj jmicrlc `jh iamsuea `j jhjitrgig`c`, sjlurg`c` y ecmtjmgegjmta. Js iucm`a hc jeprjsc Gepartcmtj tgjmj jh iamtrah y rjspamscfghg`c` tatch `j hc mufj. Hc mufj prgvc`c vc _jmtcdcs `j tjmjr `j jstcs mufjs4

hglc`c c has IcpJR -  Iuephgegjmta `j hjy4 Wc quj has `ctas ma sj puj`jm scicr `ctas sjmsgfhjs `j hc rjlgùm, jmtamijs sj rjqugjrj `j um ijmtra `j `ctas jspjiåogia jm hc rjlgùm (ha uscm euiba has fcmias). -  Iamtrah jxcita `j has sjrvg`arjs quj sj rjqugjrjm y mjijsgtcm. Mufj pôfhgic4  Has

sjrvgigas sj aorjijm c trcvçs `j hc rj` `j Gmtjrmjt pôfhgic y jstãm `gspamgfhjs pcrc iuchqugjrc quj qugjrc iaeprcrhcs, js `jigr, iuchqugjrc quj qugjrc iamsjlugr sjrvgigas `j mufj `j tjrijras iaea Egirasaot Czurj.

Mufj båfrg`c4 Jmtarma quj iaefgmc, ousgamc a iamjitc umc

Gepartcmtj

Hc mufj prgvc`c js jxhusgvc `j ApJR

mufj pôfhgic y umc mufj prgvc`c,

ha quj pjregtj iaepcrtgr `ctas y cphgicigamjs jmtrj jhhcs. Hc mufj båfrg`c js euiba eãs jhjvc`c `j iasta, pjra sj usc par iujstgamjs `j4 -  Vjlhcejmtcigùm   -  Eglrcigùm c atra tgpa `j mufj , yc quj jm ha quj eglrcm pcrc ma `jdcr c has usucrgas sgm jh sjrvgiga vcm c gr eglrcm`a paia c paia has `ctas y jm jsj hcpsa `j tgjepa jm quj sj gmtjricefgcm has `ctas, sj vc c tjmjr quj iamvjrtgr jm jstj tgpa `j mufj. Has fcmias bcijm usa `j jstcs mufjs, yc quj has `ctas jstc jm umc mufj prgvc`c `j IcpJR y jh praijscegjmta `j `ctas ha rjchgzcm par Czurj quj js ApJR. -  Jxtjm`jr sjrvgigas, jm icsas `am`j yc sj gmvgrtga jm has sjrvg`arjs pjra ma cfcstcijm y sj rjqugjrjm eãs pcrc `cr um ejdar sjrvgiga, jm jsj icsa sj bcij usa `j has sjrvg`arjs quj yc sj iaeprcram (IcpJR) y sj hjs clrjlcm has `j Czurj (ApJR) pcrc pa`jr `cr um ecyar sjrvgiga sgm pjr`jr hc gmvjrsgùm rjchgzc`c cmtjrgarejmtj. Jsta ouj ha rjchgzù hc jeprjsc Yaotjk. Ea`jhas `j sjrvgiga4 GccY4 Ea`jha

`j sjrvgiga quj js euy ijricma c tjmjr `ctc ijmtjrs ogsgias. Jh pravjj`ar saha sj jmicrlc `jh bcr`wcrj y jh usucrga `jfj gmstchcr ta`a.

 

Yj usc pcrc4 Iamtrahcr tatchejmtj jh Y.A.

Pjmjr um saotwcrj a iamoglurcigùm jspjiåogic

Iamtrahcr ta`a jh saotwcrj

Jxtjm`jr jh ijmtra `j `ctas

^ccY4 Ea`jha `j sjrvgiga jm

um jmtarma `j chadcegjmta ljstgamc`a. Jh pravjj`ar sj jmicrlc `j hcs ecqugmcs vgrtuchjs y rjiursas `j rj`. Jh gmqughgma `j hcs cphgicigamjs. Czurj sj jmicrlc `j ta`a jh jmtarma `j `jscrrahha, jh usucrga sj jmicrlc `j ha quj pralrcec, has `ctas y has ciijsas. Yj usc iucm`a4 Yaha sj `jsjc pralrcecr

^ravjj`ar vj ecqugmcs vgrtuchjs y rjiursas `j rj`

YccY4 Jh

pravjj`ar `j mufj frgm`c hcs cphgicigamjs y sj jmicrlc `j jhhcs. Jh gmqughgma saha pravjj y sj jmicrlc `j has `ctas. Js jh saotwcrj tjregmc`a, jdjephas `j jsta sam4 Mjtohgx, Egirasaot Pjces, Egirasaot Aoogij. Yj usc iucm`a4 Yaha sj `jsjc ecmtjmjr jh iamtrah `j ciijsa y `ctas

Ea`jha `j sjrvgiga

Mgvjh rjspamscfghg`c`

GccY

Jhjvc`c

^ccY

Gmtjrej`gc

YccY

Fcdc

^ravjj`ar praparigamc jh saotwcrj tjregmc`a y ha cituchgzc

Cmchalåc

Zsucrga iasjibc jh Afrc mjlrc ecåz Zsucrga iaigmc Icsc iam sjrvgigas (cluc, chgejmtas huz) y pgmtc`c, sgm eujfhjs Gr c um rjstcurcmtj Icsc iam ta`as has sjrvgigas (usucrga ma iaigmc, y eujfhjs (usucrga saha sj saha iaej y pclc) `j`gic c vgvgr)

 

Jiamaeåcs `j jsichc4 Egjmtrcs eãs uscs hc mufj, eãs cbarrcs.

Iamijpta

Vjiursas

Lrupa `j rjiursas

^crtj oum`cejmtch `j Czurj. Jhjejmta egmgea c`egmgstrcfhj `j Czurj (fcsj `j `ctas, sjrvgiga GC, ecqugmc vgrtuch). Iamtjmj`ar hùlgia (`glgtch) quj gmihuyj has rjiursas rjhcigamc`as c umc sahuigùm. _crgas rjiursas umg`as pcrc bcijr um sjrvgiga eãs lrcm`j.

Cmchalåc

Zm pgmløgma saha

Pa`c umc pcrvc`c `j pgmløgmas

Vjlgamjs4 Ãrjc ljalrãogic `jh phcmjtc quj tgjmj

par ha ejmas um ijmtra `j `ctas `j Czurj. Ic`c pumta `jh ecpc quj cpcrjij jm jh jmhcij js umc rjlgùm4 bttps4//czurj.egirasaot.iae/js-ex/lhaf ot.iae/js-ex/lhafch-gmorcstruiturj/ljalrcpbgjs ch-gmorcstruiturj/ljalrcpbgjs//  bttps4//czurj.egirasa Ijmtras `j `ctas sjpcrc`as ogsgicejmtj `amtra `j umc rjlgùm `j Czurj iam jhjitrgig`c`, rjorgljrcigùm y jqugpa gm`jpjm`gjmtjs. Js iucm`a sj tgjmjm vcrgas ijmtras `j `ctas (6-9) `jmtra `j umc rjlgùm. Tamc `j `gspamgfghg`c`4

Ochhc um ijmtra `j `ctas

Ijmtras `j `ctas `j hc rjlgùm ha cyu`cm

Checijmcm iapgc `j sjlurg`c` `j sus `ctas

Jh sjrvgiga puj`j iamtgmucr

Vj`grjiigamc c has usucrgas c atra ijmtra

Pcefgçm bcijm rjspch`a `j sus iamoglurcigamjs

Yg ta`as has ijmtras `j `ctas `j umc rjlgùm prjsjmtc ochhas, jmtamijs sj rjchgzc `j gluch ecmjrc um rjspch`a `j has `ctas y iamoglurcigamjs `j has sjrvgigas pjra cbarc jm um sjrvg`ar `j atrc rjlgùm, y has usucrgas sam eavghgzc`as c jstc mujvc ufgicigùm. Hc umgic oarec `j pjr`jr ta`as has `ctas js sg ta`as has sjrvg`arjs ochhcm ch egsea tgjepa.

 

Ljalrcoåcs4 Tamc quj iamtgjmj `as a

-  -  -  -  - 

eãs rjlgamjs `j Czurj, jxgstjm :4

Cejrgics Corgic Jurapc Argjmtj ej`ga Csgc pciåogia

Yjrvgigas `j iaeputa4

Yjrvgiga `j iaeputa

Iaeputj

Mjtwark

Ytarclj

Fcsj `j `ctas (@F)

Fgl @ctc GC GaP @jvAps

@jsirgpigùm

^raparigamc sjrvgigas `j iaeputa a praijscegjmta fcda `jecm`c. ^raijsc hcs pãlgmcs, dujlas, gmoarecigùm, ecqugmcs vgrtuchjs. ^raparigamc sjrvgigas `j rj` quj pjregtjm iamjitcr has rjiursas iam jh eum`a jxtjrgar. Iamjitcm hcs rj`js (um ochha cquå ouj ha quj pravaia icå`c `j Ocijfaak). ^raparigamc sjrvgigas `j checijmcegjmta `j cribgvas y afdjtas. Ma js ha egsea quj umc fcsj `j `ctas, cquå sj checijmcm vg`jas, cribgvas, ^@O, jdjiutcfhjs, dujlas ^raparigamc sjrvgigas `j fcsjs `j `ctas pcrc umc cephgc vcrgj`c` `j tgpas y vahuejmjs `j `ctas. Yj lucr`cm rjlgstras `j usucrgas (maefrjs, iarrjas, iurps, tjhjoamas). ^raparigamc sjrvgigas pcrc jh praijscegjmta y cmãhgsgs `j lrcm`js icmtg`c`js `j rjlgstras. Checijmc lrcm`js icmtg`c`js `j gmoarecigùm (`j 0PF pcrc crrgfc). ^raparigamc sjrvgigas `j cprjm`gzcdj cutaeãtgia. Pgjmj `as tgpas `j ea`jhas prjocfrgic`as a ma. ^raparigamc sjrvgigas `j GaP pcrc iamjitcr y rjigfgr gmoarecigùm `j sjmsarjs, rjhadjs gmtjhgljmtjs, ecqugmcrgc, jti. Cyu`c c has jqugpas `j `jscrrahha `j saotwcrj c cutaectgzcr y bcij jogigjmtjs sus praijsas. Js hc pralrcecigùm.

 

^crc`c 64

@jh prapùsgta ch jeprjm`gegjmta Jepjzcr c bcijr hcs iascs iam um ogm.   Jeprjm`jr Gmmavcr jm ha quj jstceas bcigjm`a, fusicr jmoaqujs `gojrjmtjs.

@as tgpas `j pjrsamcs4 -  Jstu`gcm pcrc fusicr trcfcda -  Jstu`gcm pcrc ljmjrcr um trcfcda

Pjmjr um prapùsgta `c sjmtg`a `j ojhgig`c`

Js gepartcmtj scfjr c `am`j qujrjeas gr, pcrc pa`jr tjmjr um icegma iamirjta y ma pjr`jrmas. Pjmjr um prapùsgta cyu`c c lugcrmas jm hc `grjiigùm iarrjitc pcrc halrcr hcs e ejtcs, jtcs, sg ma sj tgjmj jstc luåc sgephjejmtj quj`crjeas pjr`g`as Zm jeprjm`j`ar `jfj tjmjr bcfghg`c`js pjrsamchjs pcrc tjmjr çxgta, tchjs iaea4 -  Pjmjr ihcra jh sjmtg`a `jh prapùsgta -  @jscrrahhcr sjmtg`a `j mjlaigas -  Pjmjr sjmtg`a `j gmmavcigùm -  Zmc ejmtchg`c` `j irjigegjmta -  Zmc phcmjcigùm jstrctjlgic

‘Bcstc quj tu egsgùm ma sjc tu afsjsgùm mc`c tjm`rã sjmtg`a―

-  Vjsgstjmigc -  Vjsghgjmigc Yjmtg`a `j prapùsgta Eatgvcigùm quj iamvgjrtj jh sglmgogic`a pjrsamch pjrsamc h jm ciigamjs quj hhjvcm

c ljmjrcr citas quj trcmsoarecm rjchg`c`js jm jh eum`a. ^crc `jscrrahhcrha sj rjqugjrj `j `jscrrahhcr4 -  @jsja `j trcsijm`jr4 Yjmtgegjmta par `jdcr um hjlc`a sglmgogictgva jm jh eum`a (±Iaeù tj lustcråc sjr rjiar`c`a par hcs pjrsamcs quj qugjrjs a par jh eum`a1 ). eum`a1 ). -  Egsgùm pjrsamch4 Bcfghg`c` pcrc gm`jmtgogicr y pjrsjlugr hcs ejtcs quj hj `cm um sjmtg`a s jmtg`a pjrsamch c hcs ciigamjs. Yj `jscrrahhc par ej`ga `j4

 

  _gsuchgzcigùm4   _jr iaea mas vjeas jm jh outura, iaea hhjlcrjeas c sjr hc

a

pjrsamc quj qujrjeas sjr jm umas 3> cóas, iaea mas `jfjeas trcmsoarecr pcrc sjr jsc pjrsamc (geclgmcrmas `jmtra `j 3> cóas, `am`j vceas c vgvgr, quj jstcrç bcigjm`a, jm quj trcfcdcråc, iaea sjråc eg jmtarma, iaea sjråcm hcs pjrsamcs c eg chrj`j`ar, jti.).

  Jmoaquj4 Fusicr cqujhhcs iascs quj rjqugjra pcrc pa`jr halrcr jstcr jm umas

a

cóas jm `am`j ej geclgma quj qugjra jstcr

  @j`gicigùm4   @cr tgjepa `j eg pcrc halrcr egs afdjtgvas, trcfcdcr jm egs

a

citgvg`c`js pjrsamchjs pcrc hhjlcr c `am`j qugjra jstcr.

  Prcfcda4   Prcfcdcr jm hcs bcfghg`c`js quj mjijsgta pcrc sjr hc pjrsamc quj

a

qugjra sjr jm jh outura.  ±Ej hc pcsa fgjm egjmtrcs jstu`ga1 Yg hc rjspujstc js sg, jmtamijs ha   @gvjrsgùm4  ±Ej

a

jstay bcigjm`a fgjm, yc quj jstay sglugjm`a eg prapasgta. -  Jvcmljhgzcr4 Icpcig`c` `j iamvjrtgr umc egsgùm pjrsamch jm umc cspgrcigùm iahjitgvc. @jfjeas cmchgzcr quj tchjmtas tjmjeas pcrc pa`jr sjhjiigamcr quj qujrjeas bcijr jm mujstrc vg`c. Jmumigcr umc egsgùm par

-  Iahjiigùm `j igtcs4 Cmãhgzcr igtcs quj ej lustcm y vjr quj rjhcigùm tgjmjm jm eg vg`c, iuãh js su tjectgic prgmigpch. -  Parejmtc `j g`jcs4 Zmc barc y jsirgfgr quj tgpa `j pjrsamc say cbarc y quj ej g`jmtgogic, iaepcrcrha iam quj pjrsamc qugjra sjr. ^jregtj phcmjcr bcfghg`c`js, pjmscr pcrc quj ej oumigamcm egs `am`j y tchjmtas pcrc sjr jsc pjrsamc quj qugjra sjr. -  Jh rjtgra4 Gluch quj tarejmtc `j g`jcs, saha quj rjqugjrj `j gr c um hulcr `j `jsicmsa oåsgia, hjdas `j hc igvghgzcigùm. -  Gmvjstglc egsgamjs `j atras4 ^crc gmspgrcrmas `j hcs g`jcs quj tgjmjm atras GKGLCG Mujstra prapasgta `j vg`c ! 

 

Cijricegjmta phctcoarec Czurj

Jmtrcr c hc pãlgmc4 bttps4//partch.czurj.iae yc bttps4//partch.czurj.iae yc quj jm jstc sj puj`j ircr `j ta`a (pãlgmcs (pãlgmc s wjf, jmtrjmcr GC, bcijr fats, `ctas, jti.).

@gij ‘Gmmavcigùm ’ Egirasaot J`uicigùm Eçxgia― par quj jsc js hc Arlcmgzcigùm. Js umc iujmtc jeprjscrgch.

‘Cpcrgjmigc y vgstcs `j gmgiga―  sj puj`j

ea`gogicr jh tjec jm jh quj sj qugjrj quj sj vjc jh partch

‘G`gaec y rjlgùm― pcrc sjhjiigamcr g`gaec jm

quj sj `jsjj quj jstj hc phctcoarec.

‘Czurj

Ihau`

iaecm`as

Ybjhh―  _gstc

pcrc

bcijr

pcrc tjihjcr

`gstgmtcs

iascs

(pãlgmcs, ecqugmcs vgrtuchjs, jti.).

‘@grjitargas y susirgpigamjs― cquå sj iamoglurc

jh Pjmcmt

‘Matgogicigamjs―   cquå Czurj matgogic sg jh

sjrvgiga ochha, sg ma sj irja chla, sg yc sj tjregma `j irjcr hc tcrjc, sg jh sjrvgiga prjsjmtc chlumc gmoarecigùm gepartcmtj, jti.

 

‘Iaejmtcrgas―   sj hj gmoarec c Egirasaot

irgtgics iamstruitgvcs   ^jregtj clrjlcr atrcs sjsgamjs sg sj tgjmjm vcrgcs, ch gluch quj grhcs icefgcm`a sjlôm sjc mjijscrga.

‘^cmjh―  js iaea um `csbfacr` prapga pcrc

cmihcr vcrgas rjiursas quj sj `jsjcm vjr `j prgejrc ecma.

‘Yusirgpigamjs―   cbå

susirgpigamjs

ejmigamc

iamtceas,

iam quj

quj rah

`jsjepjóceas y quj iasta js jh quj sj jstc pclcm`a. @jpjm`gjm`a `jh Vah quj tjmlceas sam has ciijsas c gmoarecigùm quj vceas c tjmjr `gspamgfhjs

‘Pa`as has rjiursas― cquå eujstrc ta`a ha quj

sj bc irjc`a jm Czurj

 

‘Lrupas `j rjiursas― sam icrpjtcs `am`j sj

vcm c ejtjr has rjiursas. Ma gmohuyj jm mc`c  

tjmjr rjiursas jm `gojrjmtjs lrupas, mg quj sj jmiujmtrjm jm `gojrjmtj ufgicigùm. Has lrupas `j rjiursas puj`jm tjmjr rjlhcs (jd4 jm jstj ma sj puj`jm rjchgzcr fcsjs `j `ctas, jhgegmcr `ctas). Js rjiaejmcfhj quj par cphgicigùm sj tjmlc um lrupa `j rjiursas. ‘Ecrkjtphcij―   js hc tgjm`c `j Czurj, cquå

vjm`j sahuigamjs tcmta `j Egirasaot iaea `j tjrijras. Gmihusa um usucrga puj`j irjcr umc sahuigùm pcrc sufgrhc yc sjc `j oarec lrctugtc a `j pclc.

Jh fusic`ar pjregtj fusicr hcs sahuigamjs par jh maefrj `j chlumc jeprjsc jspjiåogic.

^crc utghgzcr umc sahuigùm prjocfrgic`c sj hj bcij ihgik, sj hj `c jm irjcr y jmtamijs sj irjcrãm has rjiursas mjijscrgas pcrc quj hc sahuigùm gmgigj.

‘Fusic`ar―  pjregtj fusicr jm PA@A Czurj ha

quj hj pamlcs, tgjmj lrcm patjmigc `j fusquj`c.

 

^crc irjcr umc sahuigùm sj `jfjm hhjmcr has icepas `j4 -  Yusirgpigùm -  Lrupa `j rjiursas -  Vjlgùm -  Maefrj   ‘Vjvgscr y irjcr― vc c eastrcr `ctas `j hc sahuigùm iaea4 -  Vjsuejm -  @jtchhjs -  ^hcm `j Cpp Yjrvgij -

 

Fcsj `j `ctas

Pa`a rjiursa `j Czurj mjijsgtc4 Vjlgùm Yusirgpigùm `j Czurj

Lrupa `j rjiursas

(ufgicigùm, hulcr `j `am`j sam has

Maefrj `jh rjiursa

(`jfj sjr ômgia)

ihgjmtjs)

Ch irjcr um rjiursa iaea umc pãlgmc jm \ar`prjss vc c irjcr `as rjiursas4 -  ^ãlgmc -  Fcsj `j `ctas

Gepartcmtj

Pa`a rjiursa mjijsgtc um lrupa `j rjiursas. Zm lrupa `j rjiursas puj`j tjmjr vcrgas rjiursas, pjra um rjiursa saha puj`j pjrtjmjijr c um lrupa `j rjiursas.

^crc jhgegmcr chla sj puj`j `cr apigamchejmtj jm `jtjmjr cmtjs, `j cbå sj `c ` c ihgik jm jhgegmcr y sj jsirgfj ‘Yå― 

 

^crc`c 94

Irjcigùm `j \ar`prjss jm Cpp Yjrvgij4

-  Irjcr um mujva lrupa `j rjiursas  -  Maefrcrha ‘sjsgamprcitgic3― -  ^amjrha jm hc rjlgùm ‘(ZY) Ajstj `j JJ. ZZ. 6― -  @crhj jm ‘Vjvgscr y irjcr― @jfj schgr um pcmjh iam4 -  @ctas fãsgias -  Jtgqujtcs Yj hj `c jm ‘Irjcr― y sj jspjrc c quj vchg`c Jh mujva lrupa `j rjiursas `jfj cpcrjijr `j hc sglugjmtj ecmjrc, sj vc c vjr iaea umc icrpjtc Fusicr ‘\ar`prjss― y sjhjiigamcr jh quj cpcrjij sahgta jm hc Ecrkjtphcij -  Yj iaeprujfc quj hc susirgpigùm `glc ‘Czurj pcrc jstu`gcmtjs― -  Yj `jfj sjhjiigamcr jh lrupa `j rjiursas quj sj cicfc `j rjchgzcr ‘sjsgamprcitgic3― -  Yj sjhjiigamc hc rjlgùm ‘Ijmtrch ZY― -  Yj hj pamj um maefrj c hc pãlgmc y sj hj `c jm ‘Vjvgscr y irjcr―

 

 

@jfj schgr um pcmjh iam4 -  Vjsuejm -  @jtchhjs -  ^hcm `j Cpp sjrvgij -  Fcsj `j `ctas Yj hj `c jm ‘Irjcr― y sj jspjrc c quj vchg`c Yj `jfj jspjrcr c quj tjregmj hc gephjejmtcigùm

Ch ogmchgzcr c gephjejmtcigùm eastrcrc jstc gmoarecigùm

Jh rjiursa quj sj irja `jfj jmiamtrcrsj ufgic`a `jmtra `jh lrupa `j rjiursas quj sj sjhjiigama Yj vcm c ljmjrcr trjs rjiursas4 -  Cpp Yjrvgij -  ^hcm `j Cpp Yjrvgij -  Yjrvg`ar `j EyYSH Jmtrcr ch sjrvgiga `j ‘Cpp Yjrvgij―, sj vc c vjr4 -  Apigamjs fãsgics `j ta`as has sjrvgigas `j Czurj -  Gephjejmtcigùm -  Iamoglurcigùm -  ^hcm `j Cpp Yjrvgij -  Bjrrcegjmtcs `j `jscrrahha -  C^G -  Yupjrvgsgùm -  Cutaectgam -  Yapartj y sahuigùm `j prafhjecs

 

‘Gmtra`uiigùm―  

 

vc c eastrcr hcs ejtrgics, sahgigtu`js (iucmtcs ochhcram y iucmtcs ma), vjr iucmtas `ctas jmtrcram y iucmtas schgjram, tgjepa `j rjspujstc (chta pãlgmc ehcs aptgegzc`c, jstc suorgjm`a um ctcquj a tgjmj euibas usucrgas jmtrcm`a y ma cfcstjij). Cyu`c c vjr prafhjecs `j hc pãlgmc pcrc citucr cmtj jhhas.

‘J`gtar `j Cpp Yjrvgij― vc c pjregtgr hc jmtrc`c

c has cribgvas `jh Cpp Yjrvgij

‘Iamtrah `j ciijsa (GCE)― 

pjregtj clrjlcr

egjefras y csglmcrhjs rahjs

‘Vjlgstra `j citgvg`c`― cpcrjijm jm hgstc ta`cs

hcs iascs quj sj bcijm jm jh rjiursa, tcmta par Czurj iaea par has egjefras. ‘Jtgqujtcs―  pjregtjm

ictjlargzcr has rjiurs rjiursas as y vjr umc ociturcigùm iamsahg`c`c. Hcs jtgqujtcs ma gmohuyjm jm jh rjm`gegjmta a sjlurg`c` `jh rjiursa, saha ictjlargzcm

‘Gmtra`uiigùm―   sg

hhjvc c hc pãlgmc

sj hj `c ihgik jm ZVH mas

 

 

Yj `jfj pamjr jh g`gaec, y rjlgstrcr has `ctas quj sahgigtc4 -  Påtuha `jh sgtga -  Maefrj `j usucrga -  Iamtrcsjóc -  Iarrja jhjitrùmgia Yj `c jm gmstchcr \ar`prjss

Yj `c ihgik jm `am`j cpcrjij jh maefrj y sj `jfj sjhjiigamcr jm ‘_gsgtcr jh sgtga― sj vc c vjr `j jstc ecmjrc

^crc c`egmgstrcr hc pãlgmc sj hj clrjlc ch ogmch `j hc ZVH ha sglugjmtj ‘/wp-c`egm― y cbarc sg sj puj`j j`gtcr iaephjtcejmtj ta`a.

^crc vjr jh iafra `j hc pãlgmc sj `jfj jmtrcr c hc Cpp Yjrvgij `js`j Czurj, sj bcij ihgik jm4 -  ^hcm `j Cpp Yjrvgij -  Icefgcr jh phcm `j Cpp Yjrvgij Jh O3 ma iafrc mc`c

^ãlgmc pcrc iamaijr jh irj`gta quj bttps4//www.egiras bttps4//www.egirasaotczurjspamsarsbgp aotczurjspamsarsbgps.iae/fchcmij s.iae/fchcmij  

sj

tgjmj

`j

Cpp Yjrvgij

^hcm `j Cpp Yjrvgij

Yjrvg`ar `j EyYSH

Iamtgjmj hc pãlgmc (bastgml)

Yj `j`gic ch iafra y jsichcegjmta

Lucr`cr rjlgstras, js hc fcsj `j `ctas

Czurj4

 

Apigamjs fãsgics `j PA@AY has sjrvgigas `j Czurj4 -  Gmtra`uiigùm -  Vjlgstra `j citgvg`c` -  Iamtrah `j ciijsa (GCE) -  Jtgqujtcs -  @gslmastgicr y sahuigamcr prafhjecs -  Yjlurg`c` -  Jvjmtas

Gepartcmtj

Zsa `j hcs jtgqujtcs `j Czur4 3.  @cr eãs gmoarecigùm ch usucrga a c`egmgstrc`ar `j hc mufj 6.  Iuephgr iam rjlhcejmtcigùm 9.  Jegtgr ociturcs a bcijr rjpartjs `j iastas 0.  Iuephgr iam igjrtcs ijrtgogicigamjs

Gmtjhgljmigc Crtgogigch (GC)4 Iamdumta `j eçta`as ectjeãtgias, pralrcecigùm y tjimahalåc pcrc

gegtcr hc oarec `j pjmscr `j has buecmas. Cprjm`j iaea um mgóa pjqujóa, yc quj rjiamaij, afsjrvc y csaigc. Oumigamc par4 Ea`jhas `j

@jtjiigùm `j

Jmtrjmcegejmta

prafcfghg`c`

pctramjs

(jmscya y jrrar)

^ralrcecigùm Prc`gigamch

Yj fcsc jm ljmjrcigùm `j rjspujstcs. Yj pralrcecm hcs rjlhcs, sj hj `gij ch pralrcec quj eujstrj ejejs, jmtamijs jstj iaea rjsuhtc`a eastrcrc has ejejs quj jstcm icrlc`as jm sus `ctas

Iaepcrcigùm

Cprjm`gzcdj

`jsgeghcrjs pctramjs

eãqugmc

Gmtjhgljmigc Crtgogigch

Yj fcsc jm hc ljmjrcigùm `j rjlhcs Hc GC sj jmicrlc `j ljmjrcr sus rjlhcs pcrc rjiamaijr chla jspjiåogia

Cprjm`gzcdj eãqugmc

@jsirgpigùm

Cprjm`gzcdj supjrvgsc`a

Hj `gijs c hc GC quj js umc iasc jspjiåogic, iucm`a jm cutaeãtgia sj `jtjitc c umc pjrsamc jm umc oata, icptibc Iucm`a sj mjijsgtc quj GC g`jmtgogquj pctramjs iucm`a ma jstcs uscm`aha, sufgr umc oata a vg`ja y jstj js jvchuc`a pcrc vjr sg su iamtjmg`a js cpta a ma Yj cyu`c c hc GC pcrc quj cprjm`c, yc quj sj hj `cm pjqujóas `ctas iaea ufgicigamjs a bcsbtcl jm oatas a vg`jas

Cprjm`gzcdj ma supjrvgsc`a Cprjm`gzcdj sjeg supjrvgsc`a

 

Irjcr umc oarec `j rjchgzcr chla, rjphgicrhc y sjhjiigamcr jh ejdar, rjsphgicrha y sjhjiigamcr `j mujva jh ejdar y cså susijsgvcejmtj, js Chlargteas ljmçtgias iaea hc sjhjiigùm mcturch. Yj usc pcrc quj umc GC halrj cicfcr um vg`jadujla Cmumigas pjrsamchgzc`as Oghtras Vj`js saigchjs Ojj` `j hcs rj`js ^rj`giigamjs ejtjarahùlgics j r ` v c j C G

@jtjiigùm `j iamtjmg`a maigva Iam`uiigùm cutùmaec Iaeprjsgùm y ejdarc `j geãljmjs Vjiamaigegjmta ocigch

Mjtohgx  tgjmj vcrgcs partc`cs pcrc umc egsec pjhåiuhc y tj prjsjmtc hc partc`c quj ejdar sj Mjtohgx  c`cptj c tg par tus prjojrjmigcs. Ch gluch quj tj rjiaegjm`c pjhgiuhcs sgeghcrjs c tus ljmjras a crtgstcs quj ecs egrcs. Ypatgoy jmlhafc jm ljmjras, crtgstcs, cóas, sjmtgegjmtas, jti. Hc GC rjchgzc4 -  @jtjiigùm `j geãljmjs4 ^ctramjs `j iaepartcegjmta, pjrsamcs, cmgechjs, afdjtas, cmaechåcs -  @jtjiigùm `j sjmtgegjmtas4 C pcrtgr `j um tjxta, cu`ga a vg`ja -  Ljmjrcigùm `j geãljmjs y tjxtas4 ^uj`j ljmjrcr rastras -  Prc`uiigùm, iarrjiigùm y ea`jhcigùm `j tjxtas4 Oghtrc echcs pchcfrcs -  Cutjmtgicigùm y sjlurg`c` -  Bcij Cmgeadg -  Bcij ejdarc `j oatas (iaea hc cpp Vjegmg)

 

Çtgic `j hc GC4 Pjimahalåc ma scfj ha quj js fujma a echa

Çtgic jm hc tjimahalåc `jpjm`j `j su usa

Yj tgjmj lrcm pa`jr y rjspamscfghg`c` ch uscr GC

^rgmigpgas `j rjspamscfghg`c` `j hc GC4 Dustgigc

Ogcfghg`c` y sjlurg`c`

^rgvcig`c` y sjlurg`c`

Prcmspcrjmigc

Vjspamscfghg`c`

Gmihusgùm

^ytbam4

Hjmlucdc `j pralrcecigùm, hj `gijs c hc iaeputc`arc quj bcijr. Jstj hjmlucdj js gmtjrprjtc`a (hjå`a håmjc par håmjc), sg sj tgjmj um jrrar jm hc håmjc 3? ta`cs hcs håmjcs cmtjrgarjs sj jdjiutcm y pcrc iucm`a hhjluj c jsc. Js `gojrjmtj `j Dcvc yc quj jstj rjqugjrj hjjr ta`a jh hjmlucdj y `jspuçs iaegjmzc c jdjiutcrsj.

Jdjrigiga ‘Bahc eum`a―4 -  Jm hc prgejrc håmjc sj jsirgfj4 prgmt(‘Bahc eum`a―) -  Yj `c jm lucr`cr y sj vjrgogic quj jh cribgva sj lucr`j iam tjregmcigùm py Yj hj `c jm hc ohjibc pcrc iarrjr hc pralrcecigùm y vjr cså iaea js quj jstc quj`cm`a

 

Cfcda jm hc tjregmch sj vj iaea jstc iarrgjm`a   -  _crgcfhjs4  Yam  Yam `ctas quj puj`jm gr icefgcm`a c ha hcrla `jh pralrcec (j`c`) -  Iamstcmtjs4   Yam Yam `ctas quj ma puj`jm icefgcr par mgmlumc rczùm (iahar `j adas y pgjh)

Irjcr umc vcrgcfhj4 -  ^amjr maefrj `j hc vcrgcfhj y chtjrmctgvcs, quj`crgc chla csg4 maefrj 5 ‘C`rgcmc―

Vjsuhtc`a `j hc vcrgcfhj irjc`c Hjmlucdj `j has `ctas4 Jmtjra4 @ctas jmtjras, sgm pumta `jigech

(69, 60, 6:, 6?) Ohact4  @ctas ohatcmtjs, iam pumta `jigech (3.:?, 3.?> sj pamj4 hc g`jmtcigùm quj ccpcrjij ^rgmt(‘Bahc {} y ha quj bcrã jh usucrga―.oarect(maefrj)) Jstcs sj `jihcrcm `j hc sglugjmtj ecmjrc4 jhgo j`c` =5 3>>4 # Yg ma, jmtamijs ±J`c` js ecyar a gluch c 3>>1 Jm hc g`jmtcigùm quj cpcrjij sj pamj4 prgmt(‘±pamjr prjlumtc1―) Bcij quj jstc apjrcigùm sj ecmtjmlc `j oarec gmogmgtc Yj `jfj pamjr ch gmgiga4 `jo vchg`cigamJ`c`() 4 Jm hc g`jmtcigùm quj cpcrjij sj pamj um tcfuhc`ar yc quj pytbam rjqugjrj `j jsas jspcigas Yj `jfj pamjr bcstc cfcda ha sglugjmtj4 wbghj truj4 Jm hc g`jmtcigùm quj cpcrjij sj pamj4 vchg`cigùmj`c`()

 

  -  G`jmtcigamjs4 Jspcigas quj sj quj`cm jm fhcmia, ma `jdc jsirgfgr jm jhhas yc quj ha ecmjdc iaea jrrar, pcrc jsirgfgr jm jhhas sj clrjlc umc tcfuhcigùm y jmtamijs yc sj pamj quj sj `jsjc bcijr -  Ygjeprj bcijr ihgik jm hc ohjibc `j phcy pcrc gmgigcr hc jdjiuigùm   -  ^crc schgr `j hc jdjiuigùm sj pamj itrh + I

 

Eù`uha 34

^hctcoarec `j gmoareãtgic jm hc mufj sj cephåc iamtgmucejmtj pcrc tjmjr sahuigamjs `gvjrscs. ^raparigamc umc lrcm icmtg`c` `j sjrvgigas fcsc`as jm hc mufj4 Czurj

Checijmcegjmta rjeata

Baspj`cdj `j fcsjs `j `ctas

C`egmgstrcigùm ijmtrchgzc`c `j iujmtcs

Gmtjhgljmigc crtgogigch (GC)

Gmtjrmjt `j hcs iascs (GaP)

Czurj pjregtj iaepghcr, c`egmgstrcr j gephjejmtcr cphgicigamjs jm umc rj` lhafch ecsgvc. _jmtcdcs

@jsirgpigùm

^rjpcrc pcrc jh outura

Egirasaot sj gmmavc iamstcmtjejmtj pcrc pa`jr `jscrrahhcr iarrjitcejmtj has prayjitas Ecmtjmgjm`a um iù`gla cfgjrta y cijptcm`a ta`as has hjlucdjs y eciras, jsta pjregtj iaepghcr j gephjejmtcr c rgtea prapga ^jregtj apjrcr jm jmtarma haich, mufj a pjrgejtrch, yc quj gmtjlrc y c`egmgstrc bjrrcegjmtcs y sjrvgigas `j hc mufj båfrg`c Hc mufj `c sjlurg`c` `js`j jh gmgiga, tcmta pcrc has lafgjrmas iaea pcrc jeprjscs iamsahg`c`cs a mujvcs

Irjcr iam rgtea prapga Apjrcr jm jmtarma båfrg`a Iamogcmzc jm hc mufj

Gmoareãtgic jm hc mufj

Js hc jmtrjlc `j sjrvgigas gmoareãtgias c trcvçs `j Gmtjrmjt (mufj), js umc gmmavcigùm rãpg`c, ohjxgfhj y jiamùegic. Has sjrvgigas quj aorjij puj`jm sjr `j4 Yjrvg`arjs

Checijmcegjmta

Yaotwcrj

Cmãhgsgs

Fcsjs `j `ctas

Gmtjhgljmigc

Vj`js

 

Ztghgzc um ea`jha `j prjigas `j pcla par usa, js `jigr, saha sj pclc par has sjrvgigas quj sj uscm4 a u

Vj`uij iastas apjrctgvas

p p

Jdjiutc gmorcjstruiturc jogiczejmtj

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Icefgc y jsichc iam hcs mjijsg`c`js jeprjscrgchjs

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Cyu`c c eavjrsj eãs rãpg`a y c gmmavcr iamstcmtjejmtj. Jxgstjm `as tjm`jmigcs jm jh eum`a `glgtch Mufj

Jqugpas `cm mujvcs icrcitjråstgics euy rãpg`a c has usucrgas

Zsucrgas aftgjmjm jxpjrgjmigc cephgc y jmvahvjmtj `jh `gspasgtgva y saotwcrj

Hc mufj `jscrrahhc sjrvgigas y aorjij jxpjrgjmigcs `j usucrga iamsg`jrc`cs gmmavc`arcs y mavj`ascs `j oarec rãpg`c, ha quj pjregtj quj sj tjmlc ciijsa c4 Iaepamjmtjs ghgegtc`as `j praijsa, checijmcegjmta y rj`js sgm praijscr

Vjiamaigegjmta `j vaz y sjrvgigas ialmgtgvas pcrc `jstcicr cphgicigamjs `j atrcs

Iamsahc umgogic`c fcsc`c jm wjf quj pjregtj tjmjr hcs bjrrcegjmtcs `j håmjc `j iaecm`as -  Iaepghcr, c`egmgstrcr y supjrvgscr ta`a ^jregtj -  Irjcr pcmjhjs pjrsamchgzc`as pcrc vjr has rjiursas -  Iamoglurcr apigamjs `j ciijsgfghg`c` -  Vjsgstjmigc y `gspamgfghg`c` iamtgmuc -  ^rjsjmigc jm ta`as has ijmtras `j `ctas `j Czurj ^raparigamc -  Vjsgstjmigc c jrrarjs jm ijmtras `j `ctas Iamijpta

c ^ j u C

Yjrvgigas `j cmãhgsgs pcrc tjmjr `ctas `j tjhjejtråc `js`j saotwcrj y `gspasgtgvas

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c p k E j u C

Js hc tgjm`c `j Czurj, has usucrgas cquå puj`jm iamjitcrsj iam hcs Iamijpta sahuigamjs y sjrvgigas quj aorjij tcmta Egirasaot iaea jeprjscs `j tjrijras -  Fusicr, prafcr, iaeprcr y cpravgsgamcr cphgicigamjs y sjrvgigas ^jregtj -  Gmtjlrcr sahuigamjs `j oarec rãpg`c y iamogcfhj -  Yahuigamjs y sjrvgigas ijrtgogic`as pcrc jdjiutcrsj jm Czurj -  Yahuigamjs `j `gstgmtcs ictjlaråcs quj sj c`jiucm c hcs ^raparigamc mjijsg`c`js `jh usucrga -  Citgvg`c`js `j iaejrigchgzcigùm iamdumtc

Yjrvgigas `j Czurj

@j oarec ljmjrch jstas sam has sjrvgigas y icrcitjråstgics `j Czurj4

Hcs ictjlaråcs quj sj uscm iam eãs orjiujmigc4 -  ^raijsa4 Apigamjs pcrc baspj`cr cphgicigamjs y sjrvgigas -  Vj`js4 _gmiuhcigùm `j rjiursas `j praijsa y jh suegmgstra `j ciijsa c hcs cphgicigamjs. Iamjitcm jh eum`a jxtjrgar c sjrvgigas y icrcitjråstgics `j has ijmtras `j `ctas lhafchjs -  Checijmcegjmta4 Czurj tgjmj 0 tgpas prgmigpchjs `j checijmcegjmta, ta`as jhhas iaepcrtjm hcs vcråcs icrcitjråstgics4

 

@urcfghg`c` y chtc `gspamgfghg`c`

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C`egmgstrcigùm y iamtrah

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Ciijsgfghg`c` `js`j iuchqugjr pcrtj `jh eum`a

Iam rj`um`cmigc y rjphgicigùm Igorc`a cutaeãtgia Iamtrah `j ciijsa fcsc`a jm rah Checijmcegjmta ghgegtc`a @jh ecmtjmgegjmta @j prafhjecs iråtgias BPP^ BPP^Y

 

-  Eùvgh4 ^jregtj gmihugr jm hcs cphgicigamjs `j oarec rãpg`c y sgm jh gmgiga `j sjsgùm iarparctgva y hc iamjxgùm c rjiursas haichjs (YC^, Arcihj, YSH Yjrvjr y Ybcrj^agmt). Atrcs icrcitjråstgics gepartcmtjs sam4 Ygmiramgzcigùm `j `ctas sgm iamjxgùm

Iamjitgvg`c` c `ctas haichjs

@gousgùm `j matgogicigajs `j gmsjrigùm

Jsichc`a cutaeãtgia ciar`j c hcs mjijsg`c`js `jh mjlaiga

-  Fcsjs `j `ctas4 ^crc checijmcr umc lrcm vcrgj`c` `j vahôejmjs y tgpas `j `ctas, pjregtj hc iamjitgvg`c` lhafch y hc `gspasgigùm `j jstas `ctas ch gmstcmtj -  \jf4 ^jregtj tjmjr umc jxpjrgjmigc wjf jxijhjmtj, yc quj praparigamc sapartj tçimgia `j prgejrc ihcsj pcrc iaepghcr y baspj`cr cphgicigamjs y sjrvgigas wjf fcsc`as jm BPP^ -  Gmtjrmjt `j hcs iascs (GaP)4 ^jregtj c has usucrgas tjmjr ciijsa c eãs gmoarecigùm quj mumic, yc quj praparigamc hc icpcig`c` `j quj iuchqugjr afdjta icpcz `j iamjitcrsj c gmtjrmjt puj`c aftjmjr y rjtrcmsegtgr gmoarecigùm pcrc jh cmãhgsgs `j `ctas -  Ecira`ctas4 Lrcm`js vahôejmjs `j `ctas quj sam `goåighjs `j cmchgzcr par ha quj sj bcij usa `j tjimahalåcs `j ihôstjr `j iù`gla cfgjrta, jstas `ctas sam has ljmjrc`as par4 Ygstjecs `jh

Ygstjecs `j

Gmvjstglcigùm

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tgjepa

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-  Gmtjhgljmigc crtgogigch (GC)4 Yj fcsc jm umc cephgc lcec `j sjrvgigas, `am`j jh prgmigpch js jh cprjm`gzcdj cutaeãtgia Cprjm`gzcdj cutaeãtgia

Pgpa `j tçimgic Pçimgic `j igjmigc `j `ctas

^jregtj

Halrc

Ztghgzcr `ctas jxgstjmtjs pcrc prjvjr4 -  Pjm`jmigcs -  Vjsuhtc`as -  Iaepartcegjmtas outuras -  Suj has jqugpas cprjm`cm sgm mjijsg`c` `j pralrcecrhas jxphåigtcejmtj -  ^ar ej`ga `j prjvgsgamjs a prj`giigamjs bcij quj cphgicigamjs y `gspasgtgvas sjcm eãs gmtjhgljmtjs

-  Ialmgtgvj Yjrvgijs4 ^ra`uitas jstrjibcejmtj rjhcigamc`as, sj puj`jm uscr jstcs C^G prjiaepghc`cs jm hcs cphgicigamjs pcrc sahuigamcr prafhjecs iaephjdas -  @jvAps4 Vjômj c gm`gvg`uas, praijsas y tjimahalåc ej`gcmtj hc cutaectgzcigùm `j hc jmtrjlc `j saotwcrj pcrc aorjijr um vchar iamtgmua c has usucrgas. Irjcr, iaepghcr y pufhgicr Gmtjlrcigùm, jmtrjlc j gephjejmtcigùm icmchgzcigamjs iamtgmuc c hcs cphgicigamjs Gmtjlrc rjpasgtargas y prujfcs `j cphgicigamjs

A @ a

Yupjrvgsc cphgicigamjs Prcfcdc iam crtjocitas `j iaepghcigùm Prcfcdc iam jhjejmtas `j trcfcda pjm`gjmtj

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^jregtj gephjejmtcigamjs Ljmjrc cphgicigamjs quj praparigamcm

^crc rjchgzcr sjlugegjmta ^crc cutaectgzcr gephjejmtcigùm `j gmorcjstruiturc ^crcgmtjlrcr bjrrcegjmtcs y sjrvgigas `j tjrijras Iabjrjmtjs Vjpra`uigfhjs ^raijsas ùptgeas `j iaepghcigùm ^raijsas ùptgeas `j hcmzcegjmta

 

  Yjrvgiga

Oumigùm `jh sjrvgiga

Czurj _grtuch Ecibgmjs

Eãqugmcs vgrtuchjs (_E) \gm`aws a Hgmux baspj`c`cs jm Czurj Jsichc`a `j eãqugmcs vgrtuchjs \gm`aws a Hgmux baspj`c`cs jm Czurj

Czurj _grtuch Ecibgmj Yichj Yjts Czurj Kufjrmjtjs Yjrvgij a a ^

Czurj Yjrvgij Ocfrgi Czurj Fctib Czurj Iamtcgmjr Gmstcmijs Czurj Oumitgams Czurj _grtuch Mjtwark Czurj Hac` Fchcmijr Czurj Cpphgictgam Lctjwcy Czurj _^M Lctjwcy

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Czurj @MY Czurj Iamtjmt @jhgvjry Mjtwark Czurj @@aY ^ratjitgam Czurj Prcoogi Ecmcljr

Czurj JxprjssVautj

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Czurj Mjtwark \ctibjr Czurj Ogrjwchh

Czurj _grtuch \CM Czurj Fhaf Ytarclj a j e

Czurj Oghj starclj Czurj Sujuj Ytarclj

e C

Czurj Pcfhj starclj

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Fcik-jm` eùvghjs Czurj Iaseas @F Czurj YSH @ctcfcsj Czurj @ctcfcsj oar

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Yupjrvgsc y `gclmastgic prafhjecs `j rj` ej`gcmtj jh cmãhgsgs fcsc`a jm jh jsijmcrga Gephjejmtc um ogrjwchh `j chtc sjlurg`c` y chtc `gspamgfghg`c` iam jsichcfghg`c` ghgegtc`c Irjc umc rj` `j ãrjc jxtjmsc (\CM) umgogic`c quj iamjitc sgtgas haichjs y rjeatas Yjrvgiga `j checijmcegjmta pcrc afdjtas euy lrcm`js, iaea cribgvas `j vå`ja a ecpcs `j fgts Vjiursas iaepcrtg`as `j cribgvas quj puj`j c`egmgstrcr iaea um sjrvg`ar `j cribgvas y ciij`jr c jhhas `jh egsea ea`a Checiçm `j `ctas pcrc hc pujstc jm iahc y hc jmtrjlc iamogcfhj `j ejmscdjs jmtrj cphgicigamjs Checiçm `j `ctas jstruiturc`as ma rjhcigamchjs (`ctas MaYSH jstruiturc`as) jm hc mufj, praparigamc um checiçm `j ihcvjs y ctrgfutas iam um `gsjóa sgm jsqujec Irjc cphgicigamjs gAY, Cm`rag` y \gm`aws `j oarec rãpg`c y sjmighhc Fcsj `j `ctas `gstrgfug`c lhafchejmtj quj c`egtj apigamjs MaYSH Fcsj `j `ctas rjhcigamch tatchejmtj c`egmgstrc`c iam jsichc`a cutaeãtgia, gmtjhgljmigc gmtjlrch y sjlurg`c` sùhg`c Fcsj `j `ctas rjhcigamch EyYSH tatchejmtj c`egmgstrc`c y

jsichcfhj iam chtc `gspamgfghg`c` y sjlurg`c` Fcsj `j `ctas rjhcigamch ^astlrjYSH tatchejmtj c`egmgstrc`c y ^astlrjYSH jsichcfhj iam chtc `gspamgfghg`c` y sjlurg`c` YSH Yjrvjr jm Czurj Yjrvgiga quj baspj`c cphgicigamjs jeprjscrgchjs jeprjscrgchjs `j YSH Yjrvjr jm _grtuch Ecibgmjs hc mufj Checiçm `j `ctas tatchejmtj c`egmgstrc`a iam sjlurg`c` gmtjlrch Czurj Yymcpsj Cmchytgis jm ta`as has mgvjhjs `j jsichc sgm iasta c`gigamch Yjrvgiga quj eglrc fcsjs `j `ctas c hc mufj sgm icefgas jm jh Czurj @ctcfcsj iù`gla `j cphgicigùm Eglrctgam Yjrvgij EyYSH Czurj @ctcfcsj oar

 

Czurj Icibj oar Vj`gs Czurj @ctcfcsj oar Ecrgc@F Czurj Cpp Yjrvgij Czurj Matgogictgam Bufs

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Czurj C^G Ecmcljejmt Czurj Ialmgtgvj Yjcrib Icrcitjråstgic \jf Cpps `j Czurj Cpp Yjrvgij Yjrvgiga Czurj YglmchV

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` m j m G

a a E

GaP J`lj

Yjrvgiga tatchejmtj c`egmgstrc`a quj checijmc jm icibç `ctas jstãtgias y usc`as iam orjiujmigc pcrc rj`uigr hc hctjmigc `j `ctas y cphgicigamjs Fcsj `j `ctas rjhcigamch Ecrgc@F tatchejmtj c`egmgstrc`c y jsichcfhj iam chtc `gspamgfghg`c` y sjlurg`c` Irjc rãpg`cejmtj cphgicigamjs jm hc mufj jogicijs fcsc`cs jm wjf Jmvåc matgogicigamjs pusb c iuchqugjr phctcoarec `js`j iuchqugjr fcik-jm` ^ufhgic C^G pcrc `jscrrahhc`arjs, csaigc`a csaigc`ass y jephjc`as `j oarec sjlurc y c jsichc Fôsquj`c iaephjtcejmtj c`egmgstrc`c Irjc j gephjejmtc rãpg`cejmtj cphgicigamjs wjf iråtgics c jsichc Clrjlc oumigamchg`c`js wjf jm tgjepa rjch iam ocighg`c`. Yahuigùm lhafch `j saotwcrj iaea sjrvgiga (YccY) `j GaP tatchejmtj c`egmgstrc`c quj ocighgtc hc iamjxgùm, hc supjrvgsgùm y hc c`egmgstrcigùm `j has rjiursas `j GaP c jsichc Ijmtra `j ejmscdjråc quj praparigamc iaeumgicigamjs y supjrvgsgùm sjlurcs jmtrj eghhamjs `j `gspasgtgvas `j GaP Yjrvgiga tatchejmtj c`egmgstrc`a quj pjregtj gmsjrtcr has ea`jhas `j cmãhgsgs `j `ctas `grjitcejmtj jm has `gspasgtgvas GaP, ha quj hjs pjregtj rjspam`jr rãpg`cejmtj c has icefgas `j jstc`a sgm

mjijsg`c` `j iamsuhtcr ea`jhas `j GC fcsc`as jm hc mufj Jdjiutc cmãhgsgs c lrcm jsichc ej`gcmtj um checijmcegjmta `j `ctas jeprjscrgch fcsc`a jm hc mufj quj cpravjibc hcs vjmtcdcs Czurj Yymcpsj Cmchytgis `jh praijscegjmta pcrchjha ecsgva pcrc jdjiutcr rãpg`cejmtj iamsuhtcs iaephjdcs jm pjtcfytjs `j `ctas ^raijsc lrcm`js icmtg`c`js `j `ctas iam has ihôstjrjs B@Gmsglbt `j Czurj c`egmgstrc`as `j Bc`aap jm hc mufj Gmtjlrc cmãhgsgs iahcfarctgva fcsc`a jm Cpcibj Ypcrk iam atras Czurj @ctcfrgiks sjrvgigas `j ecira`ctas jm Czurj

 

C c i o c c l j m G

Jmtarma pcrc `jscrrahhcr, jmtrjmcr, prafcr, gephjejmtcr, c`egmgstrcr y rjchgzcr um sjlugegjmta `j has ea`jhas `j Czurj Ecibgmj Hjcrmgml cprjm`gzcdj cutaeãtgia. ^jregtj ljmjrcr y cdustcr Yjrvgij cutaeãtgicejmtj um ea`jha, ch glucg quj iaejmzcr c jmtrjmcr jm jh jqugpa haich y hujla jsichcr bargzamtchejmtj c hc mufj. Ãrjc `j trcfcda vgsuch iahcfarctgvc quj pjregtj iaepghcr, prafcr j gephjejmtcr sahuigamjs `j cprjm`gzcdj cutaeãtgia ej`gcmtj Czurj EH Ytu`ga chlargteas `j cprjm`gzcdj cutaeãtgia prj`jogmg`as y eù`uhas `j iamtrah `j `ctas Zsc chlargteas `j praijscegjmta `j geãljmjs pcrc g`jmtgogicr, _gsgùm suftgtuhcr, gm`jxcr y ea`jrcr geãljmjs y vå`jas _az

i v Y v t I

Csglmcigùm `j iamaigegjmta Fgml Yjcrib ^raijscegjmta `j hjmlucdj mcturch

Czurj @jvAps A @

Czurj @jvPjst Hcfs

Iamvgjrtj vaz jm tjxta, usc hc vaz pcrc hc iaeprafcigùm a clrjluc rjiamaigegjmta `jh bcfhcmtj c hc cphgicigùm Csglmc gmoarecigùm y `ctas iaephjdas pcrc rjsahvjr tcrjcs iaea hcs `j rjiaejm`cigamjs gmtjhgljmtjs y fôsquj`c sjeãmtgic Clrjlc hc icpcig`c` `j iaefgmcr eghjs `j eghhamjs `j pãlgmcs wjf, geãljmjs, vå`jas y matgigcs c hcs cphgicigamjs ^jregtj quj hcs cphgicigamjs praijsjm hjmlucdj mcturch iam sirgpts prjiaepghc`as, jvchôjm apgmgamjs y cprjm`cm c rjiamaijr ha quj qugjrjm has usucrgas ^jregtj uscr bjrrcegjmtcs `j iahcfarcigùm `j `jscrrahha iaea icmchgzcigamjs `j chta rjm`gegjmta, rjpasgtargas Lgt prgvc`as lrctugtas, pcmjhjs Kcmfcm iamoglurcfhjs y iaephjtcs prujfcs `j icrlc fcsc`cs jm hc mufj y cutaectgzc`cs Irjc rãpg`cejmtj jmtarmas `j \gm`aws y Hgmux pcrc prafcr a rjchgzcr `jeastrcigamjs `j hcs cphgicigamjs `grjitcejmtj `js`j icmchgzcigamjs `j gephjejmtcigùm

Yj mjijsgtcm pcrc pa`jr irjcr y uscr has sjrvgigas `j Czurj. Hcs jeprjscs tgjmjm iujmtc `j Czurj pcrc jh mjlaiga, iam susirgpigamjs gm`jpjm`gjmtjs par `jpcrtcejmta,

Iujmtcs `j Czurj

ic`c susirgpigùm puj`j ljmjrcr lruaps `j rjiursas y rjiursas

 

Eù`uha 64

Ea`jhas `j gephjejmtcigùm4

Mufj pôfgic

Mufj prgvc`c

Mufj båfrg`c

-  Yjrvgigas sj aorjijm c trcvçs `j -  Vjiursas gmoareãtgias usc`as jxihusgvcejmtj

hc rj` Gmtjrmjt pôfhgic -  Yjrvgigas

`gspamgfhjs

iuchqugjrc

quj

jm umc jeprjsc u

pcrc qugjrc

   s    c    i -  iaeprcrhas    g    t    s     å    j   r -  Vjiursas `j mufj, sjrvg`arjs y    t    i    c   r checijmcegjmta, sam    c    I prapgj`c` `j um pravjj`ar `j

sjrvgigas tjrijras,

jm (ha

hc

mufj

`j

jxphatc

y

-  Jmtarma gmoareãtgia

arlcmgzcigùm Jstcm

ufgic`cs

oåsgicejmtj jm ijmtra `j `ctas haich (jmtarma haich) `j hc arlcmgzcigùm a sjr baspj`c`cs

par

um

pôfhgic y umc prgvc`c -  ^jregtj iaepcrtgr `ctas y cphgicigamjs

jmtrj

hcs

mufjs

pravjj`ar `j sjrvgigas `j tjrijras

`gstrgfuyj jm Gmtjrmjt)

-  @jfj c`qugrgrsj bcr`wcrj pcrc jh gmgiga y jh -  Ma bcy lcstas `j icpgtch pcrc -  jsichcr vjrtgichejmtj    m     ù    g    i -  Cphgicigamjs sj puj`jm    c   r    c    p cpravgsgamcr y `jscpravgsgamcr    e -     a    I rãpg`a

-  Arlcmgzcigamjs `jtjregmcm `ùm`j sj vcm

Arlcmgzcigamjs tgjmjm iamtrah tatch `j has

c jdjiutcr sus

rjiursas y hc sjlurg`c` Arlcmgzcigamjs

sam

rjspamscfhjs

`jh

ecmtjmgegjmta cituchgzcigamjs bcr`wcrj

-  ^raparigamc hc eãxgec ohjxgfghg`c`

ecmtjmgegjmta

-  Yaha sj pclc par ha quj usc

iaefgmcigùm `j umc mufj

y

hcs `jh

cphgicigamjs -  Arlcmgzcigamjs iamtrahcm hc

sjlurg`c`,

iuephgegjmta rjqugsgtas hjlchjs

y

has

 

Chtc Chtc `g `gsp spam amgf gfghghg` g`c` c`

@j cciiuj ujr` r`a a cchh iam iamtr trct cta a` `jj ((YH YHC) C) _jrtgichejmtj

C`gigamcr VCE a I^Z c ecqugmc vgrtuch

Jsichcfghg`c` Gmiarparcr eãqugmcs Bargzamtchejmtj

m c

vgrtuchjs

j i ã e a m

Jhcstgig`c`

Cpravjibc jsichc`a cutaeãtgia Gephjejmtcr y iamoglurcr rjiursas

Clghg`c`

iamoarej icefgc hc cphgicigùm

c c _

@gstrgfuigùm

Gephjejmtcr cphgicigamjs y `ctas jm

ljalrãogic

rjlgamjs `j ta`a jh eum`a Iapgcs `j sjlurg`c` jm hc mufj

Vjiupjrcigùm cmtj `jscstrjs

Vjphgicigùm `j `ctas  

Pgpas `j lcstas4 IcpJx

ApJx

-  Lctas `j icpgtch -  Gmvjrsgùm

prjvgc

`j

`gmjra

jm

gmorcjstruiturc oåsgic

-  Yj `j`uij jh egsea cóa quj sj pra`uij pra `uij

-  Iastas ogmcmigjras iamsg`jrcfhjs, lcstas iamtgmuas `j ecmtjmgegjmta y sapartj

Mufj

-  @gmjra quj sj gmvgjrtj jm sjrvgigas a pra`uitas y sj ociturc ch gmstcmtj

-  Yj `j`uij c ha hcrla `jh tgjepa -  Yu vchar `gsegmuyj iam jh tgjepa

tçimgia

-  Lcstas apjrctgvas

-  Ma tgjmj iasta prjvga, sj pclc saha par ha quj sj usc -  Fcsc`a jm jh iamsuea

Fcsc`cs jm ea`jha `j iamsuea

Zsucrgas pclcm sahcejmtj ha quj uscm

 

Ygm iasta par c`jhcmtc`a

j c f

Ma rjqugjrj iaeprcr a c`egmgstrcr gmorcjstruiturcs iastascs

a e u

a

a a i e j

Suj ma sj cpravjibjm `jh ta`a

Yj puj`j pclcr par rjiursas c`gigamchjs mjijscrgas

c c

Yj puj`j `jdcr `j pclcr par rjiursas quj

_

yc ma sj mjijsgtjm

  Ea`jhas `j sjrvgiga jm hc mufj

Ictjlaråc eãs ohjxgfhj `j sjrvgigas jm hc mufj. Aorjij iamtrah iaephjta `jh

   )    a    g    i    g    v    r    j    s    a    e    a    i    c    r    u    t    i    u    r    t    s    j    c    r    o    m    G    (

c

   m bcr`wcrj quj jdjiutc hc cphgicigùm. Ygeghcr c hc c`egmgstrcigùm `j sjrvg`arjs     ù    g    i    p    g   r oåsgias4 pravjj`ar `j sjrvgigas jm hc mufj ecmtjm`rã cituchgzc`a jh    i    s    j bcr`wcrj, jh ecmtjmgegjmta `jh sgstjec apjrctgva y hc iamoglurcigùm `j rj`    @ js rjspamscfghg`c` `jh gmqughgma `j mufj    s -  Yjrvg`arjs y checijmcegjmta    a    g    i    g    v   r -  Yjlurg`c` y ogrjwchh `j rj`js    j    Y -  J`gogiga a gmstchcigùm `j ijmtras `j `ctas oåsgia

-  Vãpg`c gephjejmtcigùm `j mujvas `gspasgtgvas `j praijsa -     s    c    d -     c    t    m -     j    _ - 

Yj chqughc jh bcr`wcrj (IcpJx) Clghg`c` y ohjxgfghg`c` Zsucrga c`egmgstrc Ea`jha fcsc`a jm jh iamsuea

-  Ma sj rjqugjrjm iamaigegjmtas tçimgias cvcmzc`as

 

   m Jmtarma `j baspj`cdj c`egmgstrc`a4 pravjj`ar `j sjrvgigas jm hc mufj     ù    g    i    p    g ` j rj`, y jh gmqughgma `j mufj   r c`egmgstrc hcs eãqugmcs vgrtuchjs y has rjiursas `j    i    s    j gephjejmtc sus cphgicigamjs jm jh jmtarma `j baspj`cdj c`egmgstrc`a.    @    )    a    g    i    g    v    r    j    s    a    e    a    i    c    e    r    a    o    c    t    c    h    ^    (

^

-  Yjrvg`arjs y checijmcegjmta -  Yjlurg`c` y ogrjwchh `j rj`js    s    a    g    i    g -  J`gogiga a gmstchcigùm `j ijmtras `j `ctas oåsgia    v   r    j    Y -  Ygstjecs apjrctgvas -  C`egmgstrcigùm `j fcsjs `j `ctas y cmãhgsgs jeprjscrgchjs -  Ygm lcstas `j icpgtch (IcpJx)    s -  Eãs ãlgh quj GccY    c    d    c    t -  Ea`jha fcsc`a jm jh iamsuea    m    j    _ -  Ma sj rjqugjrjm iamaigegjmtas tçimgias cvcmzc`as

-  ^ra`uitgvg`c`  .  - Hgegtcigamjs `j hc phctcoarec4 Jm hc mufj puj`jm bcfjr hgegtcigamjs quj    v    s      j    @ puj`jm cojitcm ch ea`a jm jh quj umc cphgicigùm sj jdjiutc.

c spjitas `jh jmtarma  .  ^ravjj`ar `j sjrvgigas jm hc mufj c`egmgstrc ta`as has cspjitas   r    i    s `j hc cphgicigùm, jh gmqughgma `j mufj saha mjijsgtc praparigamcr sus `ctas c    j    @ hc cphgicigùm c`egmgstrc`c par jh pravjj`ar `j sjrvgigas jm hc mufj.    )    a    g    i    g    v    r    j    s    a    e    a    i    j    r    c    w    t    o    a    Y    (

Y

-  Yjrvg`arjs y checijmcegjmta -  Yjlurg`c` y ogrjwchh `j rj`js    s    a    g -  J`gogiga a gmstchcigùm `j ijmtras `j `ctas oåsgia    i    g    v   r    j -  Ygstjecs apjrctgvas    Y -  C`egmgstrcigùm `j fcsjs `j `ctas y cmãhgsgs jeprjscrgchjs -  Cphgicigamjs baspj`c`arcs -  Ygm lcstas `j icpgtch (IcpJx)..

   s    c    d -  Ea`jha `j prjiga `j pcla par usa    c    t    m -  Ma sj rjqugjrjm iamaigegjmtas tçimgias cvcmzc`as    j    _ -  Clghg`c` y ohjxgfghg`c`4 Ciij`jr c has `ctas `js`j iuchqugjr hulcr  .     v    s -  Hgegtcigamjs `jh saotwcrj4 cphgicigamjs `j saotwcrj iam umc sjrgj `j    j    @ hgegtcigamjs quj puj`jm cojitcr ch ea`a jm jh quj has usucrgas trcfcdcm

 

GccY

^ccY

-  Içmtrjsj jm jh `jscrrahha -  Ea`jha `j prjiga `j

-  Jh sjrvgiga jm hc mufj

-  Jh pravjj`ar `j mufj -  Has usucrgas pclcm par

-  Iamoglurj y c`egmgstrj jh `j

pcla par usa

`j cphgicigamjs

eãs ohjxgfhj

bcr`wcrj

YccY

iamtrahc

hc

c`egmgstrcigùm

cphgicigùm

`j

hc

jh saotwcrj quj utghgzcm

hc

jm

um

ea`jha

`j

susirgpigùm

phctcoarec

Mgvjhjs `j rjspamscfghg`c` jmtrj um pravjj`ar `j sjrvgigas jm hc mufj y um gmqughgma `j mufj4 Haich

Gmorcjstruiturc

^hctcoarec

Yaotwcrj

mufj prgvc`c)

iaea sjrvgiga)

iaea sjrvgiga)

iaea sjrvgiga)

@ctas y ciijsa

@ctas y ciijsa

@ctas y ciijsa

@ctas y ciijsa

Cphgicigamjs

Cphgicigamjs

Cphgicigamjs

Cphgicigamjs

Pgjepa `j jdjiuigùm Ygstjec apjrctgva

Pgjepa `j jdjiuigùm Ygstjec apjrctgva

Pgjepa `j jdjiuigùm Ygstjec apjrctgva

Pgjepa `j jdjiuigùm Ygstjec apjrctgva

Eãqugmc vgrtuch

Eãqugmc vgrtuch

Eãqugmc vgrtuch

Eãqugmc vgrtuch

^raijsa

^raijsa

^raijsa

^raijsa

Vj`js

Vj`js

Vj`js

Vj`js

Checijmcegjmta

Checijmcegjmta

Checijmcegjmta

Checijmcegjmta

@am`j4

Zsucrga c`egmgstrc ^ravj`ar c`egmgstrc

Gmoareãtgic sgm sjrvg`ar4 Ygeghcr c ^ccY, irjcr cphgicigamjs rãpg`p, ma sj mjijsgtc c`egmgstrcr

gmorcjstruiturc. Pcrjcs `j c`egmgstrcigùm y cpravgsgamcegjmta `j hc gmorcjstruiturc sam gmvgsgfhjs pcrc jh `jscrrahhc`ar. Yj ijmtrc ctjmigùm jm hùlgic `j mjlaigas y aorjijr eãs vchar ch môihja `j hc jeprjsc, fusic cyu`cr c4 Cuejmtcr pra`uitgvg`c`

Hhjvcr pra`uitas ch ejric`a rãpg`cejmtj

Aptgegzcr ejdar has

Ijmtrcrsj jm hc

rjiursas

gmmavcigùm

 

Eù`uha 94

Jstruiturc `j arlcmgzcigùm `j rjiursas jm Czurj4 

Pgjmj iuctra mgvjhjs4 -  Vjiursas4 Gmstcmigcs `j sjrvgigas quj sj irjcm (eãqugmcs vgrtuchjs, checijmcegjmta a fcsjs `j `ctas YSH) -  Lrupas `j rjiursas4 Icrpjtcs quj iamtgjmjm rjiursas. Iamtjmj`ar hùlgia jm jh quj sj gephjejmtcm y c`egmgstrcm rjiursas `j Czurj (cphgicigamjs wjf, fcsjs `j `ctas y iujmtcs `j checijmcegjmta) -  Yusirgpigamjs4 Zmc susirgpigùm clrupc hcs iujmtcs `j usucrga y has rjiursas quj bcm irjc`a jscs iujmtcs `j usucrga. Bcy håegtjs `j rjiursas quj puj`j irjcr y uscr. -  Lrupas `j c`egmgstrcigùm4 Lrupas quj c`egmgstrcm jh ciijsa, hc pahåtgic y jh iuephgegjmta `j hcs susirgpigamjs. Hcs susirgpigamjs `j um lrupa `j ljstgùm tgjmjm jm cutaeãtgia hcs iam`gigamjs cphgic`cs ch lrupa `j ljstgùm Ãrjc ljalrãogic `jh phcmjtc quj iamtgjmj `j eåmgea um ijmtra `j `ctas, has ijmtras `j `ctas ijricmas sj iamjitcm jm rj` `j fcdc hctjmigc. Vjlgamjs `j Czurj4

Gephjejmtcr rjiursa

Yjhjiigamcr rjlgùm jm hc quj sj gephjejmtcrã

 

Ijmtras `j `ctas oåsgicejmtj sjpcrc`as `jmtra `j umc rjlgùm `j Czurj. Zma a eãs ijmtras `j `ctas jqugpc`as iam jmjrlåc, rjorgljrcigùm y rj`js gm`jpjm`gjmtjs. Tamcs `j `gspamgfghg`c` `j Czurj4

Iamjitc`cs iam Tamcs `j `gspamgfghg`c`

rj`js prgvc`cs `j ogfrc ùptgic `j chtc vjhaig`c`

Yg umc ochhc hc atrc oumigamc jm su cusjmigc Has sjrvgigas `j Czurj quj c`egtjm zamcs `j `gspamgfghg`c` sj `gvg`jm jm trjs ictjlaråcs4 Yjrvgigas

Tamchjs

Vj`um`cmtjs `j zamcs

Ma rjlgamchjs

@jsirgpigùm

Jdjepha

-  Eãqugmcs vgrtuchjs Cmihc jh rjiursa c umc zamc -  @gsias c`egmgstrc`as jspjiåogic -  @grjiigamjs G^ -  Checijmcegjmta rj`um`cmtj ^hctcoarec sj rjphgic `j zamcs cutaeãtgicejmtj jmtrj zamcs -  Fcsj `j `ctas YSH Yjrvgigas sgjeprj jstãm `gspamgfhjs jm hcs ljalrcoåcs `j Czurj y sam rjsgstjmtjs c hcs gmtjrrupigamjs jm ta`c hc zamc, cså iaea c hcs gmtjrrupigamjs jm ta`c hc rjlgùm

Ic`c rjlgùm `j Czurj jstã jepcrjdc`c iam atrc rjlgùm `jmtra `j hc egsec ljalrcoåc iam ch ejmas c 9>> eghhcs `j `gstcmigc. ^jregtgjm`a cså hc rjphgicigùm `j rjiursas. Zm jdjepha `j rjlgùm pcr js4 ^cr `j rjlgamjs4

Ajstj `j JJ. ZZ.

Jstj `j JJ. ZZ.

 

Lrupas `j rjiursas `j Czurj4Pa`as

has rjiursas `jfjm jstcr jm um lrupa `j rjiursas, y um rjiursa saha puj`j sjr egjefra `j um saha lrupa `j rjiursas

Clrupcigùm hùlgic

Igiha `j vg`c

Cutargzcigùm

Iahaicr rjiursas `j usa, tgpa a ufgicigùm sgeghcrjs pcrc praparigamcr ar`jm y arlcmgzcigùm c has rjiursas Yg jhgegmc um lrupa `j rjiursas, ta`as has rjiursas iamtjmg`as jm çh tcefgçm sj jhgegmcm. Ocighgtcm hc jhgegmcigùm `j um iamdumta `j rjiursas c hc vjz ^jregtj cphgicr pjregsas VFCI c um lrupa `j rjiursas, pcrc ocighgtcr hc c`egmgstrcigùm y hgegtcr jh ciijsa

Czurj Vjsaurij Ecmcljr C`egmgstrc`ar `j rjiursas `j Czurj)4

Yjrvgiga `j gephjejmtcigùm y c`egmgstrcigùm pcrc Czurj. ^jregtj irjcr, cituchgzcr y jhgegmcr rjiursas jm hc iujmtc

Ztghgzcr oumigamjs `j ljstgùm

^ratjljr y arlcmgzcr rjiursas `jspuçs `j hc gephjejmtcigùm

^cpjh quj `jsjepjóc Vjsaurij Ecmcljr jm jh ecmjda `j hcs sahgigtu`js `j Czurj4

 

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