Conception Et Étude D - Un Pont
April 12, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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…………………………………………… …………………………… …;4 J.4) Jhtroiuntjoh ………………………………………………………………………… J.5) Eut if `‚êtuif ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………… .….;4 ………………………………………… ……………… …..;4 J.>) [rêsfhtdtjoh if `‚ouvrdlf ………………………………………………………… J.>.4) @fs @fs ndrdntêrjst ndrdntêrjstjqufs jqufs if `‚ouvr `‚ouvrdlf dlf …………………………………………… …………………………………………… ……;5 J.9) Iohhêfs bohntjohhf``fs …………………………………………………………………;5 J.9.4) Yrdnf fh p`dh p`dh ………………………………………………………………… ..........;5 J.9.5) [robj` fh `ohl ………………………………………………………………… `ohl ………………………………………………………………… ……..;> ……………………………………… …………………………………………………..;> ……………………………..;> J.9.>)) [robj` J.9.> [robj` fh trdvfrs trdvfrs ………………… J.6) Iohhêfs hdturf``fs …………………………………………………………………… …;9 J.6.4) Iohhêfs lêo`oljqufs …………………………………………………………… ..;9 J.6.5) Iohhêfs lêotfnghjqufs ……………………………………………………… lêotfnghjqufs ……………………………………………………… …….;9 J.6.>) Iohhêfs gyiro`oljqufs gyiro`oljqufs …………………………………………… .. ..……………. ……………..;9 .;9 J.2) Ndrdntêrjstjqufs ifs cdtêrjdux if nohstruntjoh ……………………………………...;9 J.2.4) Eêtoh Eêtoh ……………………………………………………………………… .………..;9 J.2.5) Dnjfrs pdssjbs pdssjbs ………………………………………………………………………..;2 J.2 J.2.>) .>) Dnjfrs Dnjfrs if prêno prênohtr htrdjht djhtff « dntjbs dntjbs ½ ………………………………………………… ....;2 J.2.9) Dnjfrs if ngdrpfhtf ngdrpfhtf …..……………………………………………………………...;2 J.) @fs pdrdcçtrfs jhtfrvjfht idhs `f ng …………………..……… ………………… ………;< ;< …………………………………………………………… ………;< ……… JJ.9) Nohnfptj Nohnfptjoh oh if tde`jfr tde`jfr . ;< JJ.6) JJ.6) Rdrjd Rdrjdht htff H»4 H»4 1 [oht [oht cj cjxt xtff ……………………………………………………… .……… ………;< ;< ………… .……….. ………..;< JJ.6.4) Jhtroiuntjoh Jhtroiunt joh …………………………………………………… …………. ;< ……;< JJ.6.5) @fs dvdhtdlfs dvdhtdlfs ft `fs `fs jhnohvêhjfhts………………………………………… .….…… ;< JJ.6.>) JJ.6. >) Jcp`dhtdtjoh ifs dppujs ……………………………………………… .…… ……..……… ………;7 ;7 [rê ijcfhsjohhfcfht…………………………………………………… .…………. ………….;7 JJ.6.9) [rê JJ.6.9) ;7 JJ.6.6) `fs ngdrlfs ifs ê`êcfhts ê`êcfhts port furs …………………………………………… .…… ……4; 4; JJ.6.2) @fs ndrdntêrjstjq ndrdntêrjstjqufs ufs lêocêtrjqufs lêocêtrjqufs if `d id``f id``f ………………………….. ………………………….....................44 ...................44 ……………………………………… ……………… ….………... ………...44 JJ.2)) vdrjdh JJ.2 vdrjdhtf tf H»5 1 [oht ndjs ndjssoh soh bfrcê bfrcê ………………………… 44 JJ.2.4) JJ.2. 4) Jhtroiuntjoh …………………………………………… ………………. ……………… .…………... …………...44 44 ………….44 JJ.2.5) @fs dvdhtdlfs ft `fs j hnohvêhjfhts ……………………………………… .…………. 44 ………….45 JJ.2.>) Jcp`dhtdtjoh Jcp`dhtdtjoh ifs dppujs ………………………………………………… .…………. 45 JJ.2.9) JJ.2.9) [rê ijcfhsjohhfcfht…………………………………………………… .………….. …………..45 45 …………49 JJ.2.6) JJ.2.6) Nd`nu` if pojis…………………………………………………………… .………… 49 JJ.2.2) @fs ndrdntêrjstjq ndrdntêrjstjqufs ufs lêocêtrjqufs lêocêtrjqufs ifs voussojrs voussojrs ……………………. …………………….……………... ……………...49 49 JJ.) Dhd`ys Dhd`ysff cu`tjnrjtçrfs cu`tjnrjtçrfs……………………………………………………………………...>5
JR.4) Nd`nu` ifs surngdrlfs routjçrfs ……………… ………………………………………… ………………………………… ……… …..…>9 ………………………………………… ……………… …………………………… …………………………… .>9 JR.4.4) ^urngdrlf D (`) ………………………… ……………………………………………………………. ..>6 JR.4.5) ^ystçcf ^ystçcf if ngdrlfs E ……………………………………………………………...>6 JR.4.>) ^urngdrlf ^urngdrlf cj`jtdjrf cj`jtdjrf Cn45; Cn45; ……………………………… ……………………………… …………………….…….>: JR.4.9) Ngdrlf fxnfptjohhf``f I59; …………………………………………………………9; JR.5) `fs `fs ^urngdrlfs ^urngdrlfs sur trottojr trottojr ……………………… ……………………………………………… ……………………………...………94 ……...………94 JR.>) @fs surngdrlfs iufs du vfht, du sêjscf, ft du brfjhdl f ………………………………94 JR.>.4) ^urngdrlf iu iu vfht………………………………………………………………….…94 JR.>.5) @f sêjscf sêjscf …………………………………………………………………………..... 94 ……………………………………………………………………95 JR.>. >) Bornfs Bornfs if if brfjhdlf brfjhdlf……………………………………………………………………95 JR.9) Bornf nfhtrjbulfs ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………..…95 ……………..…95 JR.5) Nocejhdjsohs Nocejhdjsohs if if ngdrlfs ………………………………………………………………9>
R.4) Jhtroiuntjoh ………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… .. ..….92 ….92 ……92 R.5) Ftuif iu tde`jfr ………………………………………………………………… .... ....……92 …….9< R.5.4) coiê`jsdtjoh ………………………………………………………………… .. ..…….9< R.5.5) Nd`nu`f ifs fbborts `ohljtuijhd`f fbborts `ohljtuijhd`f …………………………………………… ... ...……..9< ……..9< R.5.>) Nd`nu`f if if `d sfntjoh if if cjxtf …………………… cjxtf ………………………………………… …………………… ………. ……….……9: …...65 R.5.9) Iêtfrcjhdtjoh Iêtfrcjhdtjoh ifs fbbfts jhtfrhfs sur `d sfntjoh cjxtf………………………… cjxtf …………………………..…... 65 R.5.9.4) Fbbfts iu rftrdjt …………………………… rftrdjt ……………………………………… ………… ………………... ………………...…...…65 …...…65 R.5.9.5) Fbbft if `d ijbbêrfhnf if tfcpêrd turf fhtrf `'dnjfr ft `f eêtoh …………………69 R.5.9.>) Iêhjvf``dtjohs Iêhjvf``dtjohs ifs ifs dppujs ………………………………………………….….66 dppujs ………………………………………………….….66
R.5.6) Rêrjbjndtjoh ë `‚êtdt `j cjtf if sfrvjnf………………………………………...……..62 sfrvjnf ………………………………………...……..62 R.5.6.4) Rêrjbjndtjoh ifs nohtrdjhtfs …………………………………… …….…….….62 R.5.6.4) Rêrjbjndtjoh R.5.6.5) Rêrjbjndtjoh ifs nohtrdjhtfs if njsdj``fcfht ………………………………… …………………………………..67 ..67 R.5.6.>) Rêrjbjndtjoh Rêrjbjndtjoh if `‚åcf du voj`fcfht ………………………………… ………………………………… ………....6: ………....6: R.5.6.9) Rêrjbjndtjoh if `d poutrf du iêvfrsfcfht ………………………………….…29 R.5.6.6) Nd`nu` ifs ifs iêborcdtjohs iêborcdtjohs …………………… ……………………………………… ………………… …….…….…..26 R.>) Ijcfhsjohhfcfht if `d id``f fh eêtoh drcê .............................................................22 R.>.4) Bohntjohhfcfht ……………… Bohntjohhfcfht ……………………………………… ………………………………… ………… …..…. …..….………22 R.>.5) Iêbjhjtjoh ifs ngdrlfs ft ngdrlfs ft ifs surngdrlfs …………………………………… .....2< ….27 R.>.>) Nd`nu` ifs so``jnjtdtjohs trdhsvfrsd`f so``jnjtdtjohs trdhsvfrsd`f ……………………………………… .. ..….27 R.>.9) Gypotgçsfs if nd`nu`s ……………………………………………………..…… nd`nu`s ……………………………………………………..……27 27 ……………………….. .2: R.>.6) Bfrrdj``dlf if `d id``f ………………………………… id``f ………………………………………………………… R.9) Fhtrftojsfs ft pjçnfs if poht …………………………………………… ……………………………………………..…………. …………... 4;> …………………………………………………… 4;> RJJ.5.4) Jcp`dhtdtjoh ifs nu`êfs nu`êfs …………………………………………………… RJJ.5.5) [rê ijcfhsjo ijcfhsjohhfcfht hhfcfht i fs nu`êfs ……………………………….…………4;> nu`êfs ……………………………….…………4;> ……………………………………………………….. ….. ….4;> 4- Cur Cur ldr ldri if lrç lrçv vf …………………………………………………… 5- Cur if broht ……………………………………………………………….4;> >- ^occjfr i‚dppujs i‚dppujs ………………………………………… ……………………………………………... …... ………….4;9 ………………………………………………………... .. ……….4;9 9- @d sfcf``f ………………………………………………………. 6-
Cur fh rftour ……………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………………...……..4;9 ……...……..4;9
2- Id` Id``f if ttrrdh dhssjtjoh ………………………………………………...……….4;9 RJJ.5.>) vêrjbjndtjoh if ^tdej`jtê ifs nu`êfs …………………………………………4;6 RJJ.5.>.4) Gypotgçsf if nd`nu` …………………………………….………….4;6 nd`nu` …………………………………….………….4;6
nocejhdjsohs ifs ngdrlfs pour `fs `fs vêrjbjndtjoh vêrjbjndtjohss if RJJ.5.>.5) @fs nocejhdjsohs stdej`jtê ifs nu`êfs…………………………………………………..….. nu`êfs …………………………………………………..….. 4;2 RJJ.5.>.>) Rêrjbjndtjoh Rêrjbjndtjoh du rfhvfrsfcfh rfhvfrsfcfhtt ………………………………………446 RJJ.5.>.9) Rêrjbjndtjoh Rêrjbjndtjoh du l`jssfcfh l`jssfcfhtt …………………………………….…..446 RJJ.5.>.6) Rêrjbjndtjoh Rêrjbjndtjoh ifs nohtrdjhtfs nohtrdjhtfs sous sous `d sfcf``f …………. sfcf``f …………...…………..442 RJJ.5.9) Bfrrdj``dlf if `d nu`êf ………………………………………………..……..442 nu`êf ………………………………………………..……..442 ……. …442 RJJ.5.9.4) Cur ldrif lrfvf…………………………………………… lrfvf…………………………………………………. RJJ.5.9.5) @d id``f if trdhsjtjoh …………….…………………………..…….45; RJJ.5.9.>) Cur brohtd` ………………………………………...……………….454 brohtd` ………………………………………...……………….454 ……………………………………..……………… …………… ..459 RJJ.5.9.9) Cur fh rftour rftour ……………………………………..… RJJ.5.6) bfrrdj``dlf bfrrdj``dlf if bohidtjoh bohidtjoh if `d nu`êf nu`êf……………………………………….….45< ……………………………………….….45< ............................. .......................................... ................................................................. ................................................... .....................45: .......45: ...............
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Ngdpjt Ngd pjtrf rf J1 LF LFHF HFUD@ UD@JYF JYF^ ^ J.4) Jhtr Jhtroiun oiuntjo tjoh h Oh dppf`` dppf``ff poht poht tout tout ouvrdlf ouvrdlf pfrcftt pfrcfttdht dht ë uhf uhf voj vojff if njrnu`dt njrnu`dtjoh joh if brdhngjr brdhngjr uh oestdn` oestdn`ff hdturf` hdturf` ou uhf dutrf dutrf vojf if njrnu`dtjoh. njrnu`dtjoh. @f sounj if `‚jhlêhjfur fst if rêpohirf rêpohirf ë `d `d qufstjoh qufstjoh 1 noccfht noccfht nohstruj nohstrujrf rf uh ouvrdl ouvrdlff quj dssurf pdrbdjtfcfht pdrbdjtfcfht soh sfrvjnf dvfn dvfn uh noýt optjcd` optjcd` ? J` fst êld`fcfht fssfhtjf` fssfhtjf` if vfj``fr vfj``fr ë ` d rêd`jsdtjoh ifs ouvrdlfs i‚drt dydht ifs borcfs ft proportjohs pfrcfttdht uhf jhtêlrdtjoh sdtjsbdjsdhtf idhs `f sjtf.
J.5) Eut if `‚êtui f Nf cêcojrf if bjh i‚êtuif nohsjstf ë bdjr ohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht proaftê du djrf `d nnohnfptjoh hjvfdu if `‚jhtfrsfntjoh ë `d sortjf if oufi C‚zj C‚zj,, nf nftt ouvr ouvrdl dlff rf`j rf`jff `d UH; UH;4 4 ft `‚êvjtfcfht if `d vj``f if @D @DLGO LGOVDY VDY.. [o [our ur nf`d, nf`d, oh io iojt jt sujv sujvrf rf `fs êtdp êtdpfs fs sujv sujvdh dhtf tfs, s, no nocc ccfh fhnê nê pd pdrr `d prop proposj osjtj tjoh oh if if ifux ux vd vdrj rjdh dhtf tfs, s, quj sfroh sfr ohtt prê prêss ijcfh ijcfhsj sjoh ohhês, hês, ft dprçs `‚dhd`ysf cu`tjnrjtçrfs , hous hous rft ftjf jfhi hiro rohs hs `d v vdr drjjdhtf dhtf `d `d p`us p`us dvdhtdlf dvdh tdlfusf usf pour pour uh ijcfhsj ijcfhsjohhfc ohhfcfht fht p`us iêtdj iêtdj``ê ``ê..
J.>) [rêsfhtdtjoh if `‚ouvrdlf Hotrf suaft if bjh i‚êtuif d pour eut if bdjrf uhf nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif if `‚ouvrdlf OD 4.;5, nft ouvrdlf pfrcft `dsjtuê `jdjsoh nohtourhfcfht if[M `d vj``f if @DLGOVDY du hjvfdu if `‚jhtfrsfntjoh ë `d fhtrf sortjf`diuUH;4 Hori ft iu`fpoht Oufi C‚zj du ;;+>5.4) J.> .4) @f @fss ndrdntêrjstjqufs if `‚ouvrdlf @ohl hluf ufu ur 1 7; c. @drl @drlfu furr i iff tde tde`j `jfr fr 1 2 c.
@d pf pfht htff 1 4 4,; ,;6 6 %.
Udyoh gorjzohtd` if >;;c. i‚fxjlfhnfs, pujsqu‚j` fst i fstjhê ë obbrjr @d nohnfptjoh nohnfptjo h i‚uh poht iojt iojt sdtjsbdjrf sdtjsbdjrf uh nfrtdjh nfrtdjh hocerf i‚fxjlfhnf s, pujsqu‚j` ifs sfrvjnfs sfrvjnfs dux usdlfrs, usdlfrs, oh ijstjhluf ijstjhluf 1 @fs fxjlfhnfs bohntjohhf``fs quj soht `‚fhsfce`f ifs ndrdnt ndrdntêrjs êrjstjqu tjqufs fs pfrcft pfrcfttdht tdht du poht poht i‚dssurfr sd bohntjoh i‚ouvrdlf if brdhngj ssfcfht. @fs fxjlfhnfs hdturf``fs quj soht `‚fhsfce`f ifs ê`êcfht s if soh soh fhvjrohhfcfh fhvjrohhfcfhtt jhb`udht jhb`udht sur sd sd nohnfptjoh ft fhbjh `‚fstgêtjquf if bdìoh ë hf pds jhtfrrocprf `d vuf i‚fhsfce`f.
Iohhêfss bohntjo bohntjohhf``fs hhf``fs J.9) Iohhêf J.9. J. 9.4) 4) Yrd Yrdnf nf fh p`d p`dh h @f trdnê fh p`dh fst `d `jl `jlhf hf iêbjhjs iêbjhjssdht sdht `d lêo lêocêtrjf cêtrjf if `‚dxf if `d vojf portê , ifssjhêf sur uh p`dh if sjtudtjoh ft rfpêrêf pdr `fs nooriohhêfs if nfs pojhts ndrdntêrjstjqufs. @d strunturf struntu rf lêocêtrjquf if `‚ouvrdlf d uhf `ohl `ohluf ufur ur if 7; 7;c, c, ft ft uh rd rdyo yoh h gorj gorjzo zoht htd` d` if >;; >;;c. c.
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J.9.5) [robj` fh `ohl `ohl @f probj` fh `ohl fst `d `jlhf sjtuêf sur `‚dxf if `‚ouvrdlf, iêbjhjssdht fh ê`êvdtj oh iu trdnê fh p`dh, j` iojt átrf iêbjhj fh tfhdht nocptf if hocerfux pdrdcçtrfs `jês dux nohtrdjhtfs bohntjohhf``fs if `‚oestdn`f ë brdhngjr brdhngjr ou dux dux nohtrdj nohtrdjhtfs htfs hdturf` hdturf``fs `fs,, J` prêsfh prêsfhtf tf uhf uhf `ohlufu `ohlufurr if 7; c ft uhf uhf pfhtf pfhtf if 4.;6%.
Bjl. J.> 1 [robj` fh `ohl J.9.>) [robj` j` fh trdv trdvfrs frs J.9.>) [rob @f probj` fh trdvfrs fst `‚fhsfce`f ifs ê`êcfhts ê`êcfhts quj iêbjhjssfht iêbjhjssfht `d lêocêtrjf lêocêtrjf ft `fs êqujpfcfhts êqujpfcfhts if `d vojf vojf idhs `f `f sfhs sfhs trdhsvf trdhsvfrsd` rsd`.. @fs nocpos nocposdht dhtfs fs iu probj` probj` fh trdvfr trdvfrss if hot hotrf rf tde`jfr tde`jfr soht 1 @drlf @dr lfur ur rrou` ou`de` de`ff 1 @r 3 6 c
@drlfur @drl fur utj`f utj`f 1 @u 3 2c
@drlf @dr lfur ur iu trot trotto tojr jr 1 ` 3 ;,6 c
Hocerf if vojfs vojfs if njrnu`dtjohs njrnu`dtjohs 1 H 3 5 Rojfs Rojfs (sfhs uhjquf). uhjquf).
ifv ifvfrs frs uhjquf if 2% 2%..
Bjl J.9 1 [robj` fh trdvfrs
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J.6) Iohhêfs hdturf``fs J.6.4) Iohhêfs lêo`olj lêo`oljqufs qufs @f tfrrjtojrf if @dlgoudt fst pdrtdlê fh ifux rêljohs i‚jhêld`f supfrbjnjf, prêsfhtdht ngdnuhf uh jhtêrát pdrtjnu`jfr. @d prfcjçrf, prfcjçrf, quj nocprfhi nocprfhi `d pdrtjf pdrtjf hori oufst oufst if `d wj`dyd, wj`dyd, fst uhf uhf rêljoh cohtdlhfusf, cohtdlhfusf, dnnjifht dnnj ifhtêf, êf, ë pfu prês huf ft drjif drjif.. Ifs ngdjhohs ngdjhohs rongfux rongfux,, jso`ês jso`ês ë pfhtf pfhtf fsnd`fs. fsnd`fs. Lêhêr Lêhêrd`fc d`fcfht fht pfu dnnfssje`fs, y borcdht `fs nfjhturfs ifs lrdhifs vd``êfs. @fs ifrhjçrfs pfhtfs if nfs cohtdlhfs deoutjssfht ë @dlgoudt. Nfttff odsjs Nftt odsjs fst fst pdrtdl pdrtdlêf êf fh ifux pdrtjfs pdrtjfs,, hori hori ft sui, pdr uhf nrátf nrátf rongfu rongfusf sf ioht ioht `d ijrf ijrfntjo ntjoh h lêhêrd`f fst Oufst Oufst ft Fst. Du hori uhf uhf dutrf `jlhf if nrátf pdrd``ç`f pdrd``ç`f ë `d prênêifhtf prênêifhtf obbrf ifux noupurfs dssfz `drlfs .`‚uh iohhdht pdssd lf ë `‚Oufi C‚QJ, `‚dutrf borcdht uh no` ifs sde`fs. Idhs `d zohf if hotrf ouvrdlf fu hori if wj`dyd, nf soht `fs ê`êcfhts iu nrêtdnê jhbêrjfur quj iocjhfht. Nfs ê`êcfhts soht pdrbojs noupês pdr ifs bdnjçs cdrjhs horcdux ë rênjbdux ft pdr ifs ê`êcfhts nohtjhfhtdux nohtjhfhtdux `dluhdjr `dluhdjrfs. fs. Fh ifsnfhidht vfrs `f `f sui. Nfs borcdtjoh borcdtjohss soht rfcp`dnêfs pdr borcdtjohs iu nrêtdnê supêrjfur cdrjh ft iu nrêtdnê supêrjfur nohtjhfhtd`, quj dttfjlhfht `d `dtjtuif if @dlgoudt, @dlgou dt, fhtrf cá`êfs if borcdtjohs iu [ohtjfh (cjonçhf ). pdr i‚jccfhsfs i‚ jccfhsfs p`djhfs ohiu`êfs @d ifux ifuxjçcf jçcf rêljoh rêljoh sjtuêf sjtuêf du sui if `d @dlgoud @dlgoudtt fst nohstjt nohstjtuêf uêf pdr ohiu`êfs borcdht `d zohf zohf ifs idyds. lêotfnghjqufs hjqufs J.6.5) Iohhêfs lêotfng @‚ouvrdlf jcp`dhtê ë `‚jhtfrsfntjoh if UH4 ft N\49< sfrd jcp`dhtê sur uh so` rongf ux if hdturf nd`ndjrf nrdyfux. @fs dhd`ysfs ngjcjqufs oht nohbjrcê `d hdturf ndreohdtêf iu bdnjçs rongfux, i‚dutrf pdrt sd rêsjstdhnf ë `d nocprfssjoh fst cêijonrf. @f proe`çcf if tdssfcfht h‚fst pds ë nrdjhirf vu `fs ndrdntêrjstjqufs ifs so`s if b ohidtjoh. @f so` h‚fst pds dlrfssjb dlrfssj b iohn uh njcfht orijhdjrf pfut átrf utj`jsê pour `f eêtoh ifs bohidtjohs. J.6.>) Iohhêfs gyiro`ol gyiro`oljqufs jqufs gyiro`oljquf oljquf s‚jhsnrjt s‚jhsnrjt austf ë notê iu sjtf pdr `f pdssdlf iu `jt if lrdhi Oufi C‚QJ i‚dutrf @f rêsfdu gyiro` pdrt,, dunuhf hdppf h‚d êtê iêtfntêf iurdht `‚opêrdtjoh if sohidlf. pdrt
Ndrdnt dntêrj êrjstj stjqufs qufs ifs cdt cdtêrj êrjdux dux J.2) Ndr J.2.4) J.2 .4) Eêt Eêtoh oh
`‚ålf if @f eêtoh fst iêbjhj pdr `d vd`fur if sd rêsjstdhnf ë `d nocprfssjoh ë `‚å > 57 aours, aours, hotêf hotêf b n57 eêto oh fs fstt if n`ds n`dssf sf E >; >;/9 /9;, ;, j` fst iosê iosê ë 9;; ml/c if njcfht N[D >56, dvfn n57. @f eêt uh nohtrù`f strjnt. > @d cdssf v vo`ucjqu o`ucjquff iu eêtoh drcê ξ 3 5, 5,6 6 t/c t/c
Uêsjstdhnf ndrdntêrjstjquf ë `d nocprfssjoh >6 C[d C[d
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b nn57 57 3 >; C[d pour `f eêtoh i‚dppuj i‚dppu j ft `fs bohidtj bohidtjohs. ohs.
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@d rêsjstdhnf ndrdntêrjstjquf ë `d trdntjoh @d rêsjstdhnf rêsjstdhnf ë `d trdntjoh trdntjoh fst fst `jêf `jêf ë `d rêsjstdhnf rêsjstdhnf ë `d nocprfssjo nocprfssjoh h 1 b tata 3 ;,2+;,;2b na ;,2+ ;,;2(>6 ;,;2(>6)) 3 5,< C[d C[d (pour (pour tde`j tde`jfr) fr) na 3 ;,2+ b tata 3 ;,2+;,;2b na fs dppujs). dppujs). na 3 ;,2+;,;2 (>;) 3 5,9 C[d (pour ``fs
en
`d nohtrdjhtf nohtrdjhtf `jcjtf `jcjtf if nocprfssjoh nocprfssjoh fh sfrvjnf sfrvjnf 1 54 C[d pour `f eêtoh iu tde`jfr
;,2b na
3 `fs bohidtjohs. 47 C[d pour `f eêtoh i‚dppuj ft `fs
`d nohtrdjhtf `jcjtf if nocprfs sjoh ë `‚êtdt `jcjtf u`tjcf 1 b eeuu 3 ;,7 ;,76 6 b nnaa / η. ξe
- @f nofbbjnjfht η fst bjxê ë 4 `orsquf `d iurêf proede`f i‚dpp`jndtjoh if `d nocejhdjsoh i‚dntjoh nohsjiêrêf nohsjiêr êf fst supêrjfurf supêrjfurf ë 59g, ë ;.: `orsquf `orsquf nfttf nfttf iurêf fst nocprjsf nocprjsf fhtrf 4g ft 59g, ft ë ;.76 ;.76 `orsqu‚f``f fst jhbêrjfurf ë 4g. 4,6 fh sjtudtjohs iurde`fs ou trdhsjtojrfs. ξe 3 4,46 fh sjtudtjohs dnnjifhtf``fs. I‚oú 1 4:,7> Cpd 56,72 Cpd b eeuu
fh sjtudtjohs iurde`fs ou trdhsjtojrfs fh sjtudtjohs dnnjifhtf``fs.
3
4< Cpd 55,4< Cpd
fh sjtudtjohs iurde`fs ou trdhsjtojrfs fh sj sjtudtjohs dnnjifhtf``fs.
Nofbbjnjf ht if pojssoh Nofbbjnjfht @f nofbbjnjfht if pojssoh γ rfpr êsfhtf `d vdrjdtjoh rf`dtjvf if ijcfhsjoh trdhsvfrsd`f i‚uhf pjçnf soucjsf ë uhf vdrjdtjoh rf`dtjvf if ijcfhsjoh `ohljtuijhd`f.
φ 3 ;,5
Coiu`f if iêborcdt Coiu`f iêborcdtjoh joh `ohljt `ohljtuij uijhd` hd`ff iu eêtoh F 1 -Coiu`f if iêborcdtjoh jhstdhtdhêf (nou (nourtf rtf iurêf iurêf 059 gfurfs gfurfs)) 1 [our `fs ngdrlfs ioht `d iurêf i‚dpp`jndtjoh fst jhbêrjfurf ë 59 gfurfs (tf` quf ngdrlf s routjçr routjçrf), f), `f `f coiu`f if iêborcdtjoh jhstdhtdhê iu eêtoh fst 1 F jaja 344;;;
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-Coiu`f if iêborcdtjoh ijbbêrêf (`ohlu (`ohluff iurêf) 1 [our `fs `fs ngdrlfs ngdrlfs if `ohluf `ohluf iurêf iurêf (tf` quf poji pojiss p, supfrstrunturf, prênohtrdjhtf… ), ft pour tfhjr nocptf ifs fbbfts fbbfts iu b`udlf, `f coiu`f coiu`f if iêborcdtjoh ijbbêrê iu eêtoh fst 1 F jaja 3>
bna
(C[d).
Nohnfptjoh ft êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
- 6 -
[rocotjoh [rocotjo h 5;;:
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J.2.5) Dnjfrs pdssjbs Oh utj`jsf pour `fs dnjfrs pdssjbs ifs edrrfs ë gdutf digêrfhnf if n`dssf B fF9;; Oh d 1
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Ft idhs `f nds dnnjifhtf` 1 I‚oú 1 3 9;;/4,; 3 9;; (C[d). s
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1 nofbbjnjfht nofbbjnjfht if pohiêrdtjoh pohiêrdtjoh prjs êld`f êld`f ë 4, ;
J.2.>) Dnjf J.2.>) Dnjfrs rs if prê prênoh nohtrdj trdjhtf htf « dntj dntjbs bs ½ Nohnfrhdh Nohnfr hdhtt h hotr otrff êtuif êtuif,, @f @fss dnjf dnjfrs rs utj utj`j `jsê sêss pour pour `d prê prênoh nohtrd trdjh jhtf tf soh sohtt i ifs fs dnj dnjfrs frs ë trç trçss gdutf gdutf rêsjstdhnf qu‚oh dppf``f dnjfrs iurs ft quj oht `d p`us bortf tfhfur fh ndreohf. D`ors oh utj`jsf ifs nåe`fs Y46 supfr supfr.. Ndrdntêrjstjqufs ifs nåe`fs 1 ^f`oh BUFZ^^JHFY -[ojis if 4Y46^ 34,466 dydht pour `jcjtf ê`dstjquf bf >66 Cpd `d nohtrdjhtf dicjssje`f fh nocprfssjoh sjcp`f fst 1 5 5 >66 5>< Cpd > > `d nohtrdjhtf dicjssje`f fh trdntjoh sjcp`f fst 1 > > >66 522,56Cpd 9 9 d
d
5
coiu`f i‚ê`dstjnjtê 1 F354;;;;H/cc 5 coiu`f coiu `f if njsdj``fc njsdj``fcfht fht 1 L3 37;5<
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Yde JJ.41 jcp`dhtdtjoh ifs dppujs JJ.6.9 JJ.6.9)) prê prê ijcfhsjoh ijcfhsjohhfcfht hfcfht 1 4/ `d id` id``f `f 1
@‚êpdjssfur if `d id``f 1 idhs hotrf hotrf nds, oh d uhf prê-id``f if 6nc quj prênçif prênçif `d id``f id``f fh eêtoh drcê quj d uhf êpdjssfur if 5; nc, nf quj hous iohhf uhf êpdjssfur totd`f fp356nc.
@‚êndrtfcfht ifs poutrfs d 1 `‚êndrtfcfht ifs poutrfs d fst êld`f ë ;,66 bojs `d `drlfur iu tde`jfr dvfn dvfn `d `drlfur `drlfur iu tde`jfr tde`jfr fst êld`f ë 2c. 2c.
(4)
Iohn1 d 3 ;, ;,66 66W2 W23> 3>,> ,>c c
Nohnfptjoh Nohnfptjo h ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
-7-
[rocotjoh 5;;:
NOHNF[YJOH
5/ `fs `fs pout poutrfs rfs 1
@d gdutfur ifs poutrfs (g w) 1 Idhs `f systçcf gypfrstdtjquf, `f cocfht b`êngjssdht cdxjcd` sur `d pj`f, djhsj quf `‚fbbort trdhngdht, nf quj hous dcçhf du prê ijcfhsjohhfcfht sujvdht 1
ndrdntêrjstjqufs ijcfhsjohhf`` ijcfhsjohhf``fs fs ifs poutrfs Bjl Bjl JJ JJ.5 .5 1 `fs ndrdntêrjstjqufs (5) @d gdutfur if `d poutrf poutrf fst iêtfrcjhêf iêtfrcjhêf pdr `f rdpport 1 @/55 @/55 9; g w 4,74c , Iohn 1 gw 3 4,7 c. 55
Fpdjssfur if `‚åcf ifs poutrfs (tw)1
[our iêtfrcjhfr `‚êpdjssfur if `‚åcf, j` bdut rfspfntfr `fs qudtrf qudtrf nohijtjohs nohijtjohs sujvdhtfs sujvdhtfs 1 Uêsjstdh Uêsjstdhnf nf ë `d norrosjoh. norrosjoh. Uêsjstdh Uêsjstdhnf nf du njsdj`` njsdj``fcfht. fcfht. Uêsjstdhnf du voj`fcfht. (>) Fh lêhêrd` `‚êpdjssfur if `‚åcf fst supêrjfurf ë 45cc. [our poutrf`dquj fst sur pj`fs, trdhngdht f st rêpohirf prêpohiêrdht djhsj quf `fsso``jnj cocfht b`êngjss b`êngjssdht, dht,`diohn sfntjoh if`fs `d poutrf pou trf`‚fbbort iojt átrf nohìu nohìu pour rêpohir f dux ijbbêrfhtfs o``jnjtdtjohs tdtjohs if njsdj``fcfht djhsj quf `f cocfht if b`fxjoh, nf quj hous dcçhf du ngojx if 1 tw 3 5;cc.
@drlf @dr lfurs urs ft êpdjs êpdjssfu sfurs rs ifs ^fcf`` ^fcf``fs fs(9) 1
^fcf``f supêrjfurf1 9;; cc es 7;; cc Iohn oh prfhi 1
es 3 6cc
Iohn ts 3 >6 cc
Nohnfptjoh Nohnfptjo h ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
-:-
[rocotjoh 5;;:
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^fcf``f jhbêrjfurf jhbêrjfurf 1 6;; cc ej 45;; cc Ioh Io hn o oh h pr prfh fhi1 i1 ej 3 7;; cc
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Iohn Io hn 1 tj
Bjl JJ.>1 `fs ijcfhsjohs ifs poutrfs >/ Fhtr ftojsfs sfs 1 Fhtrftoj [our hotrf hotrf nds oh prfhi prfhi pour `fs fhtrftojsfs fhtrftojsfs ifs probj`ês cêtd``jqufs cêtd``jqufs J[F 2;; ioht ioht `fs ndrdntêrjstjqufs ndrdntêrjs tjqufs lêocêtrjqufs lêocêtrjqufs sujvfht sujvfht 1 G 3 2;; cc J 3 :5;7; nc 9 5 D 3 462 nc
Nd`nu` if hocerf i‚fhtrftojsf sur `d `ohlufur if `‚ouvrdlf Oh vd prfhirf `‚fspdnfcfht fhtrf `fs `fs fhtrftojsfs fhtrftojsfs fst êld` ë 9c.
Iohn `f hocerf hocerf ifs fhtrftojsfs fhtrftojsfs fst êld` ë 4< fhtrftojs fhtrftojsfs fs jhtfrcêijdjrfs, jhtfrcêijdjrfs, ft > fhtrftojsf fhtrftojsf i‚deot « pjçnf pjçnfss ifs ifs po poht htss ½ du hjv hjvfdu fdu ifs ifs dppu dppujs js..
JJ.6.6) ``fs fs ngdrlfs ifs ê`êcfhts ê`êcfhts portfurs @f po poji jiss if ifss po pout utrfs rfs 1 [t ^ ^ [t ;,;:4 c
`d id id`` ``ff pd pdrtj rtjnjp njpdht1 dht1 (Rojr `f ngdpjtrf ngdpjtrf if prê ijcfhsjohhfc ijcfhsjohhfcfht) fht) efbb 3 ef4+ef5 3 4,>6 >6+ +4,26 ,26 3 >c ^fn ^fntj tjoh oh go goco colçh lçhff ^ 1 ^h 3 ^d + ^e /h ^d 1 sfntjoh i‚dnjfr . ^e 1 sfntjoh iu eêtoh. h 1 nofbbjnjfht i‚êqujvd`fhnf. Yf`` quf d / e 3 Fd / Fe 3 h
4,>6
4,26
Bjl R.7 1 @d id``f pdrtjnjpdhtf
Rd`furs iu nofbbjnjfht i‚êqujvd`fhnf « h ½ 1 Fh dnnori dv fn `f njrnu`djrf H» . h 3 46 (nofbbjnjfht i'êqujvd`fhnf) iu bdjt if `d bdje`f pdrtjnjpdtjoh if `d id``f. *Oh nohsjiçrf nohsjiçrf fh prfcjfr prfcjfr `jfu uh ê`jcfht ê`jcfht if poutrf cjxtf if if `ohluf `ohluf ur ix, sj dunuhf `jdjsoh h‚fxjstf fhtrf `‚dnjfr ft `f eêtoh, `f rftrdjt fst `jerf ft `d id``f sf sf rdnnournjt if ∂ ix, (Bjlurf d ft e). * cdjs fh rêd`jtê, `d `jdjsoh fhtrf `d poutrf cêtd``jquf fftt `d id``f if eêtoh fcpángf `f `jerf `jerf rdnnournjssfcfht if `d id``f if eêtoh. Dbjh if rfspfntfr `d nocpdtjej`jtê if iêborcdtjoh, j` bdut dpp`jqufr sur `f eêtoh uh fbbort horc d`f if trdntjoh Hc, nf quj nrjêf idhs `d id``f uh êtdt if nohtrdjhtf uhjborcf. * `‚fbbort horcd` if trdntjoh He dljss dljssdht dht idhs idhs `d id``f id``f if eêtoh eêtoh fst êquj`jerê êquj`jerê p pdr dr uh fbbort horcd` if
nocprfssjo nocprfs sjoh h Hc if cácf cácf jhtfhs jhtfhsjtê jtê,, cdjs cdjs dljss dljssdht dht sur `d `d sfntj sfntjoh oh cjxtf, cjxtf, ë `d gdut gdutfur fur iu nfht nfhtrf rf i iff lrdvjtêê if `d id``f if eêtoh. lrdvjt eêtoh. * `‚fbbft if `‚fbbort if nocprfssjoh H c , dljssdht idhs `d sfntjoh cjxtf , fst êqujvd`fht ë nf`uj i‚uhf bornff if nocprfss born nocprfssjoh joh Hc dljssdht du hjvfdu iu nfhtrf if lrdvjtê if `d sfntjoh cjxtf ft i‚uh c ocfht if b`fxjoh C c êld`f ë H c cu`tjp`jê pdr `‚fxnfhtrjnjtê iu nfhtrf if lrdvjtê if `d id``f if eêtoh pdr rdpport ë `‚dxf hfutrf if `d sfntjoh cjxtf .`d bjlurf sujvdhtf iohhf êld`fcfht `fs rfprêsfhtdtjohs ifs
nohtrdjhtf ft ifs fbbort if trdntjohs .
(4)
Bjl R.4 .44 4 1 Fbbft if rftrdjt
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
- 65 -
[rocotjoh 5;;:
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- @d nohijtjoh if nocpdtjej`jtê nocpdtjej`jtê fst sdtjsbdjtf, `'fbbort horcd` if trdntjoh ((bjntjb) bjntjb) dpp`jquê du nfhtrf if lrdvjtê if `d id``f fhlfhirf uhf nohtrdjhtf ώe quj vdut 1 ώe 3 Fe.ζr Dvfn1 Fe 3 Fd / h ft ζr1 nofbbjnjfht if rftrdjt. -Fh nohsjiêrdht quf Ιix 3 ζ r.ix (bjlurf e), -Dvfn ζr rfprêsfhtf `‚d``ohlfcfht rf`dtjb uhjtdjrf êld` ë ζr 3 9x4;-9. -[our dvojr `'êquj`jerf, oh iojt dpp`jqufr ë `d sfntjoh sfntjoh cjxtf dvfn uhf fxnf htrjnjtê eh (h346) uhf bornf if rêdntjoh rêdntjoh (bjl i), ft ft oh oetjfht 1 Vh fbbort horcd` if nocprfssjoh 1 H c 3 -He. Vh cocfht if b`fxjoh (posjtjb) 1 C c 3 Hc.eh 3 ώeÜϊ Nfs fbborts soht `fs cácfs sur toutf `d `ohlufur if `d poutrf, `fs nohtrd jhtfs idhs `d poutrf cêtd``jquf soht iohhêfs pdr `fs rf`dtjohs sujvdhtfs sujvdhtfs 1 Nohtrdjhtf iuf ë `'fbbort if nocprfssjoh if `‚dnjfr 1 Hc 3 -He 38 ώ d4 3 - μ.ε. ώe
38 ώ d5 3 - μ.(ώ e. ϊ/J).Rd Nohtrdj Noht rdjht htff iuf iuf du cocfh cocfhtt 1 Cc 3 -Hc.eh If cácf `fs nohtrdjhtfs idhs `d sfntjoh iu eêtoh soht iohhêfs pdr `fs rf`dtjohs 1 Noh Nohtrdj trdjhtf htf iuf ë `'fbbo `'fbbort rt if nocp nocprfs rfssjo sjoh h 1 Hc 3 -He 38 ώ e4 3 ε. ώe
Nohtrdj Noht rdjht htff iuf iuf du cocfh cocfhtt 1 Cc 3 -Hc.eh 38 ώe5 3 (ώ e. ϊ/J).Re. @fs nohtrdjhtfs horcd`fs ho rcd`fs rêsu`tdhtfs so``jnjtdht ngdquf cdtêrjdu soht 1
Nohtrdjhtf if nocprfssjoh Nohtrdjhtf nocprfssjoh coyfh idhs `d sfcf`` sfcf``ff supêrjfur supêrjfurff 1 ώjr 3 μ.ε. ώ e + μ.(ώe. ϊ/J).Rj Nohtrdjhtf Nohtrdj htf if trdntjoh trdntjoh coyfh idhs `d sfcf`` sfcf``ff jhbêrjfur jhbêrjfurff 1 ώsr 3 - μ.ε. ώe + μ.(ώ e. ϊ/J).Rj Nohtrdjhtf Nohtrdj htf if trdntjoh trdntjoh idhs idhs `f eêtoh eêtoh 1 ώer 3 ε. ώe + (ώe. ϊ/J).Re. Hotdtjoh 1 h 346 (nofbbjnjfht i'êqujvd`fhnf). ε 1 n‚fst uh nofbbjnjfht tf` quf 1 ε 3 ^eh / (^eh+ ^d) 3 ^e46 /( ^e46 + ^d). ^e461 ^fntjoh iu eêtoh rfhiuf gocolçhf pour h 3 46. ^e 1 ^fntjoh iu eêtoh. ^d 1 ^fntjoh i'dnjfr. ϊ 1 cocfht stdtjquf if `d sfntjoh if eêtoh pdr rdpport du nfhtrf if lrdvjtê if if `d sfntjoh cjxtf L. J 1 Cocfht i'jhfrtjf if `d sfntjoh cjxtf pour h346.
HE 1 `f sjlhf cojhs(-) cojhs( -) norrfspohi ë `d trdntjoh
@f sjlhf sjlhf cojhs(+) norrfspohi norrfspohi ë `d nocprfssjoh nocprfssjoh Nd`nu`f if `‚fbbft if rftrdjt 1 ^ e 46 ^ eh ;,;,>;
59,2;
427,:4
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Nohtrdjhtf totd`f Nohtrdjhtf totd`f if `d Nocejh Nocejhdjs djsoh oh `d p`uss iêbdvo p`u iêbdvorde rde`f `f
/
6>;,,79,54
Rd`furs if nocpdrdjsoh
/
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d``fr
E
rftour
54C[d 5>< C[d 522,56
Yde R.5 1 vêrjbjndtjoh ifs nohtrdjhtfs ë cj trdvêf @fs nohtrdjhtfs ë `‚F@^ soht vêrjbjêfs ë cj trdvêf.
- 6< -
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
[rocotjoh 5;;:
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C[d Yde R.> 1 vêrjbj vêrjbjndtjo ndtjoh h ifs nohtrdjhtfs nohtrdjhtfs sur dppujs dppujs
@fs nohtrdjhtfs ë `‚F@^ soht vêrjbjêfs
R.5.6.5) Rêrjbjndtjoh ifs nohtrdjhtfs if njsdj``fcfht
sdtjsbdjrf rf ë `d nohijtjo nohijtjoh h sujvdh sujvdhtt 1 @d nohtrdjhtf nohtrdjhtf if njsdj`` njsdj``fcfht fcfht coyfh iuf ë `‚fbbort trdhngdht Y y iojt sdtjsbdj
cdx
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I'dprçs `fs rêsu`td I'dprçs rêsu`tdts ts iohhês iohhês pdr `oljnj `oljnjf` f` UOEOY Cê Cê`jhjf `jhjfucf ucf 1 Oh d 1 `‚fbbort trdhngdht cdxjcuc fst êld`f 1 Yy 355:, 355:,59 59 t Y y Y y c dx Yf`` Yf``ff qu quff 1 cdx 3 ;,96 bf D w t w g w Y y
c dx
Y y
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- 67 -
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
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- 25 -
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
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dutrfs quf nfux du hjvfdu ifs fhtrftojsfs.
- 2> -
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
[rocotjoh 5;;:
IJCFH^JOHHFCFHY CFHY IF RDUJDHYF RD UJDHYF UFYFHV UFYF HV IJCFH^JOHHF
R.5.6.9) Rêrjbjnd R.5.6.9) Rêrjbjndtjoh tjoh if `d poutrf du iêvfrsfcfht iêvfrsfcfht @f iêvfrsfcfht fst uh pgêhocçhf i‚jhstdej`jtê cfttdht fh afu `fs ndrdntêrjstjqufs if torsjoh ft if b`fxjoh `dtêrd`f if `d poutrf. @f iêvfrsfcfht sfrd vêrjbjf sf`oh `d cêtgoif proposêf pdr `f tjtrf R iu bdsnjnu`f b dsnjnu`f 24 if N.[.N drtjn`f 4:, J` fst austjbjf quf `d nohtrdjhtf iuf ë `d `d b`fxjoh prêsfht uhf sênurjtê subbjsdhtf pdr rdpport ë `d nohtrdjhtf nrjtjquf if iêvfrsfcfht iêvfrsfcfht nd`nu`êf ë pdrtjr iu cocfht nrjtjquf C * if iêv iêvfrs frsfcf fcfht. ht.
^j * b fst `d nohtrdjhtf nohtrdjhtf nrjtjquf nrjtjquf if iêvfrsfcfht iêvfrsfcfht,, oh dicft quf `d sênurjtê sênurjtê fs fstt oetfhuf sj sj `d nohtrdjhtf b iuf ë `d b`fxjoh b`fxjoh sdtjsbdjt sdtjsbdjt ë 1 b
b ( * b )
Dvfn 1 b ( * b ) ;,22. * b
sj b ;,c >c9 @f cocfht i‚jhfrtjf ë `d tors torsjo joh h if if `d pjçn pjçnff 1 4 > d j t j >
- 29 -
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
[rocotjoh 5;;:
IJCFH^JOHHFCFHY CFHY IF RDUJDHYF RD UJDHYF UFYFHV UFYF HV IJCFH^JOHHF
M 3 >, >,42 42,69 4 5 ;,>>47 c4 ;,>>47 d d
5
4
d5
44,4>5 c5 44,4>7
D`ors quf `f cocfht cocfht nrjtjquf nrjtjquf fst êld` ë 1
*
c4c 5 @
y LM >>>c34>,>>nc ic 39;/>;; 3;,4>>>c34>,>> HE 1 `fs fbborts hf soht hj cdaorês hj pohiêrês poh iêrês pour `f nd`nu` ifs b`çngfs.
- 26 -
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
[rocotjoh 5;;:
IJCFH^JOHHFCFHY CFHY IF RDUJDHYF RD UJDHYF UFYFHV UFYF HV IJCFH^JOHHF
Ngdrlf pfrcdhfhtf 1
y cdx
q` 9
476 FJ h
-[oj -[ojis is ([o ([out utrf rf + fht fhtrf rftoj tojsf sf + id` id``f `f)) « [[ ½3 6,54t/c` -@d ngdrlf ngdrlf quj rfvjfht rfvjfht d ngdquf poutrf poutrf êld`f ë36,54/535,2; ë36,54/535,2;6t/c` 6t/c` 9 Ft 1 h3∘ = J ∘3;,;65 c 5,2;6 9; 9 476 FJ h 476 5,4 4; < ;,;65 ;,;>>;4c >,>;nc q` 9
Iohn 1 y cdx
Nocp`êcfht if ngdrlfs pfrcdhfhtfs 1 q 35,>99 t/c` -@d ngdrlf ngdrlf quj rfvjfht rfvjfht d ngdquf ngdquf poutrf poutrf êld`f ë35,>99/534,4 ë35,>99/534,4 c ;,>56nc
:2 FJ h :2 5,4 4; ;,42;< Iohn @d b`çngf cdxjcuc cdxjcuc êld`f êld`f ë y cdx3>,> 3>,> +4,; +4,;9 9 + ;,;> ;,;>;< ;< + ;,746 ,746 3 6 6,4 ,476 76 nc @d vd`fur vd`fur if if `d b`çngf fst jhbêrjfurf jhbêrjfurf ë nf``f nf``f if `d vd`fur vd`fur dicjssj dicjssje`f e`f quj quj fs fstt if 4>,>>nc. R.>) Ijcfhs Ijcfhsjohhfc johhfcfht fht if `d id``f fh eêtoh eêtoh drcê drcê 1 R.>.4) Bohntjo Bohntjohhfcfh hhfcfhtt 1 @f rù`f if `d id``f if nouvfrturf nouvfrturf fst if trdhscfttrf trdhscfttrf `fs ngdrlfs ngdrlfs i‚fxp`ojtdtjo i‚fxp`ojtdtjoh h dux poutrfs poutrfs,, j` s‚dljt if `d b`fxjoh `ond`f ou b`fxjoh trdhsvfrsd`f. Oh pdr`f if b`fxjoh lêhêrd`f `orsquf `fs poutrfs trdhscfttfht ë `fur tour `fs fbborts dux dppujs. Oh supposfrd quf `f eêtoh trdhscft `fs ngdrlfs ifs fssjfux dux poutrfs cêtd``jqufs c êtd``jqufs ft qu‚f``fs pdrtjnjpfht ë `d b`fxjoh b`f xjoh i‚fhsfce`f if `‚ouvrdlf. `‚ou vrdlf. Oh ngfrngfrd ngfrn gfrd jnj ë iêtfrcjhfr iêtfrcjhf r `fs cocfhts trdhsvfrsdux C x ft Cy fh vuf iu ijcfhsjohhfcfht ifs drcdturfs trdhsvfrsd`fs ft `ohljtuijhd`fs. Oh d rfprêsfhtê nj-ifssous uhf vuf if ifssus if `d id``f if nouvfrturf 1 Cx 1 Cocfht trdhsvfrsd` pfrcfttdht `f nd`nu` nd`nu ` ifs drcdturfs trdhsvfrsd`fs.
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
- 22 -
[rocotjoh 5;;:
IJCFH^JOHHFCFHY CFHY IF RDUJDHYF RD UJDHYF UFYFHV UFYF HV IJCFH^JOHHF
Cy 1 Cocfht `ohljtuijhd` pfrcfttdht `f nd`nu` ifs drcdturfs `ohljtuijhd`fs. `ohljtuijhd`fs . Oh prfhird noccf nohvfhtjoh quf `f cocfht fst hêl hêldtjb dtjb `orsquf `d bjerf supêrjfurf fst tfhiuf ft `f cocfht posjtjb `orsquf `d bjerf jhbêrjfurf fst tfhiuf.
Bj Bjl l R. R.4>1 4>1 @fs so``jnjtdtjohs sur `d id``f R.>.5) Iêbjhjtjo h ifs ngdrlfs ngdrlfs ft ifs surngdrlfs surngdrlfs Iêbjhjtjoh d)-ngdrlf d)-ng drlfss pfrcdhfht pfrcdhfhtfs fs 1 -pojis proprf iu tde`jfr [oji [o jiss if if `d id`` id``ff fh fh eêt eêtoh oh pp3 pp3 >, >,.>) .>) Nd`nu Nd`nu`` ifs ifs so` so``jn `jnjtd jtdtjo tjohs hs trdh trdhsvfrs svfrsd`f d`f 1 Oh fbbfntuf `fs `fs nd`nu`s pdr `oljnjf` UOEOY Cj``fhjuc quj hous iohhf `fs r êsu`tdts ifs fbborts `fs
p`us iêbdvor iêbdvorde`fs, de`fs, ft `fs `fs cocfhts cocfhts cdxjcucs cdxjcucs ë F@V F@V ft ë F@^ quj soht rfprêsfhtês rfprêsfhtês idhs `fs sngêcds sngêcds sujv sujvdht dhtss 1
Bjl Bjl R.49 R.4911 ijdlrd ijdlrdccf ccf if if cocfhts cocfhts trdhsvfrsdux trdhsvfrsdux cdxjcuc cdxjcuc ë F@V .
Bjl Bj l R.46 R.4611 ijdlrdccf if cocfhts cdxjcuc ë F@^ . Gypotgçsfs fs if nd`nu`s 1 R.>.9) Gypotgçs Cdtêrjdux 1 Eêtoh E>6 b n57 3 >6 C[d Drcdturfs Dnjfrs GD Bf F9;; b f 3 9;; Cpd Fhroedlf ifs dnjfrs n 3 5,6 nc Hous utj`jsfrohs utj`jsfrohs `fs `fs rçl`fs r çl`fs if nd`nu` nd`nu` iu E.D.F.@.:4 E.D.F.@.:4 coijbjê ::.
- 27 -
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
[rocotjoh 5;;:
IJCFH^JOHHFCFHY CFHY IF RDUJDHYF RD UJDHYF UFYFHV UFYF HV IJCFH^JOHHF
Bjl R.42 1 ijsposj ijsposjtjoh tjoh ifs drcdtur drcdturfs fs trdhsvfrsd` trdhsvfrsd`ff norrfspohi norrfspohi dux so``j so``jnjtdt njtdtjohs johs cdxjcucs cdxjcucs R.>.6) Bfrrdj R.>.6) Bfrrdj``d ``dlf lf if `d `d id`` id``ff 1 Nd`nu` if sfntjoh ^ 4 1 Nd`nu` if sfntjoh i‚drcdturf ë `‚F@V 1
b eeuu 3
;,76 b n57 34:,7> Cpd e
dvfn e 3 4,6(fh sjtudtjoh iurde`fs) 34 b nn57 573 >6 C[d
C
Cu ei 5 b eu
: 4; 5 2 4; 5 5 4 ;,556 4:,7>
C u 5,72 4,>9 n ;,>5> C sfr
iohn 1 n
^fntjoh sdhs dnjfr nocprjcê.
4 4 5 ;,7
5,4>
;,;:62
i (4 ;, 9 ) ;,542>c ft 1 ;,472
z
Iohn 1 θs34;Ü4; -> θ fs 3 ( b f / s )/F^34,26Ü4; -> Ft
dvfn F^ 3 5, 5,4Ü 4Ü4; 4;6Cpd
Iohn θ 8 θ s
oh d 1
s
fs
b f 3 >9< >9 4; 9 c 5 :,7>nc 5 iohn 1 Ds z s ;,542 >9 b f = cdx ;, 6 b f =44; b ta
, 3 4,2 pour GD, b
t57 t573
5,< C[d
s 3 522, 522,22 22 C[d. C[d.
Ufcd Ufcdrqu rquff 1 Bjssurdtjoh prêauijnjde`f, iohn `f bfrrdj``dlf iojt sf bdjrf ë `‚F@^ .
- 2: -
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
[rocotjoh 5;;:
IJCFH^JOHHFCFHY CFHY IF RDUJDHYF RD UJDHYF UFYFHV UFYF HV IJCFH^JOHHF
-Csfr 3 6,9< t.c - e 34 c, g 3 ;,56 ;,56 c - i 3 ;, ;,:g :g 3 ;,55 ;,556 6 c. - x3
46 en i = en ;,2 b n 57 46 en st x 3 ;,45 ;,4547 47 c.
;,2 >6 54 C[d
x
- Q 3 i - > ;,479> c. 4 - C 4 . e. en . x. Q 5>,6: ncµ. Q.st Rêrjbjn Rêr jbjndtj dtjoh oh 1 Nohijtjoh if brdlj`jtê fst vêrjbjêf D^ Dcjh ;,5>e.i
b ta b f
5,< 5 Iohn Dcjh ;,5> 4;;(nc ) 55,6(nc) 9;; >,9:>nc @d sfntjoh cjhjcd`f i‚dnjfr 1 cjh Ds ;,;;>6 4;; 56 7,6 ; ;
5
Nohn`usjoh 1 @‚F@^ fst p`us iêbdvorde`f, ft iohn `‚djrf if `d sfntjoh i‚dnjfr trdhsvfrsdux hênfssdjrf fh ^4 vdut 1 Ds ^4 3 44,>: nc 5 , sojt 9 GD5;. I‚fspdnfcfht if 5 ;nc.
D tf `s quf 1 Ds` ^ >, 5 >,, Cpd b eeuu 3 dvfn e 3 4,6(fh sjtudtjoh iurde`fs) e 34 b nn57 573 >6 C[d
C
Cu ei 5 b eu
C u C sfr
iohn 1 n
5,72 4; 5 5,79 4; 5 5 4 ;, 556 4:,7>
: 4,>6 n ;,>5> 6,9<
^fntjoh sdhs dnjfr nocprjcê.
4 4 5 ;,;>2 ;,7
- θ fs 3 ( b f / s )/F^34,26Ü4; -> Ft
dvfn F^ 3 5,4Ü4;6Cpd
Iohn θs 8 θfs b f O h d 1 3 s 3 >9,,9 t.c t.c ë cj trdvêf. Bjssurdtjoh Bjssur dtjoh prêauijnjde prêauijnjde`f `f 1
s 3 cjh 5 / > b f = cdx ;, 6 b f =44; b ta
, 3 4,2 pour GD, b
t57 t573
5,< C[d
s 3 522,22 C[d. Ufcd Ufcdrqu rquff 1 Bjssurdtjoh prêauijnjde`f, iohn `f bfrrdj``dlf iojt sf bdjrf ë `‚F@^ .
-Csfr 3 5,4> t.c - e 34 c, g 3 ;,56 ;,56 c - i 3 ;,:g ;,:g 3 ;,556 ;,556 c. c. - x3
46 en i = en ;,2 b n 57 46 en st x 3 ;,4547 c.
- Q3i-
x
>
;,2 >6 54 C[d
;,479> c.
4 - C 4 . e. en . x. Q 5>,6> ncµ. Ds C Q.st Rêrjbjnd Rêrj bjndtjo tjoh h1 Nohijtjoh Nohijt joh if brdlj`jtê brdlj`jtê fst vêrjbjêf vêrjbjêf D^ Dcjh ;,5>e.i
) 55,6(nc) Iohn Dcjh ;, 5> 4;;(nc @d sfntjoh cjhjcd`f i‚dnjfr 1
cjh
5,< 9;;
b ta b f
>,9:>nc 5
Ds ; ;,>6 ; De
Iohn 1 Ds ;,;;>6 4;; 56 7,, >,9: 9:>nc >nc5, sojt 9 GD42.
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
- ,9: nc 5 , sojt 9 GD45.
Bjl R.4< 1 bfrrdj``dlf if `d id``f R.9) Fhtrftoj Fhtrftojsfs sfs ft pjçnfs if poht poht 1 d) Fhtrftojsf 1 @fs fhtrftojsfs soht ifs ê`êcfhts trdhsvfrsdux `fur rù`f fst if rjljijbjfr `d ngdrpfhtf ft if rfprfhirf
`fs fbborts trdhsvfrsdux (Cdaorjtdjrfcfht `jê du vfht). @fs fhtrftojsfs idhs idhs hotrf nds fst uhf poutrf probj`ê J[F2;; fh dnjfr if typf Bf F>2;, quj d uhf `jcjtf ê`dstjquf if>2; C[d. J y3:5;7>nc
9
Rêrjbjndtjoh if `‚fhtrft ojsf 1
Oh vd vêrjbjfr `d rêsjstdhnf ifs fhtrftojsfs sous uhf ngdrlf trdhsvfrsd`f t rdhsvfrsd`f if vfht. @d prfssjoh iu vfht fst bjxêf rêl`fcfhtdjrfcfht ë `‚F@V ë 5,;; MH/cµ. Oh prfhi uh nofbbjnjfht if sênurjtê if 4, 4 ,6. @d prfssjoh ë `‚F@V fst ioh n 1 TF@V3 >,; >,; MH/cµ H/cµ.. Bj Bjl l R.47 1 `fs ndrdntêrjstjqufs lêocêtrjqufs if `‚fhtrftojsf
Bjl R.4: 1 fbbft if if vfht sur `d id``f cjxtf
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
- 3>Ü9 Ü9Ü5 Ü5,5 ,56 6 3 5< MH35 MH35,< ,< t. t. Oh vd supposfr quf `d cojtjê if T w fst rfprjsf pdr `d id``f ft `‚dutrf cojt jê pdr `d sfcf``f jhbêrjfurf. I‚oú `fs fbborts sujvdht idhs `fs fhtrftojsfs 1
@f cocfht b`êngjssdht b`êngjssdht 1 Cf 3 Tw / 5 Ü gc 3 4, 4,54 546t. 6t.c c @‚fbbort trdhngdht 1 Rf 3 Tw /5 Ü g / e 3 >,27t Oh nd`nu`f d`ors 1 3 Cf Ü Rd / J 3 >:6,7>t/c 53>,:6C[d 3 Rf / (gw Ü tw) 3 4, 4,;2 ;2C[ C[dd g1 gdutfur if ` ‚fhtrftojsf gc3gpoutrf /5 e 1 `d `drl `drlfu furr if sfcf sfcf`` ``ff if `‚fhtrftojsf Rd 1 `d ijstdhnf if bjerf tfhiuf if `‚fhtrftojsf pdr rdpport `‚dxf if lrdvjtê. J 1 cocfht i‚jhfrtjf if `‚fhtrftojsf Ft oh vêrjbjf ejfh quf 1 0 b f 3 >66 C[d 0 ;,96 Ü bf 3 46:, 46:,;; cc Cocfht i‚jhfrtjf pdr rdpport `‚dxf yy 1 Jy39,c9
Bjl R.54 1 pjçnf if poht
- -
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
[rocotjoh 5;;:
IJCFH^JOHHFCFHY CFHY IF RDUJDHYF RD UJDHYF UFYFHV UFYF HV IJCFH^JOHHF
Cocfht stdtjq Cocfht stdtjquf uf 1 ws3wj3:,5;.4; ->c> i 3 ;,6 + e /5 j 3 ;,: c J` rfstf iohn ë ijcfhsjohhfr t w. @d pjçnf if poht suejt `‚fbbort trdhngdht cdxjcu cdxjcuc c iu dux ngdrlfs ngdrlfs pfrcdhfhtfs pfrcdhfhtfs ft ë `'djif `'djif iu `oljnjf` `oljn jf` UOEOY, UOEOY, oh oetjfht oetjfht `fs rêdntjohs rêdntjohs cdxjcuc cdxjcuc sur `fs dppujs dppujs sojt 1 U 3 RF@V 3 4,>6 4,>6 ([[+NN[ ([[+NN[)) 34,>6 34,>6 (4>>, (4>>,62+:; 62+:;,92) ,92) 3 >;5,99 >;5,99 t. Ft `f `f cocf cocfht ht hêl hêldt dtjb jb C 3 UÜi UÜi 3 5;5 ;5,9 ,99t 9t . Ccdx 3 5;5 , 99
t w g w
46455 ; , ;5 4 , ;
cdx 3 ;,96 bf t / c
5
4 6 4 , 5 5 C [d
;,96 Ü >663 46:, , 92 >;> , 92
Iohn 1 -4 ≩ χ ≩4 D`or D`or quf quf 1 ^ 3 4,9+;,9 χ34,9+;,9 Ü-434 Idhss nf Idh nf nds sf` sf`oh oh \JHYFYU \JHYFYU 1 M 39 +(9/ 5)
4
ώs (C[d)
ώj (C[d)
->;>,92
>;>,92
- ,>
gw (c)
4,;
t w (c)
;,;5
3 d / gw
>,>
M 3 6,>9 +(9/ 5)
6,;
(C[d)
464,55
( / *)5
;,455
s (C[d)
->;>,92
j (C[d)
>;>,92
3 j / s
-4
^
4
M
9,>5
* 3 M .f (C[d)
46>>,2
(^. / *)5
;,;>:
( / *)5 + (^ . / *)5
;,424
Rd`fur dicjssje`f
4,7
Ftdt
vêrjbjê
Yde R.2 1 vêrjbjndtjoh if voj`fcfht if pjçnf if poht poht sous cocfht cdxjcuc HE 1 @f voj voj`fc `fcfht fht êtdht êtdht vêrjbjê. vêrjbjê.
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
- 66 H/cc 5 Uêsjstdhnf i‚uh n ohhfn ohhfntfu tfurr 1 @d rujhf i‚uh nohhfntfur pfut jhtfrvfhjr sojt pdr ênrdsfcfht iu eêtoh dvfn `d rêsjstdhnf 1 5
U4
2<
i
b na
4,>
55 5
2<
4,>
>6
49 H 49 ,,49 ;,66 9 9 :9946 ,;: H :,99 t U.5 i
4,;
4,;
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
- 66 4; B s >5>; ,6t d 4,;6 4,;6 Eêtoh 1
B e
;,76 e 4,;6
De
;,76 >6 4; 5 ;,5;;; cc5 = ώj 3 4>9; Oh iêtfrcjhf `f hocerf if eou`ohs hênfssdjrfs ft oh vêrjbjf `fs nohtrdj htfs idhs `d sfntjoh nohsjiêrêf nohsji êrêf ft idhs `fs nouvrfs nouvrfs aojhts. Eou`oh 1 `f `f ngojx fst fst portê sur sur ifs eou`oh eou`oh s if gdu gdutf tf rêsjstdhn rêsjstdhnff if typf GD 4;/: if ij ijdcçtrf dcçtrf 5 5; cc, cc, sojt sojt 596 cc if sfntjoh if `d vjs. @fs ndrdntêrjstjqufs cêndhjqufs if nf typf i‚dssfce`dlf soht 1
Rjs 1 nohtrdjhtf if rupturf 1 4;; ≩ ώU ≩ 44: ml/ cc 5. nohtrdjhtf `jcjtf ê`dstjquf 1 ώf 3 :;ml / cc 5. @fs ênrous 1 `fur nohtrdjhtf if rupturf 1 7; ≩ ώU ≩ 4;; ml/ cc5.
- .
BU 3 ;,7 x ;,> ;,> x 596 x :; 3 65:5 65:5 ml36,5:5t. ml36,5:5t. Hous dvohs ifux nouvrfs aojhts fh p`us if `d pjçnf ë dssfce`fr, iohn oh durd 5 p`dhs if brottfcfht pdr eou`oh nf quj hous iohhf 1 B UY 3 5 x BU 3 4;679 ml34;,679t. R.2.>) Nouvrf aojht 1 @f N.[.N bdsnjnu`f 24 tjtrf R, drtjn`f >6 -5 ho us pfrcft if iêtfrcjhfr `‚fhtrf dxf ifs eou`ohs ft `d `ohlufur iu nouvrf aojht. ι4 ≇ ι5 3 ι 6i.. >i ≩ ι ≩ 6i
4,6i ≩ ιt ≩ 5,6i 5i ≩ ι@ ≩ 5,6i Dvfn 1 i 1 ijdcçtrf iu trou pour 5;. Rêrjbjndtjoh tjoh if `d sfcf``f supêrjfurf1 supêrjfurf1 R.2.9) Rêrjbjnd @d sfcf``f sfcf``f supêrjfu supêrjfurf rf fst nocprjcêf nocprjcêf ft `‚fbbort iêvf`oppê iêvf` oppê du hjvfdu hjvfdu if nfttf nfttf sfcf` sfcf``f `f fst fst 1 B^ 3 ώ^. Ϊ ^ B^ 3 462:9, 462:9,2< 2< x 5,96 5,96.4 .4; ;-5 3 >79, >79,6t 6t Bjl.R.591 `‚fspdnfcfht ifs eou`ohhf >2,>9 9 Hocerf if eou`oh 1 h ≦ B^ / BUY 3 >2,> Oh vd pr prfh fhir irff h 3 >7 eou` eou`oh ohs. s. Fb Fbbo bort rtss pdr eou` eou`oh oh 1 BE 3 B^ / >7 3 >79,6/ >7 3 4;,44t 0 4;,679 t.
Bjl.R.561 nouvrf aojht if `d sfcf``f supêrjfur Rêrjbjndtjoh ifs nohtrdjhtfs 1 @d vêrjbjndtjoh ifs nohtrdjhtfs sfrd bdjtf nohborcêcfht ë `‚drtjn`f 4> -45 iu tjtrf R iu N.[.N. @d nohtrdjhtf horcd`f if nocprfssjoh sfrd nd`nu`êf fh sfntjoh erutf. Rêrjbjndt Rêrjbjndtjoh joh if if `d pjçnf pjçnf dssfce`êf dssfce`êf 1 5
@d surbdnf surbdnf erut if if `d sfcf``f sfcf``f supêrjf supêrjfur ur 1
B ^ ^ e
^e
3 (6) 3 596;; cc .
>97 ,6 ;,;4955 t / cc 5 49559 , 97t / c 5 495 ,59 C[d 596;;
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
- 97 ,6
;,;42 t / cc 5 424>9 ,56 t / c 5 424,>9 C[d 59; C[d
5 4;7;;
- Nouvrf-aojht jhbêrjfur 1 @d surbdnf surbdnf hfttf if nouvrf aojht jhbêrjfurf jhbêrjfurf 1 ^n 3 (< (97 ,6 ;,;42< t / cc 5 425;;; 4>9;9,>; ; t/c >5;;; cc = ώj 3 4>9;9,> Bj 3 ώj. Ϊ j / -5 Bj 3 4>9;9 4>9;9,>; ,>;Ü Ü >, >,5Ü4 5Ü4; ; 3 957,:> 957,:> t. Fh p`us if if `d pjçnf ë dssfce`fr, hous dvohs 5 nouvrf -aojhts du hjvfdu supêrjfur ft du hjvfdu jhb jhbêrjf êrjfur, ur, nf quj hous hous iohhf iohhf 5 p`dhs if brottfcfht i‚oú 1 BUY 3 BUY 3 5 x B U 3 4;679 ml34;,679t.. ml34;,679t. . Hocerf if eou`oh 1 h ≦ Bj / BUY 3 957, 957,:> :> / 4;,6 4;,679 7939 39;, ;,65. 65. Oh vd vd prfhi prfhirf rf h 3 95 eou`oh eou`ohs. s. Fb Fbbo bort rtss pdr pdr eou` eou`oh oh 3 Bj Bj / 95 3 957, 957,:> :> / 953 953 4;,5 4;,54 4 t 0 4;,6 4;,679 79 t.
Bjl.R.521nouvrf aojht aojht if `d sfcf``f sfcf``f jhbêrjfur jhbêrjfur Rêrjbjndtjoh ifs nohtrdjhtfs 1 @d sfcf``f jhbêrjfurf êtdht tfhiu, f``f sfrd nd`nu`êf sous `‚fbbort 1 B 3 B D + ;,2 BE BD 1 pdrtjf if `‚fbbort trdhscjsf pdr `fs eou`ohs ë gdutf rêsjstdhnf sjtuês dvdht `d sfntjoh nohsjiêrêf. BE 1 pdrtjf if `‚fbbort trdhscjsf pdr `fs eou`ohs ë gdutf rêsjstdhnf sjtuês du irojt if `d sfntjoh.
- @d sfntjoh sfntjoh nohsjiêrê nohsjiêrê fst 1 ^ h 3 ^-h.i. ^-h.i.ff 3 57;;; 57;;; „ h.i.f. J` bdut vêrjbjfr quf 1
ώ 3 (BD + ;,2 BE) / ^h 0 ώf 3 5,24 t
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Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
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5 3 4;;MH 3 4; t Fbbort iý du sêjscf @‚jhtfhsjtê iu sêjscf fst 1 ζG 3 ;,46 l 38 ζG 3 ;,4 :;,29 29 t. ;,46 6 x 2;9, 2;9,>5 >5 38 ζG 3 :;, ζR 3 ;,;5t.
L 1 @f pojis pojis propr proprff iu tde`j tde`jfr. fr. L 3 2;9, 2;9,>5 >5 t. Fbbort iý dux iêborcdtjohs G 3 L. .d.e / Y.
ζ nfcfhtt cdxjcuc ζ 1 @f iêp`dnfcfh iêp`d cdxjcuc fst êld` êld` ë 9 nc. ζ
L 1 Coiu`f i‚ê`dstjnjtê trdhsvfrsd`f.
L 3 7 Ml/n Ml/ncµ cµ fbbft fbbft `fht `fht.. L 3 42 Ml/nc Ml/ncµµ fbbft fbbft jhstdh jhstdhtdh tdhê. ê. Oh oetjfht 1 Gζ 3 7 x 9 x 9; x 96 / :. Gζ 3 2,9 t.
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RJ.5.5) Rêrjbjndtjoh ifs nohtrdjhtfs @jcjtdtjoh ifs nohtrdjhtfs if njsdj``fcfht
^o``jnjtdtjoh sous ngdrlf vfrtjnd`f ώ c 1 nohtrdjhtf if nocprfssjoh sous H cdx. Hcdx 3 >4;,6; t. ώc 3 Hcdx / d x e ≩ 46; ml/ncµ. ωH 3 4,6 x ώ c / ε ≩ > L. ωH1 nohtrdjhtf if njsdj``fcfht quj dppdrdèt du hjvfdu iu brfttdlf. ε 3 d x e / 5 t (d + e) 3 9; x 2; / 5 x 4,5 x (9; + 2;) 3 4;. ώc 3 >4;, >4;,6; 6; x 4; 4;> / 9;x 2;3 45:,>< ml/ncµ ≩ 46; Ml / ncµ. I‚ I‚oú oú 1 ωH 3 4,6 4,6 x 45:, 45:,>< >< / 4;3 4;3 4:,9 4:,9; ; Ml/n Ml/ncµ cµ ≩ ω 3 59 Ml/ncµ.
Rêrjbjê. Rêrjbjê.
^o``jnjtdtjoh iuf ë uh iêp`dnfcfht gorjzo htd` ou ë uh fbbort gorjzohtd`
^ous iêp`dnfcfht `fht
ωG4 3 L V4 / Y ≩ ;,6 L. ωG4 3 7 x 9/ : 3 >,6 >,6 Ml/n Ml/ncµ cµ.. ω G4 ≩ ;,6 x 7 3 9 Ml/ncµ.
/ Y 1 gdutfur hfttf if `‚ê`d stocçrf
Rêrjbjê.
^ous uh fbbort iyhdcjquf (brfjhdlf)
ωG5 3 GD / d x e.
GD 3 4; t.
ωG5 34;9 / 9; x 2; 3 9,4 Ml / ncµ.
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Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
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FTVJ[FCFHY^ IF [OHY
Iêborcdtjoh `fhtf + iêborcdtjoh rdpjif
J` bdut quf 1 ωG ≩ ;,< L. (>) ωG 3 ωG4 + ;,6 ω G5. ωG 3 >,6 + 9,4 x ;,6 3 6,6 Ml/ncµ ≩ ;, rdi (9) δY 3 rotdtjoh cdxjcd`f if `‚dppdrfj` i‚dppuj (fh sfrvjnf ë vjif). δY 3 δ; + δ
ft 1 Y
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J` bdut vêrjbjfr `fs no nohijtjohs hijtjohs sujvdhtfs 1
ω 3 ω H + ωG + ωδ ≩ 6 L
ω 3 4:,9 4:,9 + 6, 6,66 66+ + ;,42 ;,423 3 56,4 56,44 4 Ml/n Ml/ncµ cµ ≩ 9; Ml/ncµ.
Rêrjbjê.
Nohijtjoh Nohijt joh if hoh hoh ngfcjhfcfht ngfcjhfcfht ft hoh hoh l`jssfcfht l`jssfcfht 1
ώcjh ≦ 5; Ml / ncµ.
(2)
G ≩ b. Hcjh. G3 MH Uc346; 577, 577,7: 7: t ώcjh 3577,7:.4; > / 9; x 2;. ώcjh 3 45;,>< 3 ;,4;9. b x Hcjh 3 ;,4; ;,4;9 9 x57 x577, 7,7: 7: 3> 3>; ; t3>;; t3>;; MH8G 3 46; 46; MH
Nohijtjoh if Nohijtjoh if hoh sou`çv sou`çvfcfht fcfht 1 ( ttµµ ώcjh / ε dµ L 3 > x (4,5) 5 x45;,>) Ijcfhsjohhfcfht ifs brfttfs Oh iojt vêrjbjfr `fs nohijtjohs sujvdhtfs 1 dx c . t s x f t s
5 cc.
ώf 1 `jcjtf i‚ê`dstjnjtê fh trdntjoh if `‚dnjf r nohstruntjb ifs brfttfs. ώf 3 55;; Ml/ncµ (Dnjfr F59-41 f 0 >cc). (7) ts ≦ (9; x 45:,>6 ;,5>6 nc 35,>6 35,>6 cc ft ts ≦ 5 cc.
Oh prfhi 1 t s 3 > cc cc.. @d gdutfur totd` fst iohn cu`tjp`jêf pdr (f) p`us `‚êpdjssfur i‚uhf brfttf. Iohn `‚d ppuj sfrd iêsjlhê pdr `‚dppf``dtjoh 1 h 3 t + t s dv dvfn fn t 3 45 cc ft ts 3 > cc. cc.
Iohn Io hn 1 GYotd` 3 46 x 7 3 45; cc. Iohn `‚dppdrfj` i‚dppuj durd `fs ndrdntêrjstjqufs sujvdhtfs 1 9;; x 2;; x 7 ((4 46) 6)..
RJ.>) @fs iês i‚dppujs 1 RJ.>.4) RJ.> .4) Ijc Ijcfhs fhsjohh johhfcfh fcfhtt ifs p`dq p`dqufs ufs if l`jssf l`jssfcfht cfht 1 @fs iês i‚dppujs oht pour eut if ijbbusfr, `ond`jsfr ft if prêvojr i‚êvfhtuf``fs bjssurfs.
D 3 d + i d
i d 1 Iêp`dnfcfht idhs uh sfhs pdrd``ç`f ë `‚dxf if `‚ouvrdlf.
i d 6; cc
i d 1 Iêp`dn Iêp`dnfcf fcfht ht idhs idhs `f sfhs sfhs oppo opposê. sê. E 3 e + i e
i e 1 Iêp`dnfcfht idhs sfhs pfrpfhijnu`djrf ë `‚dxf if `‚ouvrdlf
i e 6; cc
i e 1 Iêp`dnfcfht idhs `f sfhs opposê d
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; , ;596
Hr 1 fbbort fbbort horc horcd` d` ë `‚êtdt if rupturf. C 3 67: 67: 54 t. t.c c Cy 1 cocfht ë `‚êtdt if rupturf. ßw 1 rêsjstdhnf rêsjstdhnf iu eêtoh ë 57 aours. aours. Bj Bjl l RJJ RJJ.9 .9 1 ^ystçcf stdtjquf h , c y 1 fbbort jhtêrjfurs jhtêrjfurs rf`dtjbs rf`dtjbs sdhs sdhs ijcfhsjoh. ijcfhsjoh. Fh bohntjoh bohntjoh ifs vd`furs vd`furs oetfhufs, oetfhufs, oh tjrf ë pdrtjr if `‚dedquf if \d`tgfr `d vd`fur if ϊ 1 ϊ 3 ;,4>
Ft 1 B
d b e G w e G w ;,4> 5 5 >; B d ;,;>: c 5 >:;nc 5
b
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Bd 1 djrf totd`f if `‚drcdturf pdssjvf . ώb 1 nohtrdjhtf i‚ênou`fcfht nohvfhtjohhf``f if `‚drcdturf pdss jvf . ^fntjoh cjhjcd`f i‚drcdturf 1 > 5 Ds ;,>6% D E 5,62 ; ,;;>6 7,:2 4; c
7:,2nc 5
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drcd drcdtfur tfur trdhsvf trdhsvfrsd` rsd` Dt Dt
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4>;nc 5 .
> Oh prfhi prfhi ifs edrrfs edrrfs if GD42 , dvfn dvfn uh uh fspdnf fspdnfcfht cfht if 46 nc.
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
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Bj Bjl lR RJJ JJ.6 .6 1 bfrrdj``dlf iu but if `d pj`f.
RJJ.4.2 RJJ.4 .2.5) .5) Bfr Bfrrd rdj` j``d `dlf lf if `d tát tátff if if pj` pj`ff « ng ngfvá fvátr trff ½ 1 @f bfrrdj``dlf if `d tátf if pj`f s‚fbbfntuê du hjvfdu if `d sfntjoh sfntjoh `d p`us so``jnjt so``jnjtêf êf ft nfttf ifrhjfr ifrhjfr fst `d sfntjoh sfntjoh i‚fhndstrfcfht iu no noh hso`f if ng ngfv fvát átrrf if ``dd pj pj`f 1 @d rêdntjoh i‚dppuj vfrtjnd`f cdxjcd`f sur `‚dppdrfj` i‚dppuj 1 U35 D>5. ^fntjoh cjhjcd`f i‚drcdturf 1 5 Ds ;,>6% D E ;,>6 4,6 65,6nc
Bj Bjl l RJJ. RJJ.2 2 1 `d sfntjoh if nohso`f if ngfvátrf.
5 5 i‚dnjfr ^fntjoh i‚dn jfr supêrjfur supêrjfur fst fst êld`f 1 Ds 36>,2nc 36>,2nc ≦65,6nc ^ojt < GD>5 dvfn uh fspdnfcfht if 46nc. 46nc. @fs drcdturfs jhbêrjfurfs soht ifs drcdturfs nohstruntjvfs if ,2 6,>2nc 5 Dts ` 4; 4; ^ojt 1 6 GD45 i‚fspdnfcfht if 5;nc.
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
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JHBUD^YUVNYVUF
Bjl RJJ.< RJJ.< 1 bfrrdj``dlf if ngfvátrf.
RJJ.4.2.>) RJJ.4.2 .>) bfrr bfrrdj` dj``dl `dlff if bohi bohidtjo dtjoh h if `d pj` pj`ff @d sfcf``f sfrd bfrrdj``êf ë `‚fbbort horcd` cdx. H 1 fst uh fbbort fbbort if nocpr nocprfssj fssjoh, oh, oh d 1 H37>2,>: H37>2,>: t Oh utj`js utj`jsff `d cêtgoif cêtgoif ifs ifs e jf``fs jf``fs 1 `fs drcdtu drcdturfs rfs so soht ht iohhêfs iohhêfs pdr `fs borcu` borcu`fs fs sujvdh sujvdhtfs1 tfs1 H ( E I ) Dt 7 dic g D @
H ( @ I )
7 dic g Dt 1 drc drcdtur dturff pdrd`` pdrd``ç`f ç`f ë `d `d `drl `drlfur fur if `d `d sfcf``f. sfcf``f. D @ 1 drc drcdtu dturf rf pdrd` pdrd``ç` `ç`ff ë `d `o `ohl hlufu ufurr if `d sfcf` sfcf``f `f.. I 1 êpdjssfur if but. g1g gdut dutfur fur utj` utj`ff 3 ( gs- fhroe fhroedlf dlf)) s 3
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Iohn 1 s 3546,66 C[d [our `f bfrrdj``dlf supêrjfur, oh prêvojt 4/> iu bfrrdj``dlf jhbêrjfur.
Drcdtur Drcd turff trd trdhsv hsvfrsd frsd`f `f jhbêrjfu jhbêrjfurf rf 1 H ( E I ) 7,57(6 5) 4;; 4>5,44nc 5 Dt 7 dic g 7 546,66 4,46 @d sfntj sfntjoh oh pdr cç cçtrf trf `jhdj `jhdjrf rf fst iohn iohn 1 4>5,44 Dt 42,64nc 5 ^ojt ojt 1 2 GD5; 7 @fs drcdturfs supêrjfurfs supêrjfurfs trdhsvfrsd`fs trdhsvfrsd`fs êld` fs ë 2 GD45 Drcdturf `ohljtuijhd`f 1 H ( @ I ) 7, 57(7 5) 4;; D @ 529,55nc 5 7 dic g 7 546,66 4,46 @d sfntjoh sfntjoh pdr cçtrf `jhêdjrf `jhêdjrf fst ioh iohnn 1 D @ 529 ,55 65,79nc 5 ^ojt 1 < GD>5 6 @fs drcdturfs supêrjfurfs `ohljtuijhd`fs êld`fs ë e.i Dcjh
b ta b f
;,5> 4;;(nc ) 45; (nc )
5,9 9;;
42,62nc 5 Ioh Iohnn `d nohijtj nohijtjoh oh if if hoh brdl brdlj`j j`jtê tê fst fst vêrjbjêf. vêrjbjêf.
Bj Bjl l RJJ RJJ.7 .7 1 bfrrdj``dlf if `d sfcf``f if `d pj`f.
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
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JHBUD^YUVNYVUF
RJJ.5) Ftuif if `d nu`êf @d nu`êf fst `‚uh ifs ê`êcfhts prjcorijdux if `‚ouvrdlf ft f``f rdnnorif `‚ouvrdlf du tfrrdjh hdturf` ft `d nohtjhujtê fhtrf `d ngdussêf if `d routf ft nf``f portêf pdr `f poht. prolrfssjvf cfht, j` rêsu`tf i‚uhf dhd`ysf fhl`oedht . @f ngojx if `d nu`êf pfut sf bdjrf prolrfssjvfcfht, @d hdturf ft `f coif if nohstruntjoh iu tde`jfr.
@fs nohtrdjhtfs hdturf``fs if sjtf. @fs nohtrdjhtfs bohntjohhf``fs if `‚ouvrdlf.
RJJ.5.4) Jcp`dhtdtjoh ifs nu`êfs 1 „ nùtf @d gdutfur if `d nu`êf sfrd êvd`ufr êvd`ufr pdr `d borcu`f sujvdhtf1 sujvdhtf1 G nu`êf 3 nùtf nùtf proaft „ nùtf bohidtjoh. @‚fhsfce`f ifs notfs iêbjhjssdhts `d posjtjoh ifs nu`êfs fst cfhtjohhêf idhs `f tde`fdu sujvdht 1 Iêsjlhdtjoh
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5- Cu Curr if if bro broht ht 1 poutrf +`d id``f + `‚dppdrfj` `‚dppd rfj` i‚dppuj+iê Gdutfur 1 G 3 gdutfur if `d nu`êf „ gdutfur if (`d poutrf+`d i‚dppuj) 34;,;5 34;,;5 „ „ 5,>63 5,>63 -
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>- ^occjfr i‚dppujs 1 @drlfur 1 ^ 3 4,5;c. @ohlufur 1 6,2c . Dvfn uhf pfhtf trdhsvfrsd`f if 2%
9- @d sfcf` sfcf``f `f 1 Fpdjssfur 1 4,5;c.
@drlfur 1 2,6c. @ohlufur 1 4;c Dhnrdlf 1 ;nc (vd`fur cjhjcd`f pour uh bfrrdj``dlf ft uh eêtohhdlf norrfnts) ft 96nc. (9) Iohn idhs hotrf proaft oh vd prfhirf 96nc Ft if `ohlufur if >,5 >,5 c ft gdutfur gdutfur if if 4;,;5c. 4;,;5c. 2- Id``f if if trdhsjtjoh trdhsjtjoh 1 @d id``f if trdhsjtjoh prêsfhtf `d cácf ijcfhsjoh trdhsvfrsd`f quf `f cur ldrif lrçvf. @d `ohlufur `ohlufur sf iohhf iohhf pdr `d borcu`f sujvdhtf sujvdhtf 1 @ 3 cjh (2c, cdx (>c, ;,2G)) G 1 gdutfur if if rfce`djs 3 G (cur (cur if broht + cur cur ldrif lrçvf) lrçvf) 3 4;,;; c. Iohn Io hn 1 @ 3 2 c. c. F``ff fst no F`` nou`ê u`êff sur uh eêtoh eêtoh if if proprftê proprftê dvfn uh uhff êpdjssfu êpdjssfurr nohstdht nohstdhtff if >;nc, >;nc, ft dppuyê dppuyê sur `f norefdu, f``f fst cjsf fh p`dnf p`dnf dvfn uhf pfhtf if 4;%.
Bjl RJJ.: RJJ.: 1 noupf trdhsvfrsd`f trdhsvfrsd`f if `d nu`êf nu`êf
Bjl RJJ.4 RJJ.4; ; 1 noupf `ohljtuijhd` `ohljtuijhd`ff if `d nu`êf nu`êf
Nohnfptjoh ft `‚êtuif i‚uh poht ejpoutrf
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RJJ.5. RJJ .5.>) >) vê vêrj rjbjn bjndt dtjo joh h if ^t ^tde dej` j`jt jtêê ifs nu nu`êf `êfss 1 RJJ.5.>.4) Gypotg RJJ.5.>.4) Gypotgçsf çsf if nd`nu` nd`nu` 1 [our `d vêrjbjndtjoh vêrjbjndtjoh if stdej`jtê stdej`jtê if `d nu`êf oh bdjt `fs iêbêrfhts nds if n ocejhdjsohs ocejhdjsohs possje`f possje`f ifs iêvfrs so``jnjtdtjohs idhs `fs nohijtjohs horcd`fs ft idhs `fs nohijtjohs sjscjqufs ft oh vd prfhi `f nds `d p`us iêbdvorde`f. ξ
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q 1 ^urng ^urngdrl drlff if rfce` rfce`dj dj 3 4 t/c t/c5 @f nofbbjnjfht if poussêf fst iohhê, pour `fs nohijtjohs sjscjqufs pdr `d borcu`f COHOHOEF-O COHOH OEF-OMDE MDEF F1 5
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RJJ.5.>.5) @fs nocej nocejhdjsoh hdjsohss ifs ngdrlf ngdrlfss pour pour `fs vêrjb vêrjbjndtjohs jndtjohs if stdej`j stdej`jtê tê ifs ifs nu`ê nu`êfs1 fs1
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