Concept of Research

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN PRESENTED BY JASDEEP SINGH BAINS ROLL NO 19007 RETAIL MANAGEMENT 2 N D SEMESTER

RESEARCH

Research and experimental development is formal work undertaken systematically to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH     

To discover new facts. To verify and test important facts To analyze an event or process or phenomenon to Identify the cause and effect relationship To develop new scientific tools, concepts and theories to solve and understand scientific and nonscientific problems

Contd…. 



To find solutions to scientific, non-scientific and social problems To overcome or solve the problems occurring in our every day life.

Importance of Research Research is important both in scientific and nonscientific fields. In our life new problems, events, phenomena and processes occur every day. Practically implementable solutions and suggestions are required for tackling new problems that arise. Scientists have to undertake research on them and find their causes, solutions, explanations and applications. Precisely, research assists us to understand nature and natural phenomena.

Some important avenues for research are: (1) A research problem refers to a difficulty which a researcher or a scientific community or an industry or a government organization or a society experiences. It may be a theoretical or a practical situation. It calls for a thorough understanding and possible solution. (2) Research on existing theories and concepts help us identify the range and applications of them. (3) It is the fountain of knowledge and provide guidelines for solving problems. (4) Research provides basis for many government policies. For example, research on the needs and desires of the people and on the availability of revenues to meet the needs helps a government to prepare a budget. (5) It is important in industry and business for higher gain and productivity and to improve the quality of products.

CONCEPTS OF RESEARCH SCIENTIFIC METHOD: The process of creating knowledge using empirical observations and logical analysis according to the conventions of the scientific community. The scientific method includes at least 5 stages:

The scientific method includes at least 5 stages:











Observe or have a question about some aspect of the world. Propose a tentative statement, called a hypothesis, that is consistent with your observation or question. Make predictions based on the logical implications of the hypothesis. Test those predictions with further observations and analysis and modify the hypothesis in the light of your results. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until there are no unsatisfactory discrepancies between hypothesis and observation.

VARIABLES



A variable is something that changes. It changes



according to different factors. Some variables change easily, like the stock-exchange value, while other variables are almost constant, like the name of someone. Researchers are often seeking to measure variables. The variable can be a number, a name, or anything where the value can change.

THEORY A set of logically consistent ideas about the relationships between empirical phenomena (i.e., concepts) that permits those ideas to be tested using observations.

HYPOTHESIS A conditional statement that is logically consistent with a theory and can be tested with observations.

OBSERVATION The process of gathering empirical data to analyze toward the goal of testing hypotheses. EMPIRICAL GENERALIZATION The process of making claims based on empirical data observed in a particular context the relationships between conceptsabout in a broader set of contexts.

THEORY BUILDING:

The process of contributing and reconciling a study's findings on a particular subject to the accumulated understandings of that subject in scientific scholarship.

ERRORS IN RESEARCH 





Logically, there are two types of errors when drawing conclusions in research: Type 1 error is when we accept the research hypothesis when the null hypothesis is in fact correct. Type 2 error is when we reject the research hypothesis even if the null hypothesis is wrong.

RESULT  







Significance Test To test a hypothesis, quantitative research uses significance tests to determine which hypothesis is right. The significance test can show whether the null hypothesis is more likely correct than the research hypothesis. Research methodology in a number of areas like social sciences depends heavily on significance tests. A significance test may even drive the research process in a whole new direction, based on the findings. The t-test (also called the Student's T-Test) is one of many statistical significance tests, which compares two supposedly equal sets of data to see if they really are alike or not. The t-test helps the or researcher conclude whether a hypothesis is supported not.

DRAWING CONCLUSIONS 



Drawing a conclusion is based on several factors of the research process, not just because the researcher got the expected result. It has to be based on the validity and reliability of the measurement, how good the measurement was to reflect the real world and what more could have affected the results. The observations are often referred to as 'empirical evidence' and the logic/thinking leads to the conclusions. Anyone should be able to check the observation and logic, to see if they also reach the same conclusions.

References 



http://www.howtodo.dissertationhelpservice.com/w hat-is-research-methodology-and-its-importance http://faculty.vassar.edu/lenevare/2013/soci254/co ncepts.htm

THANK YOU