Conceitos Básicos de Logística
March 6, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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PÌWLN FCOÉPQL@J
@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
PÌWLN FCOÉPQL@J
@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
@CHBNANWJÏÀC HJ@LCHJF AJ LHAÕPQWLJ @HL Wcgsch Grjoj an Jharjan
[rnslanhtn
ALWNQCWLJ AN NA^@JÏÀC N QN@HCFCOLJ ALWNQ Wjbjnf Nsinrjfac Fu``m Fu``mnsl nsl Wjij``lcttl
Alrntcr an Nau`jïàc n Qn`hcfcolj
PNWRLÏC HJ@LCHJF AN J[WNHALUJONI LHA^PQWLJF PNHJL @chsnfmc Hj`lchjf Wcgsch Grjoj an Jharjan
[rnslanhtn
PNHJL ‐ Anpjrtjinhtc Hj`lchjf Wjbjnf Nsinrjfac Fu``m Fu``mnsl nsl Wjij``lcttl
Alrntcr Onrjf Oustjvc Fnjf Pjfns Blfmc
Alrntcr an Cpnrjïþns
PÌWLN FCOÉPQL@J
@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
© 7;:>. PNHJL ‐ Anpjrtjinhtc Hj`lchjf Hj`lchjf © 7;:>. PNHJL ‐ Anpjrtjinhtc Wnolchjf aj Gjmlj J rnprcauïàc tctjf cu pjr`ljf anstj pugfl`jïàc pcr qujlsqunr inlcs, snej nfntrñhl`c, in`çhl`c, bctc`ðplj, an orjvjïàc cu cutrcs, scinhtn snrê pnriltlaj `ci prìvlj jutcrlzjïàc, pcr ns`rltc, ac PNHJL. Nstj pugfl`jïàc bcl nfjgcrjaj pnfj Nqulpn an Lhcvjïàc n Qn`hcfcoljs Qn`hcfcoljs Nau`j`lchjls ac PNHJL aj Gjmlj, `ci j `ccranhjïàc ac PNHJL Anpjrtjinhtc Hj`lchjf, pjrj snr utlflzjaj pcr tcacs cs Anpjrtjinhtcs Wnolchjls ac PNHJL hcs `urscs prnsnh`ljls n j alstçh`lj.
PNHJL Anpjrtjinhtc Hj`lchjf ^hlajan an Nau`jïàc [rcsslchjf n Qn`hcfðol`j ‐ ^HLN[ PNHJL Anpjrtjinhtc Wnolchjf aj Gjmlj Lhcvjïàc n Qn`hcfcoljs Nau`j`lchjls ‐ LQNA
BL@MJ @JQJFCOWÊBL@J P1. 2; p.5 lf. - (Pìrln Fcoéstl`j). LPGH :
Puiêrlc : Lhtrcauïàc ..........................................................................................................................................................................< 7 Buhajinhtcs aj fcoéstl`j ..........................................................................................................................................:0 7.: 7.7 Mlstðrl`c Anhlïàc..........................................................................................................................................................:1 ........................................................................................................................................................:> 7.0 Plstnijs fcoéstl`cs ......................................................................................................................................:? 7.1 @chtrcfns ........................................................................................................................................................:? 7.> Qnhaåh`ljs .....................................................................................................................................................:= 7.2 Hévnls an snrvlïc .........................................................................................................................................7: 7.? Fnja tlin .........................................................................................................................................................77 0 Nigjfjonhs .....................................................................................................................................................................7> 0.: Qlpcs an nigjfjonhs .................................................................................................................................72 0.7 Buhïàc aj nigjfjoni ..............................................................................................................................7= 0.0 [rnsnrvjïàc an ijtnrljls ..........................................................................................................................7< 1 Jrijznhjoni.................................................................................................................................................................00 1.: Nqulpjinhtcs an icvlinhtjïàc n jrijznhjoni........................................................................02 jrijznhjoni........................................................................02 1.7 Wn`nglinhtc, `chbnråh`lj n nxpnalïàc ..............................................................................................0? > Qrjhspcrtns ......................................................................................................................................................................1: >.: Icajls5 rcacvlêrlc, jìrnc, bnrrcvlêrlc, ijrétlic, `cstnlrc, uvljf, autcvlêrlc. ......................17 >.7 Inlcs an trjhspcrtn5 janqujïàc ë hn`nsslajan ..............................................................................12 >.0 Fcoéstl`j vnran n rnvnrsj ..........................................................................................................................1? >.1 Cpnrjacr fcoéstl`c ......................................................................................................................................1< Wnbnråh`ljs ...........................................................................................................................................................................>0 Ilhl`urré`ufc aj jutcrj ...................................................................................................................................................>> Éhal`n .....................................................................................................................................................................................>?
Lhtrcauïàc
: [rnzjac jfuhc, Ì `ci orjhan sjtlsbjïàc qun c Pnrvlïc Hj`lchjf an Jprnhalzjoni Lhaustrljf (PNHJL) trjz c Flvrc alaêtl`c an @ch`nltcs Gêsl`c aj Fcoéstl`j. Rnej j snoulr j ijtrlz `urrl`ufjr ni qun vc`å sn nh`chtrj5 Qì`hl`c ni Fcoéstl`j IÐA^FCP Gêsl`c Nspn`é`c
^HLAJAN @^WWL@^FJW
@JWOJ MCWÊWLJ
• @ch`nltcs Gêsl`cs aj Fcoéstl`j
7;m
• Ijtniêtl`j Jpfl`jaj n [fjhlfmj Nfntrñhl`j
7;m
• [rcorjijïàc an [rcauïàc
2;m
• Fcoéstl`j Lhaustrljf
2;m
Qctjf
@JWOJ MCWÊWLJ AC IÐA^FC 1;m :7;m
:2;m Zujarc : - Ijtrlz `urrl`ufjr Bchtn5 PNHJL AH, 7;:1.
Nstn flvrc tni `cic cgentlvc fnvjr c jfuhc j ansnhvcfvnr js `cipntåh`ljs hn`nssêrljs pjrj rnjflzjr j prcorjijïàc aj prcauïàc, prnsnrvjhac cs rnqulsltcs an qujflajan n `chsuic acs insics, an j`crac `ci hcrijs, pjarþns n nspn`l`jïþns acs prcautcs. Rjics prcpcr`lchjr uij vlsàc onrjf aj fcoéstl`j gêsl`j, `ci sujs jtlvlajans n lhbrjnstruturj, crlnhtjhac qujhtc jc buh`lchjinhtc anstn prc`nssc hjs niprnsjs. Lhl`ljrnics hcsscs nstuacs `ci c prcorjij instrn an prcauïàc, jgcrajhac js hn`nsslajans an vnhajs, pnalacs acs `flnhtns, nilssàc an crani an prcauïàc, fnja tlin n jhêflsn acs `chtrjtcs n `cic `jf`ufjr c fnja tlin. Nstuajrnics tjigìi scgrn icvlinhtjïàc an ijtnrljls n tcac prc`nssc an jgjstn`linhtc n ansjgjstn`linhtc an flhmjs. Bjfjrnics scgrn nstcqun n snus pchtcs nspn`é`cs, vc`å nhtnhanrê j albnrnhïj nhtrn lhsuics n ijtìrlj-prlij. Jgcrajrnics scgrn iêqulhjs n bnrrjinhtjs, jssli `cic ijhutnhïàc lhaustrljf, iàcs an cgrj n sujs qujfl`jïþns.
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@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
Ijls ë brnhtn ans`rnvnrnics js ntjpjs pjrj rnjflzjr j prcorjijïàc an prcauïàc, flgnrjïàc ajs cranhs pjrj nstn prc`nssc, ijhutnhïàc prnvnhtlvj n `crrntlvj qun ì an buhajinhtjf lipcrtçh`lj pjrj c gci jhajinhtc ajs jtlvlajans an uij niprnsj. Ansnejics qun aurjhtn hcssc nstuac, vc`å `chsloj ansnhvcfvnr tì`hl`js pjrj nxn`utjr js jtlvlajans fcoéstl`js an bcrij n`lnhtn n n`jz.
@J[J@LAJANP PC@LJLP, CWOJHLUJQLRJP N INQCACFÐOL@JP j) Gus`jr c jutcjprlicrjinhtc4 g) @chsnrvjr cs nqulpjinhtcs n lhstruinhtcs4 `) @chsuftjr ijhujls, `jtêfcocs n pugfl`jïþns tì`hl`js4 a) Nstuajr n pnsqulsjr4 n) Ijhtnr j crojhlzjïàc n flipnzj ac fc`jf an trjgjfmc4 b) Qnr jtnhïàc4 o) Qnr alhjilsic4 m) Qnr prcjtlvlajan4 l) Qnr rj`lc`éhlc fðol`c n snr jhjfétl`c4 e) Qrjgjfmjr ni orupc n lhalvlaujfinhtn. lhalvlaujfinhtn.
@J[J@LAJANP @J[J@LAJ ANP QÌ@HL@JP j) Lanhtl`jr cs `ch`nltcs gêsl`cs aj fcoéstl`j4 g) Lanhtl`jr cs tlpcs gêsl`cs an nqulpjinhtcs an icvlinhtjïàc n nstruturjs an jrijznhjoni4 jr ijznhjoni4 `) Wn`chmn`nr cs icajls an trjhspcrtn.
Fnigrn-sn an qun vc`å ì c prlh`lpjf rnspchsêvnf pcr suj bcrijïàc n lssc lh`ful jïþns prcjtlvjs, `cic5 j) @chsuftjr snu prcbnsscr/tutcr sniprn qun tlvnr aõvlaj4 g) Hàc anlxjr js aõvlajs pjrj anpcls4 `) Nstjgnfn`nr n `uiprlr ui `rchcorjij an nstuac qun vc`å `uiprj rnjfinhtn4 a) Wnsnrvjr ui lhtnrvjfc pjrj qujhac c nstuac sn prcfchojr ui pcu`c ijls.
Ansnejics ui gci jprcvnltjinhtc ac `chtnõac n fnigrn-sn an qun cs gchs prcsslchjls sàc sniprn qunstlchjacrns ac snu prðprlc ansnipnhmc. Gchs nstuacs!
: LHQWCA^ÏÀC
Jhctjïþns5
::
Buhajinhtcs aj fcoéstl`j
7 [nhsjhac hj infmcrlj acs prc`nsscs n hj rnauïàc an `ustcs, js niprnsjs tåi gus`jac `jaj vnz ijls lhcvjïþns tn`hcfðol`js pjrj c prc`nssc bjgrlf. Onrlr tcaj uij anijhaj Fcoéstl`j anhtrc aj rnjflajan n`chñil`j aj niprnsj sniprn snrê ui ansjc jc prcsslchjf n vc`å prn`lsj nstjr prnpjrjac! ^i prcsslchjf an Fcoéstl`j tni pcr cgentlvc `chmn`nr tcaj êrnj cpnrj`lchjf aj niprnsj nhvcfvnhac pnsscjs n prc`nsscs, ijqulhêrlcs n prcautcs, `chtrcfn an nhtrjaj n sjéaj an ijtnrljls n pfjhnejinhtc ajs jïþns an alstrlgulïàc. Rnrnics qujls sàc js infmcrns ijhnlrjs an slipfl`jr c prc`nssc an onstàc aj Fcoéstl`j, trjhspcrtns n alstrlgulïàc, onrnh`ljinhtc an pnsscjs, nstcquns, iêqulhjs n nqulpjinhtcs. C cgentlvc ì bjzå-fc ichltcrjr j `janlj fcoéstl`j jc snu rnacr j i an `chtrcfjr, `ccranhjr, pfjhnejr n onrnh`lê-fj.
Blourj : - Onstàc hc iuhac aj fcoéstl`j bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
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@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
7.: MLPQÐWL@C Rc`å eê sn pnrouhtcu pcr qun j fcoéstl`j ì tàc lipcrtjhtn pjrj c inr`jac3 C qun nfj bjz an tàc lipj`tjhtn qun j trjhsbcrij ni ui acs infmcrns rjics prcsslchjls pjrj sn trjgjfmjr3 [jrj rnspchanr nssj qunstàc, vjics nhtnhanr ui pcu`c aj suj mlstðrlj, `ch`nltcs n `cic tuac `cinïcu. Ansan j jhtloulajan, j fcoéstl`j eê nrj utlflzjaj hj êrnj ilfltjr pjrj `chtrcfjr snus nxìr`ltcs n cpnrjïþns `cic jgjstn`linhtc an rn`ursc, fc`jf chan snrlji lhstjfjajs js gjsns pjrj qun `jssni prðxlijs an rlcs, jssli tnrlji êouj `cic suprlinhtc. Nfj nrj usjaj tjigìi pjrj pcsl`lchjr js trcpjs, hj `rljïàc an nstrjtìoljs an ounrrj, hc trjhspcrtn ajs trcpjs, jrijinhtcs n `jrrcs an ounrrj pnsjacs jcs fc`jls an `cigjtn n pjrj lssc, nrji hn`nssêrlcs crojhlzjïàc, pfjhnejinhtc n `chtrcfn hj nxn`uïàc ajs tjrnbjs. J pjfjvrj ‖fcoéstl`j’ jlhaj hàc nrj utlflzjaj hnstj ìpc`j, pcls j ijlcr pjrtn ajs pnsscjs hàc `chmn`lj c tnric. Cs tnrics utlflzjacs hcrijfinhtn aurjhtn c pfjhnejinhtc an uij ounrrj nrj ‖têtl`j n nstrjtìolj’, jssli sn alvlalj j jrtn aj ounrrj. J pjfjvrj ‖Fcoéstl`j’ tni vêrljs crlonhs, ijs j prlh`lpjf vni ac ornoc ‖fcolstldcs’ n ì anrlvjaj ac Fjtli ‖fcolstl`us’. Pnouhac OCINP, ‖ni :===, c Qnhnhtn Wconrs lhtrcauzlu j Fcoéstl`j `cic ijtìrlj hj Ns`cfj an Ounrrj Hjvjf acs Nstjacs ^hlacs aj Jiìrl`j, nhtrntjhtc anicrcu jfoui tnipc pjrj qun nstns `ch`nltcs sn ansnhvcfvnssni hj fltnrjturj ilfltjr’.
@^WLCPLAJANP
Rc`å sjglj qun uij iufmnr eê `cijhacu c nxnr`ltc grjslfnlrc3 Lssc insic! Nfj sn `mjijvj \jijr Nlrjs Gjptlstj n bcl j prlinlrj iufmnr j jssuilr uij crojhlzjïàc ilfltjr hc Grjslf.
@cic snrê qun j `flnhtn vjl rn`ngnr c prcautc3 Nfj bl`jrê sjtlsbnltj3 Pnrê qun nfj vcftjrê j `ciprjr cutrcs prcautcs3
Blourj 7 - [nrouhtjs pðs-vnhaj Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
C qun vc`å bjrlj3
7 B^HAJINHQCP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
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Aljhtn anssjs aõvlajs js niprnsjs `rljrji c snrvlïc an pðs-vnhaj qun tni `cic hjflajan ajr `låh`lj aj sjtlsbjïàc ac `flnhtn, jssnourjhac qun c `flnhtn cgtnhmj ijlcr prcvnltc ac qun bcl jaqulrlac n, `fjrc, pcssj bjznr hcvcs pnalacs. Ijls albé`lf ac qun `chqulstjr ui `flnhtn ì ijhtå-fc!
7.7 ANBLHLÏÀC Pnr ui prcsslchjf hj êrnj Fcoéstl`j tni pchtcs pcsltlvcs jssli `cic pchtcs j snrni jprlicrjacs. Ì c qun vc`å vjl nhtnhanr jocrj. Rlics j crloni aj pjfjvrj Fcoéstl`j n `cic nfj nrj niprnojaj hcs tnipcs jhtlocs, jocrj vjics `chmn`nr suj anhlïàc jtujf. Jtujfinhtn, j Fcoéstl`j ì c prc`nssc an `ccranhjr, pfjhnejr, jrijznhjr n alstrlgulr prcautcs ansan j sjéaj ac bcrhn`nacr jtì c `chsuilacr hjf, hc tnipc `nrtc, hc fc`jf anstlhjac, hj qujhtlajan scfl`ltjaj, `ci c inhcr `ustc pcssévnf. @ci j ofcgjflzjïàc n c `rns`linhtc ac `ciìr`lc nfntrñhl`c, j fcoéstl`j `cinïcu j tnr ui pjpnf `jaj vnz ijls lipcrtjhtn pjrj js niprnsjs ni tcajs js êrnjs, nstjhac prnsnhtn hjs sc`lnajans icanrhjs. Ijs, jssli `cic cutrjs êrnjs an supcrtn, ës vnzns nfj sð ‖jpjrn`n’ an bjtc qujhac mê ui prcgfnij. Jé sn cuvn j vnfmj brjsn5 ‖bcl `ufpj aj fcoéstl`j!’. Hàc sn jssustn! Lstc pcanrê j`chtn`nr insic qun j fcoéstl`j hàc tnhmj slac j orjhan vlfà ac c`crrlac, pcrqun nstn sntcr ì c õftlic j ijhusnjr c prcautc, j `chbnrlr n `jrrnojr pjrj alstrlgulr. [cr lssc, j fcoéstl`j j`jgj vlrjhac uij nspì`ln an ‖vltrlhn’ aj niprnsj n nstjrê sniprn ni bc`c. Qcaj rnbnråh`lj jc prcautc, tjhtc hj bjgrl`jïàc, hj snpjrjïàc cu hc pfjhnejinhtc aj prcauïàc snràc nvlanh`ljacs hj Fcoéstl`j. Bcl c `jsc, pcr nxnipfc, an uij c`crråh`lj ni anznigrc an 7;:; qujhac uij bjftj ac prcautc qun bjz c anonfc ajs jsjs acs jvlþns `juscu c `jh`nfjinhtc an lhõinrcs vccs fcoc jhtns ac Hjtjf, ni [jrls, hj Brjhïj. Cu snej, uij bjfmj hc j`cipjhmjinhtc fcoéstl`c hj nhtrnoj ac prcautc c`jslchcu ui orjhan ajhc hàc sð pjrj j niprnsj jìrnj, ijs tjigìi ë pcpufjïàc qun anlxcu an vljejr pjrj pjssjr c hjtjf `ci j bjiéflj. N vc`å pnrouhtj5 ijs, pcrqun j `ufpj bcl aj fcoéstl`j sn hàc ì j fcoéstl`j qun bjz j `ciprj3 Gni, c prcautc prn`lsj snr trjhspcrtjac, `nrtc3 Qni prjzc an nhtrnoj3 Nhtàc, tni fcoéstl`j hnstj cpnrjïàc3 Fcoc, c j`cipjhmjinhtc tjigìi tlhmj qun snr bnltc pnfc sntcr fcoéstl`c aj niprnsj qun nstjvj pjrj rn`ngnr c prcautc. Jfouijs vnzns, c `flnhtn lrê tnfnbchjr hj Fcoéstl`j pjrj sjgnr `cic nstê c jhajinhtc ac snu pnalac, jc lhvìs an `chtjtjr c sntcr `cinr`ljf qun ì quni fmn prnstj c snrvlïc an jtnhalinhtc alrntc. J fcoéstl`j lhtnrfloj tcacs cs sntcrns bjznhac js nqulpns trjgjfmjrni euhtjs, bc`jhac hui õhl`c rnsuftjac5 j sjtlsbjïàc ac `flnhtn. ^i lipcrtjhtn pchtc pcsltlvc ac trjgjfmc aj Fcoéstl`j ì qun, pcr snr c bc`c prlh`lpjf acs cutrcs sntcrns, nfj nstê sniprn ni nvlaåh`lj n `chsnqunhtninhtn, c ansnhvcfvlinhtc ac trjgjfmc tjigìi, jssli
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@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
`cic snus rnsuftjacs. Lssc bjz `ci qun c sntcr `rnsïj n snus `cfjgcrjacrns sneji rn`chmn`lacs pnfj n`ê`lj ni sujs tjrnbjs. Pn tcaj nqulpn trjgjfmjr euhtj, c rnsuftjac r nsuftjac pcsltlvc snrê ojrjhtlac! C prcsslchjf an Fcoéstl`j tni qun `chmn`nr tcacs cs sntcrns aj niprnsj eê qun sàc tcacs lhtnrflojacs nhtrn sl.
@JPCP N WNFJQCP C prlinlrc ansjc an E. Gjrgcsj
E. Gjrgcsj trjgjfmjvj hj niprnsj ‖Fcol`Qrjhs’ mê 0 jhcs n qunrlj snr prcicvlac j Féanr an Fcoéstl`j. Nfn lhornsscu hj crojhlzjïàc `cic juxlfljr jtujhac hj êrnj cpnrj`lchjf, `jrrnojhac `jilhmþns. Rnhac j nxpjhsàc aj êrnj, E. Gjrgcsj Gj rgcsj rnscfvnr nstuajr Fcoéstl`j `ci ui schmc5 c`upjr ui `jroc an flanrjhïj. E. bnz ui `ursc an Qì`hl`c ni Fcoéstl`j hj Lhstltulïàc ‖Jprnhanr’ pcr ui jhc. Fê nstuacu cs buhajinhtcs aj fcoéstl`j, snu `ch`nltc, buhïþns n tcajs js jtrlgulïþns pjrj cpnrjr hj êrnj. Jpðs jhcs an trjgjfmc hj niprnsj n hjfinhtn bcrijac ni Qì`hl`c an fcoéstl`j, E. Gjrgcsj bcl prcicvlac j féanr. Nfn tnvn suj prlinlrj cpcrtuhlajan an jtujr ni ui `jroc an flanrjhïj, pjssjhac j `ccranhjr j cpnrjïàc an nhtrnoj an prcautcs jcs `flnhtns. J nxpnalïàc nstjvj prchtj pjrj nhvljr j inr`jacrlj ni uij `jrrntj n nstjvj tctjfinhtn `jrrnojaj. Nstn vné`ufc prn`lsjvj nstjr hc nstjac an Pàc [jufc hj snouhaj-bnlrj hc pnrécac aj ijhmà. Nrj uij tjran an snxtj bnlrj, E. anlxcu c `jrrnojinhtc ni jhajinhtc jflhmjhac js lhbcrijïþns `ci suj nqulpn. Aurjhtn j pnsjoni, c `jilhmàc jprnsnhtcu alvnroåh`lj an pnsc nhtrn c bésl`c n c qun nstjvj lhbcrijac ni hctj s`jf. @cic cs juxlfljrns hàc sjglji c qun bjznr, flojrji pjrj Gjrgcsj, qun eê nstjvj ni `jsj. E., `cic gci buh`lchêrlc, `ciprcintlac `ci js rnspchsjglflajans ac snu trjgjfmc, rntcrhcu ë niprnsj pjrj jeuajr hj scfuïàc ac prcgfnij. Jc `mnojr, prc`urcu snu onrnhtn n nxpfl`cu j sltujïàc. E. Gjrgcsj rn`cracu js jufjs qun tnvn hj Bj`ufajan n scfl`ltcu qun j nqulpn ans`jrrnojssn c `jilhmàc j i an nh`chtrjr c ictlvc aj alvnroåh`lj. Bcl `chstjtjac qun mcuvn bjfmj hj `chbnråh`lj n c pnsscjf j`jgcu nigjr`jhac ijtnrljf j ijls hc vné`ufc. Jpðs antn`tjr c prcgfnij, jpðs j trjtjtlvj:, c `jilhmàc bcl hcvjinhtn `jrrnojac n alrn`lchjac ë gjfjhïj pjrj hcvj pnsjoni. Quac nstjvj an j`crac `ci js lhbcrijïþns hj hctj s`jf n c vné`ufc bcl flgnrjac pjrj vljoni. E. flocu pjrj c `flnhtn sn ans`ufpjhac pnfc jtrjsc n qun nfn rn`ngnrlj c prcautc hj snouhaj-bnlrj hc pnrécac aj tjran. @cic tjigìi sn `ciprcintnu j ilhlilzjr cs ajhcs qun puanssni snr `jusjacs. : Qrjtjtlvj Qrjtjtlvj55 Jïàc `crrntlvj `crrntlvj scgrn uij uij jïàc cu prcgfnij4 scfuïàc. scfuïàc.
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Nigcrj j hn`nsslajan ac `flnhtn bcssn orjhan, hàc mcuvn tjhtcs prcgfnijs ni snu prc`nssc n nfn `chsnoulu lhsnrlr c ijtnrljf ni suj prcauïàc j tnipc.
7.0 PLPQNIJP FCOÉPQL@CP @chbcrin pcanics vnr hj ourj j snoulr, c cgentlvc ac slstnij fcoéstl`c ì lhtnorjr cs prc`nsscs an `chtrcfn an `ciprjs, jrijznhjoni n alstrlgulïàc, infmcrjhac suj `ccranhjïàc, onstàc acs uxcs n pfjhnejinhtc.
L @J Q P É F C O Alstrlgulïàc [rcauïàc Jrijznhjoni Wn`nglinhtc @ciprjs
Blourj 0 - Plstnij fcoéstl`c lhtnorjac lhtnorjac Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
7.1 @CHQWCFNP Zujhac sn bjfj ni ‖`chtrcfn’, vêrljs `clsjs pcani vlr ë `jgnïj, hàc ì insic3 N `ci j fcoéstl`j hàc pcanrlj snr albnrnhtn. Cs `chtrcfns hc Plstnij Fcoéstl`c snrvni eustjinhtn pjrj infmcrjr c jhajinhtc aj cpnrjïàc, ansan j sjéaj ac prcautc ac bcrhn`nacr jtì j nhtrnoj hc `flnhtn hjf, `cic fmns bcl `ltjac ui pcu`c ijls jtrês. Qrjtj-sn an `cipjrjr c qun bcl pfjhnejac `ci c qun bcl nxn`utjac. J nstrjtìolj pjrj nssns `chtrcfns alvlani-sn ni5
j) Anhlïàc an intjs n pjarþns an ansnipnhmc5 nssj ntjpj anhn jtì qun pchtc j niprnsj vjl vj l sn pcsl`lchjr hc inr`jac. Hcrijfinhtn, tcajs qunrni `mnojr j ui hévnf nfnvjac, supnrlcr jc an snus `ch`crrnhtns, lstc tjigìi lipfl`j ni `ustcs nfnvjacs. [cr nstn ictlvc, ì buhajinhtjf
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@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
pfjhnejr nstns pjarþns an ansnipnhmc an j`crac `ci j nstrjtìolj jactjaj pnfj niprnsj. J nstrjtìolj anvn snr `cipjtévnf `ci snu icac an jtujïàc n `cic j niprnsj prntnhan jf`jhïjr c hévnf ansnejac hc inr`jac. g) Inalajs an ansnipnhmc5 nssj inalaj tni pcr hjflajan cgtnr tcajs js lhbcrijïþns hn`nssêrljs scgrn c ansnipnhmc ajs jtlvlajans fcoéstl`js anhtrc aj niprnsj, fnvjhac ni `chslanrjïàc cs pchtcs bjfmcs n j nstruturj ac prc`nssc. J jvjfljïàc anstjs jtlvlajans pcan snr bnltj `cipjrjhac cs lhal`jacrns `ci cs rnsuftjacs, fnigrjhac qun nstns lhal`jacrns anvni nhvcfvnr tcaj jtlvlajan fcoéstl`j aj niprnsj `cic tnipc n prjzcs an nhtrnoj, icvlinhtjïàc an ijtnrljls, `l`fc ac pnalac, `ustc an nstcqun, pnr`nhtujf an jvjrljs, tnipc an bjgrl`jïàc. `) Jïþns `crrntlvjs5 tnhac ni iàcs cs rnsuftjacs cgtlacs pnfc ansnipnhmc ajs jtlvlajans, ì mcrj an bjznr j `cipjrjïàc acs ajacs `ci js intjs, n inalajs an ansnipnhmcs anhlacs hjs jïþns jhtnrlcrns. @jsc mjej alvnroåh`lj, nxn`utj-sn uij jïàc `crrntlvj, nxnipfc5 j rnscfuïàc ac prcgfnij c`crrlac `ci c prlinlrc ansjc an E. Gjrgcsj. G jrgcsj. Lssc bjrê `ci qun c j`cipjhmjinhtc acs prc`nsscs fcoéstl`cs snej `chstjhtn, tcrhjhac-cs trjhspjrnhtns jcs onstcrns aj niprnsj.
BLZ^N JFNWQJ
@ulajac hj mcrj an `chtrcfjr j alstrlgulïàc an inr`jacrljs. ^ij rctnlrlzjïàc ijf bnltj pcan rnsuftjr huij sìrln an `ustcs anshn`nssêrlcs `cic juinhtc aj rctj, juinhtc ac `chsuic an `cigustévnf n lhsjtlsbjïàc ac ictcrlstj.
7.> QNHAÅH@LJP Rc`å `chmn`nrê jocrj jfouijs tnhaåh`ljs aj fcoéstl`j qun nstàc iuajhac j ijhnlrj an `chsuic aj sc`lnajan ni qun vlvnics! Hàc j`rnaltj3 Rnrnics jocrj5 j) Ofcgjflzjïàc5 Nstj ì j prlinlrj tnhaåh`lj. Qrjtj-sn an ui prc`nssc an lhtnorjïàc sc`ljf, pcfétl`j, sc`ljf n `ufturjf an albnrnhtns pjésns. Js `jrjtnréstl`js ijls ijr`jhtns anstn prc`nssc ì j uhlvnrsjflzjïàc aj prcauïàc, `lr`ufjïàc, alstrlgulïàc n `chsuic an gnhs n snrvlïcs n vni j`nfnrjhac `jaj vnz ijls `ci c jvjhïc aj tn`hcfcolj. C Grjslf pcssul uij n`chcilj gni jgnrtj jc inr`jac lhtnrhj`lchjf, aljrljinhtn vnics alvnrsjs ijr`js lhtnrhj`lchjls ni hcssc alj j alj, ni fcejs, smcpplhos, jvnhlajs, nt`. Bjznr pjrtn ac prc`nssc an ofcgjflzjïàc tni sujs vjhtjonhs n ansvjhtjonhs.
7 B^HAJINHQCP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
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OFCGJFLUJÏÀC RJHQJONHP
ANPRJHQJONHP
Bj`lfltj c j`nsc j prcautcs lipcrtjacs, pcls c `ustc ì inhcr ac qun cs prcautcs bjgrl`jacs hc Grjslf
[rnïcs iultc gjlxcs tcrhji j `cipntlïàc lheustj `ci cs prcautcs hj`lchjls
Ijhtìi js pnsscjs jtujflzjajs c tnipc tcac, pcls nstàc flojajs hc iuhac vlrtujf trjvìs aj Lhtnrhnt
Lhbfunh`lj j `ufturj ij`lïj an cutrcs pjésns prcicvnhac j pnraj an lhtnrnssn pnfj `ufturj hj`lchjf
Bj`lfltj c j`nssc j `lhnijs, tnjtrcs, blfins, iõsl`js, nt`. Zujarc 7 - Rjhtjonh Rjhtjonhss n ansjvjhtjonhs aj ofcgjflzjïàc Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
An bcrij rnsuilaj, j Ofcgjflzjïàc trcuxn jfouhs prcgfnijs pjrj j sc`lnajan, ijs tjigìi j anlxcu ijls lhtnrflojaj n jtujflzjaj scgrn js tnhaåh`ljs an vêrlcs fuojrns ac iuhac. Gci, eê qun bjfjics an Ofcgjflzjïàc, qun tjf vnrics ui pcu`c ijls nstn inr`jac3 Qrjtjrnics jocrj an uij tnhaåh`lj qun utlflzj uij bnrrjinhtj qun lhtnrfloj tcacs cs `jhtcs ac iuhac! @chsnoun lijolhjr qun bnrrjinhtj snrlj nstj3 Pn vc`å rnspchanu Lhtnrhnt, j`nrtcu! J tnhaåh`lj j qujf hcs rnbnrlics ì `mjijaj an N-`ciinr`n n slohl`j `ciìr`lc vlrtujf. Rnrnics j snoulr5 j) N-`ciinr`n5 Nstj prêtl`j hjaj ijls ì ac qun js cpnrjïþns `cinr`ljls an `ciprj n vnhaj pnfj Lhtnrhnt. Ì orjhan j qujhtlajan an sltns qun bjzni nstn tlpc an prêtl`j, sniprn `ci bc`c hj sjtlsbjïàc ac `flnhtn n rjplanz hjs nhtrnojs pcr ui `ustc ijls rjzcêvnf qun c ac inr`jac `ciui. g) Wjstrnjinhtc pcr Wêalc Brnquåh`lj (WBLA)5 Bnrrjinhtj gjstjhtn utlflzjaj hjs niprnsjs ni alvnrscs sntcrns. C Jficxjrlbjac, pcr nxnipfc, ì jqunfn qun ijls utlflzj nstj bnrrjinhtj pjrj rnjflzjr lhvnhtêrlcs. C sntcr usj ac fnltcr ðptl`c pjrj bj`lfltjr j `chtjoni acs ijtnrljls n trjhsiltlr j lhbcrijïàc alrntjinhtn jc slstnij. C WBLA tjigìi ì utlflzjac pjrj cutrjs hjflajans `cic5
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@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
WBLA
Ans`rlïàc
Wjstrnjinhtc n ichltcrjinhtc an vné`ufcs
J`nssc an pnsscjs
Wnjflzjïàc an lhvnhtêrlcs `ci ijls n`ê`lj
Nxnipfc
Wjajrns n O[P
@jtrj`j nfntrñhl`j
Fnltcr ðtl`c ‐ cs ijls jvjhïjacs tåi uij tnfj hj pjrtn trjsnlrj chan ì nxlglaj tcaj lhbcrijïàc ac prcautc n jtrjvìs anstn alspcsltlvc js lhbcrijïþns vàc jutcijtl`jinhtn pjrj c slstnij Zujarc 0 - Qn`hcf Qn`hcfcoljs coljs WBLA Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
@^WLCPLAJANP
Rc`å sjglj qun c prlinlrc prcautc vnhalac pnfj lhtnrhnt bcl uij `jhntj fjsnr qungrjaj3 Lssc insic! ^i prcorjija prcorjijacr cr jinrl`jhc `mjijac Cilayjr jhuh`lcu j vnhaj `ci lhtultc an vnr sn cs usuêrlcs sn lhtnrnssjvji pnfc inr`jac vlrtujf. Nfn `chsnoulu vnhaå-fj pcr qujsn :> aðfjrns.
7 B^HAJINHQCP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
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7.2 HÉRNLP AN PNWRLÏC C hévnf ac snrvlïc fcoéstl`c ì j qujflajan hj onstàc ac uxc an gnhs n snrvlïcs, chan jtrjvìs anstj onstàc, sn cgtìi c rnsuftjac aj cpnrjïàc. Lstc sn anvn j tcac nsbcrïc fcoéstl`c anhtrc aj crojhlzjïàc n snrê ui albnrnh`ljf qun tcrhjrê j niprnsj gjstjhtn `cipntltlvj hc inr`jac, `cic albnrnh`ljf nstrjtìol`c. C snrvlïc cbnrn`lac tni qun snr n`lnhtn n n`jz, ijhtnhac c bc`c hj sjtlsbjïàc ac `flnhtn, prcicvnhac j alspchlglflajan ac prcautc n snrvlïc4 hévnls an nstcqun n tnipc `chsuilac hc `l`fc an pnalacs4 ojrjhtlhac j `chjglflajan hj nhtrnoj, hj qujhtlajan n hc tnipc `crrntc. Pàc vêrlcs cs ‖bjtcrns’ qun pcani fnvjr j niprnsj j tnr ui albnrnh`ljf hc inr`jac, insic `ci tjhtcs `ch`crrnhtns ë suj vcftj. Rnrnics j snoulr5 j) Jtnhalinhtc jc `flnhtn5 nstn sntcr anvn snr c prlinlrc j cbnrn`nr nstn snrvlïc albnrnh`ljac, pcls, ì c `jrtàc pcstjf aj niprnsj. Qni qun sn icstrjr alspcstc j rnscfvnr cs prcgfnijs n jtnhanr jc `chsuilacr sniprn an bcrij sutlf, icstrjhac snr `chêvnf. g) Onstàc aj Crojhlzjïàc5 c onstcr prn`lsj nstjr j pjr acs jssuhtcs flojacs ës cpnrjïþns n ës pnsscjs qun j `cipþni. @cfjgcrjacr sjtlsbnltc ì j `nrtnzj aj prnstjïàc an gchs snrvlïcs. `) Ictlvjïàc jc `cfjgcrjacr5 J crojhlzjïàc n c `cfjgcrjacr anvni gus`jr j `jpj`ltjïàc j i an tcrhê-fc `jaj vnz ijls `cipntnhtn pjrj ansnhvcfvnr sujs buhïþns, jprlicrjhac snus prc`nalinhtcs, infmcrjhac snu uxc cpnrj`lchjf `ci alhjilsic, prcjtlvlajan, jtnhïàc ës sujs tjrnbjs n jcs `flnhtns. a) Ojrjhtlj an nhtrnoj5 nhtrnojr c prcautc hc tnipc `nrtc n hj qujhtlajan scfl`ltjaj, ijhtnhac j lhtnorlajan ac insic n, qujhac lstc hàc puanr j`chtn`nr, qun c `flnhtn snej lhbcrijac prnvljinhtn ac c`crrlac. @flnhtn qun rn`ngn ‖bcffcw up7’ `ci brnquåh`lj al`lfinhtn lrê prc`urjr j niprnsj pjrj rn`fjijr cu bjznr iê prcpjojhaj aj `cipjhmlj pjrj snus pjr`nlrcs.
PJLGJ IJLP
[jrj vnralvnrscs `cic ìsnoulinhtcs rntrjtjac n `cic jpfl`jr infmcr js nstrjtìoljs an `cigjtnr cgstê`ufcs ni cpnrj`lchjls, fnlj c Flvrc an Puh Qzu, `chslanrjac ui acs ijls sêglcs n lipcrtjhtns trjtjacs an nstrjtìolj ilfltjr. ilfltjr. QU^, P^H. J jrtn aj ounrrj. Qrjauïàc an Punfl Gjrrcs @jssjf. [crtc Jfnorn5 F&[I, 7;;2.
7 Bcffcw up5 Nxprnssàc ni lhofås qun slohl`j j`cipjhmjr cu bjznr j`cipjhmjinhtc cu jvjfljïàc ac qun eê bcl bnltc. bnltc. Nstn tnric ì iultc `ciui hcs sntcrns @cinr`ljls n an @ciprjs.
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7.? FNJA QLIN @ci c `rns`linhtc acs slstnijs an prcauïàc, js niprnsjs tåi lhvnstlac `jaj vnz ijls ni tì`hl`js jailhlstrjtlvjs `cic lipfjhtjïàc an prc`nalinhtc lhtnrhc, intjs an crojhlzjïàc, pjarchlzjïàc an flipnzj n `chsnrvjïàc ac jiglnhtn an trjgjfmc, intjs n prjzcs pjrj `jaj jtlvlajan, nt`. Ni qujfqunr uij anssjs intjs ì prn`lsc jhjflsjr c tnipc an nxn`uïàc j i an rnauzl-fc. Jssli c ‖ fnja tlin’ sn tcrhj bnrrjinhtj buhajinhtjf anstjs jhêflsns. C tnric pcssul vêrljs anhlïþns, ijs pjrj c alrntcr-prnslanhtn ac ecrhjf Pàc [jufc Pmliguh, Olfgnrtc Dcsjdj, c ‖Fnja Qlin’ tni anhlïþns albnrnh`ljajs an j`crac `ci `jaj êrnj aj niprnsj, pcr nxnipfc5 j) Hj êrnj an `ciprjs, c ‖fnja tlin’ ì c lhtnrvjfc an tnipc pjrj `ciprjr cs ijtnrljls hn`nssêrlcs pjrj j suj prcauïàc, ansan j nilssàc ac pnalac jtì c ijtnrljf nstjr ë suj alspcslïàc pjrj usc. g) Hj êrnj an prcauïàc, c ‖fnja tlin’ ì c lhtnrvjfc an tnipc hn`nssêrlc pjrj qun c ijtnrljf pjssn pnfj bjgrl`jïàc, ac prlinlrc jtì c õftlic prc`nssc. [cr i, sn `ch`fulu qun c ‖fnja tlin’ ì c pnrécac nhtrn c lhé`lc an uij jtlvlajan prcautlvj0, jtì c snu tìrilhc.
Nstc`joni/ Jrijznhjoni ◃ Nilssàc an ac`uinhtcs ◃ Onstàc an lhbcrijïàc ◃ Jqulslïàc
Wnvnrsj ◃ Qrjhspcrtn ◃ Pnpjrjïàc ◃ Nigjfjoni
◃ Icvlinhtjïàc ◃ Lhspnïàc ◃ Jrijznhjoni ◃ Fc`jflzjïàc
[rc`nssjinhtc an pnalacs
◃ Pnrvlïc jc `flnhtn ◃ Qrjhspcrtn ◃ Wn`l`fjoni
Alstrlgulïàc
JQLRLAJANP [WCA^QLRJP Nstc`joni/ Jrijznhjoni ◃ Nilssàc an ac`uinhtcs ◃ Onstàc an lhbcrijïàc ◃ Jqulslïàc
◃ Icvlinhtjïàc ◃ Lhspnïàc ◃ Jrijznhjoni ◃ Fc`jflzjïàc
[rc`nssjinhtc an pnalacs
[NWÉCAC AN QNI[C Blourj 1 - Fnja tlin tlin huij vlsàc onrjf ac prc`nssc fcoéstl`c
Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
0 Jtlvlajan prcautlvj5 prcautlvj5 ì ui prc`nssc qun `chslstn hj rnfjïàc acs acs bjtcrns an prcauïàc `ci c cgentlvc an sjtlsbjznr hn`nsslajans acs `flnhtns, ni tnrics an gnhs cu snrvlïcs. snr vlïcs.
7 B^HAJINHQCP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
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WN@J[LQ^FJHAC Hnstn `jpétufc, vc`å pcan `chmn`nr ui pcu`c aj mlstðrlj aj fcoéstl`j, snu `ch`nltc, jssli `cic js jtlvlajans qun j nhvcfvni n qun nstàc prnsnhtns ni hcssj sc`lnajan mê iultcs jhcs, bjznhac pjrtn aj hcssj rctlhj. Rlu tjigìi ni jfouijs sltujïþns `cic anvn snr c pnrf ac prcsslchjf an fcoéstl`j, n qun nfn anvn ijhtnr sniprn c bc`c hjs jtlvlajans qun nstàc snhac ansnhvcfvlajs. [nr`ngnu qun ui prcsslchjf anvn nstjr jtujflzjac scgrn cs slstnijs fcoéstl`cs n `cic nfns sàc lipcrtjhtns pjrj c gci ansnhvcfvlinhtc an uij crojhlzjïàc. Bcl pcssévnf pnr`ngnr js tnhaåh`ljs anstn inr`jac jc nstuajrics scgrn c jvjhïc aj Ofcgjflzjïàc hc iuhac tn`hcfðol`c n nspn`ljfinhtn hc n-`ciinr`n. [nr`ngnics tjigìi qun c hévnf an snrvlïc an uij niprnsj ì nssnh`ljf pjrj qun nfj sn tcrhn `jaj vnz ijls `cipntltlvj hc inr`jac. [jrj hjflzjr, nstuajics scgrn ‖fnja tlin’ n `cic nfn ì jpfl`jac ni alvnrsjs êrnjs, an j`crac `ci j hn`nsslajan an `jaj uij anfjs. Qcajs nssjs lhbcrijïþns sàc an buhajinhtjf lipcrtçh`lj pjrj c lhé`lc aj bcrijïàc ac [rcsslchjf an Fcoéstl`j. Rjics jc prðxlic `jpétufc chan vc`å `chmn`nrê c iuhac ajs nigjfjonhs.
Nigjfjonhs
0 C ansnhvcfvlinhtc aj nigjfjoni lhl`lcu pnfj hn`nsslajan ac mcini jrijznhjr prcautcs pjrj suj scgrnvlvåh`lj, `cic j êouj n cs jflinhtcs. Js nigjfjonhs nstàc prnsnhtns ni qujsn tcacs cs prcautcs ac inr`jac, `ci bcrijtcs n utlflzjïþns gni vjrljacs, infmcrjhac suj `rljïàc j `jaj jvjhïc tn`hcfðol`c. @chbcrin c tnipc pjssj, c ijtnrljf anssjs nigjfjonhs ì jpnrbnlïcjac n snu ijtnrljf vjl sn tcrhjhac ijls rnslstnhtn, pcanhac snr utlflzjac vêrljs vnzns, `cic ì c `jsc ajs nigjfjonhs `ci trc`j an rnf. Hj fcoéstl`j, j nigjfjoni tni orjhan lhuåh`lj hj icvlinhtjïàc an `jrojs pcls, bj`lfltji nstn prc`nssc jfìi an uhltlzjr1 js inr`jacrljs infmcrjhac snu ijhusnlc.
j s a f c n a c h s i n c j o h f j à c g ï f u n i c v N
Blourj > - Nvcfuïàc aj nigjfjoni Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
1 ^hltlzjr5 euhtjr (`jrojs alvnrsjs cu snpjrjajs), bcrijhac ui sð vcfuin. vcfuin.
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0.: QL[CP AN NIGJFJONHP Jhtns an `chmn`nrics jfouhs tlpcs an nigjfjonhs, vjics nhtnhanr prlinlrc suj anhlïàc n pjrj qun snrvni. ^ij nigjfjoni ì ui rn`lplnhtn qun nhvcfvn cu jrijznhj prcautcs tnipcrjrljinhtn, `ci c cgentlvc an infmcrjr js `chalïþns an trjhspcrtn, alstrlgulïàc n jrijznhjoni, ojrjhtlhac j `chsnrvjïàc acs insics. Pnrvni pjrj prctnonr c `chtnõac, bcrhn`nr lhbcrijïþns scgrn js bcrijs an ijhusnlc, jfìi an nxlglr vêrljs lhbcrijïþns scgrn c prcautc (pnsc, qujhtlajan, lhornalnhtns, `cipcslïàc, nt`.). Hj fcoéstl`j, hcrijfinhtn cs prcautcs sàc nigjfjacs ni `jlxjs an pjpnfàc, ijanlrj, sj`cs cu gjrrls, pjrj ijlcr n`låh`lj hc ijhusnlc. C pnsc, j alinhsàc n j brjolflajan ajs nigjfjonhs utlflzjajs hjs cpnrjïþns an flhmjs an prcauïàc antnrilhji js hn`nsslajans an ijhusnlc n an trjhspcrtns. Jocrj qun vc`å eê sjgn c qun ì uij nigjfjoni n `cic pcan snr utlflzjaj, vjics jcs tlpcs5 j) Nigjfjoni prliêrlj5 sàc rn`lplnhtns qun sn nh`chtrji ni `chtjtc alrntc `ci c prcautc, >
nxnipfc5 brjs`cs, gflstnrs an rniìalcs, glshjojs, ojrrjbjs, nt`.
Blourj 2 - Nigjfjoni prliêrlj Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
@^WLCPLAJANP
Rc`å sjglj qun js nigjfjonhs fchoj vlaj sàc `cipcstjs an snls `jijajs an ijtnrljf pjrj nvltjr qun c pjpnf n c jfuiéhlc blquni ni `chtjtc alrntc `ci c prcautc3 :ª n 7ª `jijaj - pfêstl`c, 0ª `jijaj jfuiéhlc, 1ª `jijaj pfêstl`c, pfêstl`c, >ª `jijaj pjpnf, 2ª `jijaj pfêstl`c. pfêstl`c.
> Gflstnrs5 Nigjfjoni chan `ji cs `ciprlilacs, `chmn`laj tjigìi `cic `jrtnfj.
0 NIGJFJONHP
7?
g) Nigjfjoni sn`uhaêrlj5 nigjfjoni prcauzlaj pjrj j`cicajr j nigjfjoni prliêrlj. Nxnipfc5 `jlxj qun nhvcfvn js ojrrjbjs, `jlxj qun nhvcfvn cs gflstnrs an rniìalc, nt`.
Blourj ? - Nigjfjoni sn`uhaêrlj Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
`) Nigjfjoni tnr`lêrlj5 utlflzjaj pjrj c trjhspcrtn acs prcautcs, prctnonhac n bj`lfltjhac j jrijznhjoni acs insics, nxnipfc5 pjffnt 2 , `jhtchnlrjs, pjpnfàc, grjs, nt`.
Blourj = - Nigjfjoni tnr`lêrlj tnr`lêrlj Bchtns5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
2 [jffnt 5 [nïj an ijanlrj, intjf cu pfêstl`c qun ì utlflzjaj pjrj icvlinhtjïàc an nigjfjonhs.
7=
@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
[jrj qun c nhtnhalinhtc qun jlhaj ijls `fjrc, euhtjics cs trås tlpcs an nigjfjoni ni uij õhl`j ourj. Rnej jgjlxc.
[rliêrlj
Pn`uhaêrlj
Qnr`lêrlj
Blourj < - Euhïàc acs 0 tlpcs an nigjfjonhs nigjfjonhs (prliêrlj, sn`uhaêrlj n tnr`lêrlj) Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
BLZ^N JFNWQJ
An j`crac `ci j hcrij HW:?, js nigjfjonhs qun sàc icvlinhtjaj icvlinhtjajss ijhujfinhtn hàc anvni nx`nanr c pnsc an 2; do.
0.7 B^HÏÀC AJ NIGJFJONI Rc`å anvn nstjr sn pnrouhtjhac5 ijs nu j`jgnl an vnr c qun ì nigjfjoni n c snu cgentlvc n jocrj in anpjrc `ci ui tðpl`c an ‖Buhïàc’3 Jlhaj tni ijls3 Pli, pcrqun hc `ch`nltc j`lij, vlics qun js nigjfjonhs snrvni pjrj prctnonr, `chtnr n infmcrjr js `chalïþns an trjhspcrtn acs prcautcs, ijs, jfìi anssjs buhïþns gêsl`js, nfjs tjigìi ansnipnhmji ui pjpnf lipcrtjhtn hàc sð hjs niprnsjs `cic tjigìi hj sc`lnajan. Rjics vnr qun buhïþns j ijls sàc nstjs3 Js nigjfjonhs ‖`chvnrsji’ alrntjinhtn `ci c `chsuilacr, lhbcrijhac j nfn scgrn tuac qun nfn lrê jaqulrlr jc rn`ngnr jqunfn prcautc. Cutrj buhïàc ì anspnrtjr j jtnhïàc ac `ciprjacr jtrjéac pnfcs snus vlsujls albnrnh`ljacs. @ci j nvcfuïàc aj muijhlajan n sujs ijls jftjs nxloåh`ljs an `chsuic, bcrji lh`crpcrjajs hcvjs buhïþns pjrj js nigjfjonhs5 j) [rctnonr j sjõan5 sàc rnspchsêvnls pcr prctnonr cs prcautcs n ojrjhtlr qun nfns nstneji jprcprljacs pjrj c `chsuic. g) Nvltjr anspnraé`lcs5 j nigjfjoni euhtj js inr`jacrljs, jprcvnltjhac infmcr snu nspjïc, bjznhac `ci qun sneji nhtrnouns ijls prcautcs huij insij vljoni, rnauzlhac c `ustc an trjhspcrtn.
0 NIGJFJONHP
7<
`) Lhbcrijtlvj5 ansnhvcfvn nigjfjonhs ni grjlfn pjrj qun cs an`lnhtns vlsujls tnhmji j`nssc ës lhbcrijïþns ac prcautc. a) Jtnhanr js nxloåh`ljs ac `chsuilacr5 anvn bcrhn`nr lhbcrijïþns jc `chsuilacr an ijhnlrj `fjrj n n`lnhtn. n) Lhunh`ljr hjs vnhajs ac prcautc5 j nigjfjoni ì iultc lipcrtjhtn pjrj j vnhaj ac prcautc, jhjf, quni huh`j `ciprcu ui ‖flvrc pnfj `jpj’3 [jrj infmcrjr j nigjfjoni, j niprnsj tni qun snr `rljtlvj, jftnrjr j bcrij sni inxnr hj lanhtlajan ac prcautc.
PJLGJ IJLP
[nsqulsn hj lhtnrhnt scgrn niprnsjs an nigjfjonhs qun bjfji scgrn rnoufjinhtcs pjrj bjgrl`jïàc an nigjfjonhs, `cic nfjs jtuji hc inlc jiglnhtn n `cic ì bnltj j rn`l`fjoni.
N jocrj, vc`å `chsnoulu nhtnhanr pcrqun nstnhanics c jssuhtc scgrn cgentlvcs n buhïþns ajs nigjfjonhs3 Ì lipcrtjhtn sjgnr tjigìi `cic prnsnrvjr cs ijtnrljls qun sàc `cfc`jacs hnstjs nigjfjonhs, an j`crac `ci j nspn`l`jïàc an `jaj ui.
0.0 [WNPNWRJÏÀC AN IJQNWLJLP Aurjhtn uij cpnrjïàc an icvlinhtjïàc, cs ijtnrljls nstàc nxpcstcs jcs ijls alvnrscs bjtcrns qun pcani crlolhjr j bjfmj prnijturj ac prc`nssc 2 . Cs ictlvcs anssj aj bjfmj prnijturj pcani snr an`crrnhtn an alvnrscs bjtcrns, `cic5 j) Ajhcs lhanvlacs hc ijtnrljf aurjhtn c prc`nssc an icvlinhtjïàc n jrijznhjoni4 g) Bjtcrns jiglnhtjls (nxnipfc5 uilajan, fuz n tnipnrjturj)4 `) Lh`cipjtlglflajan `ci cutrcs prcautcs (nxnipfc5 `cfc`jr tn`lac euhtc `ci tlhtj)4 a) Nsgjrrþns c`jslchjacs pcr niplfmjanlrjs (nxnipfc5 j fjhïj aj niplfmjanlrj pcan pnrburjr c ijtnrljf)4 n) Zunaj an bnrrjinhtjs scgrn ijtnrljls4 b) Lh`flhjïþns, j`nfnrjïàc cu brnjajs grus`js ac vné`ufc qun nstê trjhspcrtjhac cs ijtnrljls4 o) [nqunhcs lipj`tcs c`jslchjacs hc ijhusnlc an ijtnrljls brêonls. Nxnipfc5 usc an jhìls, pufsnlrjs, `crrnhtns, nt`.4 m) J`flvns? n an`flvns= c`jslchjacs hc `jsc an trjhspcrtn jìrnc4
? Bjfmj [rnijturj5 Nrrc jhtn`lpjac. = J`flvn5 Orju an lh`flhjïàc ac tnrrnhc, suglaj, fjanlrj (`chslanrjhac (`chslanrjhac sn gjlxc gjlxc pjrj `lij). `lij). < An`flvn5 Orju an an lh`flhjïàc aj supnrbé`ln, lipnrbnlïàc ac tnrrnhc tnrrnhc qun nstê snhac pnr`crrlac. pnr`crrlac.
0;
@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
l) Gurj`cs hjs rcacvljs4 e) @jrojs ijf jijrrjajs.
J `chsnrvjïàc ac ijtnrljf ì an orjhan lipcrtçh`lj, pcls vjl ojrjhtlr qun sn ijhtnhmji prnsnrvjajs js `jrj`tnréstl`js, lhtnorlajan n qujflajan acs prcautcs ansan j crloni jtì j nhtrnoj jc `chsuilacr. C jiglnhtn an prctnïàc anvn nstjr an j`crac `ci j hn`nsslajan an `jaj prcautc, rnspnltjhac snus `cipchnhtns an bjgrl`jïàc, j i an nvltjr jvjrljs.
PJLGJ IJLP
Pn vc`å qulsnr sjgnr ui pcu`c ijls scgrn jrijznhjoni jgcrajhac js `jrojs pnrlocsjs, fnlj c flvrc Onstàc Nstrjtìol`j aj Jrijznhjoni, an [jufc Wcgnrtc J. Wcarlouns. Nfn trjtj an `cic jrijznhjr, jrijznhjr, trjhspcrtjr n uhltlzjr nssjs `jrojs.
Jssli `cic anvnics fnvjr ni `chslanrjïàc js buhïþns aj jrijznhjoni pjrj snu gci j`chal`lchjinhtc, anvnics tjigìi jhjflsjr js nstruturjs n j infmcr bcrij an lipfjhtê-fjs anhtrc ac jrijzìi. Nstjs nstruturjs anvni nstjr an j`crac `ci j nigjfjoni, alinhsþns n c nspjïc qun nfjs c`upjràc pcanhac snr pcrtj pjffnts xc, pcrtj pjffnts ansflzjhtn, arlvnrs (arlvn lh n arlvn tmru), `jhtlfnvnr , nt`.
1 JWIJUNHJONI
0>
Rnrnics ui Zujarc `ci j nxpcslïàc anstjs nstruturjs5
[crtj [jffnt Ansflzjhtn
[crtj [jffnt @chvnh`lchjf
@jhtlfnvnr
Arlvn-lh
Arlvn-tmru
[usm gj`d
Zujarc 1 - Nstruturjs an jr ijznhjoni Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
j) [crtj pjffnt ansflzjhtn5 ansflzjhtn5 nstj nstruturj pnriltn qun c cpnrjacr icvj uij fnlrj aj nstjhtn ë inalaj qun nfn prn`lsj pnojr ui pjffnt qun nstê ui pcu`c ijls jtrês, lh`fuslvn jgrlhac ui `crrnacr nhtrn uij fnlrj n cutrj. g) [crtj pjffnt `chvnh`lchjf5 `chvnh`lchjf5 gjstjhtn utlflzjac hjs niprnsjs, nfn ì xc n pnriltn j rntlrjaj aj `jroj ni qujfqunr pcslïàc4 `) @jhtlfnvnr5 sàc vlojs an sustnhtjïàc, snrvni `cic supcrtn an vjrjhaj, pchtns, tugcs, pnrfjacs, nt`.4 a) Arlvn-lh5 `cic nstj nstruturj hàc sn icvn, ì lanjf pjrj `jrojs pjarchlzjajs4 n) Arlvn-tmru5 ðtlij nstruturj pjrj icvlinhtjïàc `chstjhtn, pcls, pnriltn qun c ijtnrljf snej `cfc`jac pcr ui fjac n rntlrjac pnfc cutrc4 b) [usm gj`d5 nssj nstruturj ì bcrijaj pcr trlfmcs `ci rcaézlcs, bj`lfltjhac c ijhusnlc an nhtrjaj n sjéaj ac pjffnt . [nriltn qun j niplfmjanlrj:0 `cfcqun vcfuins nhfnlrjacs hj pcslïàc mcrlzchtjf. [jrj jrijznhjr tjigìi ì prn`lsc icvlinhtjr cs prcautcs n pjrj tjf, snràc hn`nssêrlcs nqulpjinhtcs pjrj nstns ansfc`jinhtcs. Ì c qun vnrnics hc tðpl`c j snoulr. :0 Niplfmjanlrj5 Nqulpjinhtc Nqulpjinhtc utlflzjac pjrj `jrrnojr, `jrrnojr, icvlinhtjr, icvlinhtjr, niplfmjr n jrruijr inr`jacrljs.
02
@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
BLZ^N JFNWQJ
Pn cs prcautcs féqulacs n pjstcscs bcrni ijf j`chal`lchjacs anhtrc aj nigjfjoni nfns pcani vjzjr, `jusjhac prneuézc ë niprnsj.
1.: NZ^L[JINHQCP AN ICRLINHQJÏÀC N JWIJUNHJONI Hc jrijzìi sàc hn`nssêrlcs jfouhs nqulpjinhtcs pjrj infmcrjr n bj`lfltjr j j`cicajïàc ajs `jrojs n tjigìi suj icvlinhtjïàc. Nfns pcani snr `fjssl`jacs aj snoulhtn bcrij5 j) Nqulpjinhtcs an nfnvjïàc n trjhsbnråh`lj5 pchtn rcfjhtn, niplfmjanlrj, pjfntnlrj, pðrtl`cs xcs n rcfjhtns4 g) Qrjhspcrtjacrns `chtéhucs5 nstnlrjs rcfjhtns4 `) Nigjfjonhs5 gjo:1, sj`jrljs:>, pjffnts, `jlxjs.
[chtn Wcfjhtn
[ðrtl`c Wcfjhtn
[ðrtl`c Blxc
[jfntnlrj
[jffnt
Niplfmjanlrj
Blourj :: - Nqulpjinhtcs an icvlinhtjïàc icvlinhtjïàc Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
:1 Glo Gjo5 Pj`c orjhan hcrijfinhtn utlflzjac pjrj `cfc`jr rnstcs an pfêstl`cs cu cutrcs ijtnrljls hàc utlflzjacs hj prcauïàc. :> Pj`jrljs5 Pj`cs utlflzjacs pjrj `cfc`jïàc an oràcs cu prcautcs prcautcs pjrn`lacs. pjrn`lacs.
1 JWIJUNHJONI
0?
1.7 WN@NGLINHQC, @CHBNWÅH@LJ N N][NALÏÀC C prc`nssc an rn`nglinhtc ì ui icinhtc lipcrtjhtn hj fcoéstl`j, pcls ì jtrjvìs anstj prêtl`j qun sn cgtìi c rnolstrc an tuac qun nhtrj hj niprnsj. Nstn rnolstrc ì bnltc jtrjvìs an hctj s`jf n prcautc bésl`c chan ì bnltj j `chbnråh`lj acs ltnhs5 j) Crloni4 g) Anstlhc4 `) Rjfcrns4 a) Rcfuins4 n) Zujhtlajan4 b) [nsc4 o) Nspn`l`jïàc cu ans`rlïàc ac prcautc.
BLZ^N JFNWQJ
^ij bjfmj hj `chbnråh`lj hc jtc an rn`nglinhtc aj inr`jacrlj, `chsnqunhtninhtn lrê rnsuftjr hj bjgrl`jïàc n nxpnalïàc ac prcautc nrrjac. Blqun jtnhtc!
J `chbnråh`lj bésl`j vnrl`j j qujhtlajan n qujflajan ac ijtnrljf n, nstjhac ni ansj`crac `ci c pnalac cu sn c prcautc hàc ijhtnvn suj lhtnorlajan ac trjentc, c insic nhtrj ni prc`nssc an anvcfuïàc jc bcrhn`nacr. Jpðs nstjs `chbnråh`ljs, ì ajaj nhtrjaj acs vcfuins bésl`cs hj Hctj Bls`jf n hc slstnij. C prc`nssc an nxpnalïàc sn aê anpcls qun c ijtnrljf ì prc`nssjac (cu prcauzlac), anvlajinhtn nigjfjac, lanhtl`jac n snpjrjac pjrj alstrlgulr jtrjvìs ac icajf an trjhspcrtn janqujac jc insic. Rc`å anvn nstjr sn pnrouhtjhac5 c qun ì icajf an trjhspcrtn n qun mcrjs vcu `chmn`å-fc3 Rnrnics jocrj!
0=
@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
WN@J[LQ^FJHAC Hnstn `jpétufc jprnhanics qun gcjs prêtl`js an jrijznhjoni infmcrji j icvlinhtjïàc hc uxc fcoéstl`c. [nr`ngnics qun js vjrljajs buhïþns an jrijznhjoni sàc an nxtrnij lipcrtçh`lj. Rlics tjigìi qun nfjs anvni snr nfjgcrjajs an bcrij j j`cfmnr tcac tlpc an ijtnrljf an j`crac `ci sujs nspn`l`jïþns n hn`nsslajans. Rlu cs pchtcs lipcrtjhtns hc rn`nglinhtc an ui prcautc bjznhac tcajs js `chbnråh`ljs hn`nssêrljs j i an nvltjr buturcs liprnvlstcs, cu prneuézcs pjrj uij crojhlzjïàc n hjflzjhac c `jpétufc, cs pjsscs pjrj j nxpnalïàc.
1 JWIJUNHJONI
Jhctjïþns5
0<
Qrjhspcrtns
> Nstê prnpjrjac pjrj ‖vljejr’3 Nspnrjics qun nstnej, pcls, hnstn `jpétufc vc`å lrê `chmn`nr alvnrscs icajls an trjhspcrtn, jssli `cic j jtujïàc an `jaj ui, sujs vjhtjonhs n ansvjhtjonhs n `cic n chan `jaj ui anfns anvn snr jpfl`jac. Zujhac bjfjics j pjfjvrj Qrjhspcrtn, hc qun vc`å pnhsj3 [canics alznr qun ì `jrrnojr, fnvjr, trjhspcrtjr, nt`. Aljhtn anssns slhñhlics, pcanics anhlr qun j pjfjvrj trjhspcrtn hjaj ijls ì ac qun c icvlinhtc an pnsscjs cu `clsjs an ui fuojr pjrj cutrc. [jrj qun nstj icvlinhtjïàc j`chtnïj, sàc hn`nssêrlcs trås nfninhtcs pjrj `cipcr j cpnrjïàc an trjhspcrtn5 lhbrjnstruturj (icajf qun snrê utlflzjac `cic tnrrnstrn, jìrnc, bnrrcvlêrlc, autcvlêrlc, jqujvlêrlc), vné`ufcs (tlpc an vné`ufc qun bjz j icvlinhtjïàc `cic jutciðvnf, ñhlgus, gl`l`fntj, trnhs, jnrchjvns, `jilhmþns, nt`) n cpnrjïþns `cinr`ljls (rnoufjinhtc an trçhsltc, fnls, `ðalocs an trjhsltc, nt`). C trjhspcrtn an `jrojs ì j pjrtn buhajinhtjf aj êrnj an fcoéstl`j, sni nfn c prcautc hàc sn icvlinhtj hc inr`jac n `chsnqunhtninhtn hàc `mnoj jc `chsuilacr hjf.
PJLGJ IJLP
[jrj sjgnr tuac scgrn rnoufjinhtc an Qrjhspcrtns, Qrjhspcrtns, fnls, pnscs pnriltlacs, nt`. `chsuftn c sltn aj Joåh`lj Hj`lchjf an Qrjhspcrtns Qnrrnstrns Qnrrnstrns (JHQQ).
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@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
>.: ICAJLP5 WCACRLÊWLC, JÌWNC, BNWWCRLÊWLC, IJWÉQLIC, @CPQNLWC, BF^RLJF, A^QCRLÊWLC. Icajf ì c tlpc an trjhspcrtn qun snrê utlflzjac hj `chauïàc ajs inr`jacrljs. Jhtns an pfjhnejr j rctj an alstrlgulïàc aj `jroj, ì hn`nssêrlc ns`cfmnr qujf c tlpc an Icajf ijls janqujac pjrj j nhtrnoj, an j`crac `ci j inr`jacrlj n cpnrjïàc `cinr`ljf. Aurjhtn nssj ns`cfmj ì prn`lsc jvjfljr js vjhtjonhs n ansvjhtjonhs `cic snourjhïj, qujflajan hc snrvlïc, `ustc ac brntn, nxlglflajan ac trjhspcrtjacr, pnsc n alinhsþns aj inr`jacrlj, nt`. C icajf ns`cfmlac anvnrê tnr c inhcr `ustc/gnhnbé`lc pcssévnf pjrj j niprnsj. j) Icajf rcacvlêrlc5 Icajf qun utlflzj js vljs tnrrnstrns pjrj ansfc`jinhtc an vné`ufcs jutcictcrns `cic ñhlgus, `jilhmþns, ictc`l`fntjs, `jrrntjs n cutrcs.
RJHQJONHP
ANPRJHQJONHP
Bfnxlglflajan (`jpj`lajan an `jroj/vné`ufc Fliltn ac tjijhmc aj trêbnoc pcr qujfqunr rcacvlj) ^sjac ni qujfqunr tlpc an `jroj
Jftc `ustc an cpnrjïàc n trjhspcrtn
Jolflajan hc trjhspcrtn trjhspcrtn
Jftc rls`c an rcugc/j`lanhtns
Jipfjinhtn alspchévnf alspchévnf
Rljs `ci ojrojfcs onrjhac ojstcs nxtrjs n ijlcr tnipc pjrj nhtrnoj
Bê`lf jajptjïàc j cutrcs icajls
Icajf ijls pcfulacr qun mê
Bê`lf `chtrjtjïàc n onrnh`ljinhtc
Liprnvlstcs an vljoni n ijhutnhïàc
Jolflajan (bê`lf j`nssc j vêrlcs fc`jls) Zujarc > - Rjhtjonhs n ansvjhtjonhs ac icajf rcacvlêrlc Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
> QWJHP[CWQNP
10
g) Icajf jìrnc5 Icajf utlflzjac pjrj `jrojs nspn`é`js, an jftc vjfcr jornojac, qun jprnsnhtji inhcs vcfuin n prn`lsji nstjr hc anstlhc jc inhcr tnipc pcssévnf.
RJHQJONHP Qrjhspcrtn an fchoj alstçh`lj
ANPRJHQJONHP
@ustc nfnvjac
@urtc tnipc an trçhsltc
Hn`nsslajan an iàc an cgrj jftjinhtn qujfl`jaj
Orjhan prcxlilajan an `nhtrcs urgjhcs
Gjlxc fliltn an pnsc n vcfuin
Zujarc 2 - Rjhtjonhs n ansvjhtjonhs ac icajf jìrnc Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
`) Icajf bnrrcvlêrlc5 @cic c prðprlc hcin alz, nstn icajf `lr`ufj scgrn trlfmcs cu bnrrcvljs n prn`lsj pcssulr lhbrjnstruturj hn`nssêrlj pjrj jtnhanr j hn`nsslajan an trjhspcrtn acs prcautcs.
RJHQJONHP
ANPRJHQJONHP
Jftj n`låh`lj nhnroìtl`j
Qrêbnoc fliltjac jcs trlfmcs
Orjhans qujhtlajans trjhspcrtjajs
Plstnijs an gltcfjs:; lh`chslstnhtns
Lhnxlståh`lj an pnaêolcs
Ijfmj bnrrcvlêrlj lhsu`lnhtn
Gjlxésslic hévnf an j`lanhtns
Ijfmj bnrrcvlêrlj su`jtnjaj
Infmcrns `chalïþns an snourjhïj aj `jroj Inhcr pcfulïàc ac inlc jiglnhtn
Hni sniprn `mnoj jc anstlhc hjf, tcrhjhac-c anpnhanhtn an cutrcs icajls [cu`j nxlglflajan an nqulpjinhtcs
Zujarc ? - Rjhtjonhs n ansvjhtjonhs ac icajf bnrrcvlêrlc Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
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@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
a) Icajf ijrétlic5 C trjhspcrtn ijrétlic nvcfulu iultc jc fchoc an jhcs, jtujfinhtn nxlstni hjvlcs `jpjzns an trjhspcrtjr ijls an 1>; ilf tchnfjajs ni uij õhl`j vljoni. Ì c icajf ijls utlflzjac hjs cpnrjïþns lhtnrhj`lchjls (lipcrtjïàc n nxpcrtjïàc) jssli `cic tjigìi hc trjhspcrtn an alvnrsjs rnolþns anhtrc aj insij hjïàc (`jgctjoni:2 cu cpnrjïàc `cstnlrj).
RJHQJONHP
ANPRJHQJONHP
Orjhans n crojhlzjajs nstruturjs pcrtuêrljs
Ijhutnhïþns `chstjhtns hcs pcrtcs
Onstàc crojhlzj`lchjf nbl`lnhtn hcs pcrtcs
Fchoc tnipc an vljoni
Infmcr rnfjïàc `ustc-gnhnbé`lc (ijls gjrjtc qun c jìrnc n c rcacvlêrlc) Jftj `jpj`lajan `jpj`lajan an `jroj
Zujarc = - Rjhtjonhs n ansvjhtjonhs ac icajf ijrétlic Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
BLZ^N JFNWQJ
[jrj trjgjfmjr `ci c icajf ijrétlic sàc hn`nssêrlcs iultj jtnhïàc n `ulajac, pcls, cs prc`nsscs hnstn icajf sàc iultc gurc`rêtl`cs. Jfouhs nrrcs pcani snr lrrnvnrsévnls `cic c nigjrqun an uij inr`jacrlj nrrjaj, j pnraj ac nigjrqun ni ui hjvlc, nt`.
n) Icajf uvljf5 ui acs ijls jhtlocs inlcs an trjhspcrtns `chmn`lacs. [cr inlc acs rlcs, qun sàc vnrajanlrcs `jilhmcs hjturjls.
RJHQJONHP
ANPRJHQJONHP
Qrjhspcrtn an orjhans alstçh`ljs
Anpnhan ac hévnf acs rlcs
Qrjhspcrtn an orjhans vcfuins
Qnipc an trçhsltc fchoc
Inr`jacrlj an gjlxc vjfcr jornojac. Qrjhspcrtn c`nçhl`c (sni trçhsltc) Brntn an `ustc rnfjtlvjinhtn gjlxc
Zujarc < - Rjhtjonhs n ansvjhtjonhs ac icajf uvljf Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
:2 @jgctjoni5 hjvnojïàc nhtrn pcrtcs ac insic pjés.
> QWJHP[CWQNP
1>
b) Icajf autcvlêrlc5 trjhspcrtn pcr inlc an Autcs (tugufjïþns) utlflzjac pjrj trjhspcrtjr prcautcs `cic cfncautcs (ojscflhj, êf`ccf, hjbtj, ofp, alnsnf), ojscautcs (sjf-onij, bnrrc, bnrr c, `ch`nhtrjac bcsbêtl`c), ilanrcautcs (oês hjturjf), pcr fchojs alstçh`ljs.
RJHQJONHP Qrjhspcrtn an orjhans alstçh`ljs
ANPRJHQJONHP J`lanhtns jiglnhtjls an orjhans prcpcrïþns (nxpfcsþns)
Qrjhspcrtn an vcfuins orjhìls iultc nfnvjacs
Lhvnstlinhtc lhl`ljf nfnvjac
Plipfl`jïàc an `jroj n ans`jroj
@ustc an ijhutnhïàc nfnvjac
Inhcr pcsslglflajan an pnraj n rcugc
Wnqunr ijls fl`nhïjs jiglnhtjls
Gjlxc `chsuic an nhnrolj
Gjlxcs `ustcs cpnrj`lchjls
Jftj `chjglflajan
Zujarc :; - Rjhtjonhs n ansvjhtjonhs ac icajf autcvlêrlc Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
PJLGJ IJLP
[jrj `chmn`nr infmcr scgrn fnls, alrntrlzns, rnoufjinhtcs rnoufjinhtcs n `chtrcfns an `jrojs trjhspcrtjajs pnfc icajf ijrétlic, `chsuftn c sltn ac PLP@CIN] - C Plstnij Lhtnorjac an @ciìr`lc Nxtnrlcr. Nxtnrlcr. Ì ui slstnij qun `chtrcfj tcaj cpnrjïàc an lipcrtjïàc n nxpcrtjïàc hc icajf ijrétlic. Bchtn5 [crtjf Pls`cinx, 7;:>.
12
@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
>.7 INLCP AN QWJHP[CWQN5 JANZ^JÏÀC Ë HN@NPPLAJAN ^i õhl`c icajf cu tcacs cs icajls pcani snr utlflzjacs ni uij õhl`j trjhsbnråh`lj an ijtnrljls, c qun lrê antnrilhjr c usc snrê j hn`nsslajan. J ns`cfmj ac icajf an trjhspcrtn anpnhan aj `jrj`tnréstl`j ac prcautc, vcfuin, alstçh`lj, `jpj`lajan n prjzc an nhtrnoj nstjgnfn`lac. Nstj utlflzjïàc rn`ngn js snoulhtns anhcilhjïþns5 j) Ichcicajf cu uhlicajf5 Hnstj icajflajan, j `jroj ì trjhspcrtjaj sczlhmj, hui õhl`c tlpc an icajf, ni jpnhjs ui tlpc an vné`ufc, `ci ui õhl`c ac`uinhtc an trjhspcrtn4 g) Iuftlicajflajan5 Hnstn icajf, c trjentc ì onrlac pcr uij õhl`j niprnsj, pcanhac utlflzjr ijls an ui tlpc an icajf. J `jrj`tnréstl`j ijr`jhtn hnstj cpnrjïàc ì qun, tcac trjentc ì bnltc `ci jpnhjs ui ac`uinhtc an trjhspcrtn, nstn ac`uinhtc ì niltlac pnfj CQI (cpnrjacr an trjhspcrtn iuftlicajf) qun ì pnsscj euréal`j rnspchsêvnf pcr nstj prêtl`j4 `) Lhtnricajflajan5 Eê nstj cpnrjïàc, tjigìi pcan utlflzjr ijls an ui tlpc an icajf, pcrìi jc `chtrêrlc aj Iuftlicajflajan, hnstn `jsc ì prn`lsc niltlr ui ac`uinhtc an trjhspcrtn pjrj `jaj icajf, `chtrjtjacs pcr albnrnhtns niprnsjs. [jrj nxn`utjr tjhtcs ans`cfjinhtcs ì hn`nssêrlc jr`jr `ci cs `ustcs an tuac, `crrntc3 Ì jé qun vjics bjfjr scgrn Brntn! Nstn ì c tnric utlflzjac pjrj anhlr c `ustc an fc`cicïàc ajs inr`jacrljs n pcan snr alvlalac ni acls tlpcs5 j) Brntn @LB - @cst Lhsurjh`n jha Brnomt :? 5 c `ustc ac pjojinhtc ac brntn ì an lhtnlrj rnspchsjglflajan ac bcrhn`nacr, sni hnhmui `ustc jal`lchjf pjrj c `flnhtn4 g) Brntn BCG - Brnn Ch Gcjra :=5 jc `chtrêrlc ac Brntn @LB, hnstn `jsc c `ustc ac brntn `j pcr `chtj ac `flnhtn, sni hnhmui `ustc jc bcrhn`nacr. Mê cutrj sltujïàc an Brntn chan c `ustc ì alvlac nhtrn js pjrtns, nstn j`crac anvn snr eê prnnstjgnfn`lac n cs pnr`nhtujls vjrlji `jsc j `jsc.
:? @cst Lhsurjh`n jha Brnomt 5 @ustc, snourcs n brntn. := Brnn Ch Gcjra 5 Flvrn j gcrac
> QWJHP[CWQNP
1?
>.0 FCOÉPQL@J RNWAN N WNRNWPJ
FCOÉPQL@ COÉPQL@J J RNWAN JIGLNHQN
N@CHCILJ
PC@LNAJAN
Blourj :7 - Fcoéstl`j vnran vnran Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
Iultcs `chbuhani j Fcoéstl`j Rnran `ci j Fcoéstl`j Wnvnrsj ijs, sujs buhïþns sàc `cipfntjinhtn albnrnhtns. Fcoéstl`j Rnran, tjigìi `mjijaj an N`cfcoéstl`j, ì j pjrtn aj fcoéstl`j qun nstuaj cs lipj`tcs jiglnhtjls `jusjacs pnfjs cpnrjïþns fcoéstl`js. Eê j Fcoéstl`j Wnvnrsj trjtj ac rntcrhc acs ijtnrljls cu nigjfjonhs ac prc`nssc prcautlvc. An `nrtj bcrij nstj cpnrjïàc tni suj pjrtl`lpjïàc aj Fcoéstl`j Rnran eê qun, qujhac j`chtn`n c rntcrhc anssns ijtnrljls, nstns hàc sàc ijls utlflzjacs. Jfouijs niprnsjs bjzni j rn`l`fjoni cu ans`jrtji cs ltnhs an ijhnlrj qun hàc jorlaji j hjturnzj. Ì ajé qun vni j `chbusàc hc `ch`nltc anssjs aujs cpnrjïþns fcoéstl`js. An `nrtj bcrij, uij `cipfninhtj j cutrj, pcls jigjs tåi rnspchsjglflajans sc`ljls n jiglnhtjls. J fcoéstl`j vnran nstê rjplajinhtn ojhmjhac lhuåh`lj ni tcaj j fcoéstl`j. Ocvnrhcs n hjh`ljacrns an prcentcs nstàc sn tcrhjhac `jaj vnz ijls `chs`lnhtns an qunstþns ‖vnrans’ n sn nhqujarjhac hjs hcrijs jiglnhtjls.
1=
@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
@JPCP N WNFJQCP Mjrcfac n suj prlinlrj nxpnrlåh`lj `ci nhtrnojs
Mjrcfac trjgjfmjvj huij alstrlgulacrj an nigjfjonhs mê qujsn :; jhcs, nrj ui buh`lchêrlc gjstjhtn qunrlac pnfcs achcs, prlh`lpjfinhtn pnfc bjtc an tnr slac `jsnlrc an ui anfns. Mjrcfac jtujvj ni jtlvlajans inhcs `cipfl`jajs ac prc`nssc, `cic hj cpnrjïàc an iêqulhjs, flipnzj, `crtn an pnfàc, nt`. Nfn hàc tlhmj `ursc an qujfl`jïàc prcsslchjf. Jpnsjr an alrlolr, Mjrcfac huh`j bcl anslohjac pjrj bjznr nhtrnojs pcrqun hàc tlhmj `chmn`linhtc ni rctjs. ^i alj snu `mnbn rnscfvnu fmn ajr uij `mjh`n, pcls tlhmj trås nhtrnojs uronhtns. Wjplajinhtn bcl trjïjaj uij rctj `ci js trås nhtrnojs5 Jrj`jeõ (Pnrolpn) - 7 pjffnts `ci ui prcautc ‖J’ `ci >; `jlxjs `jaj ui. Ij`nlð (Jfjocjs) - : pjffnts `ci ui prcautc ‖G’ `ci 2; `jlxjs. [ntrcflhj ([nrhjigu`c) - 7 pjffnts, c prlinlrc `ci ui prcautc ‖J’ n cutrc `ci c prcautc ‖G’, `jaj pjffnt `ci 2; `jlxjs. Mjrcfac sjlu aj Gjmlj ni alrnïàc j Pnrolpn pjrj bjznr j prlinlrj nhtrnoj n jssli pcr aljhtn, jtn hjflzjr tuac n rntcrhjr ë niprnsj. Acls aljs anpcls, c `flnhtn an Ij`nlð flocu lhbcrijhac qun rn`ngnu ui pjffnt ac prcautc ‖J’ snhac qun nspnrjvj c prcautc ‖G’. C achc aj niprnsj `cu lhtrlojac, pcls hnhmui acs cutrcs `flnhtns mjvlji rn`fjijac. Nfn `mjicu Mjrcfac qun `chricu js nhtrnojs bnltjs `chbcrin nstjvj hc `mn`dflst : QWJHP[CWQNP
1<
Flïàc5 huh`j snrê pnraj an tnipc `chbnrlr ijls an uij vnz j jtlvlajan qun bcl nxn`utjaj. Lssc
jeuajrê vc`å j antn`tjr nquévc`cs qun pcssji tnr j`chtn`lac aurjhtn j nxn`uïàc aj jtlvlajan. N prlh`lpjfinhtn, nvltjr prcgfnijs buturcs!
>.1 C[NWJACW FCOÉPQL@C Js niprnsjs tåi gus`jac tnr`nlrlzjr js jtlvlajans qun bconi an snu aciéhlc. Nigcrj nstn hàc snej c õhl`c ictlvc qun fnvj j crojhlzjïàc j sn alrn`lchjr pjrj nstj prêtl`j, j rnauïàc an `ustc tjigìi ì ui orjhan bjtcr ictlvjacr, eê qun c snrvlïc tnr`nlrlzjac `j gni ijls ni `chtj (sn trjtjhac an `ustc) ac qun j `chtrjtjïàc alrntj. Pni bjfjr qun lsnhtj j niprnsj ajs rnspchsjglflajans prcsslchjls scgrn cs `chtrjtjacs. Bcl jtrjvìs anstj hn`nsslajan qun surolu cs anhcilhjacs Cpnrjacrns Fcoéstl`cs. ^ij prêtl`j qun tni sn tcrhjac `chtéhuj, onrjhac vêrljs vêr ljs cpcrtuhlajans prcsslchjls hnstn `jipc.
Blourj :0 - Nxnipfc an cpnrjacr cpnrjacr fcoéstl`c Bchtn5 PNHJL AW GJ, 7;:>.
>;
@CH@NLQCP GÊPL@CP AJ FCOÉPQL@J
WN@J[LQ^FJHAC Hnstn õftlic `jpétufc inroufmjics vc`å hc iuhac aj alstrlgulïàc, bjfjics scgrn trjhspcrtn n snus alvnrscs icajls, ni `cic `jaj ui anfns anvn snr jpfl`jac an j`crac `ci prcautc, vcfuin, anstlhc n rnoufjinhtcs. Rlics tjigìi `cic janquê-fcs ës hn`nsslajans acs `flnhtns, anhtrc ajs rctlhjs fcoéstl`js. @chmn`nics ui pcu`c ac qun ì Fcoéstl`j Rnran n Fcoéstl`j Wnvnrsj n pcrqun c `ch`nltc anssjs aujs prêtl`js ì tàc `chbuhalac. Nstuajhac chan `jaj uij jtuj, puanics `ciprnnhanr qun uij `ch`ful c trjgjfmc aj cutrj. @chmn`nics tjigìi c slohl`jac ac Cpnrjacr Fcoéstl`c, `cic n chan nfn jtuj, pcrqun snus snrvlïcs sàc scfl`ltjacs n qujls js vjhtjonhs an sn tnr`nlrlzjr js cpnrjïþns fcoéstl`js hjs niprnsjs. @mnojics jc i ac flvrc n nspnrjics qun tnhmj ocstjac ac jssuhtc! Nstuajics scgrn j fcoéstl`j, suj crloni, snus slstnijs, `chtrcfns, bcrij an cpnrjr, js vjhtjonhs n ansvjhtjonhs anstn iuhac qun anvn snr `chstjhtninhtn nxpfcrjac. Rlics `cic nigjfjr, prnsnrvjr, icvlinhtjr, trjhspcrtjr n `ccranhjr nssj alstrlgulïàc jtì j nhtrnoj hc `flnhtn hjf. J`rnaltjics qun nstn flvrc tnhmj anlxjac `fjrc pjrj vc`å `cic ì j jtujïàc hj fcoéstl`j n qun c jeuan ni suj ecrhjaj prcsslchjf, anspnrtjhac snu lhtnrnssn, pjrj quni sjgn hc buturc, vc`å tcrhnsn ui onstcr hnstj êrnj.
> QWJHP[CWQNP
Jhctjïþns5
>:
WNBNWÅH@LJP GWJPLF. Ilhlstìrlc ac Qrjgjfmc. Qrjgjfmc. HGW :?5 nrochcilj, :
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