Computer Fundamentals & Office Applications

April 10, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Xrnalalo Vrkorni kl

@kiputgr Julhnigltnes & Kjja`g Nppea`ntakls

Hr. I@RMRH Alstatutg Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Xrnhginrc N`clkweghogiglt

Nee Vrkhu`ts nrg rgoastgrgh trnhginrcs kj tmgar rgspg`vg rg spg`vg kronlaznkl. Nee skwnrg usgh as jkr trnalalo purpksg kley. Xmas bkkc mns bggl spgàneey hgsaolgh jkr aipnrlo A@X Ghu`nkl tk Okvgrliglt kànes wkrcalo al vnrakus hgpnrtiglts al tmg Okvgrliglt kj Xgenlonln. Hr. I@RMRH I@RMRH Alstu Alstutg, tg, Myh Myhgrn grnbnh bnh hgs hgsaol aolgh gh nlh hgvgek hgvgekpgh pgh tma tmass `ku `kursg rsgwnr wnrg g al Gl Gloea oeasm sm kl ―@kiputgr Julhnigltnes & K`g Nppea`nkls’. @kpyraomt © Hr. I@RMRH Alstutg Myhgrnbnh 26>0. Nee Raomts rgsgrvgh. Lk pnrt kj tmas pubea`nkl iny bg rgprkhu`gh, stkrgh al rgtragvne, systgi, kr trnlsiagh al nly jkri, kr by nly ignls, geg`trkla`, ig`mnla`ne, pmktk`kpyalo, rg`krhalo kr ktmgrwasg, watmkut tmg prakr

wragl pgriassakl kj tmg pubeasmgr.

>. Altrkhu`takl tk @kiputgrs >.>. _mnt as `kiputgr

0

>.2. @mnrn`tgrasta`s kj @kiputgrs >.0. Xypgs kj @kiputgrs 0 >.8. Oglgrntakls kj @kiputgr >.7. @kipklglts kj

0

@kiputgr >.:. Lgtwkrcalo

8 8

2. Kpgrntalo Pystgi4 _alhkws ? 2.>. Jgnturgs

7

Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

>0

>:

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@kltglts 2.2. Gnsagr wnys tk wkrc watm walhkws

>: 2.0. Bgttgr Hgva`g Inlnogiglt >? 2.8. _alhkws Mkig Orkup >?

0. IP Kjja`g >1

0.>. Altrkhu`takl >1 0.2. Rabbkl >1 >= 8. IP _krh 26>6

26 8.>. Altgrjn`g Gegiglts 20 8.2. Jaeg Iglu 28 8.0. Nutk @krrg`t 8.8. Mkig Xnb 2: 8.7. Alsgrt Xnb 0> 8.:. Vnog Enykut Xnb

88

8.?. Inaealos Xnb 76 8.=. Rgvagw Xnb 7>

8.1. Zagw Xnb 70 7: 7. IP Gx`ge 26>6

7: 7.> Pprgnhsmggts 7? 7.2 Altrkhu`takl tk Gx`ge 26>6 :7 7.0 Jaeg Xnb :?

7.8 Mkig Xnb

>

7.7 Jul`takls al Gx`ge 26>6 7.: Alsgrt Xnb 7.? Vnog Enykut Xnb 7.= Jkriuens 7.1 Hntn Xnb 7.>6 Rgvagw Xnb 7.>> Zagw Xnb 7.>2 @mnrts 7.>0 @klhataklne jkrinttalo 7.>8 Hntn Zneahntakl 7.>7 Vraltalo : Vrgsgltntakl Xkke IP VkwgrVkalt 26>6 :.> Rabbkl

:.2 @rgntg n lgw prgsgltntakl :.0 Peahg Zagws :.8 Nppey Xrnlsatakl :.7 Vrgsgltalo Peahg Pmkw :.: Pnvalo nlh Vraltalo :.? _krh Nrt nlh Pmnpgs :.= Nlaintalo Xgxt nlh Kbdg`ts Altgrlgt ?

?.> _mnt as Altgrlgt ?.2 _mnt as www ?.0 _gb Brkwsgr ?.8 Xkkebnrs ?.7 WRE ?.: Hkinals ?.? Mkig Vnog nlh Mastkry ?.= Xmg @n`mg

?.= Xmg @n`mg

?.1 Jnvkratgs ?.>6 Mkw hkgs Pgnr`m Gloalg wkrc ?.>> Xmalos Xk Bg @nutakus Nbkut Xmg Altgrlgt 2

Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

:1 ?> ?2 ?2 ?7 ?? ?= ?1 => =2 =8 10 10 1? >6? >08 >0? >80 >8? >:0 26>

26> 26> 260 268 267 26: 26? 26? 26= 261 2>6

Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Altrkhu`takl tk @kiputgrs Xmg prgsglt nog iny bg tgrigh ns `kiputgr nog bg`nusg lk ktmgr alvgltakl mns rgvkeutaklazgh tmg wkreh ns iu`m ns tmg Geg`trkla` Haoatne @kiputgrs, `kiikley clkwl ns `kiputgrs. Dust al n smkrt pgrakh kj tmrgg hg`nhgs, tmg `kiputgrs mnvg bg`kig alhaspglsnbeg al gvgry spmgrg kj muinl eajg. Xmg wkrc nrgn kj `kiputgrs as vgry gxmnustavg. Xmgrg as mnrhey nly nrgn kj hgvgekpiglt wmgrg `kiputgr nppea`ntakls mnvg lkt sgt al. Xk aeeustrntg n jgw, wg `nl jalh tmgar gxmnustavg usg al kronlazntakls su`m ns4 ∑

Alhustrags, busalgss kronlazntakls Rgsgnr`m gstnbeasmiglts ∑

Ghu`ntaklne alstatutakls ∑ ∑

Okvgrliglt hgpnrtiglts ∑

Mkspatnes Hkùiglt `gltgrs ∑ ∑

Gipekyiglt Gx`mnlogs Vkea`g hgpnrtiglts

∑

@kiiula`ntakl hgpnrtiglts ∑ Pgrva`g Kronlazntakls ∑

>.> _mnt as n `kiputgr

N `kiputgr as n truey ninzalo ninzalo in`malg tmnt pgrjkris spgàjagh spgàjagh sgqugl`gs kj kpgrntakls ns pgr tmg sgt kj alstru`takls (clkwl ns prkornis) oavgl kl n sgt kj hntn (alput) tk oglgrntg hgsargh aljkrintakl (kutput). Bgalo n in`malg, at waee lkt pgrjkri alhgpglhgltey kr `rgntavgey. At waee hk kley, wmnt as alstru`tgh tk hk, al spgàja` tgris. At as bnsgh kl n `kipegx tg`mlkekoy, but wkrcs kl n saipeg pralàpeg ns jkeekws4

ALVWX VRK@GPP KWXVWX

>.2

@mnrn`tgrasta`s kj @kiputgrs

Xmg `mnrn`tgrasta`s kj `kiputgrs tmnt mnvg inhg tmgi sk pkwgrjue nlh ulavgrsneey usgjue nrg spggh, n`ùrn`y, haeaogl`g, vgrsntaeaty nlh stkrnog `npnàty. Egt us hasùss tmgi bragjey. ∑ Ppggh-@kiputgrs wkrc nt nl al`rghabeg spggh. N pkwgrjue `kiputgr as `npnbeg kj

pgrjkrialo nbkut 0-8 iaeeakl saipeg alstru`takls pgr sg`klh.

0 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

∑

N`ùrn`y-A l nhhatakl tk bgalo jnst, `kiputgrs nrg nesk n`ùrntg. Grrkrs tmnt iny

k`ùr `nl neikst newnys bg nttrabutgh tk muinl grrkr (aln`ùrntg hntn, pkkrey hgsaolgh systgi kr jnuety alstru`takls/prkornis wrattgl by tmg prkorniigr) Haeaogl`g- Wleacg muinl bgalos, `kiputgrs nrg maomey `klsastglt. Xmgy hk lkt

sujjgr ∑ jrki muinl trnats kj bkrghki nlh targhlgss rgsuetalo al en`c kj `kl`gltrntakl. @kiputgrs, tmgrgjkrg, nrg bgttgr tmnl muinl bgalos al pgrjkrialo vkeuialkus nlh rgpgtatavg dkbs. Zgrsntaeaty- @kiputgrs nrg vgrsntaeg in`malgs nlh nrg `npnbeg kj pgrjkrialo nly tnsc

ns ∑ eklo ns at `nl bg brkcgl hkwl altk n sgrags kj ekoa`ne stgps. Xmg prgsgl`g kj `kiputgrs `nl bg sggl al neikst gvgry spmgrg ‐ Rnaewny/Nar rgsgrvntakl, Bnlcs, Mktges, _gntmgr jkrg`nstalo nlh inly ikrg. Ptkrnog @npnàty-Xkhny‑s `kiputgrs `nl stkrg enrog vkeuigs kj hntn. N pag`g

kj ∑ aljkrintakl kl`g rg`krhgh (kr stkrgh) al tmg `kiputgr, `nl lgvgr bg jkrokttgl nlh `nl bg rgtragvgh neikst alstnltnlgkusey. >.0 Xypgs kj @kiputgrs ∑

Haoatne‐ N Haoatne `kiputgr usgs haoatne tg`mlkekoy. tg`mlkekoy. At prk`gssgs haoatne qunlta qunltatags tags tmnt

nttnal has`rgtg vneugs. Ikst `kiputgrs usgh jkr aljkrintakl prk`gssalo nrg kj tmas typg. ∑

Nlneko ‐ Nl Nlneko `kiputgr as hgsaolgh tk prk`gss `kltalukus pmysa`ne

qunltatags. Gxnipegs kj nlneko `kiputgr usnog alèuhg iklatkralo tgipgrnturg,

vketnog nlh ùrrglt rgnhalo al n pkwgr stntakl. Gn`m kj tmgsg pnrnigtgrs `nl nttnal

nl aljalatg luibgr kj vneugs, lkt dust saipeg kl nlh kjj. >.8 Oglgrntakl kj @kiputgrs

Xmg gvkeutakl kj `kiputgrs mns pnssgh tmrkuom n luibgr kj stnogs bgjkrg at rgn`mgh tmg prgsglt stntg. Jrki tmg gnrey >176s, orkwtm kj tmg `kiputgrs wns vgry rnpah but tmas hgvgekpiglt tkkc hastal`t pmnsgs clkwl ns oglgrntakl kj `kiputgrs. Xmgy rgprgsgltgh aiprkvgiglt al spggh, igikry, alput nlh kutput hgva`gs nlh prkorniialo tg`mlaqugs. Hajjgrglt oglgrntakls nrg `mnrn`tgrazgh by tmgar tg`mlkekoy kj bnsa` `kiputalo gegiglts. ∑

Jarst Oglgrntakl -Xmg jarst oglgrntakl `kiputgrs wgrg tmg vkeuialkus `kiputgrs.

Xmgsg `kiputgrs usgh geg`trkla` vnevgs (vnùui tubgs) nlh mnh tmg inal eaiatntakls kj vgry enrog geg`tra` pkwgr `klsuiptakl nlh vgry eatteg rgeanbaeaty. ∑

Pg`klh Oglgrntakl-Xmg alvgltakl kj trnlsastkr al >18= (alvgltgh nt Bgee Enbkrntkrags, WPN) egh tk tmg hgvgekpiglt kj sg`klh-oglgrntakl `kiputgrs. Xrnlsastkrs rgpen`gh tmg vnevgs (vnùui tubgs) `kipegtgey ns tmgy wgrg jnr ikrg supgrakr al pgrjkrinl`g kl n``kult kj tmgar ialanturg sazg, sineegr pkwgr `klsuiptakl nlh egss gxpglsavg.

8 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

∑

Xmarh Oglgrntakl-Xmgsg `kiputgrs usg altgorntgh àrùats (A@s) al pen`g kj

trnlsastkrs nlh tmgy wgrg mnvalo maomgr spggh, enrog stkrnog `npnàtags nlh egss gxpglsavg. Nl altgorntgh àrùat nrrnlogs tmkusnlhs kj swat`mgs kl àrùat bknrhs clkwl ns n `map. Xmgsg in`malgs usgh ikrg vgrsntaeg prkorni eacg Iueta Vrkorniialo Xg`mlaqugs nlh Hntnbnsg Inlnogiglt.

∑

Jkurtm Oglgrntakl -Hug tk hgvgekpiglt kj enrog s`neg altgorntgh `maps clkwl ns

ia`rkprk`gsskr `maps al >1?> by Altge @krpkrntakl, nlktmgr brggh bg`nig pkpuenr ns jkurtm oglgrntakl `kiputgrs. Xmg jkurtm oglgrntakl kj `kiputgrs as inrcgh watm tmg al`rgnsgh spggh rgtragvne `npnbaeatags nlh jnàeatags jkr `kiiula`ntakl. Xmgy `nl bg `kllg`tgh watm tmg sntgeeatg `kiiula`ntakl ealgs tk trnlsjkri aljkrintakl jrki klg pnrt kj tmg wkreh tk tmg ktmgr pnrt kj tmg wkreh nt n vgry maom spggh. Xmgsg in`malgs usgh nhvnl`gh skjtwnrg eacg prk`gss `kltrkeegrs, `kiputgr nahgh hgsaol, geg`trkla` sprgnhsmggt gt`. ∑

Jajtm Oglgrntakl-Xmgsg in`malgs waee usg pnrneege prk`gssalo tg`mlaqugs nlh nrtajaàne altgeeaogl`g tg`mlaqugs. Xmgrgjkrg tmgsg `kiputgrs waee bg nbeg tk tmalc ns muinl bgalos `nl tmalc. Xmgsg in`malgs waee bg nbeg tk prk`gss lkl-luigra`ne

hntn su`m ns pa`turgs, ornpms usg kj lgw typgs kj altgorntgh àrùatsgt`. jkr Xmgy jnstgrwaee spggh kpgrntakl. Xmgsg in`malgs nrg ulhgr hgvgekpiglt.

Xmg Rgvkeutakl al `kiputgr tg`mlkekoy

@kiputgrs nrg nesk nvnaenbeg al hajjgrglt sazgs nlh al hajjgrglt `npnbaeatags. Xmgy iny bg `ntgokrazgh ns Vgrsklne @kiputgrs, Ia`rk @kiputgrs, Iala @kiputgrs, Inaljrnig @kiputgrs nlh Pupgr @kiputgrs. Vgrsklne @kiputgrs nrg bgalo upornhgh jrki taig tk taig hgpglhalo kl tmg ia`rkprk`gsskr `kljaourntakl jrki Vgltaui-A tk Vgltaui AZ. Lgw prk`gsskr tg`mlkekoy eacg Hune @krg Vrk`gsskrs, Altge @krg 2 huk nlh ûnh @krg prk`gsskrs mns glmnl`gh tmg `kiputalo pkwgr kj Vgrsklne/Hgsctkp `kiputgrs tk inly jkehs. >.7 @kipklglts kj n `kiputgr N `kiputgr systgi mns inaley twk `kipklglts, lnigey Mnrhwnrg nlh Pkjtwnrg. Mnrhw Mnrhwnrg nrg rgjgrs tk tmg pmysa`ne ulats kj `kiputgr, wma`m alèuhgs nee geg`trkla` nlh geg`tra` àrùatry `kipklglts nlh hgva`gs. Nlytmalo, wma`m yku sgg kr tku`m, as `klsahgrgh ns mnrhwnrg. Pkjtwnrg as n sgt kj alstru`takls tmnt incgs tmg mnrhwnrg wkrc tk ogt hgsargh rgsuets. Mnrhwnrg

Mnrhwnrg iny bg hgs`rabgh ulhgr tmg jkeekwalo `ntgokrags4

∑ Alput hgva`gs ∑ Vrk`gss ulat ∑ Kutput hgva`gs ∑ Ptkrnog hgva`gs

Alput hgva`gs- Alput hgva`gs n``gpt hntn nlh alstru`takls jrki tmg usgr. Gxnipegs nrg4 7

Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

∑

Cgybknrh ∑

Ikusg Dkysta`c ∑

Eaomt Vgl ∑

Kpta`ne/inolgta` P`nllgr ∑ ∑

Xku`m P`rggl Ia`rkpmklg jkr vka`g ns alput ∑ Cgybknrh- N cgybknrh as tmg ikst `kiikl `kiikl alput hgva`g nlh as usgh jkr ne neee calhs kj `kiputgrs ‐ Inal, Iala nlh In`rks. Pgvgrne Pgvgrne calhs kj cgybknrhs nrg nvnaenbe nvnaenbeg g but tmgy rgsgibeg gn`m ktmgr watm ialkr vnrantakls. Xmg cgybknrh al ikst `kiikl usg as tmg ^_GRXQ bknrh. ABI nlh ABI `kipntabeg V@s usg >6> cgybknrh, sk `neegh sal`g tmgy mnvg >6> cgys. Xmg ùrskr `kltrke cgys nrg hupea`ntgh tk neekw gnsagr usg kj tmg luigra` pnh. Pgvgrne nttrn`tavg cgybknrhs nrg nvnaenbeg al tmg inrcgt watm skig nhhataklne cgys jkr kpglalo walhkws stnrt iglu, altgrlgt gxpekrgr gt`.

Cgybknrh Kpgrntakls ⮔ Xypalo cgys - Xmg pnrt kj tmg cgybknrh wma`m as usgh tk typg egttgrs, luibgrs nlh ktmgr

`mnrn`tgrs. Xmg skig nepmnbgts rgsgibegs stnlhnrh typgwratgr gxn`tey, mkwgvgr tmgrg gxtrnenykut cgys jkr gltgralon`kiinlhs, g.o. @tre cgybknrh cgy, Net cgy, Pmajt cgy, Gltgr cgy gt`. Kl ikst cgybknrhs tmgsg gxtrn cgys nrg orny al `kekr wmgrgns tmg nepmnbgt, luibgr, syibke nlh pul`tuntakl cgys nrg wmatg al `kekr. Xmg @tre, Net nlh Pmajt cgy as newnys usgh al `kldul`takl watm skig ktmgr cgy. ⮔ Pmajt nlh @nps Ek`c cgy - Xmg Pmajt cgy as usgh tk typg `npatne egttgrs a.g. aj yku wnlt tk

typg tmg egttgr ―J’, yku mnvg tk prgss tmg Pmajt cgy, cggp al prgssgh watm klg jalogr nlh prgss ―j’ cgy watm tmg ktmgr. Mkwgvgr, aj yku wnlt tk typg nl gltarg wkrh kr n sgltgl`g al `npatne egttgrs, usg tmg @nps Ek`c cgy alstgnh. Wleacg tmg Pmajt cgy, @nps Ek`c cgy as n tkooeg cgy nlh hkgs lkt lggh tk bg prgssgh `kltalukusey. Vrgss at kl`g nlh at bg`kigs Kl (yku waee sgg tmg @nps Ek`c alha`ntkr kl tmg cgybknrh eaomtalo up wmgl yku hk tmas) nlh tmgrgnjtgr wmntgvgr yku typg wkueh bg al `npatne egttgrs, prgss at nonal nlh bg`kigs Kjj. ⮔ Jul`takl cgys-Xmg rkw kj >6->2 cgys-J> tk J>2 nbkvg tmg typalo cgys nrg `neegh tmg

jul`takl cgys nlh nrg usgh tk gxgùtg spgàne `kiinlhs kr ns smkrtùt cgys. Xmg usg kj tmgsg cgys vnrags prkorni tk prkorni, mkwgvgr watmal IP Kjja`g skig hgorgg kj stnlhnrhazntakl mns bggl n`magvgh. Al _krh, tmg jul`takl cgys nrg usgh neklg kr tkogtmgr watm tmg Pmajt, Net nlh @tre cgys tk oavg `kiinlhs.

: Hr.I@R MRH Alstug

⮔ @urskrs `kltrke cgys- N orkup kj spgàne cgys usgh `kltrke `kltrke nlh lnvaontg tmg ùrskr ‐ nrrkw cgys (Wp ↞, Hkwl ←, Egjt ↖, Raomt →). Mkig nlh Glh nrg usgh tk qua`cey pen`g

tmg ùrskr. Al tmg bgoallalo kr glh kj n ealg. Xk hgegtg nl nepmnbgt tk tmg egjt kj tmg ùrskr prgss tmg Bn`cspn`g cgy ↖ (lkrineey nbkvg tmg Gltgr cgy), tk hgegtg nl nepmnbgt tk tmg raomt kj tmg ùrskr prgss tmg Hge cgy.

⮔ Luigra` cgypnh-Xmg cgys kl tmg gxtrgig raomt kj tmg cgybknrh (rgsgibealo n

`neùentkr‑s cgy bknrh), wma`m `nl bg usgh bktm ‐ tk gltgr luibgrs (wmgl tmg Lui Ek`c as Kl) kr tk ikvg tmg ùrskr (_mgl tmg Lui Ek`c as Kjj). Xmg Lui Ek`c as ek`ntgh nbkvg tmg luibgr ? (Mkig) cgy kl tmg Luigra` cgypnh nlh ats Kl kr Kjj stntus as haspenygh by tmg Lui Ek`c alha`ntkr eaomt kl ykur cgybknrh. Pal`g Lui Ek`c as nesk n tkooeg cgy, prgssalo at kl`g incg as Kl nlh prgssalo at nonal incgs at Kjj. Lktg4 Vrgss tmg cgys bragjey watm n eaomt prgssurg, ulegss yku wnlt rgpgntgh `mnrn`tgrs. ⮔ Xmg Ikst Aipkrtnlt Cgys✘ Net nlh @tre- Xmg `kiinlh cgys nrg usgh al `kibalntakl watm nlktmgr cgy kr

watm tmg ikusg. Jkr gxnipeg tmg Net + J8 cgy `kibalntakl (prgss hkwl tmg Net cgy, mkeh at hkwl nlh prgss tmg J8 jul`takl cgy bragjey nlh tmgl rgegnsg bktm) èksg tmg prkorni. ✘

Pmajt-Eacg Net nlh @tre, tmg Pmajt cgy as nesk usgh al `kiinlhs al

`kibalntakl watm ktmgr cgys. Al typalo, at as usgh al tmg snig wny ns kl n typgwratgr ‐ tk prkhu`g `npatne egttgrs. ✘

Gltgr- _mgl typalo tgxt, prgss Gltgr wmgl yku wnlt tk prkhu`g n jkr`gh ealg

jggh ( g.o. nt tmg glh kj n pnrnornpm nlh tk `rgntg benlc ealgs). Gltgr as nesk usgh al `kibalntakl watm ktmgr cgys tk gxgùtg n jgw `kiinlhs. Kl skig cgybknrhs, tmas cgy as lnigh Rgturl alstgnh kj Gltgr. ✘

Gs`-Xmg Gs` cgy as ek`ntgh tk tmg egjt kj tmg jul`takl cgys, al uppgr egjt `krlgr

kj tmg cgybknrh. At `nl bg usgh tk incg n @nl`ge sgeg`takl al n iglu. ✘

Bn`cspn`g-Vrgssalo tmas cgy hgegtgs tmg `mnrn`tgr tk tmg egjt kj tmg

ùrskr. ✘ Hge (Hgegtg) -Xmas cgy hgegtgs tmg `mnrn`tgr tk tmg raomt kj tmg ùrskr. geg`trk-ig`mnla`ne, mnlh-mgeh hgva`g. At as usgh ns n pkaltgr tk4 Ikusg- N ikusg as nl geg`trk-ig`mnla`ne, Pgeg`t iglu `kiinlhs ∑

Ikvg a`kls ∑

Pazg walhkws ∑

Ptnrt prkornis, nlh

∑ ∑

@mkksg kptakls.

? Hr.I@R MRH Alstug

Nl kpta`ne ikusg as nl nhvnl`gh nhvnl`gh `kiputgr pkaltalo hgva`g tmnt usgs n eaomt-giattalo hakhg ( EGH ), nl kpta`ne sglskr, nlh haoatne saolne prk`gssalo ( HPV ) al pen`g kj tmg trnhataklne ikusg bnee nlh geg`trkig`mnla`ne trnlshu`gr. Ikvgiglt as hgtg`tgh by sglsalo `mnlogs al rgjeg`tgh eaomt, rntmgr tmnl by altgrprgtalo tmg iktakl kj n rkeealo spmgrg. Ikvgiglt kj tmg ikusg as inaltnalgh van nl alput pkrt `kllg`tgh tk tmg `kiputgr. Inly prkorniigs tkhny nrg hgsaolgh tk wkrc watm n ikusg. N ikusg as usgh tk rgpen`g mnrh-tk-egnrl cgy `kibalntakls watm gnsagr ―Vkalt nlh @ea`c’ n`takls. Ikusg Kpgrntakls⮔ Vkaltalo - Ikvg tmg ikusg pkaltgr ultae tmg pkaltgr as kl tmg hgsargh atgi. ⮔ @ea`calo- Ikvg tmg ikusg pkaltgr tk tmg pksatakl yku wnlt, tmgl prgss tmg ikusg

egjt buttkl kl`g. ⮔ Hkubeg-èa`calo- Ikvg tmg ikusg pkaltgr tk tmg pksatakl yku wnlt, tmgl prgss tmg

ikusg egjt buttkl twa`g al rnpah su``gssakl. Netgrlntavgey, aj ykur ikusg mns bggl sk alstneegh, yku `nl nesk èa`c tmg iahheg buttkl kl`g, alstgnh kj prgssalo tmg egjt buttkl twa`g. ⮔ Raomt-èa`calo - Al skig `nsgs eacg `mnloalo tmg prkpgrtags kj nl kbdg`t, kr jkr

`krrg`talo n iasspgee wkrh, kr gvgl jkr ùt, `kpy nlh pnst-tmg ikusg raomt buttkl `nl bg usgh. Al su`m `nsgs, saipey sgeg`t tmg kbdg`t nlh èa`c kl`g kl tmg ikusg raomt buttkl. ⮔ Hrnooalo-Ikvg tmg ikusg pkaltgr tk tmg raomt pen`g, maomeaomt tmg hgsargh tgxt by

èa`calo kl`g al tmg bgoallalo nlh rgegnsalo tmg egjt buttkl nt tmg glh, tmgl èa`c kl`g nonal al tmg maomeaomtgh bek`c, cggp tmg ikusg egjt buttkl prgssgh nlh rkee tmg ikusg tk ikusg tk ikvg tmg bek`c tk n lgw ek`ntakl by rgegnsalo tmg egjt buttkl nt tmg hgsargh ek`ntakl. Nt jarst, usalo tmg ikusg ikusg inly bg hajjaùet (pnrtaùe (pnrtaùenrey nrey hkubeg-èa`calo nlh hrnooalo). Mkwgvgr, egnrlalo tk usg at as wkrtm tmg trkubeg bg`nusg inly kj tmg nhvnl`gh tkkes al ikhgrl prkornis nrg kley kpgrntgh watm tmg ikusg. Al nly `nsg ikst kpgrntakls nrg iu`m ikrg saipegr nlh jnstgr tk gxgùtg tmrkuom tmg ikusg rntmgr tmnl tmrkuom tmg cgybknrh. Vrk`gsskr - Xmg `kipegx prk`ghurg tmnt trnlsjkris rnw alput hntn altk usgjue aljkrintakl jkr prk`gssalo kutput as `neeghnlh tmg prk`gsskr igikry . . Xk pgrjkri tmas trnlsjkri, tmg `kiputgr usgs twk `kipklglts,

= Hr.I@R MRH Alstug

Xmg prk`gsskr as tmg ―brnal’ kj tmg `kiputgr, tmg pnrt tmnt altgrprgts nlh `nrrags kut alstru`takls. Al enrog `kiputgrs, tmg prk`gsskr kjtgl `kiprasgs n luibgr kj `maps wmgrgns al sinee `kiputgrs `neegh Ia`rk`kiputgrs kr pgrsklne `kiputgrs (V@‑s), tmg prk`gsskr as n saloeg saea`kl `map, `neegh n ia`rkprk`gsskr.

Xmg tgri `gltrne prk`gssalo ulat (@VW) as usgh

ekksgey tk rgjgr tk n `kiputgr‑s prk`gsskr wmgtmgr at as n sgt kj `maps kr n saloeg ia`rkprk`gsskr. Gvgry @VW mns twk bnsa` pnrts, tmg `kltrke ulat (@W) nlh tmg Nratmig` Ekoa` Wlat (NEW). Xmg `kltrke ulat inlnogs nee tmg `kiputgr rgskur`gs nlh `kkrha lntgs nee tmg `kiputgr‑s n`vags. At `kltnals tmg bnsa` alstru`kls (`neegh riwnrg) jkr gxgùkl kj prkornis. Xmg alstru`kl sgt, buaet altk tmg àrùatry kj tmg `kltrke ulat, as n east kj nee tmg kpgrnkls tmnt tmg @VW `nl pgrjkri. Al jn`t, tmg @kltrke Wlat `nl ` nl bg tmkuomt kj ns n trn` `kp, harg`lo tmg kw kj hntn nrkulh tmg @VW nlh nrkulh tmg `kiputgr. ∑ Igikry- Xmg hntn jgh tk tmg

`kiputgr stnys stkrgh al tmg igikry, ns nlh wmgl tmg hntn as rgquargh tk bg prk`gssgh kr kpgrntgh upkl, at as trnlsjgrrgh tk tmg Nratmigta` Ekoa` Wlat wma`m hkgs nee tmg `kiputntakl wkrc eacg nhhatakl, subtrn`takl gt`. Njtgr prk`gssalo, pr k`gssalo, tmg hntn as nonal brkuomt bn`c nlh stkrgh al tmg igikry.

1 Hr.I@R MRH Alstug

Xmg ulat kj igikry as bytg wma`m as `kibalntakl kj = bats. >628 bytgs > Caek bytg >628 Caek bytgs > Igon bytg >628 Igon bytgs > Oaon bytg >628 Oaon bytgs > Xgrrn bytg

Xmgrg nrg twk typgs kj igikrags4 ⮔ INAL IGIKRQ (RNI) ‐Xmg inal igikry as Rnlhki N``gss Igikry (RNI). Xmg

lnig hgravgs jrki tmg jn`t tmnt hntn `nl bg stkrgh al nlh rgtragvgh nt rnlhki, jrki nlywmgrg. Inalatigikry as aligikry vkentaeg stntg. _mglkjtmg `kiputgr kjj, inal igikry as gipty3 wmgl as kl, inal as `npnbeg rg`gavalo nlhasmkehalo n `kpy kj tmg skjtwnrg alstru`takls nlh hntn lg`gssnry jkr prk`gssalo. Bg`nusg inal igikry as n vkentaeg jkri kj stkrnog nlh tmg usgrs iaomt eksg nly ulsnvgh aljkrintakl, mgl`g usgr kjtgl stkrgs tmgar wkrc kl hgva`gs su`m ns jekppy hascs kr mnrh hascs.

⮔ RGNH KLEQ IGIKRQ (RKI) ‐ Alstru`takl tk pgrjkri su`m kpgrntakls, wma`m nrg

`rata`ne tk tmg kpgrntakl kj n `kiputgr nrg stkrgh pgrinlgltey kl n rgnh-kley igikry (RKI) `map alstneegh by tmg inlujn`turgr alsahg tmg `kiputgr. _mgl tmg pkwgr al tmg `kiputgr as turlgh kjj, tmg alstru`takls stkrgh al RKI nrg lkt ekst nlh tmg hntn `nllkt bg `mnlogh.

∑ Nratmigta` nlh Ekoa` Wlat -Nee tmg `neùentakls nrg pgrjkrigh nlh nee `kipnraskls

(hgàsakls) nrg inhg al tmg Nratmigta` nlh Ekoa` Wlat (NEW) kj tmg @VW. Lk prk`gssalo k`ùrs al tmg prainry stkrnog. Altgrighantg rgsuets oglgrntgh nrg tgipkrnraey pen`gh al jrki n hgsaolntgh wkrcalo stkrnog nrgn nt n entgr taig. Hntn iny tmus ikvg klg prainry stkrnog tk tmg NEWultae nlhlgghgh bn`c nonal tk stkrg nt inly taigs bgjkrg prk`gssalo as jalasmgh. Kl`g `kipegtgh, tmg jalne rgsuets nrg rgegnsgh tk nl kutput stkrnog sg`takl nlh jrki tmgrg tk nl kutput hgva`g. Xmg typg nlh luibgr kj Nratmigta` Ekoa` kpgrntakls n `kiputgr `nl pgrjkri nrg hgtgrialgh by tmg hgsaol kj tmg @VW.

>6 Hr.I@R MRH Alstug

∑

@kltrke Wlat - Xmg @kltrke Wlat, ns tmg vgry lnig aipeags, `kltrkes tmg ikvgiglt nlh kpgrntgs watmal tmg @VW. Bnsgh kl tmg alstru`takls oavgl @VW glsurgs tmg kpgrntakls ns spgàjagh al tmg prkorni nrg pgrjkrigh al tmg sgqugl`g. Xmas kpgrntakl iny bg rg`gapt kj hntn nlh stkralo tmgi nt spgàjagh ek`ntakls, trnlsjgr kj hntn jrki klg nhhrgss kj igikry tk nlktmgr, trnlsjgr kj hntn jrki Igikry tk tmg Nratmigta` Wlat, `kltrkeealo tmg Nratmigta` Wlat tk igikry jrki tmgrg kl tk tmg kutput. ∑

Kutput Hgva`gs- Njtgr tmg `kiputgr mns prk`gssgh prk`gssgh tmg hntn, tmg jalne rgsuet mns tk bg

brkuomt kut jrki tmg in`malg al skig altgeeaoglt nlh rgnhnbeg jkri. Xmg rgsuet tmnt `kigs kut kj tmg in`malg as `neegh kutput nlh tmg gquapiglt wma`m glnbegs tmg rgsuets tk bg brkuomt kut nrg nr g tgrigh kutput hgva`gs. Xmg `kiikl kutput hgva`gs nrg4 ∑ Iklatkr ∑ XZ ∑ E@H Vrkdg`tkr ∑ Vraltgr Iklatkr- Iklatkr as nl kutput hgva`g watm tmg mgep kj wma`m n usgr `nl sgg tmg rgsuets prkhu`gh by tmg `kiputgr. At as nesk `neegh ns Zasune Haspeny Wlat (ZHW) nvnaenbeg al hajjgrglt sazgs. Xmg quneaty kj tmg haspeny hgpglhs kl tmg s`rggl rgskeutakl. _g mnvg @RX(@ntmkhg Rny tubg) nlh E@H(Eaquah @rystne Haspeny) Iklatkrs. E@H iklatkrs nrg vgry pkpuenr iklatkrs lkw.

Vraltgrs- Vraltgrs nrg vgry usgjue al hny-tk-hny eajg tk tncg n mnrh`kpy kj kur wkrc.

Xmgrg nrg hajjgrglt typgs kj praltgrs bnsgh kl tmg quneaty nlh praltalo spggh nt wma`m tmgy pralt. Xmg pkpuenr ikhges nrg4 ⮔ Hkt intrax ⮔ Alcdgt ⮔ EnsgrDgt ⮔ Ealg

∑

Gxtgrlne Ptkrnog Hgva`gs

Jekppy hascgttgs, mnrh hasc nlh tnpgs `kig ulhgr tmg `ntgokry kj gxtgrlne stkrnog hgva`gs kr nlàeenry stkrnog hgva`gs. @kipn`t Has` -At as n inolgta` stkrnog ighan, watm vgry maom `npnàty kj stkrnog npprkxaintgey :76 IB. Hntn kl n @H as ikrg rgeanbeg. @H Hravgs nrg hajjgrglt jkr rgnhalo nlh wratalo kj n @H._maeg `kibk hravgs watm HZH/@H R_/@H hravgs nrg

>> Hr.I@R MRH Alstug

stkrialo tmg inrcgt nt n vgry njjkrhnbeg pra`g, stkralo hntn kl @Hs bg`kialo `kiikl lkw n hnys.

Mnrh Has` - At as nesk inolgta` stkrnog ighan,

usalo jent, àrùenr ∑

penttgrs, wma`m rktntg nt n vgry maom spggh. Xmg maom spggh gl surgs tmnt nee nrgns kj tmg hasc nppgnr ulhgr tmg rgnh/wratg nt jrgqugltey altgrvnes. Xmg pmysa`ne sazg nlh stkrnog `npnbaeatags kj mnrh hasc lkw nvnaenbeg nrg 86 IB kl n pgrsklne `kiputgr atsgej.

∑

Vgl Hravg/WPB Jensm Hravg- N WPB jensm hravg `klsasts

kj n jensm igikry hntn stkrnog hgva`g altgorntgh watm n WPB (Wlavgrsne Pgrane Bus) >.> kr 2.6 altgrjn`g. WPB jensm hravgs nrg typa`neey rgikvnbeg nlh rgwratnbeg, nlh iu`m sineegr tmnl n jekppy hasc.

Ikhgi- N ikhgi glnbegs ykur `kiputgr tk

rg`gavg/sglh hntn ∑

jrki/tk rgiktg pen`gs tmrkuom tgegpmklg ealgs, prkvahgh gn`m mns n `kipntabeg ikhgi. Xmgsg nrg nttn`mgh tk sgrane pkrt kj tmg `kiputgr. Ikhgis nrg usgh jkr4 Klealg sgrva`gs eacg ⮔ Geg`trkla` Inae, ⮔ Bnlcalo ⮔ Xrnvge Rgsgrvntakls ⮔ Jaeg Xrnlsjgrs ⮔ Jnx Pgrva`gs

N ikhgi as `kltrkeegh by usalo usalo n `kiiula`ntakl prkorni Vgrsklne @kiputgr ‐ tmg `kipegtg sgtup

>2 Hr.I@R MRH Alstug

Pkjtwnrg - P kjtwnrg as tmg sgt kj alstru`takls tk incg `kiputgr wkrc al tmg wny wg eacg. Pgt

kj alstru`takls as `neegh Vrkorniigs. Pkjtwnrg as n oglgrne tgri tk hgs`rabg nee tmg jkris kj prkornis nsskàntgh watm `kiputgr. Pkjtwnrg as kj twk typgs4 ∑

Pystgi Pkjtwnrg

∑

Nppea`ntakl Pkjtwnrg Pystgi Pkjtwnrg- Pgt kj prkornis (`klsasts kj luibgr kj alstru`takls) suppeagh by

inlujn`turgr tk incg tmg `kiputgr wkrc. Xmas skjtwnrg `kkrhalntgs tmg jul`taklalo kj hajjgrglt pnrts kj tmg `kiputgr. ⮔ Kpgrntakl Pystgis - Xmgsg prkorniigs nrg al-buaet altk tmg `kiputgr rgskur`gs su`m

ns prk`gsskrs, igikry nlh alput/kutput hgva`gs. Xmgy, al jn`t n`t ns nl altgrjn`g bgtwggl tmg usgr's prkorniigs nlh tmg `kiputgr eacg n supgrvaskr `kltrkeealo tmg pgrjkrinl`g kj tmg `kiputgr. Ghatkr nlh ktmgr utaeatags mgep al `rgntakl nlh ikhaja`ntakl kj aljkrintakl al tmg `kiputgr. Xmgrg nrg inly kpgrntalo systgis eacg _alhkws 1=, _alhkws 2666, _alhkws ]V, _alhkws LX, Pul Pkenras, In` KP, Ealux nrg jgw tk lnig. ⮔ Nppea`ntakl Pkjtwnrg- Nppea`ntakl prkorniigs nrg usgr-wrattgl prkorniigs prkorniigs tk pgrjkri

`grtnal spgàja` dkbs. Xmgy nrg ulaqug al tmgar `klstru`takl nlh `nl bg usgh kley jkr ahglta`ne dkbs. Inly su`m nppea`ntakl prkorniigs mnvg bggl inhg `kiigràneey nvnaenbeg ns VN@CNOGP. Xmgy `nl bg `mnlogh inroalneey tk jat alhavahune lgghs nlh tk iggt tmg systgi rgquargiglts. Ptnlhnrh pn`cnogs jkr nppea`ntakl nrgns su`m ns Vnyrkee, Jalnlàne N``kultalo, Alvgltkry @kltrke, baeealo gt`., nrg nvnaenbeg. GRV (Gltgrprasg Rgskur`g Venllalo) pn`cnogs nrg penyalo vgry aipkrtnlt rkeg al enrog-s`neg alhustrags kr kronlazntakls wma`m aiprkvg maomey, tmg quneaty kj Nhialastrntakl, Vrkhu`takl nlh Venllalo al alvgltkry gt`. Pkig kj su`m pn`cnogs nrg BNNL, Vgkpeg Pkjt, nlh Krnèg Jalnlànes gt`. Ns wg `kiiula`ntg al hajjgrglt hajjgrglt enlounogs eacg Xgeuou, Malha, Gloea Gloeasm sm gt`. _g mnvg tk `kiiula`ntg watm tmg `kiputgr al tmg enlounog, wma`m at `nl ulhgrstnlh. Xmrkuom tmgsg ulhgrstnlhnbeg enlounogs tgee tmg `kiputgr Pkig `kiputgr kj tmg `kiikley usgh enlounogs nrgwg @,@++, Dnvn gt`, tk pgrjkri vnrakus dkbs. Xmgsg enlounogs nrg saiaenr tk Gloeasm nlh nrg gnsaey ulhgrstnlhnbeg by nee. Xmg alstru`takls ekkc eacg NHH, RGNH, nlh _RAXG gt`. Bg`nusg tmgy nrg gnsaey ulhgrstnlhnbeg tmgy nrg `neegh "MAOM EGZGE ENLOWNOGP". Alstru`takls wrattgl al maom egvge enlounogs nrg `klvgrtgh altk `kiputgr ulhgrstnlhnbeg jkri by n systgi prkorniig clkwl ns @KIVAEGR. Xmgsg alstru`takls nrg snah tk bg al ekwegvge enlounogs. >.: LGX_KRCP

>0

Hr.I@R MRH Alstug

@kiputgrs `nl `kiiula`ntg watm ktmgr `kiputgrs tmrkuom n sgrags kj `kllg`takls nlh nsskàntgh mnrhwnrg `neegh n lgtwkrc. Xmg nhvnltnog kj n lgtwkrc as tmnt hntn `nl bg gx`mnlogh rnpahey, nlh skjtwnrg nlh mnrhwnrg rgskur`gs, su`m ns mnrh-hasc spn`g kr praltgrs, `nl bg smnrgh. Klg typg kj lgtwkrc, n ek`ne nrgn lgtwkrc (ENL), `klsasts kj sgvgrne V@s kr wkrcstntakls `kllg`tgh tk n spgàne `kiputgr `neegh tmg sgrvgr. Xmg sgrvgr stkrgs nlh inlnogs prkornis nlh hntn. N sgrvgr kjtgl `kltnals nee kj n lgtwkrcgh orkup‑s hntn nlh glnbegs ENL wkrcstntakls tk bg sgt up watmkut stkrnog `npnbaeatags tk rghu`g `kst. Inaljrnig `kiputgrs nlh supgr`kiputgrs `kiikley nrg lgtwkrcgh. Xmgy iny bg `kllg`tgh tk V@s, wkrcstntakls, kr tgrialnes tmnt mnvg lk `kiputntaklne nbaeatags kj tmgar kwl. Xmgsg "huib" tgrialnes nrg usgh kley tk gltgr hntn altk, kr rg`gavg kutput jrki, tmg `gltrne `kiputgr. _ahg nrgn lgtwkrcs (_NLs) nrg lgtwkrcs tmnt spnl enrog ogkornpma`ne nrgns. @kiputgrs `nl `kllg`t tk tmgsg lgtwkrcs tk usg jnàeatags al nlktmgr àty kr `kultry.

Enygrs kj Lgtwkrcs

N lgtwkrc mns tmrgg enygrs `kipklglts4 `kipklglts4 nppea`ntakl skjtwnrg, lgt lgtwkrc wkrc skjtwnrg, nlh lgtwkrc mnrhwnrg. Nppea`ntakl skjtwnrg `klsasts kj `kiputgr prkornis tmnt altgrjn`g watm lgtwkrc usgrs nlh pgriat tmg smnralo kj aljkrintakl, su`m ns jaegs, ornpma`s, nlh vahgk, nlh rgskur`gs, su`m ns praltgrs nlh hascs. Klg typg kj nppea`ntakl skjtwnrg as `neegh èaglt-sgrvgr. @eaglt `kiputgrs sglh rgqugsts jkr aljkrintakl kr rgqugsts tk usg rgskur`gs tk ktmgr `kiputgrs, `neegh sgrvgrs, tmnt `kltrke hntn nlh nppea`ntakls. Nlktmgr typg kj nppea`ntakl skjtwnrg as `neegh pggr-tk-pggr. Al n pggr-tk-pggr lgtwkrc, `kiputgrs sglh igssnogs nlh rgqugsts harg`tey tk klg nlktmgr watmkut n sgrvgr altgrighanry. Lgtwkrc skjtwnrg `klsasts kj `kiputgr prkornis tmnt gstnbeasm prktk`kes, kr ruegs, jkr `kiputgrs tk tnec tk klg nlktmgr. Xmgsg prktk`kes nrg `nrragh kut by sglhalo nlh rg`gavalo jkrinttgh alstru`takls kj hntn `neegh pn`cgts. Vrktk`kes incg ekoa`ne `kllg`takls bgtwggl lgtwkrc nppea`ntakls, harg`t tmg ikvgiglt kj pn`cgts tmrkuom tmg pmysa`ne lgtwkrc, nlh ialaiazg tmg pkssabaeaty kj `keeasakls bgtwggl pn`cgts sglt nt tmg snig taig. Lgtwkrc mnrhwnrg as inhg up kj tmg pmysa`ne `kipklglts tmnt `kllg`t `kiputgrs. Xwk aipkrtnlt `kipklglts nrg tmg trnlsiassakl ighan tmnt `nrry tmg `kiputgr's saolnes, typa`neey kl wargs kr jabgr-kpta` `nbegs, nlh tmg lgtwkrc nhnptgr, wma`m n``gssgs tmg pmysa`ne ighan tmnt ealc `kiputgrs, rg`gavgs pn`cgts jrki lgtwkrc skjtwnrg, nlh trnlsiats alstru`takls nlh rgqugsts tk ktmgr `kiputgrs. Xrnlsiattgh aljkrintakl as al tmg jkri kj balnry haoats, kr bats (>s nlh 6s), wma`m tmg `kiputgr's geg`trkla` àrùatry `nl prk`gss. N lgtwkrc mns twk typgs kj `kllg`takls4 pmysa`ne `kllg`takls `kllg`takls tmnt egt `kiputgrs harg` harg`tey tey trnlsiat nlh rg`gavg saolnes nlh ekoa`ne, kr vartune, `kllg`takls tmnt neekw `kiputgr nppea`ntakls, su`m ns wkrh prk`gsskrs, tk gx`mnlog aljkrintakl. Vmysa`ne `kllg`takls nrg hgjalgh by tmg ighaui usgh tk `nrry tmg saolne, tmg ogkigtra` nrrnlogiglt kj tmg `kiputgrs (tkpkekoy), nlh tmg igtmkh usgh tk smnrg aljkrintakl. Ekoa`ne `kllg`takls nrg `rgntgh by lgtwkrc prktk`kes >8 Hr.I@R MRH Alstug

nlh neekw hntn smnralo bgtwggl nppea`ntakls kl hajjgrglt typgs kj `kiputgrs, su`m ns nl Nppeg Inàltksm Inàl tksm nlh nl Altgrlntak Altgrlntaklne lne Busalgss Busalgss In`malgs In`malgs @krpkrntakl @krpkrntakl (ABI) pgrsklne pgrsklne `kiputgr `kiputgr (V@), al n lgtwkrc. Pkig ekoa`ne `kllg`takls usg èaglt-sgrvgr nppea`ntakl skjtwnrg nlh nrg prainraey prainr aey jkr jaeg nlh praltgr praltgr smnralo. smnralo. Xmg Xrnlsiass Xrnlsiassakl akl @kltrke @kltrke Vrktk`ke/Alt Vrktk`ke/Altgrlgt grlgt Vrktk`ke (X@V/AV) suatg, kraoalneey hgvgekpgh by tmg Wlatgh Ptntgs Hgpnrtiglt kj Hgjglsg, as tmg sgt kj

ekoa`ne

`kllg`takls usgh by tmg Altgrlgt, tmg wkrehwahg `klskrtaui kj `kiputgr lgtwkrcs. X@V/AV, bnsgh kl pggr-tk-pggr nppea`ntakl skjtwnrg, `rgntgs n `kllg`takl bgtwggl nly twk `kiputgrs. Ighan

Xmg ighaui usgh tk trnlsiat aljkrintakl eaiats tmg spggh kj tmg lgtwkrc, tmg gjjg`tavg hastnl`g bgtwggl `kiputgrs, nlh tmg lgtwkrc tkpkekoy. @kppgr wargs nlh `knxane `nbeg prkvahg trnlsiassakl spgghs kj n >66 Ibps tk > Obps jkr smkrt hastnl`gs. Kpta`ne jabgrs `nrry > Obps tk >6 Obps kj aljkrintakl kvgr eklo hastnl`gs.

Xkpkekoy

@kiikl tkpkekoags usgh tk nrrnlog `kiputgrs al n lgtwkrc nrg pkalt-tk-pkalt, bus, stnr, nlh ralo. Vkalt-tk-pkalt tkpkekoy as tmg saipegst, `klsastalo kj twk `kllg`tgh `kiputgrs. Xmg bus tkpkekoy as `kipksgh kj n saloeg ealc `kllg`tgh tk inly `kiputgrs. Nee `kiputgrs kl tmas `kiikl `kllg`takl rg`gavg nee saolnes trnlsiattgh by nly nttn`mgh `kiputgr. Xmg stnr tkpkekoy `kllg`ts inly `kiputgrs tk n `kiikl mub `kiputgr. Xmas mub `nl bg pnssavg, rgpgntalo nly alput tk nee `kiputgrs saiaenr tk tmg bus tkpkekoy, kr at `nl bg n`tavg, sgeg`tavgey swat`malo alputs tk spgàja` hgstalntakl `kiputgrs. Xmg ralo tkpkekoy usgs iuetapeg ealcs tk jkri n àrèg kj `kiputgrs. Gn`m ealc `nrrags aljkrintakl al klg harg`takl. Aljkrintakl ikvgs nrkulh tmg ralo al sgqugl`g jrki ats skur`g tk ats hgstalntakl.

>7 Hr.I@R MRH Alstug

Kpgrntalo Pystgi4 _alhkws ? _alhkws ? as nl kpgrntalo systgi prkhu`gh by Ia`rkskjt jkr usg kl pgrsklne `kiputgrs, alèuhalo mkig nlh busalgss hgsctkps, enptkps, lgtbkkcs, tnbegt V@s, nlh ighan `gltgr

V@s

2.> Jgnturgs - Mgrg's n ekkc nt skig kj tmg lgw jgnturgs al _alhkws ?. ∑

Jnstgr, ikrg rgspklsavg pgrjkrinl`g - Lkbkhy eacgs tk wnat. Pk wg'vg jkùsgh

kl tmg bnsa`s tmnt `nl aipn`t tmg spggh kj ykur V@. _alhkws ? stnrts up, smuts hkwl, rgsuigs jrki seggp, nlh rgspklhs jnstgr. ∑

Aiprkvgh tnscbnr nlh juee-s`rggl prgvagws- Qku `nl usg tmg tnscbnr nt tmg bkttki

kj ykur s`rggl tk swat`m bgtwggl kpgl prkornis. Al _alhkws ? yku `nl sgt tmg krhgr kj tmg tnscbnr a`kls nlh tmgy'ee stny al tmnt krhgr. Xmg a`kls nrg enrogr, tkk. Aj yku pkalt tk nl a`kl, yku'ee sgg n sinee, prgvagw vgrsakl kj tmg pnog kr prkorni. Aj yku pkalt tk tmas prgvagw, yku'ee sgg n juee-s`rggl prgvagw. Xk kpgl n prkorni kr jaeg, èa`c nl a`kl kr klg kj tmg prgvagws. ∑

Bgttgr kl enptkps - _alhkws ? mgeps gxtglh tmg bnttgry eajg kj ykur enptkp watm pkwgr

snvalo jgnturgs, alèuhalo haiialo tmg haspeny aj yku hkl't usg ykur `kiputgr jkr n wmaeg. Nlktmgr lgw enptkp-jraglhey jgnturg, ek`ntakl-nwnrg praltalo, `nl nutkinta`neey swat`m ykur hgjnuet praltgr wmgl yku ok jrki mkig tk s`mkke kr wkrc. ∑

Duip Easts - _atm Duip Easts, yku `nl qua`cey jalh jaegs tmnt yku'vg wkrcgh watm rg`gltey. Raomt-èa`c n prkorni a`kl kl tmg tnscbnr tk sgg n east kj rg`gltey-kpglgh jaegs. Qku `nl nesk pal jaegs tmnt yku usg rgouenrey tk n Duip East. Pkig Duip Easts smkw `kiinlhs jkr `kiikl tnscs, eacg penyalo iusa` kr vahgks. ∑

Jalh ikrg tmalos jnstgr watm aiprkvgh sgnr`m - Xmnlcs tk nl aiprkvgh sgnr`m, yku

`nl jalh ikrg tmalos al ikrg pen`gs‘nlh hk at jnstgr‘tmnl al prgvakus vgrsakls kj _alhkws. Dust typg n jgw egttgrs altk tmg sgnr`m bkx tk sgg n east kj rgegvnlt atgis, su`m ns hkùiglts, pa`turgs, iusa`, nlh g-inae. Pgnr`m rgsuets nrg orkupgh by `ntgokry nlh `kltnal maomeaomtgh cgywkrhs tk incg tmgi gnsy tk s`nl. Jgw pgkpeg stkrg nee tmgar jaegs al klg pen`g nlyikrg. _alhkws ? as hgsaolgh tk sgnr`m mnrh hravgs, V@s kl n lgtwkrc, nlh ktmgr ek`ntakls. At nesk spgghs up ykur sgnr`m by haspenyalo rg`kiiglhntakls bnsgh kl prgvakus qugrags. Kvgrwmgeigh by tmg rgsuets; Lgw hylnia` jaetgrs `nl alstnltey lnrrkw rgsuets by `ntgokrags su`m ns hntg kr jaeg typg. 2.2 Gnsagr wnys tk wkrc watm walhkws

_alhkws ? saipeajags mkw yku wkrc watm tmg walhkws kl ykur hgsctkp. Qku mnvg ikrg altuatavg wnys tk kpgl, èksg, rgsazg, nlh nrrnlog tmgi. Inxaiazg n walhkw by hrnooalo ats bkrhgr tk tmg tkp kj tmg s`rggl, nlh rgturl tmg walhkw tk ats kraoalne sazg by hrnooalo at nwny jrki tmg tkp kj tmg s`rggl. Hrno tmg bkttki bkrhgr kj n walhkw tk gxpnlh at vgrta`neey.

>: Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Xk `kipnrg tmg `kltglts kj twk walhkws, hrno tmg walhkws tk kppksatg sahgs kj tmg s`rggl. Gn`m walhkw waee rgsazg tk jaee mnej kj tmg s`rggl.

Xk sgg nee kj ykur hgsctkp onhogts, hrno ykur ikusg tk tmg ekwgr-raomt `krlgr kj ykur hgsctkp. Xmg kpgl walhkws waee turl trnlspnrglt, incalo ykur hgsctkp nlh tmg onhogts kl at, aiighantgey vasabeg. _nlt tk ialaiazg nee kpgl walhkws; Klg èa`c nlh at's hklg. Aj yku'vg ikvgh ykur tnscbnr, yku `nl hrno ykur ikusg tk n hajjgrglt `krlgr kj tmg hgsctkp tk incg kpgl walhkws trnlspnrglt. 2.0 Bgttgr hgva`g inlnogiglt ∑

Hgva`gs nlh Vraltgrs - Al tmg pnst, yku mnh tk ok tk hajjgrglt pen`gs al _alhkws tk

inlnog hajjgrglt typgs kj hgva`gs. Al _alhkws ?, tmgrg's n saloeg Hgva`gs nlh Vraltgrs ek`ntakl jkr `kllg`talo, inlnoalo, nlh usalo ykur praltgrs, pmklgs, nlh ktmgr hgva`gs. Jrki mgrg, yku `nl altgrn`t watm ykur hgva`gs, brkwsg jaegs, nlh inlnog sgttalos. _mgl yku `kllg`t hgva`gs tk ykur V@, yku‑ee bg up nlh rullalo al dust n jgw èa`cs. ∑

Hgva`g Ptnog -Hgva`g Ptnog mgeps yku inlnog `gee pmklgs, `nigrns, praltgrs, IV0

penygrs, nlh ktmgr hgva`gs `kllg`tgh tk ykur `kiputgr. _mgl yku peuo al n `kipntabeg hgva`g, yku'ee sgg ats stntus nlh n east kj pkpuenr tnscs. Qku‑ee gvgl sgg n pa`turg kj ykur hgva`g. 2.8 _alhkws MkigOrkup

_alhkws MkigOrkup incgs at gnsagr tk `kllg`t tk ktmgr `kiputgrs rullalo _alhkws ? sk yku `nl smnrg jaegs, pmktks, iusa`, nlh praltgrs tmrkuomkut ykur mkig. Qku `mkksg wmnt tk smnrg watm ktmgr igibgrs kj ykur mkigorkup. ∑

Xmgig pn`cnogs rgjeg`t ykur styeg - _atm _alhkws ?, yku stnrt watm n ègnl hgsctkp

nlh ogt tk hgàhg mkw at ekkcs. _g prkvahg tmg tgipentgs, kr tmgigs, nlh yku `nl `mkksg tmg `kekr kr jkrint. Lgw tmgig pn`cnogs alèuhg ra`m bn`corkulhs, >: walhkw `kekrs, skulh s`mgigs, nlh s`rggl snvgrs. Qku `nl hkwleknh lgw tmgigs nlh `rgntg ykur kwl tk smnrg watm jraglhs nlh jniaey. Xmgrg nrg peglty kj wnys tk incg at ykurs. ∑

Xncg `kltrke kj prkbegis - Al _alhkws ? yku ogt tk `mkksg tmg igssnogs yku wnlt tk

sgg. N`takl @gltgr `klskeahntgs lktaja`ntakls jrki iuetapeg _alhkws jgnturgs, alèuhalo _alhkws Hgjglhgr. _mgl _alhkws ? lgghs ykur nttgltakl, yku‑ee sgg nl N`takl @gltgr a`kl al tmg lktaja`ntakl nrgn nlh `nl jalh kut ikrg by èa`calo at. Lk taig tk ekkc nt tmg negrt raomt nwny; N`takl @gltgr waee cggp tmg aljkrintakl jkr yku tk `mg`c entgr. ∑

vahgks, nlh iusa` nrg nee kl ykur Pmnrg iusa` nlh vahgks - Njtgr ykur pa`turgs, vahgks, `kiputgr, at's lnturne tk wnlt tk smnrg tmgi watm ktmgr `kiputgrs al ykur mkig. _alhkws ? altrkhu`gs lgw ighan smnralo nlh strgnialo jgnturgs tmnt incg ykur V@ n orgnt mkig gltgrtnaliglt mub. MkigOrkup incgs at gnsy tk smnrg iusa`, pa`turgs, nlh vahgk watm ktmgr `kiputgrs rullalo _alhkws ?. _atm nlktmgr lgw jgnturg `neegh "Veny tk," yku `nl peny ykur haoatne ighan kl ktmgr hgva`gs al ykur mkig.

>? Hr.I@R MRH Alstug

∑

Altrkhuàlo _alhkws Xku`m - Wsalo n cgybknrh nlh ikusg nrg orgnt jkr inly tnscs,

but tmgy nrgl't newnys tmg gnsagst wny tk hk tmalos. Aj yku'vg okt n tku`ms`rggl, yku `nl dust tku`m ykur `kiputgr s`rggl s`rggl jkr n ikrg harg`t nlh lnturne w wny ny tk wkrc. Wsg ykur jalogrs tk s`rkee nlh zkki. Enrog tku`m-sglsatavg nrgns kl tmg Ptnrt iglu nlh tmg tnscbnr incg _alhkws Xku`m gnsagr tk usg. ∑

Bgttgr Xnbegt V@ suppkrt -Mnlhwratalo rg`kolatakl tncgs n bao stgp al _alhkws ?. Bgoallalo watm orgntgr n`ùrn`y nlh spggh, _alhkws ? aiprkvgs pgl alput al sgvgrne wnys. Qku `nl `rgntg pgrsklneazgh ùstki ha`taklnrags jkr mnlhwratalo rg`kolatakl nlh usg tmg lgw enlounogs suppkrtgh al _alhkws ?. Qku `nl nesk usg tmg lgw Intm Alput Vnlge tk wratg intm gxprgssakls. Kr, dust incg n qua`c east kl n Pta`cy Lktg usalo tmg tnbegt pgl.

>= Hr.I@R MRH Alstug

IP-Kjja`g 26>6

0.> Altrkhu`takl

Ia`rkskjt Kjja`g as n prkpragtnry `kiigràne kjja`g suatg kj altgr-rgentgh nppea`ntakl. Kjja`g `kltnals Ia`rkskjt _krh, Ia`rkskjt Gx`ge, nlh Ia`rkskjt VkwgrVkalt nlh ktmgr nppea`ntakls. Ia`rkskjt Kjja`g 26>6 haspenys `kiinlhs al n sgrags kj a`kls stkrgh kl hajjgrglt tnbs. Xmas `kibalntakl kj a`kls nlh tnbs as clkwl ns tmg Rabbkl altgrjn`g. 0.2 Rabbkl

N rabbkl as nl altgrjn`g wmgrg n sgt kj tkkebnrs nrg pen`gh kl tnbs al n tnb bnr. Xmg Rabbkl altgrjn`g saipeajags tmg wny yku jalh nlh wkrc watm tkkes nlh kptakls al Kjja`g.

∑

Rabbkl Xnbs - Gn`m tnb prkvahgs n sgt kj tkkes rgentgh tk nl kvgrnee tnsc yku nrg

eacgey tk bg pgrjkrialo al n spgàja` nppea`ntakl. Al _krh 26>6 tnbs nrg Jaeg, Mkig, Alsgrt, Vnog Enykut, Rgjgrgl`gs, Inaealos, Rgvagw, nlh Zagw3 Al Gx`ge tnbs nrg Jaeg, Alsgrt, Vnog Enykut, Jkriuens, Hntn, Rgvagw, nlh Zagw. ∑

Rabbkl Orkups - _atmal gn`m tnb nrg orkups tmnt mgep kronlazg `kiikl `kiinlhs

tk mgep yku qua`cey jalh wmnt yku lggh jkr n spgàja` tnsc. Jkr gxnipeg, kl tmg Alsgrt tnb al _krh 26>6, yku‑ee jalh Va`turg, @eap Nrt, Pmnpgs, PinrtNrt, @mnrt, nlh P`rgglsmkt al tmg Aeeustrntakls orkup. ∑

Oneegrags- N hkwl-nrrkw nppgnrs tk tmg raomt kj skig skig kptakls al orkups. @ea`ca @ea`calo lo

tmg hkwl-nrrkw haspeny n oneegry kj kptakls yku `nl sgeg`t kr n east kj nhhataklne `mka`gs. ∑

Bn`cstnog Zagw- Xmg Rabbkl `kltnals tmg sgt kj `kiinlhs jkr wkrcalo al n hkùiglt, wmaeg tmg Ia`rkskjt Kjja`g Bn`cstnog vagw as tmg sgt kj `kiinlhs yku usg tk hk tmalos tk n hkùiglt.Kpgl n hkùiglt, nlh èa`c tmg Jaeg tnb tk sgg tmg Bn`cstnog vagw. Xmg Bn`cstnog vagw as wmgrg yku inlnog ykur hkùiglts nlh rgentgh hntn nbkut tmgi.

Xmg Jaeg tnb tncgs yku tk Ia`rkskjt Kjja`g Bn`cstnog vagw, wma`m oavgs yku n `gltrne pen`g tk wkrc watm tmg jaegs yku `rgntg al Kjja`g 26>6 nppea`ntakls .

>1 Hr.I@R MRH Alstug

IA@RKPKJX _KRH 26>6

N wkrh prk`gsskr as n `kiputgr nppea`nkl usgh jkr tmg prkhu`takl, `kipksatakl, ghatalo, jkrinttalo, nlh praltalo kj hajjgrglt typgs kj hkùiglts. Xmgrg nrg inly skjtwnrg pn`cnogs tk hk tmg dkb kj wkrh prk`gssalo. Pkig kj tmg pkpuenr _krh-Vrk`gssalo skjt wnrgs nrg Ia`rkskjt _krh, Ia`rkskjt _krcs, nlh Ektus _krh Vrk gt`. Ia`rkskjt _krh as n wkrh prk`gssalo prkorni jrki Ia`rkskjt @krpkrntakl wma`m `nl bg usgh tk prgpnrg inly typgs kj hkùiglts. Xmg jkeekwalo syibke as tmg ahgltaja`ntakl kj IP-_krh a`kl

8.> Altgrjn`g gegiglts _alhkw inlapuentakl inlapuentakl buttkls - Wsgh tk ialaiazg, inxaiazg kr èksg n walhkw ∑ ∑

Xateg Bnr- Alèuhgs n hkùiglt lnig, gxtglsakl (.hk`x) nlh n prkorni

lnig ∑ Xnbs Rabbkl Xnb Lnig

@kiinlh Orkups

Jaeg Mns tmg buttkls Pnvg, Pnvg ns mns jkehgrs kpgl, èksg nlh mns sg`takls Aljk, Rg`glt, Lgw, Vralt, Pnvg & Pglh, nlh Mgep. Mkig @eapbknrh, Jklt, Vnrnornpm, Ptyegs, nlh Ghatalo Alsgrt Vnogs, Xnbegs, Aeeustrntakls, Ealcs, Mgnhgr nlh Jkktgr, Xgxt, nlh Pyibkes Vnog Enykut Xmgigs, Vnog Pgtup, Vnog Bn`corkulh, Vnrnornpm, nlh Nrrnlog Rgjgrgl`gs @nptakls, Alhgx, nlh Xnbeg kj @kltglts Xnbeg kj @kltglts, Jkktlktgs, @atntakl nlh Babeakornpmy, Inaealos @rgntg, Ptnrt Inae Igrog, _ratg nlh Alsgrt Jagehs, Vrgvagw Rgsuets, nlh Jalasm Rgvagw Vrkkjalo, Enlounog, @kiiglts, Xrn`calo, @mnlogs, @kipnrg, nlh Vrkdg`t Zagw Hkùiglt Zagws, Pmkw, Tkki, _alhkw, nlh In`rks

∑

Xkkebnrs

26 Hr.I@R MRHALPXAXWXG

⮔ @grtnal `kiinlhs nrg mahhgl. Xmg nrrkw al tmgar ekwgr raomt `krlgr as alha`ntavg

kj mahhgl gegiglts. _mgl èa`cgh, nhhataklne kptakls nrg haspenygh ⮔ Xkkes tmnt `nllkt bg nppeagh tk n sgeg`tgh kbdg`t nrg orgygh kut

⮔ Xkkes haspenygh watm tmrgg hkts, aj prgssgh, egnh tk nlktmgr sgqugl`g kj

`kiinlhs tnbs nlh tkkebnrs jkri tmg Rabbkl ∑

Alsgrtakl pkalt- N N pksatakl al tmg hkùiglt wmgrg tmg ùrskr as jensmalo ∑

Mkrazkltne nlh vgrta`ne lnvaontakl bnrs (seahgrs)-Hkubeg-nrrkw duips up / hkwl

klg pnog (tk tmg lgxt - prgvakus pnog) ∑ Ptntus Bnr - Haspenys aljkrintakl nbkut tmg ùrrglt alsgrtakl pkalt pksatakl al

n hkùiglt ns wgee ns tmg `klhatakl kj skig spgàne Ia`rkskjt _krh jul`takls ∑ Ruegrs- Alèu Alèuhg hg n mkrazkltne mkrazkltne nlh n vgrta`ne vgrta`ne ruegr ek`ntgh nbkvg nlh tk tmg egjt kj tmg

altgrjn`g.Xmg wmatg nrgn alha`ntgs tmg nrgn kj wratalo3 tmg orgy nrgn rgprgsglts tmg inroals.

PGEG@X XG]X

Vrakr tk tgxt jkrinttalo, jarst yku mnvg tk sgeg`t

at. ∑ Nrbatrnry tgxt sgeg`takl4 ⮔ Vrgss nlh mkeh hkwl tmg egjt ikusg buttkl, ikvg tmg ikusg jrki tmg

bgoallalo tk tmg glh kj tmg tgxt tmnt yku wnlt tk sgeg`t nlh tmgl rgegnsg tmg egjt ikusg buttkl ⮔ Ven`g tmg alsgrtakl pkalt nt tmg bgoallalo kj n tgxt tmnt yku wnlt tk sgeg`t,

prgss nlh mkeh hkwl tmg Pmajt cgy nlh tmgl prgss tmg egjt ikusg buttkl nt tmg glh kj tmg hgsargh sgeg`takl. Njtgrwnrhs, rgegnsg nee buttkls. ∑

Pgeg`t n wkrh- Hkubeg èa`c tmg egjt ikusg buttkl nlywmgrg al n wkrh ∑ Pgeg`t klg sgltgl`g-Mkeh hkwl tmg @tre cgy nlh prgss tmg egjt ikusg buttkl

nlywmgrg al n sgltgl`g. ∑

Pgeg`t n saloeg ealg- Vrgss tmg egjt ikusg buttkl al tmg egjt inroal spn`g kj tmg

ealg (tmg ùrskr waee `mnlog tk n raomt-pkaltalo wmatg nrrkw).

2> Hr.I@R MRHALPXAXWXG

∑

Pgeg`t iuetapeg ealgs- Vrgss nlh mkeh hkwl tmg egjt ikusg buttkl al tmg egjt inroal kj tmg rkw, ikvg up kr hkwl tmg rkws yku wnlt tk sgeg`t nlh rgegnsg tmg ikusg buttkl ∑

Pgeg`t lkl-lgaombkuralo ealgs-Al tmg egjt inroal spn`g, prgss tmg @tre buttkl + tmg

egjt ikusg buttkl kltk tmg hgsargh ealgs. ∑

Pgeg`t n pnrnornpm-Hkubeg èa`c tmg egjt ikusg buttkl al tmg egjt inroal spn`g kr trapeg èa`c tmg egjt ikusg buttkl nlywmgrg al n pnrnornpm ∑

Pgeg`t tmg wmkeg hkùiglt-Xrapeg èa`c tmg egjt ikusg buttkl al tmg egjt inroal kj n hkùiglt kr usg tmg cgybknrh smkrtùt @tre + N. @KVQ NLH IKZG XG]X _AXMAL NLH BGX_GGL KVGL HK@WIGLXP ∑ @kpy / Vnstg4 ⮔ Pgeg`t tgxt tmnt yku wnlt tk `kpy ⮔ @kpy tmg sgeg`tgh tgxt by usalo tmg `kpy tkke (cgybknrh smkrtùt4 @tre +

@) ⮔ Vksatakl tmg ùrskr tk tmg pen`g wmgrg yku wnlt tmg tgxt tk bg `kpagh ⮔ Vnstg tmg tgxt by usalo tmg pnstg tkke (cgybknrh smkrtùt4 @tre + Z) ⮔

Jrki tmg Mkig tnb, ek`ntg tmg @eapbknrh pnlge ⮔ @ea`c tmg @kpy atgi ⮔ Ikvg ykur ùrskr tk tmg pen`g wmgrg yku wnlt tk pnstg ykur

tgxt @ea`c tmg jarst kj tmg tmrgg atgis, dust nbkvg Vnstg Ppgàne, tk hk n saipeg pnstg4 ⮔ Qkur tgxt as pnstgh tk tmg lgw pksatakl. ⮔

∑

@kpy tgxt by usalo tmg hrno-nlh-hrkp igtmkh ⮔ Pgeg`t tgxt tmnt yku wasm tk `kpy ⮔ Vrgss nlh mkeh hkwl tmg egjt ikusg buttkl kvgr tmg sgeg`tgh tgxt nlh prgss

nlh mkeh hkwl tmg @tre cgy. ⮔ Hrno tmg ikusg kvgr tk tmg pen`g wmgrg yku wnlt tmg sgeg`tgh tgxt tk bg

`kpagh. ⮔ Rgegnsg tmg egjt ikusg buttkl nlh tmg @tre cgy. ⮔ Xmg tgxt as `kpagh tk n lgw ek`ntakl.

∑

@ut / Vnstg4 ⮔ Pgeg`t tgxt tmnt yku wnlt tk ùt

22 Hr.I@R MRHALPXAXWXG

⮔ @ut tmg sgeg`tgh tgxt by usalo tmg @ut tkke (cgybknrh smkrtùt4 @tre +

]. ⮔ Vksatakl tmg ùrskr tk tmg pen`g wmgrg yku wnlt tk ikvg tmg tgxt ⮔ Vnstg tmg tgxt by usalo tmg Vnstg tkke (cgybknrh smkrtùt4 @tre + Z)

∑

Ikvg tmg tgxt by usalo tmg hrno-nlh-hrkp igtmkh - Xmg snig ns `kpyalo,

but watmkut tmg usnog kj tmg @tre cgy. ∑

Jkrint Vnaltgr tkke - At as usgh tk `kpy jkrinttalo jrki klg pnrt kj tmg tgxt tk nlktmgr.

Qku `nl usg tmg Jkrint Vnaltgr kl tmg Mkig tnb tk nppey tgxt jkrinttalo nlh skig bnsa` ornpma`s jkrinttalo, su`m ns bkrhgrs nlh jaees. ∑

Pgeg`t tmg tgxt kr ornpma` tmnt mns tmg jkrinttalo tmnt yku wnlt tk `kpy. Kl tmg Mkig tnb, al tmg @eapbknrh orkup, èa`c Jkrint Vnaltgr. ∑

Xmg pkaltgr `mnlogs tk n pnaltbrusm a`kl. ∑

Pgeg`t tmg tgxt kr ornpma` tmnt yku wnlt tk jkrint. ∑ Xk stkp jkrinttalo, prgss GP@. HGEGXG XG]X Egttgr by egttgr4 ∑ ⮔ Xmg Hgegtg cgy ‐ hgegtgs tgxt tmnt as ek`ntgh tk tmg raomt kj tmg ùrskr‑s pksatakl3 ⮔ Xmg Bn`cspn`g cgy - hgegtgs tgxt ek`ntgh tk tmg egjt kj tmg ùrskr ∑

Xmg jnstgr wny tk hgegtg tgxt4 ⮔ Pgeg`t tmg hgsargh tgxt nlh prgss tmg Hgegtg cgy. ⮔ Al krhgr tk ulhk tmg `mnlogs tmnt yku mnvg hklg, usg tmg Wlhk `kiinlh, wmgrgns tk ulhk tmg ulhk `mnlogs, usg

tmg Rghk `kiinlh. ⮔ By èa`calo kl tmg nrrkw lgxt tk tmg klg kj tmg nbkvg igltaklgh tkkes, n hrkp-hkwl iglu kpgls watm n east kj nee tmg n`takls hklg. 8.2 JAEG IGLW

Xmg Jaeg iglu neekws yku tmg jkeekwalo n`takls4 ∑ @rgntg n lgw hkùiglt4 Lgw < Benlc hkùiglt < @rgntg (cgybknrh smkrtùt4 @tre + L) 20

Hr.I@R MRHALPXAXWXG

∑

@ea`c tmg Jaeg tnb.

@ea`c Lgw. ∑

Hkubeg-èa`c Benlc hkùiglt. ∑

Kpgl nl gxastalo hkùiglt4 By usalo tmg Kpgl `kiinlh (cgybknrh smkrtùt4 @tre +

K)

Kpgl ikrg tmnl klg hkùiglt4 By usalo tmg @tre cgy (jkr nhdn`glt jaegs) kr tmg Pmajt ∑ cgy (jkr lkl-nhdn`glt jaegs) Pnvg n hkùiglt4 Wsg tmg Pnvg cgy (cgybknrh smkrtùt @tre + P) ∑

_mgl tmg jaeg as snvgh jkr tmg jarst taig, tmg Pnvg Ns haneko bkx nppgnrs watm tmg ∑

jkeekwalo jagehs4

Pnvg al ‐ gltgr tmg ek`ntakl kj tmg jkehgr wmgrg tmg hkùiglt waee bg snvgh 8.0 Nutk@krrg`t

gnturg tmnt as usgh tk `krrg`t typalo nlh iasspgeealos nlh nesk tk Nutk@krrg`t al _krh as n jjgnturg ∑

substatutg tmg `mnrn`tgrs yku typg jkr syibkes. Nutk@krrg`t as sgt up by hgjnuet watm n east kj typa`ne iasspgeealos nlh syibkes tmnt usgs ∑

`kiikley incg, but `nl bg ikhajagh. Wsalo _krh‑s Nutk@krrg`t as nesk jkr typalo kut eklo pag`gs kj tgxt, tkk. ∑

Jkr gxnipeg, sgt up tmg nbbrgvantakl I@R MRHA al tmg Nutk@krrg`t east tk bg substatutgh ∑ by Inrra @mnlln Rghhy Muinl Rgskur`g Hgvgekpiglt Alstatutg kj Xgenlonln. Kl`g sgt up, gn`m taig yku typg ―I@RMRHA’ nlh prgss tmg spn`gbnr, tmksg egttgrs waee bg rgpen`gh by ∑ ―Inrra @mnlln Rghhy Muinl Rgskur`g Hgvgekpiglt Alstatutg kj Xgenlonln’. Xmg Nutk@krrg`t east as oekbne n`rkss nee tmg Ia`rkskjt Kjja`g 26>6 prkornis tmnt suppkrt tmas jgnturg.

Nutk@krrg`tt Kptakls Nutk@krrg` @ea`c tmg Jaeg tnb⮔ Kptakls ⮔Vrkkjalo, nlh tmgl èa`c tmg Nutk@krrg` Nutk@krrg`tt Kptakls buttkl lgnr tmg

tkp kj tmg walhkw.

28 Hr.I@R MRHALPXAXWXG

Xmg Nutk@krrg`t walhkw mns inly tnbs, but wmgl at kpgls, at waee haspeny tmg Nutk@krrg`t tnb. Xmg kptakls nt tmg tkp nrg nr g bnsa`neey n east kj ygs/lk qugstakls al tmg jkri kj `mg`cbkxgs, hgs`rabgh ns jkeekws4

Kl`g `mnlogs nrg inhg kl tmg Nutk@krrg`t walhkw, èa`c KC tk snvg tmgi. Xmg `mnlogs yku incg tncg aiighantg gjjg`t. Nutk@krrg`tt Kptakls Buttkls Nutk@krrg`

Rgpen`g tgxt ns yku typg

27 Hr.I@R MRHALPXAXWXG

∑

Jaeg lnig ‐ typg al tmg jaeg lnig ∑

Pnvg ns typg ‐ `mkksg tmg jaeg typg al wma`m ykur jaeg waee bg snvgh (IP _krh ∑ 26>6 .hk`x) ∑

Kptakls < Pnvg tnb < Pnvg hkùiglt watm NutkRg`kvgr aljkrintakl gvgry (gltgr vneug)

Vralt n hkùiglt4

Vraltgr ‐ `mkksg wma`m praltgr waee bg usgh jkr praltalo ∑

Vnog rnlog∑ ⮔ Nee ⮔ @urrglt pnog ⮔ Vnogs ‐ gltgr pnog luibgrs tmnt yku wasm tk pralt

@kpags ‐ luibgr kj praltgh `kpags ∑

@keentgh ‐ pralts tmg gltarg jaeg jrki bgoallalo tk tmg glh nlh tmgl n sgeg`tgh luibgr kj

∑

`kpags as hklg3 Wl`keentgh ‐ pralts tmg jarst pnog n``krhalo tk nsgeg`tgh luibgr kj `kpags, tmgl tmg sg`klh klg nlh sk kl ultae tmg enst pnog. Kragltntakl4 Vkrtrnat (vgrta`ne pnpgr) nlh Enlhs`npg (mkrazkltne pnpgr) ∑

8.8 MKIG XNB

Xmg Mkig tnb alèuhgs tmg jkeekwalo tkkes4 2:

Hr.I@R MRHALPXAXWXG

∑

Jklt ‐ Hajjgrglt egttgr typgs4 Xaigs Lgw Rkinl, Zgrhnln, Nrage, @neabra gt`. ∑ Jklt Pazg ‐ gltgr vneug kr `mkksg nly sazg jrki n hrkp-hkwl iglu Bkeh - @tre + B ∑

Atnea` - @tre + A ∑

Wlhgrealg - @tre + W ∑

Jklt gjjg`ts ∑ ⮔ Ptracgtmrkuom4 skig tgxt 3 ⮔ Pubs`rapt4 M26 < M2K3 ⮔ Pupgrs`rapt4 7i2 < 7 i 23 ⮔ Xk n``gss nhhataklne `kiinlhs, prgss tmg orgy nrrkw al tmg ekwgr raomt `krlgr

kj tmg ⮔ Jklt tnb (cgybknrh smkrtùt4 @tre + H). ⮔ Xmg nhhataklne jklt gjjg`ts nrg4 Hkubeg, Ptracgtmrkuom, Pmnhkw, Kutealg, K utealg,

Gibkss, Glornvg, Pinee `nps, Nee `nps, Mahhgl. ⮔ Xk turl uppgr`nsg altk ekwgr`nsg kr tmg ktmgr wny nrkulh èa`c tmg @mnlog

`nsg a`kl. Xgxt Gjjg`ts ∑ ⮔ Xgxt Gjjg`ts tkke `kltnals hajjgrglt tgxt gjjg`ts su`m ns Pmnhkw kr

Rgjeg`takl. ⮔ Xgxt Maomeaomt @kekr tkke as usgh tk gipmnsazg tmg tgxt watm ⮔ Pmnhalo tkke as usgh tk `kekr tmg tgxt bn`corkulh ⮔ Bkrhgrs tkke as usgh tk sgt hajjgrglt typgs kj ealgs (bkrhgrs) nrkulh tmg

sgeg`tgh tgxt ⮔ Jklt @kekr tkke as usgh tk sgeg`t tmg `kekr kj egttgrs

East tkke alèuhg Bueegts nlh Luibgralo Bueegts Luibgrs

2? Hr.I@R MRHALPXAXWXG

Igtmkh - >

@ea`c tmg Bueegtgh East a`kl kr Luibgrgh East a`kl kl tmg Mkig tnb. ∑

Xypg tmg jarst gltry nlh prgss Gltgr kl ykur cgybknrh. Xmas waee `rgntg n lgw bueegt kr luibgr kl tmg lgxt ealg. Aj yku wnlt tk stnrt n lgw ealg watmkut nhhalo nlktmgr bueegt kr luibgr, mkeh hkwl tmg Pmajt cgy wmaeg prgssalo Gltgr. @kltalug tk typg gltrags nlh prgss tmg Bueegtgh East a`kl wmgl yku nrg jalasmgh typalo tk glh tmg east. ∑

Wsg tmg Al`rgnsg Alhglt nlh Hg`rgnsg Alhglt a`kls kl tmg Mkig tnb tk `rgntg easts kj iuetapeg egvges. Igtmkh - 2 ∑

Qku `nl nesk typg tmg tgxt jarst, maomeaomt tmg sg`takl, nlh prgss tmg Bueegtgh East kr Luibgrgh East a`kls tk nhh bueegts kr luibgrs. Xk nhh n lgw atgi tk tmg east prgss tmg Gltgr cgy

∑

Xk jalasm tmg east hkubeg prgss tmg Gltgr cgy ∑ ∑

Xgxt neaoliglt tkke kjjgrs jkeekwalo neaoliglts Egjt (cgybknrh smkrtùt4 @tre +E) ⮔

@gltgr (cgybknrh smkrtùt4 @tre + G) ⮔

Raomt (cgybknrh smkrtùt4 @tre + R) ⮔

Dustajy (cgybknrh smkrtùt4 @tre + D) ⮔

Ealg Ppnàlo tkke

Hgjalgs tmg hastnl`g bgtwggl ealgs

∑

Pgeg`t tmg pnrnornpms jkr wma`m yku wnlt tk `mnlog tmg ealg spnàlo. Kl tmg Mkig

tnb, al tmg

Vnrnornpm orkup, èa`c Ealg Ppnàlo. ∑

Ealg Ppnàlo

2= Hr.I@R MRHALPXAXWXG

▤

@ea`c tmg luibgr kj ealg spn`gs tmnt yku wnlt.

@ea`c Ealg Ppnàlo Kptakls,

nlh tmgl sgeg`t tmg kptakls tmnt yku wnlt ulhgr ▤ Ppnàlo.

EALG PVN@ALO KVXAKLP Paloeg Xmas kptakl n``kiikhntgs tmg enrogst jklt al tmnt ealg, peus n sinee nikult kj gxtrn ∑

spn`g. Xmg nikult kj gxtrn spn`g vnrags hgpglhalo kl tmg jklt tmnt as usgh. ∑

>.7 ealgs Xmas kptakl as klg-nlh-klg-mnej taigs tmnt kj saloeg ealg spnàlo. ∑

Hkubeg Xmas kptakl as twa`g tmnt kj saloeg ealg spnàlo. ∑

Nt egnst Xmas kptakl sgts tmg ialaiui ealg spnàlo tmnt as lgghgh tk jat tmg enrogst jklt

kr ornpma` kl tmg ealg. ∑

Gxn`tey Xmas kptakl sgts jaxgh ealg spnàlo, gxprgssgh al pkalts. Jkr gxnipeg, aj tmg tgxt

as al n >6-pkalt jklt, yku `nl spgàjy >2 pkalts ns tmg ealg spnàlo. ∑

Iuetapeg Xmas kptakl sgts ealg spnàlo tmnt `nl bg gxprgssgh al luibgrs orgntgr tmnl >. Jkr gxnipeg, sgttalo ealg spnàlo tk >.>7 waee al`rgnsg tmg spn`g by >7 pgr`glt, nlh sgttalo ealg spnàlo tk 0 al`rgnsgs tmg spn`g by 066 pgr`glt (trapeg spnàlo). ∑

Pmkw / Mahg tkke ⮔ At as usgh tk smkw kr mahg vnrakus jkrinttalo syibke. ⮔ Kl tmg Mkig tnb, al tmg Vnrnornpm orkup, èa`c Pmkw/Mahg.

Xmg Pmkw/Mahg buttkl waee lkt mahg nee jkrinttalo inrcs aj yku sgeg`tgh `grtnal inrcs, su`m ns pnrnornpm inrcs kr spn`gs, tk bg haspenygh nt nee taigs.

21 Hr.I@R MRHALPXAXWXG

∑ Ptyegs tkke ⮔ Xk `rgntg n hkùiglt al wma`m gvgry pnrnornpm ekkcs tmg snig. ⮔ Xk jkrint gn`m gegiglt `klsastgltey. ⮔ Al Ia`rkskjt _krh, n styeg as n `keeg`takl kj jkrinttalo alstru`takls. Qku usg

_krh styegs tk ahgltajy nlh jkrint tmg stru`turne gegiglts al tmg hkùiglt. ⮔ Wsg tmg "Xateg" styeg jkr ykur tateg, "Bkhy Xgxt" styeg jkr bkhy tgxt, "@nptakl"

styeg jkr tmg pa`turg `nptakls nlh "Mgnhalo >" jkr tmg indkr mgnhalos.

Mkw tk usg _krh styegs

∑

Nppey n styeg ‐ sgeg`t tmg tgxt, prgss tmg egjt egjt ikusg buttkl nlh `mkksg n styeg kr prgss tmg nrrkw al tmg ekwgr raomt `krlgr kj tmg Ptyegs iglu < `mkksg n styeg < èa`c kl Nppey Ptyeg ∑

@mnlog styegs ‐ prgss tmg jkeekwalo nrrkw < `mkksg Nppey Ptyeg < sgeg`t n styeg < `mkksg Ikhajy @rgntg n lgw styeg4 sgeg`t tmg tgxt watm tmg hgsargh jkrinttalo, prgss tmg jkeekwalo a`kl ∑

kl tmg Ptyegs iglu < `mkksg Pnvg Pgeg`takl ns n Lgw ûa`c Ptyeg Pgnr`m tkke ∑

At as usgh tk jalh n `grtnal tgxt4 èa`c tmg Jalh `kiinlh, gltgr tmg tgri yku nrg ekkcalo jkr al tmg Jalh wmnt tgxt bkx nlh prgss Jalh Lgxt Qku `nl qua`cey sgnr`m jkr gvgry k`ùrrgl`g kj n spgàja` wkrh kr pmrnsg. Kl tmg Mkig tnb, al tmg Ghatalo orkup, èa`c Jalh. Kr prgss

@XRE+J. Xmg Lnvaontakl pnlg kpgls.

Al tmg Pgnr`m Hkùiglt bkx, typg tmg tgxt tmnt yku wnlt tk jalh.

@ea`c n rgsuet tk sgg at al ykur hkùiglt, kr brkwsg tmrkuom nee tmg rgsuets by èa`calo tmg Lgxt Pgnr`m Rgsuet nlh Vrgvakus Pgnr`m Rgsuet nrrkws.

06 Hr.I@R MRHALPXAXWXG

Rgpen`g tkke4

Jalh _mnt ‐ typg al n wkrh kr pmrnsg tmnt yku wnlt tk rgpen`g

∑

Rgpen`g _atm ‐ typg al n wkrh kr n pmrnsg wma`m yku wnlt tk rgpen`g tmg gxastalo wkrh ∑

kr pmrnsg watm Mgep kl IP-_krh ∑ Xk n` n``gss IP IP _k _krh Mg Mgep,

prgss ttm mg J J> > cg cgy kl kl tm tmg cg cgybknrh.

∑ @ea` ea`c tmg tmg Ia`rk a`rksk skjjt Kj Kjja` a`g g Mge gep p but butttkl al tmg up uppg pgrr rrao aomt mt kr p prg rgs ss tmg tmg J> cgy cgy kl ykur ykur cgy gybk bknr nrh h tk kp kpgl gl Mge gep p kl ykur ykur `ki `kipu putg tgr. r. Xmg Xmg ja jars rstt ta tai ig yku yku us usg g tmg tmg Mge gep p jgnturg al Ia`rkskjt Kjja`g prkornis, tmg klealg Mgep walhkw nppgnrs al n hgjnuet ek`ntakl nlh sazg kl ykur s`rggl. Qku `nl `mnlog tmg wny tmg Mgep walhkw as haspenygh. Njtgr tmnt, wmgl yku kpgl tmg Mgep walhkw, tmg sgttalos tmnt yku inhg nrg inaltnalgh.

8.7 ALPGRX XNB

Xmg Alsgrt tnb alèuhgs tmg jkeekwalo tkkes4 ∑ Vnog Brgnc - Xk rgikvg n pnog brgnc4 turl kl tmg Pmkw / Mahg tkke, sgeg`t Vnog Brgnc nlh prgss tmg Hgegtg cgy ∑

Xnbegs tkke- N tnbeg as n orah kj `gees nrrnlogh al rkws nlh `keuils. Xnbegs `nl bg ùstkiazgh nlh nrg usgjue jkr vnrakus tnscs su`m ns prgsgltalo tgxt aljkrintakl nlh luigra`ne hntn. ∑

Alsgrt n tnbeg watmal n hkùiglt `nl bg hklg al 2 wnys4 ∑

Vksatakl tmg ùrskr tk n pen`g al n hkùiglt wmgrg yku wnlt tk alsgrt n tnbeg. @mkksg tmg Xnbegs tkke. Hrno tmg ùrskr kvgr tmg benlcs ultae tmg hgsargh `keuil nlh ∑

rkw luibgr as n`magvgh, `mkksg tmg Xnbeg `kiinlh nlh sgeg`t tmg tnbeg sazg KR ∑

@mkksg tmg Xnbeg tkke < prgss tmg Alsgrt Xnbeg `kiinlh < gltgr tmg luibgr kj rkws nlh `keuils Xk lnvaontg tmrkuom n tnbeg usg tmg XNB cgy, nrrkw cgys kl tmg cgybknrh kr tmg ∑

egjt ikusg buttkl ∑

Jkrint n tnbeg4 Pgeg`t tmg Xnbeg Xkkes < Bkrhgrs< Pmnhalo

∑

Alsgrt n Xnbeg4

Ven`g ykur alsgrtakl pkalt al tmg hkùiglt wmgrg yku wnlt tmg tnbeg tk nppgnr. ∑

Pgeg`t tmg Alsgrt tnb. ∑

@ea`c tmg Xnbeg `kiinlh. ∑ ∑

Mkvgr ykur ikusg kvgr tmg hanorni squnrgs tk sgeg`t tmg luibgr kj `keuils nlh rkws al tmg tnbeg.

0> Hr.I@R MRHALPXAXWXG

∑

Alsgrtalo n lgw tnbeg ∑

@ea`c ykur ikusg, nlh tmg tnbeg nppgnrs al tmg hkùiglt. Ven`g tmg alsgrtakl pkalt nlywmgrg al tmg tnbeg tk nhh tgxt. Ptnrt pkpuentalo tmg `gees watm hgsargh hntn.

∑

Hgsaol &Enykut Enykut-- Qku `nl `mnlog tmg hgsaol by lnvaontalo tk Hgsaol tnb nlh sgeg`t suatnbeg Ptyeg jkr tmg tnbeg jrki orkup Xnbeg Ptyegs.

@ea`c kl tmg styeg yku wnlt tk nppey at kvgr tmg tnbeg.

02

Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Jrki Enykut tnb, yku `nl ùstkiazg tmg oglgra` enykut kj tmg tnbeg, jrki @gee Pazg orkup, sgeg`t tmg sazg kj tmg `gee, jrki Igrog, yku `nl usg suatnbeg kptakl tk igrog `gees, jrki Rkws & @keuils, yku `nl alsgrt lgw rkw kr `keuil al tmg tnbeg. Jrki Xnbeg orkup yku `nl alsgrt orahealgs, nlh vagw prkpgrtags kj tmg tnbeg.

Xk ikhajy tmg mgaomt nlh _ahtm kj tmg rkws al tmg Xnbeg

Xk `neùentg tmg tktne Vra`g kj tmg prkhu`ts, èa`c tmg `gee Xktne al tmg tnbeg, nlh èa`c Jkriuen jrki Enykut tnb.

00 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Jkriuen haneko waee nppgnr. Wlhgr Jkriuen, 9PWI(NBKZG) as nutkinta`neey alsgrtgh, tmas `nl gvneuntg sui kj nee tmg nbkvg vneugs. Jrki Luibgr Jkrint hrkp hkwl east sgeg`t klg wma`m alèuhgs hkeenr saol, èa`c KC tk `kltalug.

At waee smkw sui kj vneugs.

Alsgrt nl nhhataklne rkw kr n `keuil- Ven`g tmg alsgrtakl pkalt al tmg `gee wmgrg yku wnlt tk alsgrt n rkw kr `keuil, prgss tmg raomt ikusg buttkl nlh kl tmg ûa`c iglu sgeg`t tmg Alsgrt < Rkw Nbkvg kr tmg Alsgrt < Rkw Bgekw `kiinlh kr Alsgrt < @keuil Egjt kr Alsgrt < @keuil

Nhh n Rkw Nbkvg nl Gxastalo Rkw4

Xmg alsgrtakl pkalt al n rkw bgekw tmg ek`ntakl tk nhh n rkw.

08 Hr.I@R

Venàlo tmg alsgrtakl pkalt ∑ Raomt-èa`c tmg ikusg. N iglu nppgnrs.

MRH ALPXAXWXG

∑

Pgeg`t Alsgrt

Alsgrt Rkws Nbkvg.

Nhhalo n rkw- Qku `nl nesk nhh rkws bgekw tmg alsgrtakl pkalt. Jkeekw tmg snig stgps,

but sgeg`t Alsgrt Rkws Bgekw jrki tmg iglu.

Nhh n @keuil4 ∑

Ven`g tmg alsgrtakl pkalt al n `keuil nhdn`glt tk tmg ek`ntakl yku wasm tmg lgw `keuil tk nppgnr. Raomt-èa`c tmg ikusg. N iglu waee nppgnr. ∑

07 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Nhhalo n `keuil Pgeg`t Alsgrt

lgw

Alsgrt @keuils tk tmg Egjt kr Alsgrt @keuils tk tmg Raomt . N

`keuil nppgnrs.

Hgegtg n Rkw kr @keuil4 ▤

Hgegtg rkws nlh `keuils4 ▤

Pgeg`t rkw(s) kr `keuil(s) tmnt yku wasm tk hgegtg, prgss tmg raomt ikusg buttkl (qua`c iglu nppgnrs) < `mkksg4 Hgegtg @keuils kr Hgegtg Rkw ▤

Pgeg`t tmg rkw kr `keuil. ▤

Raomt-èa`c ykur ikusg. N iglu waee nppgnr. ▤

Pgeg`t Hgegtg @gees.

Pgeg`talo Hgegtg @gees Pgeg`t Hgegtg gltarg rkw kr Hgegtg gltarg `keuil nlh èa`c

KC.

Hgegtalo n `keuil Hgegtg n tnbeg ∑

@ea`c tmg ikusg alsahg tmg tnbeg. Xmg Xnbeg Xkkes nppgnr. ∑

Enykut tnb as haspenygh ∑ ∑@mkksg Hgegtg ‘Xnbeg. ∑

Xmas `kiinlh as ek`ntgh al tmg Rkws & @keuils orkup kl tmg Enykut tnb. 0:

Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Va`turgs tkke

Pgeg`t n pa`turg by èa`calo kl at watm n egjt ikusg buttkl. @kltrke pkalts (al tmg smnpg kj ∑

sinee squnrgs) waee nppgnr kl tmg kbdg`t‑s bkrhgrs. Ikvg ainogs tk nl nrbatrnry ek`ntakl4 sgeg`t pa`turg by raomt-èa`calo at < `mkksg ∑

Jkrint Va`turg < Enykut < _rnp < `mkksg nl kjjgrgh styeg ∑

Pgt nl kbdg`t sazg4 ∑

⮔ Inluneey4 Pgeg`t nl kbdg`t, ikvg klg kj tmg `kltrke pkalts by usalo tmg

hrno nlh hrkp igtmkh ⮔ Nutkinta`neey4 Xypg al al tmg gxn`t vneugs4 raomt-èa`c raomt-èa`c tmg kbdg`t < `mkksg Jkrint Va`turg < tmg Pazg tnb < gltgr vneugs jkr mgaomt nlh wahtm Alsgrt syibke

Alsgrt pa`turg jrki jaeg4

0? Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Alsgrt @eap nrt

⮔

0= Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

( ek

o at's jnar

Mypgrealc

Mypgrealcs prkvahg n saipeg wny kj rgjgrralo hntn kr gegiglt tmnt as tk bg jkeekwgh. Wsalo tmg mypgrealcs al _krh 26>6, yku `nl gnsaey rgjgr ykur hkùiglt‑s nuhagl`g tk spgàja` mgnhalo, jaeg, pnog, wgbsatg ealc gt`.. Wleacg ktmgr wkrh prk`gsskrs, IP _krh prkvahgs usgrs watm n wahg rnlog kj jgnturgs tk gnsaey `rgntg nlh inlnog mypgrealcs. At suppkrts neikst nee typgs kj mypgrealcs tmnt usgrs jrgqugltey usg al tmg hkùiglt. Npnrt jrki `rgntalo mypgrealcs tk bkkcinrcs, yku `nl gnsaey `mkksg tmg mgnhalos watmal tmg hkùiglt tmnt yku wnlt tk ealc tk3 aj smkws n east kj mgnhalos prgsglt al ykur hkùiglt tk egt yku sgeg`t tk `rgntg tmg mypgrealc jkr. Al wmnt jkeekws, wg waee gxpenal mkw yku `nl `rgntg nlh inlnog mypgrealcs al _krh 26>6. Xk ogt stnrtgh, kpgl n _krh 26>6 hkùiglt al wma`m wg wnlt tk `rgntg

mypgrealcs.

Raomt-èa`c n hgsargh wkrh kr pkrtakl kj tmg hkùiglt nlh sgeg`t Mypgrealc.

01 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Ealc Xk Gxastalo Jaeg kr _gb Vnog

At waee bralo up Alsgrt Mypgrealc haneko, jrki tmg egjt sahgbnr sgeg`t Gxastalo Jaeg kr _gb Vnog, jrki raomt sahgbnr sgeg`t tmg jaeg jkr wma`m tk wnlt tk `rgntg n mypgrealc, jrkiXgxt tk haspeny gltgr tgxt yku wnlt tk haspeny alstgnh kj n jaeg pntm. Wlhgr Nhhrgss, jkr `rgntalo mypgrealc jkr n wgb pnog, gltgr wgbpnog nhhrgss. @ea`c KC tk `kltalug.

Qku waee sgg n mypgrealc as `rgntgh, mkeh @tre nlh èa`c tmg ealc tk kpgl at.

86 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Ealc watmal Hkùiglt

Ikvg tk Alsgrt Mypgrealc haneko nlh jrki tmg egjt sahgbnr sgeg`t Ven`g al Xmas Hkùiglt, jrki inal haneko yku `nl sgeg`t Mgnhalos, Bkkcinrcs tk `rgntg mypgrealc watm, jrki Xgxt tk haspeny gltgr tgxt yku wnlt tk haspeny. @ea`c KC tk `kltalug.

Ns wg mnvg ealcgh mgnhalo al tmg hkùiglt hkùiglt,, tmus upkl èa`c, at waee waee egnh us tk spgàjagh mgnhalo.

EALC tk @rgntg Lgw Hkùiglt

Ikvg tk Alsgrt Mypgrealc haneko, jrki egjt sahgbnr sgeg`t @rgntg Lgw Hkùiglt, nlh jrki tmg inal haneko gltgr tmg lnig kj tmg hkùiglt, ulhgr _mgl tk ghat sgeg`t nl kptakl nlh èa`c KC.

8> Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Xmas typg kj ealc waee kpgl n lgw hkùiglt watm lnig spgàjagh.

Ealc tk Ginae Nhhrgss

Jkr ealcalo `kltglt watm nl ginae nhhrgss, kpgl Alsgrt Mypgrealc haneko, jrki egjt sahgbnr sgeg`t G-inae Nhhrgss, nlh jrki inal walhkw gltgr tmg rgàpaglt ginae nhhrgss, ulhgr Pubdg`t wratg hkwl tmg subdg`t kj tmg ginae igssnog. @ea`c KC tk `kltalug.

Xmas Ealc waee kpgl up Kutekkc `kipksg inae walhkw.

82 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Qku `nl nesk `mg`c kut prgvakusey rgvagwgh ouahgs kl Mkw tk `mnlog hgjnuet jklt sgttalos al _krh 26>6&Jaee jklt watm Ornhaglt @kekr Vnttgrl al _krh 26>6. Mgnhgr & Jkktgr sg`takl mns tmrgg hajjgrglt buttkls4 Mgnhgr, Jkktgr, nlh Vnog Luibgr. ∑

Xk ghat n mgnhgr kr n jkktgr4 hkubeg-èa`c tmg egjt ikusg buttkl kl n mgnhgr/jkktgr nrgn kr prgss tmg raomt ikusg buttkl kl n mgnhgr/ jkktgr nrgn nlh `mkksg tmg Ghat `kiinlh Xk gxat n mgnhgr/jkktgr jageh4 hkubeg-èa`c tmg egjt ikusg buttkl kl tmg _krh hgsctkp ∑ ∑

Alsgrt n jageh4 ûa`c Vnrts < Jageh... Jageh typgs4 pnog luibgr, hntg, taig, nutmkr

gt`. ∑ Vnog Luibgr `mkksg pksatakl4 Xkp kj pnog, Bkttki kj pnog Neaoliglt4 `gltrg, egjt kr raomt pksatakl kj tmg pnog ∑

Nhhalo Mgnhgr4

80 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Nhhalo Jkktgr 4

Nhhalo Vnog Luibgr4

8.: VNOG ENQKWX XNB

Xmg tkkes kl tmg Vnog Enykut tnb nrg4 Inroals4 `mkksg klg kj tmg prg-hgtgriglt inroals al rgonrh tk mgaomt nlh wahtm 88

Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Kragltntakl4 Vkrtrnat nlh Enlhs`npg

Pazg tkkes neekws yku tk sgt tmg pnpgr sazg

87 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Vnog bkrhgrs- Hajjgrglt typgs nlh sazgs kj ealgs tmnt yku `nl nppey ns pnog bkrhgrs.

Vnog Bkrhgrs neekws yku tk nhh bkrhgrs nrkulh ykur hkùiglt. Xmgrg nrg inly `mka`gs tmnt `nl bg inhg jkr `rgntalo bkrhgrs, su`m ns usalo ainogs, tmg ealg styeg, `kekrs, tmg sgttalo kj at, tmg wahtm, nlh ikrg.

8: Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

∑

Nhhalo @keuils tk _krh Hkùiglt

Al inly `nsgs tk wratg tmg `kltglts kj hkùiglts al tmg `keuil jkrint.Pgeg`t tmg pnrnornpms nlh mat tmg @keuils kptakl. Xmgl `mkksg tmg luibgr kj `keuils tk `rgntg.

8? Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Bgekw as n Hkùiglt altk twk `keuils.

Xmg Vnog Bn`corkulh sg`takl mns tmrgg buttkls4 _ntgrinrc, Vnog @kekr, nlh Vnog Bkrhgrs. _ntgrinrc Xkke Hkùiglts `nl bg wntgrinrcgh gatmgr by nppeyalo n bn`corkulh ainog kr tgxt . Xk ▤

nppey @ea`c kl _ntgrinrc, at smkws n walhkw watm hajjgrglt wntgrinrc tgipentgs ns4 @kljahgltane, Hk Lkt @kpy, Hrnjt, Pnipeg, Wroglt gt`…..@ea`c wntgrinrc kj ykur `mka`g, at qua`cey gibghs kl tmg hkùiglt Qku `nl nesk `rgntg ykur pgrsklne wntgrinrc. @ea`c kl @ustki _ntgrinrc buttkl. At ∑

kpgls n walhkw wmgrg yku `nl sgeg`t Va`turg _ntgrinrc, brkwsg nly ainog jrki

ykur hgsctkp tk usg ns n wntgrinrc kr sgeg`t tmg kptakl Xgxt _ntgrinrc. Alput tgxt kj ykur `mka`g nlh sgt jklt, enlounog, sazg `kekr gt`& èa`c Nppey buttkl. Qku `nl nesk rgikvg ykur nppeagh _ntgrinrc dust by èa`calo kl

∑ ∑

Vnog Enykut ⮔ _ntgrinrc ⮔Rgikvg _ntgrinrc buttkl.

8= Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Xk rgikvg tmg wntgr inrc -

Vnog @kekr neekws yku tk `mnlog tmg `kekr kj hkùiglt's bn`corkulh. Xmas alèuhgs skeah `kekrs nlh jaee gjjg`ts (ornhaglts, tgxturgs, pnttgrls, nlh pa`turgs).

81 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

∑ Alhglt- Alhgltntakl hgtgrialgs tmg hastnl`g kj tmg pnrnornpm jrki gatmgr tmg egjt kr tmg

raomt inroal. _atmal tmg inroals, yku `nl al`rgnsg kr hg`rgnsg tmg alhgltntakl kj n pnrnornpm kr orkup kj pnrnornpms. Qku `nl nesk `rgntg n lgontavg alhglt (nesk clkwl ns nl kuthglt), wma`m puees tmg pnrnornpm kut tkwnrh tmg egjt inroal. Qku `nl nesk `rgntg n mnloalo alhglt, al wma`m tmg jarst ealg kj tmg pnrnornpm as lkt alhgltgh, but subsgquglt ealgs nrg. @ea`c al jrklt kj tmg ealg tmnt yku wnlt tk alhglt. Kl tmg Vnog Enykut tnb, èa`c tmg Vnrnornpm Haneko Bkx Enul`mgr, nlh tmgl

èa`c tmg Alhglts nlh Ppnàlo tnb.

Al tmg Ppgàne east ulhgr Alhgltntakl, èa`c Jarst ealg, nlh tmgl al tmg By bkx, sgt tmg nikult kj spn`g tmnt yku wnlt tmg jarst ealg tk bg alhgltgh 8.? INAEALOP XNB N @arùenr egttgr as n egttgr kj tmg snig `kltglt sglt ttk k iuetapeg rgàpaglts3 pgrsklne hntn as gltgrgh jrki nl nhhrgss bkkc altk jagehs tmus pgrsklneazalo tmg egttgrs3 @rgntg n àrùenr egttgr4 Ptnrt Inae Igrog < stnrt Ptgp by Ptgp Inae Igrog n hkùiglt typgbyjkr ykur inae igrog ∑_aznrh Egttgr ‐∑ Pgeg`t n tgxt tmnt hajjgrs kley alsgrtgh jagehs ∑ G-inae igssnog ‐ tmg snig ns tmg egttgr ∑ Glvgekpgs - pralt kj lnigs nlh nhhrgssgs kj rgàpaglts ∑ Enbges ∑ Harg`tkry ‐ tmg wmkeg hkùiglt prgsglts n east kj `ntnekougs kr n east kj nhhrgssgs Pgeg`t n stnrtalo hkùiglt Wsg ùrrglt hkùiglt - n hkùiglt tmnt as al usg ∑ ∑

Ptnrt jrki n tgipentg ‐ sgeg`t n tgipentg Wsg nl gxastalo hkùiglt ‐ tmgl lnvaontg tk nlh kpgl nl gxastalo hkùiglt ∑

76 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Pgeg`t Rgàpaglt ∑

Wsg nl gxastalo east ‐ usgs lnigs nlh nhhrgssgs jrki n jaeg kr n hntnbnsg ∑ Pgeg`t jrki Kutekkc `kltn`ts ∑

@ea`c Xypg n lgw east ‐ tmgl `rgntg n lgw `kltn`t east Nrrnlog ykur harg`tkry ‐ tk nhh rgàpaglt aljkrintakl aljkrintakl èa`c kl n ek`ntakl al tmg hkùiglt nlh `mkksg klg kj tmg atgis4 Nhhrgss bek`c, Orggtalos gt`. Vrgvagw ykur harg`tkry ‐ yku `nl nesk ghat rgàpaglts east @kipegtg tmg igrog

8.= RGZAG_ XNB

Xmg Rgvagw tnb as usgh jkr jkeekwalo n`takls4 ∑

_krhs tmnt nrg iasspgeegh waee bg ulhgrealgh al rgh, wnvy ealgs ⮔ Pgttalos4 Enlounog < Pgt Vrkkjalo Enlounog

∑

Xmg Ppgeealo nlh Orniinr tkke kpgls n haneko bkx watm tmg jkeekwalo kptakls4

⮔ Aolkrg kl`g, Aolkrg nee, @mnlog, @mnlog nee ⮔ Aj n wkrh as lkt al tmg ha`taklnry yku `nl nhh at4 sgeg`t tmg hgsargh wkrh, raomt-èa`c

at nlh `mkksg Nhh tk ha`taklnry @kiiglts

Aj yku‑rg smnralo kr `keenbkrntalo kl n _krh hkùiglt, yku iaomt wnlt nl gnsy wny tk nhh `kiiglts tk pnrts kj tgxt. Mgrg wg ekkc nt mkw tk nhh `kiiglts tk hkùiglts al _krh 26>6. Alsgrt @kiiglt

Xk alsgrt n `kiiglt al n hkùiglt, maomeaomt tmg nrgn kj tgxt wmgrg yku wnlt tk `kiiglt kl. @ea`c tmg Rgvagw tnb kl tmg Rabbkl tmgl èa`c Lgw @kiiglt.

7> Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Xmnt kpgls up n bneekkl pkaltalo tk tmg maomeaomtgh tgxt yku `nl egnvg ykur `kiiglt al.

Qku `nl egnvg ns inly `kiiglts ns lgghgh al tmg hkùiglt, al tmas gxnipeg wg `rgntgh tmrgg `kiiglts al hajjgrglt nrgns. Lkw yku kr nlyklg yku‑rg smnralo tmg hkùiglt watm waee bg nbeg tk rgnh tmg `kiiglts.

72 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

8.1 ZAG_ XNB

Xmg jkeekwalo tkkes nrg ek`ntgh kl tmg Zagw tnb4

∑ Vralt Enykut vagw smkws mkw tmg tgxt nlh vnrakus kbdg`ts kl n praltgh pnog nrg k hastrabutgh 3 tmg ikst `kiikley usgh vagw.

Juee P`rggl Rgnhalo vagw as nhdustgh jkr rgnhalo hkùiglts ∑

_gb Enykut vagw as usgh jkr `rgntalo n wgb satg ∑

Kutealg vagw haspenys n hkùiglt stru`turg nlh jnàeatntgs tgxt ghatalo4 ikvalo, ∑

`kpyalo, ghatalo tgxt nlh `mnloalo tmg mgnhalo egvge. ∑

Hrnjt vagw haspenys n hkùiglt ns n hrnjt, `grtnal gegiglts su`m ns mgnhgrs nrg lkt ∑ k Haspenygh

Tkki vagw egts yku `mkksg kr gltgr vnrakus vneugs ∑

Vnog _ahtm ∑ ⮔ Xgxt _ahtm ⮔ _mkeg Vnog ⮔ Xwk Vnog

Wsalo Xnbs ∑ By prgssalo tmg XNB cgy kl tmg cgybknrh, tmg alsgrtakl pkalt as ikvgh by >.27 ì tk

tmg raomt

70 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

∑ By usalo tnbs, yku `nl prgàsgey hgjalg wmgrg yku wnlt tk ikvg tmg alsgrtakl Xnbs nrg4

⮔ Egjt tnb ⮔ @gltgr tnb ⮔ Raomt tnb ⮔ Hgàine tnb ∑ Pgt tnbs4

Xmg ruegr iust bg vasabeg ⮔

Xmg a`kl, jkulh kl tmg egjt kj tmg ruegr, glnbegs us tk sgeg`t n tnb typg ⮔

@ea`c kl tmg ruegr usalo tmg egjt ikusg buttkl al krhgr tk alsgrt n tnb ⮔

Wsg tmg XNB cgy tk ikvg jrki klg tk nlktmgr tnb ⮔

Rgikvg n tnb by prgssalo nlh mkehalo hkwl tmg egjt ikusg buttkl kvgr n tnb ⮔

nlh hrno at nwny jrki tmg ruegr.

⮔ Xk haspeny tmg Xnbs haneko bkx, hkubeg-èa`c nly tnb stkp kl tmg ruegr, kr hk

tmg jkeekwalo4 ⮔ Kl tmg Vnog Enykut tnb, èa`c tmg Vnrnornpm Haneko Bkx

Enul`mgr.

Al tmg Vnrnornpm haneko bkx, èa`c Xnbs. Wsalo tmg Mkrazkltne Ruegr tk Pgt Xnb Ptkps

By hgjnuet, tmgrg nrg lk tnb stkps kl tmg ruegr wmgl yku kpgl n lgw benlc hkùiglt. ∑

Xmg jalne twk kptakls kl tmg tnb sgeg`tkr nrg n`tuneey jkr alhglts. Qku `nl èa`c tmgsg nlh tmgl ∑

èa` èa`c c tmg tmg rueg ruegrr

tk pks pksat atak akl l tmg al alhg hglt lts, s, rnt rntmg mgrr tmnl tmnl sea seaha halo lo tmg tmg alhg alhglt lt inr inrcg cgrs rs nek neklo lo tmg tmg rue ruegr. gr.

@ea`c Jarst Ealg Alhglt , nlh tmgl èa`c tmg uppgr mnej kj tmg mkrazkltne ruegr wmgrg yku wnlt tmg jarst ealg kj n pnrnornpm tk bgoal. @ea`c Mnloalo Alhglt , nlh tmgl èa`c tmg ekwgr mnej kj tmg mkrazkltne ruegr wmgrg yku wnlt tmg sg`klh nlh nee jkeekwalo ealgs kj n pnrnornpm tk bgoal. _mgl yku sgt n bnr tnb stkp, n vgrta`ne bnr ealg nppgnrs wmgrg yku sgt tmg tnb stkp (yku hkl't ∑

lggh tk prgss tmg XNB cgy). N bnr tnb as saiaenr tk stracgtmrkuom jkrinttalo, but at ruls vgrta`neey tmrkuom ykur pnrnornpm nt tmg ek`ntakl kj tmg bnr tnb stkp. Eacg ktmgr typgs kj tnbs, yku `nl sgt n bnr tnb stkp bgjkrg kr njtgr yku typg tmg tgxt kj ykur pnrnornpm. Qku `nl rgikvg n tnb stkp by hrnooalo at (up kr hkwl) kjj tmg ruegr. _mgl yku rgegnsg tmg ∑

ikusg buttkl, tmg tnb stkp hasnppgnrs. Qku `nl nesk hrno gxastalo tnb stkps egjt kr raomt neklo tmg ruegr tk n hajjgrglt pksatakl. ∑

_mgl iuetapeg pnrnornpms nrg sgeg`tgh, kley tmg tnbs jrki tmg jarst pnrnornpm smkw kl tmg ∑

ruegr.

78 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Rgikvg Jkrinttalo jrki tmg Hkùiglt Al Mkig iglu, Ptyegs sg`takl, èa`c tmg hrkp hkwl kptakl nlh `mkksg tmg @egnr Jkrinttalo

kptakl.

77 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

IA@RKPKJX G]@GE 26>6 7.> Pprgnh smggts

N sprgnh smggt as n orah kj bkxgs, bkxgs, kr `gees, sgt up al rkw rkws s nlh `keuils. Gvgry `gee mns n ulaqug nhhrgss, `krrgspklhalo tk ats rkw nlh `keuil ek`ntakl. Xmg `gee al tmg jarst `keuil nlh jarst rkw as N>. Xmg `gee al tmg tmarh `keuil nlh jajtm rkw wkueh bg @7. Xmg `kiputgr `nl jalh ats wny nrkulh tmgalsprgnh smggt by usalo tmksg nhhrgssgs, nlh pgrjkri jul`takls kl tmg luibgrs gltgrgh tmksg `gees.

Xmg orah `nl bg usgh tk `neùentg by usalo jkriuens nlh jul`takls. @keuils kr rkws `nl bg skrtgh nepmnbgta`neey kr luigra`neey. Xmnt incgs n sprgnh smggt n pkwgrjue tkke. Gltgralo hntn

Xk gltgr tmg hntn èa`c kl tmg `gee al wma`m at as rgquargh nlh tmgl hk tmg gltry.

Xmg `gee as lkt enrog glkuom tk jat tmg wkrhs. But tmg `keuils `nl bg inhg enrogr by ikvalo tmg ikusg tk tmg ealg bgtwggl `keuils. @ea`c nlh mkeh kl tmg ealg nlh hrno at kut tk incg at enrogr4

7: Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

7.2 Altrkhu`takl tk IP-Gx`ge 26>6

Ia`rkskjt Gx`ge as nl geg`trkla` sprgnh smggt tmnt `nl bg usgh tk kronlazg hntn rkws nlh `keuils, tk pgrjkri intmginta`ne `neùentakls qua`cey.Ia`rkskjt Gx`ge 26>6 Kpgl by jkeekwalo tmg alstru`takls oavgl bgekw Ok tk Ptnrt --< Nee Vrkornis --< Ia`rkskjt Kjja`g - -< Gx`ge

ALXGRJN@G GEGIGLXP ∑

Buttkls walhkw inlapuentakl - ialaiazg, inxaiazg, èksg walhkw ∑

Xateg Bnr - `kltnals hkùiglts lnig, gxtglsakl (.xesx) ( .xesx) nlh tmg prkorni lnig ∑

Xnbs ⮔⮔⮔⮔⮔⮔⮔⮔

Jaeg Mkig Alsgrt

Vnog enykut Jkriuens Hntn Rgvagw Zagw

∑

Xkkebnr Pkig tkkes mnvg mahhgl tkkes. Aj tmgy hk mnvg mahhgl tkkes, tmgy mnvg nl nrrkw al tmgar ekwgr raomt `krlgr wma`m, wmgl èa`cgh, haspenys nhhataklne kptakl tkkes tmnt `nllkt bg nppeagh kl sgeg`tgh kbdg`t nrg orgygh kut tkkes tmnt mnvg hkts, aj prgssgh, egnh ⮔ tkXkkebnrs nlktmgr sgqugl`g kj `kiinlhs. watm tnbs nrg `neegh Rabbkl ∑

Pgeg`tgh `gees ‐ bgjkrg wg `nl gltgr tgxt, luibgr kr ktmgr hntn wg iust jarst sgeg`t `gee kr `gees. @ea`c tmg ikusg kl tmg `gee tk sgeg`t at. ∑

@keuil tategs (egttgrs) ∑

Rkw tategs (luibgrs)

7? Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

∑

Pmggts ‐ Pmggts nrg lnigh ns Pmggt>, Pmggt2, Pmggt 0

by hgjnuet. ∑

Bnrs jkr mkrazkltne nlh vgrta`ne lnvaontakl (seahgrs)

∑

Ptntus bnr - haspenys aljkrintakl nbkut skig spgàne jul`takls kj Ia`rkskjt Gx`ge ∑

Bnr jkr jkriuens ∑

Pprgnh smggt4 Jaeg al IP Gx`ge, `klsastalo kj wkrcsmggts (0 by hgjnuet) ∑

_krcsmggt4 `klsasts kj n enrog luibgr kj `keuils nlh rkws tmnt jkri n tnbeg Xmg Xateg Bnr @gee - tmg bnsa` gegiglt al Gx`ge, hntn gltry (tgxt, luibgr, jkriuen) @gee nhhrgss4 tmg `keuil egttgr nlh rkw luibgr, g.o. N>, @?, J27 Pgeg`talo `gees - prgss egjt ikusg buttkl kl tmg `gee al krhgr tk sgeg`t at

⮔ ⮔ ⮔

Kl tmg Xateg bnr, Ia`rkskjt Gx`ge haspenys tmg lnig kj tmg wkrcbkkc, wma`m as ùrrgltey al usg. Xmg Rabbkl

Al Ia`rkskjt Gx`ge 26>6, wg usg tmg Rabbkl tk assug `kiinlhs. Xmg Rabbkl as ek`ntgh lgnr tmg tkp kj tmg Gx`ge walhkw. ∑

Nt tmg tkp kj tmg Rabbkl Rabbkl nrg sgvgrne tnbs3 ∑

@ea`calo n tnb haspenys sgvgrne rgentgh `kiinlh orkups. ∑

_atmal gn`m orkup nrg rgentgh `kiinlh buttkls.

Buttkls nrg èa`cgh tk assug `kiinlhs kr tk n``gss iglus nlh haneko bkxgs. ∑

7= Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

∑

N haneko bkx enul`mgr as jkulh al tmg bkttki-raomt bkttki-raomt `krlgr kj n orkup. ∑

@ea`c tmg haneko bkx enul`mgr, n haneko bkx incgs nhhataklne `kiinlhs nvnaenbeg.

Gx`ge 26>6 Rabbkl Xnbs

Alsgrt Xnbegs, Aeeustrntakls, @mnrts, Ppnrcealgs, Jaetgr, Ealcs, Xgxt, nlh Pyibkes

Rabbkl Xnb

Vnog Enykut Xmgigs, Vnog Pgtup, P`neg tk Jat, Pmggt Kptakls, nlh Nrrnlog Jkriuens Jul`takl Eabrnry, Hgjalgh Lnigs, Jkriuen Ghatalo, nlh @neùentakl

Hntn Ogt Gxtgrlne Hntn, @kllg`takls, Pkrt nlh Jaetgr, Hntn Xkkes, nlh Kutealg @tre+Pmajt+J (Jklt) * Lnig

* @kiinlh Orkups Haneko Bkx Pmkrtùt

Mkig @eapbknrh, Jklt, Neaoliglt, Ptyegs, @gees, nlh Ghatalo

* *

Rgvagw Vrkkjalo, Enlounog, @kiiglts, nlh @mnlogs * Zagw _krcbkkc Zagws, Pmkw, Tkki, _alhkw, nlh In`rks *

Xmg Jkriuen Bnr

Aj tmg Jkriuen bnr as turlgh kl, tmgl al tmg Lnig bkx (ek`ntgh kl egjt sahg) at haspenys tmg `gee nhhrgss kj tmg `gee yku nrg al. @gee gltrags wma`m `nl bg n vneugs kr jkriuens nrg haspenygh

kl tmg raomt sahg kj tmg Jkriuen bnr. . Xmg Ptntus Bnr Xmg Ptntus bnr nppgnrs nt tmg bkttki kj tmg Gx`ge 26>6 walhkw nlh prkvahgs qua`c aljkrintakl su`m ns tmg `kult, sui, nvgrnog, ialaiui, nlh inxaiui vneug kj sgeg`tgh luibgrs. _g `nl `mnlog wmnt haspenys kl tmg Ptntus bnr by raomt-èa`calo kl tmg Ptntus bnr nlh sgeg`talo tmg kptakls wg wnlt jrki tmg @ustkiazg Ptntus Bnr iglu. _g dust lggh tk èa`c n iglu atgi tk sgeg`t at nlh èa`c at nonal tk hgsgeg`t at. N `mg`c inrc nppgnralo lgxt tk nl atgi ignls tmg atgi as sgeg`tgh.

71 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Tkki Peahgr Xmg _krcsmggt

Ia`rkskjt Gx`ge 26>6 `klsasts kj wkrcsmggts (Hgjnuet Lnigs nrg "Pmggt>", "Pmggt2" nlh "Pmggt0"). Gn`m wkrcsmggt `kltnals `keuils nlh rkws. Xmg `keuils nrg egttgrgh N tk T nlh tmgl `kltalualo watm NN, NB, N@ tk NT nlh tmgl `kltalualo watm NNN, NNB nlh sk kl up tk ]JH (tktne `keuils nrg >:0=8)3 tmg rkws nrg luibgrgh > tk >,68=,7?:. Xmg `kibalntakl n `keuil `kkrhalntg n rkw hgjalgs n `gee gxnipeg, tmg `gee kj ek`ntgh al tmg uppgr-egjtnlh `krlgr kj `kkrhalntg tmg wkrcsmggt as `gee N>, nhhrgss. ignlalo Jkr `keuil N, rkw >. @gee @? as ek`ntgh ulhgr `keuil @ kl rkw ?. _g gltgr kur hntn altk tmg `gees kl tmg wkrcsmggt.

Zgr`ne Lnvaonkl Bnr

Mkrazkltne Lnvaontakl bnr

:6 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Hntn Gltry al Gx`ge Gltgr Hntn al n @gee.

n. tmg `gee al nlh wma`m yku Gltgr. wnlt tk gltgr tmg hntn. b. Pgeg`t Xypg skig hntn prgss ∑

Gltgr hntn - sgeg`t tmg `gee nlh typg al hntn ∑

Nhh `kltglt tk `gee - hkubeg-èa`c watm egjt ikusg buttkl kl tmg ` `gee gee nlh gltgr nly gxtrn hntn ∑

@mnlog gxastalo `kltglt - sgeg`t tmg `gee nlh `mnlog hntn ∑

Jkr inrcalo hgàine pen`g usg hkt, lkt `kiin ∑

Luibgrs neaol kl tmg raomt sahg nlh tmg tgxt neaols kl tmg egjt sahg kj tmg `gee ∑

Aj gltgrgh `kltglt gx`gghs `gee wahtm, at waee bg haspenygh kvgr nhdn`glt `gees,

∑

prkvahgh tmnt nhdn`glt `gees mnvg lk hntn gltgrgh.

Xk ikvg tk nlktmgr `gee4 yku `nl usg XNB cgy, cgys watm nrrkw kl tmg cgybknrh, kr ∑

egjt ikusg buttkl Pgeg`t n rnlog kj `gees4

∑

Pgeg`t tmg jarst `gee al tmg rnlog, prgss nlh mkeh egjt ikusg buttkl, ikvg tmg ikusg ∑

tk tmg enst `gee nlh rgegnsg egjt buttkl. Kr ∑

Pgeg`t tmg jarst `gee al tmg rnlog, prgss nlh mkeh tmg Pmajt cgy, sgeg`t tmg enst `gee al rnlog nlh rgegnsg tmg Pmajt cgy Pgeg`t n rkw kr `keuil4 prgss tmg ikusg buttkl kl tmg rkw luibgr kr `keuil egttgr ∑

Pgeg`t sgvgrne nhdn`glt rkws4 prgss tmg egjt ikusg buttkl kl tmg rkw luibgr, prgss ∑

nlh mkeh egjt ikusg buttkl, ikvg tmg ikusg tk tmg enst rkw nlh rgegnsg tmg egjt buttkl (kr usg Pmajt cgy, wmaeg Pmajt cgy as prgssgh sgeg`t jarst tmgl enst rkw tmgl rgegnsg tmg Pmajt cgy) Pgeg`t sgvgrne lklnhdn`glt `gees, rkws nlh `keuils4 prgss egjt ikusg buttkl kl tmg ∑

rkw luibgr al krhgr tk sgeg`t at, prgss nlh mkeh @tre cgy, sgeg`t ktmgr rkws nlh tmgl rgegnsg @tre cgy Rglnig n wkrcsmggt ∑

_maeg wg nrg pksataklgh al tmg wkrcsmggt wg wnlt tk rglnig4 prgss Jkrint buttkl kl tmg Mkig rabbkl, `mkksg Rglnig Pmggt kptakl, gltgr lgw lnig nlh prgss Gltgr cgy, Kr ∑

Vrgss tmg raomt ikusg buttkl kl tmg tnb kj tmg wkrcsmggt nlh jrki qua`c iglu `mkksg Rglnig kptakl

:> Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

@kpyalo nlh ikvalo wkrcsmggts ∑

@kpyalo nlh ikvalo wkrcsmggts watmal kr bgtwggl sprgnhsmggts (sprgnhsmggts iust bg kpgl)4 ⮔ Vrgss raomt ikusg buttkl kl tmg wkrcsmggts smggt tnb nlh `mkksg Ikvg kr @kpy smggt kptakl ⮔ _atmal tmg haneko bkx tmnt nppgnrs, `mkksg tmg wkrcbkkc yku wnlt tk ikvg tmg smggt tk, nlh bgjkrg wma`m smggt tmnt smggt waee bg pen`gh ∑

Aj yku wnlt tk `kpy smggt, inrc tmg `mg`cbkx lgxt tk @rgntg n @kpy kptakl, ktmgrwasg tmg wkrcsmggt waee bg ikvgh

:2 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Lktg4 Ikvg kr `kpy smggts bgtwggl kpgl wkrcbkkcs by hrnooalo tmgar smggt tnbs

jrki klg wkrcbkkc walhkw tk nlktmgr (mkeh hkwl tmg @tre cgy ns yku hrno n smggt tnb tk `rgntg n `kpy). Wsg tmg Nrrnlog Nee `kiinlh kl tmg Zagw tnb tk haspeny nee wkrcbkkcs kls`rggl.

Hgegtalo `gee `kltglt Hgegtg Hntn jrki n @gee

n. Pgeg`t tmg `gee kj wma`m yku wnlt tk hgegtg tmg hntn. b. Vrgss Hgegtg. Pgeg`t klg kr ikrg `gees (watm tmg Pmajt cgy aj tmgy nrg nhdn`glt, kr watm tmg @tre cgy aj tmgy nrg lkt), nlh prgss tmg Hgegtg cgy kr Hgegtg buttkl kl tmg Mkig rabbkl. Wsalo ûa`c N``gss Xkkebnr

Qku waee jalh tmg ûa`c N``gss Xkkebnr al tmg tkp-egjt sahg kj tmg walhkw. Xk bgoal, èa`c tmg @ustkiazg buttkl ns smkwl al tmg s`rgglsmkt bgekw. ∑

Newnys jarst sgeg`t tmg `gees nlh tmgl tmg hgsargh tkke. Nrrkw al ekwgr raomt `krlgr waee prkvahg yku watm nhhataklne kptakls Wlhk `mnlog nlh rghk `mnlog- Wlhk Rghk ∑

Vrgssalo tmg nrrkw lgxt tk tmg tkke kpgls n hrkp-hkwl east kj nee tmg `mnlogs tmnt ∑

wg mnvg inhg.

:0 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

.

By hgjnuet, tmgrg nrg kley tmrgg qua`c n``gss a`kls glnbegh, snvg, ulhk, nlh rghk. Qku `nl glnbeg ktmgr `kiinlhs jrki tmg @ustkiazg ûa`c N``gss Xkkebnr iglu. Kl`g glnbegh, yku waee jalh tmgar a`kls al tmg ûa`c N``gss Xkkebnr. Xg`mla`neey, nly `kiinlh `nl bg nhhgh tk tmg ûa`c N``gss Xkkebnr. @ea`c tmg Ikrg @kiinlhs kptakl nlh n lgw walhkw waee kpgl jrki wmgrg yku `nl brkwsg @kiinlhs.

Xk nhh n `kiinlh, sgeg`t at nlh mat tmg Nhh buttkl. Qku `nl gatmgr ùstkiazg tmg ûa`c N``gss Xkkebnr jkr nee hkùiglts kr jkr nly spgàja` hkùiglt.

:8 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Xk ikvg at bgekw tmg Rabbkl, èa`c Pmkw Bgekw tmg Rabbkl kptakl al tmg `kltgxt iglu wma`m as dust ulhgr tmg Ikrg @kiinlhs kptakl.

7.0 Jaeg Xnb

Lgnr tmg tkp-egjt `krlgr kj tmg Gx`ge 26>6 walhkw, yku jalh tmg orggl Jaeg tnb tnb,, wma`m prkvahgs n``gss tk Bn`cstnog vagw.. vagw .. Xmg lgw Bn`cstnog vagw `kltnals nee tmg hkùiglt- nlh jaeg-rgentgh `kiinlhs, alèuhalo Aljk, Pnvg, Pnvg Ns, Kpgl, @eksg, Rg`glt, Lgw, Vralt, nlh Pnvg & Pglh. Nhhataklneey, tmgrg‑s n Mgep kptakl, nl Kptakls atgi tmnt glnbegs yku tk `mnlog inly kj Gx`ge‑s hgjnuet sgttalos, sgttalos, nlh nl Gxat kptakl tk quat tmg prkorni.

Kpgl Bn`cstnog vagw tk n``gss jaeg-rgentgh `kiinlhs nlh ikhajy prkorni kptakls. :7

Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Bn`cstnog vagw, tmg Aljk kptakl haspenys stntasta`s nbkut tmg Gx`ge wkrcbkkc jaeg kpglgh nlh n`tavg al tmg prkorni. Xmas Aljk pnlge as havahgh altk twk pnlgs4 ∑

Xmg pnlg kl tmg egjt `kltnals enrog buttkls tmnt glnbeg yku tk ikhajy tmg wkrcbkkc‑s pgriassakls, hastrabutakl, nlh vgrsakls.

Xmg pnlg kl tmg raomt `kltnals n tmuiblnae kj tmg wkrcbkkc jkeekwgh by jagehs tmnt ∑

hgtnae tmg wkrcbkkc‑s Hkùiglt Vrkpgrtags, skig kj wma`m yku `nl `mnlog (su`m ns Xateg, Xnos, @ntgokrags, nlh Nutmkr), .

Nbkvg tmg Aljk kptakl, yku jalh ttmg mg `kiinlhs (Pnvg, Pnvg Ns, Kpgl, nlh @eksg) ∑ ∑

Lgnr tmg bkttki, tmg Jaeg tnb `kltnals n Mgep kptakl tmnt, wmgl èa`cgh, haspenys n Puppkrt pnlge. ⮔

Xmas pnlge `kltnals kptakls jkr ogttalo mgep kl usalo Gx`ge, ùstkiazalo ats hgjnuet sgttalos, nlh `mg`calo jkr Gx`ge 26>6 prkorni uphntgs. Bgekw Mgep, yku jalh kptakls tmnt yku `nl sgeg`t tk `mnlog tmg prkorni‑s sgttalos, neklo watm nl Gxat kptakl tmnt yku `nl sgeg`t wmgl yku‑rg rgnhy tk èksg tmg prkorni.

Rg`glt kptakl kl tmg Jaeg tnb haspenys Gx`ge wkrcbkkc wkrcgh kl kj entg. Xk èksg tmg Bn`cstnog vagw nlh rgturl r gturl tk tmg lkrine wkrcsmggt vagw, vagw, yku `nl èa`c ∑

tmg Jaeg tnb nonal (kr nly Rabbkl tnb) tnb) kr saipey prgss tmg Gs`npg cgy. Pnvg `kiinlh (cgybknrh smkrtùt @tre + P) ∑

Pnvg al - `mkksg ek`ntakl wmgrg jaeg waee snvgh ∑ ∑

Jaeg lnig - typg al jaeg lnig ∑

Pnvg ns typg ‐`mkksg jaeg typg - jkrint al wma`m jaeg waee bg snvgh @rgntalo lgw wkrcbkkc4 prgss Jaeg `mkksg Lgw kptakl, tmgl Benlc wkrcbkkc, nlh ∑

tmgl prgss @rgntg buttkl (kr usg cgybknrh smkrtùt @tre + L) @rgntalo lgw jaeg `nl bg jnàeatntgh by usalo n tgipentg ‐ gxtglsakl .xetx ∑

@rgntalo lgw sprgnhsmggt usalo tgipentg4 njtgr `mkksalo Lgw kptakl, sgeg`t Pnipeg ∑

Xgipentgs kptakl Kpgl nl gxastalo jaeg - tk kpgl sgvgrne jaegs nt kl`g, usg tmg @tre cgy kr tmg Pmajt cgy ∑

tk sgeg`t

Vralt4 ∑

Vraltgr ‐ `mkksg praltgr ∑

@kpags ‐ luibgr kj `kpags tk bg praltgh ⮔ Rnlog k

Vralt n`tavg smggts

:: Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

k

Vralt gltarg wkrcbkkc Vralt sgeg`takl

k

⮔ Kragltntakl

k

Enlhs`npg- mkrazkltne pnpgr

k

Inroals4 - Lkrine - Lnrrkw - _ahg

k

⮔ P`nealo4 k

Lk s`nealo

k

Jat smggt tk klg pnog

k

Jat nee `keuils tk klg pnog

k

Jat nee rkws tk klg pnog

k

@keentgh ‐ waee tmg gltargn``krhalo wkrcsmggttkjrki stnrt luibgr tk jalasm, tmgl waeepralt incg `kpags sgeg`tgh kj `kpags3

k

Vkrtrnat - vgrta`ne pnpgr

Wl`keentgh - waee pralt tmg jarst pnog n``krhalo tk sgeg`tgh luibgr kj `kpags, tmgl sg`klh pnog, gt`.

⮔ Vnog sgtup k

Vnog ‐ kl tmg hrkp-hkwl iglu `mkksg pnpgr sazg k

Inroals ‐inluneey sgt tmg inroals k

Mgnhgr / Jkktgr ‐ watmal jagehs gltgr mgnhgr / jkktgr aljkrintakl. k

Pmggts ‐ sgeg`t `gee rnlog tmnt waee nutkinta`neey pralt nlh rkws tmnt waee rgpgnt kl gn`m pnog kj tmg wkrcsmggt

7.8 Mkig tnb

Xmg Gx`ge 26>6 Mkig Xnb mns tmg jkeekwalo Orkups4 @eapbknrh, Jklt, Neaoliglt, Luibgr, Ptyegs, @gees, nlh Ghatalo.

Jklt Orkup

At mns vnrakus kptakls jkr jkrinttalo tmg jklt kl tmg hntn.

:?

Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

⮔ Jklt4 (hrkp-hkwl iglu) Xaigs Lgw Rkinl, Zgrhnln, Nrage, @neabra gt`. ⮔ Jklt Pazg4 (hrkp-hkwl iglu) ⮔ Xgxt jkrinttalo ∑ Bkeh

Atnea`

∑ k

@tre + B

k @tre + A

∑

Wlhgrealg k @tre + W cgybknrh smkrtùts

⮔ Jklt @kekr - `mkksg Jklt `kekr (hrkp-hkwl iglu)

Neaoliglt4 -

∑

Mkrazkltne neaoliglt4 - tkp, iahheg kr tmg bkttki kj tmg `gee ∑ Zgrta`ne neaoliglt -Neaol Egjt, @gltgr, Neaol Raomt, Dustajy ⮔ Igrog nlh `gltgr ‐ tkke tk igrog sgeg`tgh `gee rnlog nlh `gltgr tmg `kltglt ⮔ Kragltntakl ‐Xkke jkr sgttalo tmg harg`takl kj tmg `kltglt al `gee ⮔

_rnp Xgxt ‐ _nrps tgxt watmal `gees wahtm al krhgr tk incg at vasabeg Luibgr Jkrint ⮔ Pgt luibgr jkrint al wma`m luibgrs waee bg haspenygh ⮔ Al`rgnsg / hg`rgnsg luibgr kj hgàine pen`gs

Ptyegs

:=

Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

⮔ @klhataklne Jkrinttalo ‐ Xkke jkr sgttalo tmg `klhatakl, nlh sgttalo tmg jkrint aj

n `gee iggts tmg `klhatakl @gees

⮔ Alsgrt ‐ tkke jkr alsgrtalo `gees, `keuils, rkws, wkrcsmggts ⮔ Hgegtg ‐ tkke jkr hgegtalo `gee `kltglt nlh/kr `gee jkrinttalo3 hgegtalo

`keuils, rkws, wkrcsmggts ⮔ Jkrint ‐ tkke jkr jkrinttalo sgeg`tgh `gees, `keuils, rkws, wkrcsmggts ⮔ Vrktg`t smggt ‐ gltgr pnsswkrh nlh prktg`t wmkeg n pnrt kj n smggt (`gee rnlog) ⮔ Rglnig Pmggt - gltgr lnig nlh prgss tmgkr Gltgr cgy ⮔ Ek`c `gee ‐ jul`taklne kley aj wg prktg`t tmg wkrcsmggt jarst Ghatalo Orkup

7.7 Jul`takls al Gx`ge

Gltgr jul`takl4 ⮔ Pgeg`t `gee rnlog ⮔ @ea`c kl tmg jul`takl van iglu smkwl kl tmg raomt watm ∞Nutksui al Ghatalo orkup ulhgr Mkig Xnb.

Kr ⮔ Pgeg`t tmg `gee al wma`m yku wnlt tk gltgr jul`takl vneug ⮔ Gltgr syibke ―9― ⮔ Gltgr jul`takl inluneey (g.o. ―sui―), nlh `gee rnlog tk wma`m jul`takl waee nppey.

Ikst kjtgl usgh jul`takls4 9PWI(`gee rnlog) ∑ nhhalo tmg luibgrs al sgeg`tgh `gees 9NZGRNOG(`gee rnlog) ∑ jalhs ighaui luibgr 9IAL(`gee rnlog) ∑ jalhs tmg sineegst vneug

:1 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

9IN](`gee rnlog) ∑ jalhs baoogst vneug 9@kult(`gee rnlog) ∑ `kults tmg luibgr kj rg`krhs (kley lkl-benlc `gees watm luigra` vneug) 9@kultn(`gee rnlog) ∑ `kults tmg luibgr kj rg`krhs (kley lkl-benlc `gees watm bktm nepmnbgts nlh luigra` vneug) 9rkulh(`gee rgjgrgl`g, lks. kj hgàine pen`gs) Xgxt jul`takls ‐ 9ekwgr(@gee rgjgrgl`g) ∑ @klvgrts tmg tgxt altk ekwgr `nsg 9uppgr(`gee rgjgrgl`g) ∑ @klvgrts tmg tgxt altk uppgr `nsg 9egl(`gee rgjgrgl`g) ∑ Rgturls tmg luibgr kj `mnrn`tgrs tmg tgxt `kltnals 9`kl`ntglntg(`gee nhhrgss>, `gee nhhrgss2, `gee nhhrgss0) ∑ @kibalgs tmg vneugs kj twk kr ikrg `gees Hntg jul`takls9tkhny() ∑ Alsgrts tkhny‑s hntg 9lkw() ∑ Alsgrts ùrrglt hntg nlh taig

Hgegtalo kptakls ⮔ @egnr Nee ⮔ @egnr @kltglts ⮔ @egnr Jkrints Pkrt Hntn ⮔ Pkrt N tk T - skrt hntn watmal tnbeg jrki ialaiui tk inxaiui vneug, kr ⮔ Pkrt T tk N ‐ skrt hntn watmal tnbeg jrki inxaiui tk ialaiui

vneugs Jalh & Rgpen`g ⮔ Jalh4 gltgr n wkrh kr pmrnsg nlh prgss Jalh buttkl ⮔ Rgpen`g4- Jalh _mnt ‐ jageh tk gltgr wkrh wg sgnr`m3

⮔ Rgpen`g _atm - jageh tk gltgr wkrh tmnt wg wnlt tk usg ns rgpen`giglt ⮔ Jkrint Vnaltgr - `kpy jkrinttalo jrki klg pnrt kj tmg tgxt tk nlktmgr ⮔ @ea`c kl ; syibke tk ogt Mgep al IP Gx`ge kr J> kl

tmg cgybknrh

?6 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

7.: Alsgrt tnb

Pmnpgs ‐

njtgr sgeg`talo n smnpg, wg `nl alsgrt at al tmg smggt usalo hrno-nlh-hrkp igtmkh, wma`m nutkinta`neey hgjalgs ats sazg nlh pksatakl Nrrnlog ‐ sgts gegiglts al jrklt kj (kptakl Bralo jkrwnrh) kr bgmalh (kptakl Pglh tk bn`c) ⮔ Kpgls `kekr pnegttg ⮔ Kpgls `kekr pnegttg nlh kptakls jkr `mkksalo typg nlh tma`clgss kj ealgs ⮔ Gjjg`ts4 0H, smnhkw, rgjeg`takl, rktntakl gt`.

Va`turgs

Xk sgeg`t n pa`turg4 prgss egjt ikusg buttkl kl at, pa`turg waee ogt squnrgs kl tmg bkrhgr `neegh `kltrke pkalts Pgt kbdg`t sazg4 ⮔ Inluneey4 sgeg`t nl kbdg`t, ikvg skig kj tmg `kltrke pkalts usalo hrno-nlhhrkp igtmkh ⮔ Gltgr vneugs4 prgss raomt ikusg buttkl kl tmg kbdg`t nlh `mkksg Jkrint Va`turg kptakl3 kl tmg Pazg tnb gltgr vneugs jkr mgaomt nlh wahtm _maeg kbdg`t as sgeg`tgh, wg `nl kpgl tmg Jkrint tnb tmnt `kltnals skig lgw jkrinttalo kptakls4 ⮔ @krrg`takls - tkke jkr `kltrnst, braomtlgss, smnrplgss `krrg`takl ⮔ @kekr - `mnlog `kekr ainogs al krhgr tk bgttgr int`m tmg rgst kj tmg `kltglt ⮔ Nrtasta` gjjg`ts - tkkes tmnt `nl incg n ekkc kj nl ainog eacg at as n hrnw hrnwalo alo kr pnaltalo ⮔ Xkke jkr alsgrtalo tgxt bkx3 njtgr sgeg`talo tmas tkke wg `nl sgt tmg pksatakl nlh tmg sazg kj tmg tgxt bkx al tmg wkrcsmggt van hrno-nlh-hrkp igtmkh Mgnhgr nlh Jkktgr ‐@ea`c ghat -Vrgss egjt ikusg buttkl watmal mgnhgr kr jkktgr jageh kr Vrgss raomt ikusg buttkl nlh jrki qua`c iglu `mkksg kptakl Ghat tgxt - alsgrt hntg nlh taig - alsgrt pnog luibgr

?> Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

7.? Vnog Enykut Xnb

Inroals4 - Lkrine - Lnrrkw - _ahg ⮔

Kragltntakl4 Vkrtrnat (vgrta`ne) nlh Enlhs`npg (mkrazkltne) ⮔

P`neg4 tkke jkr jattalo hntn jkr pralt tk n pnpgr ⮔

Brgncs ‐ at as rg`kiiglhgh tmnt usgr sgts brgncs inluneey4

⮔

∑ Alsgrt Vnog Brgnc ∑ Rgikvg Vnog Brgnc ⮔ Xkkes jkr kronlazalo `kltglt4 -

Bralo Jkrwnrh ∑

Pglh Bn`cwnrh ∑

7.= Jkriuens Xnb

>. Jkriuen usgs luigra`ne hntn jkulh al `mksgl `gee rnlog (tmg vneug gltgrgh al `gee rnlog) 2. Gltgr tmg jkriuen4 0. Pgeg`t tmg `gee wmgrg yku wnlt tk gltgr n jkriuen 8. Gltgr tmg saol “9― 7. Gltgr luigra` vneugs kr `gee nhhrgssgs nlh nratmigta` kpgrntkr

:. Vrgss tmg Gltgr cgy tk `kipegtg Nly gx`ge jul`takl `nl bg alsgrtgh tmrkuom tmas tnb usalo tmg Alsgrt Jul`takl kj tmg Jul`takl Eabrnry.

Bnsa` nratmigta` kpgrntkrs4 ⮔ Nhhatakl 9 N> + N2 ⮔ Iuetapea`ntakl 9 N0 * @7 ⮔ Havasakl 9 @7/@0 ⮔ Gxpklgltantakl 9 J>7\ N2

@neùentakl krhgr

?2 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

¿ Ia`rkskjt Gx`ge jkeekws tmg intmginta`ne krhgr kj `neùentakl kpgrntakls. ¿ Jkriuens `nl bg sggl al tmg jkriuen bnr wmgl `gee tmnt `kltnals jkriuen as sgeg`tgh kr aj wg pksatakl ùrskr watm hkubeg èa`c al tmg `gee tmnt `kltnals jkriuen (tmas wny jkriuen waee bg vasabeg al `gee tk, nlh `nl bg ghatgh al n `gee tk). ⮔ @gee tmnt `kltnals jkriuen nlh ùrskr as lkt pksataklgh al tmnt pnrtaùenr `gee,

waee haspeny jkriuen rgsuet. Jul`takl Eabrnry ∑

Xmgrg nrg mulhrghs kj jul`takls al Gx`ge, but kley skig waee bg usgjue jkr tmg calh kj hntn wg wkrc watm. Xk gxpekrg jul`takls as al tmg Jul`takl Eabrnry kl tmg Jkriuens tnb. Mgrg yku ∑

iny sgnr`m nlh sgeg`t Gx`ge jul`takls bnsgh kl `ntgokrags su`m ns Jalnlàne, Ekoa`ne, Xgxt, Hntg & Xaig, nlh ikrg. Xk Alsgrt n Jul`takl jrki tmg Jul`takl Eabrnry4 ∑

Pgeg`t tmg `gee wmgrg tmg nlswgr waee nppgnr (A:, jkr gxnipeg) @ea`c kl tmg Jkriuens tnb. ∑

Jrki tmg Jul`takl Eabrnry orkup, sgeg`t tmg jul`takl `ntgokry yku hgsarg. Al tmas ∑

gxnipeg, wg waee `mkksg Hntg & Xaig. Pgeg`t tmg hgsargh jul`takl jrki tmg Hntg & Xaig hrkp-hkwl iglu. _g waee ∑

`mkksg tmg LGX_KRCHNQP jul`takl tk `kult tmg hnys bgtwggl tmg krhgr hntg nlh rg`gavg hntg al kur wkrcsmggt.

Jul`takl Eabrnry Hntg & Xaig `ntgokry ∑

Xmg Jul`takl Nrouiglts haneko bkx waee nppgnr. Alsgrt tmg ùrskr al tmg jarst jageh nlh tmgl gltgr kr sgeg`t tmg `gee(s) yku hgsarg ((O:, O:, jkr gxnipeg).

?0 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Pgeg`talo `gee jkr tmg Ptnrt-hntg jageh

Alsgrt tmg ùrskr al tmg lgxt jageh nlh tmgl gltgr kr sgeg`t tmg `gee(s) yku hgsarg ∑

(M:, jkr gxnipeg).

Pgeg`talo `gee jkr tmg Glh hntg jageh

@ea`c KC nlh tmg rgsuet waee nppgnr. Kur rgsuets smkw tmnt at tkkc 7 hnys tk ∑

rg`gavg tmg krhgr.

Rgsuet

Jkriuen rgjgrglàlo al Gx`ge Rgentavg `gee rgjgrglàlo

_mgl jkriuen as `kpagh watm NutkJaee nlh jkriuen mnvg rgentavg `gee rgjgrgl`gs, `gee rgjgrgl`gs nrg okalo tk nhnpt, jkr gxnipeg4 Aj wg usg nutk jaee tk `kpy jkeekwalo jkriuen4 9@7+B7 jkriuen waee `mnlog tk4 9@:+B:, 9@?+B? gt`.

?8 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Nbskeutg `gee rgjgrglàlo

Aj, al n jkriuen, `gee as rgjgrgl`gh nbskeutgey tmgl nppeyalo nutkjaee tkke waee rgsuet al4 9$@$7+B7, 9$@$7+B:, 9$@$7+B? gt`. Qku `nl `mnlog sgeg`tgh `gee rgjgrgl`g jrki rgentavg tk nbskeutg nlh va`g vgrsn usalo J8 cgy Ekoa`ne jul`takl aj

9 ekoa`ne jul`takl tmnt `kipnrgs tmg vneugs al `gees watm skig gxprgssakl kr n vneug. Hgpglhalo kl tmg rgsuet wg hgjalg tmg npprkprantg n`takl Pyltnx4 AJ(ekoa`ne [`klhatakl3 vneug[aj[trug3 vneug[aj[jnesg) ekoa`ne jul`takl `mg`cs aj `klhatakl as igt, nlh rgturls trug kr jnesg ekoa`ne kpgrntkrs4 orgntgr tmnl < orgntgr tmnl kr gqune . Pgeg`t n saloeg `gee al tmg `keuil kl wma`m yku wnlt tk skrt. luibgr tk enrogst). tk pgrjkri nl ns`glhalo skrt (N tk T kr sineegst

@ea`c

luibgr tk sineegst). tk pgrjkri n hgs`glhalo skrt (T tk N kr enrogst Xk skrt by spgàja` `ratgran >. Pgeg`t n saloeg `gee nlywmgrg al tmg rnlog tmnt yku wnlt tk skrt. 2. Kl tmg Hntn tnb, al tmg Pkrt & Jaetgr orkup, èa`c Pkrt.

?7 Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Xmg Pkrt haneko bkx nppgnrs. 0. Al tmg Pkrt by east, sgeg`t tmg jarst `keuil kl wma`m yku wnlt tk skrt. 8. Al tmg Pkrt Kl east, sgeg`t gatmgr Zneugs, @gee @kekr, Jklt @kekr, kr @gee A`kl. 7. Al tmg Krhgr east, sgeg`t tmg krhgr tmnt yku wnlt tk nppey tk tmg skrt kpgrntakl ‘ nepmnbgta`neey kr luigra`neey ns`glhalo kr hgs`glhalo (tmnt as, N tk T kr T tk N jkr tgxt kr ekwgr tk maomgr kr maomgr tk ekwgr jkr luibgrs).

Jaetgrs N`tavntalo tmg Bnsa` Gx`ge Jaetgr

Al krhgr tk n`tavntg tmg bnsa` Gx`ge jaetgr, sgeg`t tmg Hntn tnb nt tmg tkp kj ykur sprgnhsmggt, nlh jrki tmas, sgeg`t tmg kptakl Jaetgr. Qku smkueh lkw mnvg tmg hrkp-hkwl iglus kl gn`m kj ykur mgnhgr `gees, wma`m `nl bg usgh tk sgeg`t tmg rkws tk bg haspenygh. (Pgeg`t Nee) - smkw nee rkws ∑

$x,xxx - Haspeny aj `gee gqunes tmg spgàja` vneug ∑

(Benlcs) - Haspeny nee benlc `gees ∑

Xmg usgr `nl ulta`c tmg vneugs al rkws tmnt nrg lkt tk bg haspenygh. Rgikvalo tmg Gx`ge Jaetgr

Xk rgikvg tmg jaetgr saipey sgeg`t tmg Hntn tnb nt tmg tkp kj ykur sprgnhsmggt, nlh jrki watmal tmas, èa`c kl tmg Jaetgr kptakl.

Alsgrt Pubtktnes al nl Gx`ge 26>6 _krcsmggt

Qku `nl usg Gx`ge 26>6's Pubtktnes jgnturg tk subtktne hntn al n skrtgh east. Xk subtktne n east, yku jarst skrt tmg east kl tmg jageh jkr wma`m yku wnlt tmg subtktnes, nlh tmgl yku hgsaolntg tmg jageh tmnt `kltnals tmg vneugs yku wnlt suiigh ‘ tmgsg hkl't mnvg tk bg tmg snig jagehs al tmg east. . Ptgps tk nhh subtktnes tk n east al n wkrcsmggt4 Pkrt tmg east kl tmg jageh jkr wma`m yku wnlt subtktnes alsgrtgh. @ea`c tmg Pubtktne buttkl al tmg Kutealg orkup kl tmg Hntn tnb.

?:

Hr.I@R MRH ALPXAXWXG

Xmg Pubtktne haneko bkx nppgnrs. ⮔ Wsg tmg Pubtktne haneko bkx tk spgàjy tmg kptakls jkr tmg subtktnes.

>. Pgeg`t tmg jageh jkr wma`m tmg subtktnes nrg tk bg `neùentgh al tmg Nt Gn`m @mnlog Al hrkp-hkwl east. 2. Ppgàjy tmg typg kj tktnes yku wnlt tk alsgrt al tmg Wsg Jul`takl hrkp-hkwl east. 0. Pgeg`t tmg `mg`c bkxgs jkr tmg jageh(s) yku wnlt tk tktne al tmg Nhh Pubtktne Xk east bkx. 8. @ea`c KC. ⮔ Gx`ge nhhs tmg subtktnes tk tmg wkrcsmggt. wkrcsmggt.

7.>6 Rgvagw Xnb

Vr kkjalo Orkup 4 ⮔ Xmg jarst Orkup tmnt wg waee ekkc nt as Vrkkjalo. Xmas mns `kiinlhs jkr `mg`calo

spgeealo nlh orniinr, usalo rgsgnr`m nlh Xmgsnurus nlh nbaeaty tk trnlsentg jrki klg enlounog tk nlktmgr.

Ppgeealo -Kpgls hanekoug bkx watm kptakls4 Aolkrg kl`g, Aolkrg nee, @mnlog, @mnlog nee

, tmg wkrh tmnt as lkt al tmg ha`taklnry `nl bg nhhgh4 Vrgss tmg raomt ikusg buttkl kvgr at nlh `mkksg Nhh tk ha`taklnry kptakl @mnlogs Orkup4

Vrktg`t Pmggt `kiinlh waee prgvglt usgrs jrki n`àhgltne uphntalo kr hgegtalo vatne aljkrintakl jrki tmg sprgnhsmggt.

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