Composición Del Pescado

 

QM QM^N ^NDG@6 DG@6 NT y XL N@CQ@^KNKÞL N@CQ@^K NKÞL T]ÃCKND JMLM_DB GMB QM^NDG@ Bd n`cp`sknkþl quãcknd gm b`s pmsndg`s vdrãd n`lskgmrdobmcmltm mltrm bds gkhmrmltms mspmnkms y tdcokël mltrm klgkvkgu`s gm uld ckscd mspmnkm, gmpmlgkmlg` gm bd mgdg, smx`, cmgk` dcokmltm y mstdnkþl gmb dô`. B`s prklnkpdbms n`lstktuymltms gm b`s pmsndg`s y b`s cdcãhmr`s pumgml smr gkvkgkg`s ml bds ckscds ndtmj`rãds. Mlndrlm mb Nudgr` kbustrdl mfmcpb`s gm bds vdrkdnk`lms mltrm mbb`s. Bd n`cp`sknkþl gmb cösnub` gm bd vdnuld4edsmskg` klnbukgd pdrd n`cpdrdnkþl. Nudgr`4.. Qrklnkpdbms n`lstktuymltms (p`rnmltdfm) gmb cösnub` gm pmsndg` y gm vdnul`  Nudgr`4 vdnul`  Qmsndg` (hkbmtm)  (hkbmtm)  Ndrlm vdnuld vdnuld (cösnub` dksbdg`) dksbdg`)   Cãlkc` * Xdrkdnkþl Cãlkc`* Xdrkdnkþl l`rcdb l`rcdb   Cäxkc`*  Cäxkc`*  Qr`tmãlds 8 48-?4 ?5 ?1 Bãpkg`s 1,4 1,? - ?= 8: > Ndro`ekgrdt`s* 2 1,= 4 Nmlkzds 1,7 4,?-4,= 4,= 4 Djud ?5 88-54 ;8 := N`lstktuymltm   N`lstktuymltm

*B`s vdb`rms cäxkc`s y cãlkc`s s`l nds`s mxtrmc`s y sm mlnumltrdl rdrdcmltm. *Mb n`ltmlkg` gm ndro`ekgrdt`s ml mb cösnub` gm pmsndg` ms cuy odf`, jmlmrdbcmltm klhmrk`r db 1,= p`r nkmlt`. Mst` ms tãpkn` gmb cösnub` mstrkdg`, ml mb nudb b`s ndro`ekgrdt`s sm mlnumltrdl ml h`rcd gm jbunþjml` y n`c` pdrtm gm b`s n`lstktuymltms quãckn`s gm b`s lunbmþtkg`s. Mst`s öbtkc`s s`l bd humltm gm rko`sd bkomrdgd n`c` uld n`lsmnumlnkd gm b`s ndcok`s dut`bãtkn`s p`st c`rtmc.  ^m n`lskgmrd qum mb hdnt`r gm cdy`r kcpdnt` ml bd n`cp`sknkþl quãcknd gmb pmz ms bd n`cp`sknkþl gm sus dbkcmlt`s. dbkcmlt`s . Mb dnuknubt`r mstä kltmrmsdg` ml ednmr nrmnmr mb pmz b` cäs räpkg` p`skobm mcpbmdlg` bd cml`r ndltkgdg gm dbkcmlt`, gdg` qum mb dbkcmlt` n`lstktuym mb cdy`r n`cp`lmltm gmb n`st` ml dnuknubturd. Mb p`tmlnkdb gm nrmnkckmlt` ms cdy`r nudlg` mb pmz ms dbkcmltdg` n`l uld gkmtd rknd ml bãpkg`s, pdrd pr`pþskt`s mlmrjëtkn`s, y dbt` n`ltmlkg` gm pr`tmãlds n`l uld n`cp`sknkþl odbdlnmdgd gm dckl`änkg`s.   Bds vdrkdnk`lms ml bd n`cp`sknkþl quãcknd gmb pmsndg` mstäl mstrmnedcmltm rmbdnk`ldgds dgmcäs gm bd dbkcmltdnkþl, n`l bd dbkcmltdnkþl, ldg` ckjrdt`rk` y ndcok`s smxudbms rmbdnk`ldg`s n`l mb gms`vm. Mb pmsndg` tkmlm pmrã`g`s gm kldlknkþl p`r rdz`lms ldturdbms ` hksk`bþjknds (n`c` gms`vm ` ckjrdnkþl) ` okml p`r hdnt`rms mxtmrl`s n`c` bd msndsmz gm dbkcmlt`. ]sudbcmltm mb gms`vm, klgmpmlgkmltmcmltm gm qum `nurrd bumj` gm bdrjds ckjrdnk`lms ` l`, rmqukmrm cdy`rms lkvmbms gm mlmrjãd. B`s pmsndg`s qum tkmlml mlmrjãd dbcdnmldgd ml bd h`rcd gm bãpkg`s rmnurrkräl d mbbd. Bds mspmnkms qum bbmvdl d ndo` bdrjds ckjrdnk`lms dltms gm dbndlzdr bds z`lds mspmnãhknds gm gms`vm ` rã`s, gmjrdgdräl -dgmcäs gm b`s bãpkg`s- bds pr`tmãlds dbcdnmldgds pdrd `otmlmr mlmrjãd, dj`tdlg` bds rmsmrvds tdlt` gm bãpkg`s n`c` gm pr`tmãlds, `rkjkldlg` uld rmgunnkþl gm bd n`lgknkþl ok`bþjknd gmb pmsndg`. Ml dgknkþl, cuneds mspmnkms jmlmrdbcmltm l` kljkmrml cune` dbkcmlt` gurdltm bd ckjrdnkþl pdrd mb gms`vm y p`r b` tdlt` l` tkmlml bd ndpdnkgdg gm `otmlmr mlmrjãd d trdvës gm b`s dbkcmlt`s.

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QM QM^N ^NDG@6 DG@6 NT y XL Gurdltm b`s pmrã`g`s gm kltmlsd dbkcmltdnkþl, mb n`ltmlkg` gm pr`tmãlds gmb cösnub` ducmltd edstd uld mxtmlskþl qum gmpmlgm gm bd ndltkgdg gm pr`tmãld dj`tdgd9 p`r mfmcpb` n`l rmbdnkþl d bd ckjrdnkþl p`r mb gms`vm. Q`stmrk`rcmltm, mb n`ltmlkg` gm bãpkg`s cumstrd ul cdrndg` y räpkg` ducmlt`. Gmspuës gmb gms`vm mb pmsndg` rmn`ord su n`cp`rtdckmlt` gm dbkcmltdnkþl y jmlmrdbcmltm ckjrd edstd mln`ltrdr humltms dgmnudgds gm dbkcmlt`. Bds mspmnkms qum sm dbkcmltdl gm pbdlnt`l, n`c` mb drmlqum, mxpmrkcmltdl uld vdrkdnkþl mstdnk`ldb ldturdb gdg` qum bd pr`gunnkþl gm pbdlnt`l gmpmlgm gm bd mstdnkþl. Bd hrdnnkþl bkpãgknd bk pãgknd ms mb n`cp`lmltm qum tkmlm bd cdy`r vdrkdnkþl. vdrkdnkþl . XD_KDOKBKGDG ^MJ]L

M^QMNKM, KLGKXKG]@, _MJKÞL DLDWÞCKND, M^WDNKÞL GMB DÔ@, M^WDG@ HK^K@BÞJKN@, V@LD GM NDQW]_D

]l p`skobm cët`g` pdrd gkstkljukr mltrm bds mspmnkms gm pmsndg` cdjr` y bds mspmnkms jrdsds, ms ms gml`ckldr n` n`c` c` mspmnkms cdjrds dqumbbds qum dbcd dbcdnmldl nmldl bãpkg`s sþb sþb`` ml mb eãjdg` y n`c` mspmnkms jrdsds bds qum dbcdnmldl bãpkg`s ml nëbubds gkstrkoukgds ml `tr`s tmfkg`s gmb numrp`.. numrp` Bds tãpknds mspmnkms cdjrds s`l pmsndg`s qum edoktdl ml mb h`lg` dnuätkn`, n`c` mb odndbd`, mb ndro`lmr` y bd cmrbuzd. Bds mspmnkms jrdsds klnbuyml b`s pmbäjkn`s n`c` mb drmlqum, bd ndodbbd y bd sdrgklmtd. Dbjulds mspmnkms dbcdnmldl bãpkg`s s`b` ml bkcktdgds pdrtms gm sus tmfkg`s n`rp`rdbms ` ml cml`r ndltkgdg qum bds mspmnkms jrdsds tãpknds, y ml n`lsmnumlnkd s`l gml`ckldgds mspmnkms smckjrdsds (n`c` p`r mfmcpb` bd odrrdnugd, bd bksd y mb tkourþl). Mb n`ltmlkg` gm bãpkg`s ml hkbmtms gm pmsndg` cdjr` ms odf` y mstdobm, ckmltrds qum mb n`ltmlkg` gm bãpkg`s ml hkbmtms gm mspmnkms jrdsds vdrãd n`lskgmrdobmcmltm. ^kl mcodrj`, bd vdrkdnkþl ml mb p`rnmltdfm gm jrdsds sm rmhbmfd ml mb p`rnmltdfm gm djud, gdg` qum bd jrdsd y mb djud l`rcdbcmltm n`lstktuyml mb 51 p`r nkmlt` gmb hkbmtm. Mstd pr`p`rnk`ldbkgdg sm pumgm mcpbmdr pdrd "mstkcdr" mb n`ltmlkg` gm jrdsd, d pdrtkr gm bd gmtmrckldnkþl gmb n`ltmlkg` gm djud ml mb hkbmtm. Gm emne`, mstm prklnkpk` ed skg` utkbkzdg` n`l cune` ëxkt` ml ul klstrucmlt` dldbkzdg`r gm jrdsds gml`ckldg` Cmgkg`r W`rry gm Jrdsds ml Qmsndg`, mb nudb ml rmdbkgdg ckgm mb n`ltmlkg` gm djud. Mb n`ltmlkg` gm jrdsd ml mb pmsndg`, klgmpmlgkmltmcmltm gm qum smd cdjr` ` jrds`, tkmlm n`lsmnumlnkds s`orm bds ndrdntmrãstknds tmnl`bþjknds p`st c`rtmc.  B`s ndcok`s qum `nurrml ml mb pmsndg` cdjr` hrmsn` pumgml smr dltknkpdg`s cmgkdltm mb n`l`nkckmlt` gm bds rmdnnk`lms ok`quãcknds ml bd hrdnnkþl pr`tmknd, ckmltrds qum ml bds mspmnkms jrdsds gmoml klnbukrsm b`s ndcok`s ml bd hrdnnkþl bkpãgknd. Bds kcpbkndnk`lms pumgml smr uld rmgunnkþl ml mb tkmcp` gm dbcdnmldckmlt` gmokg` d bd `xkgdnkþl bkpãgknd, ` gmomräl t`cdrsm prmndunk`lms mspmnkdbms pdrd mvktdr mstm pr`obmcd.

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QM QM^N ^NDG@6 DG@6 NT y XL

N@CQ@^KNKÞL T]ÃCKND GMB QM^NDG@

QKMB

51% DJ]D 48% Q_@WMÃLD

M^QKLD^

47% GM (Q@7)? ND >  :=% DJ]D ;% Q_@WMÃLD

 CÖ  CÖ^N] ^N]B@ B@ E?@

:=% (8=-51%) =>-==% QM^NDG@^ J_D^@^ ;8% QBDWKFD (JMBDWKLÃ^C@)

Q_ÞWKG@^ (Q_@WMÃLD6 LW U 8,?=)

4=-?:%

N`lträntkb6  :=% gm bd t`tdb N`lträntkb6  dntkld y ck`skld (ck`hkorkbdrms) ^drn`pbäscknd6  48-??% gm bd t`tdb ^drn`pbäscknd6 Gmb tmfkg` n`lfultkv`6 >-41% ml ndrtkbdjkl`s`s 2 =% ml tmbmþstm`s

WMBMÞ^WM@^6   51-;1% LQ   41-?1% LLQ  

 

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MBD^C@O_DLT]K@^6   ==-8=% LQ   >=-7=% LLQ  

BÃQKG@^

4=% (1,=->1%)

       



  

CDJ_@^ 2 ?% (ODNDBD@, MJBMHKL@) ^MCK ?-=% (BMLJ]DG@) J_D^@^ < =% (^D_GKLD, NDODBBD) MUW_DJ_D^@^ < 4=% (XÃ^NM_D^, D_MLT]M, DLJ]KBD

JBÖNKG@^

1,=-4% -JB]N@^D @ N@CQ]M^W@^ GM NMB]B@^D [ DBCKGÞL (DQMLD^ DHMNWD DB ^DO@_) - _KO@^D [ JB]N@^D ( _MDNNKÞL GM QD_GMDCKMLW@, _. CDKBBD_G)

NMLKVD^

4-7,=%

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QM QM^N ^NDG@6 DG@6 NT y XL @osmrvdnk`lms @osmrvd nk`lms Lutrknk Lutrknk`ldbms `ldbms y Wmnl`bþjknds 6 Qr`tmãld6 Mb n`ltmlkg` pr`tmkn` gm bd cdy`rãd gm bds mspmnkms n`cmrnkdbms gm pmsndg` ms rmbdtkvdcmltm n`lstdltm, `snkbd mltrm 4=-45%. Bds pr`tmãlds gmb pmsndg` s`l gm ul vdb`r lutrknk`ldb skckbdr db gm bds ndrlms gm nmrg`, tmrlmrd, n`rgmr`, bäntm`s, n`l ul n`ltmlkg` y uld pr`p`rnkþl gm dckl`änkg`s msmlnkdbms cuy pdrmnkg`s.  

Bds pr`tmãlds gmb cösnub` gmb pmsndg` sm pumgml gkvkgkr ml trms jrup`s6 4 Qr`tmãlds mstrunturdbms (dntkld, ck`skld, tr`p`ck`skld y dnt`ck`skld), qum n`lstktuyml mb :1-51 p`r nkmlt` gmb n`ltmlkg` t`tdb gm pr`tmãlds (n`cpdrdg` n`l mb 71 p`r nkmlt` ml cdcãhmr`s). Mstds pr`tmãlds s`l s`buobms ml s`bunk`lms sdbklds lmutrds gm dbtd humrzd kþlknd ( 1,= C). ?. Qr`tmãlds sdrn`pbäscknds (ck`dboöckld, jb`oubkld y mlzkcds), qum s`l s`buobms ml s`bunk`lms sdbklds lmutrds gm odfd humrzd kþlknd (1,4= C). Mstd hrdnnkþl n`lstktuym mb ?=->1 p`r nkmlt` gmb t`tdb gm pr`tmãlds. >. Qr`tmãlds gmb tmfkg` n`lmntkv` (n`bäjml`), qum n`lstktuyml dpr`xkcdgdcmltm mb > p`r nkmlt` gmb t`tdb gm bds pr`tmãlds ml tmbmþstm`s y nmrnd gmb 41 p`r nkmlt` ml mbdsc`ordlquk`s (n`cpdrdg` n`l mb 4: p`r nkmlt` ml cdcãhmr`s). Bds pr`tmãlds mstrunturdbms n`lh`rcdl mb dpdrdt` n`lträntkb rmsp`lsdobm gm b`s c`vkckmlt`s cusnubdrms. Bd mstrunturd n`lh`rcdnk`ldb gm bds pr`tmãlds gm b`s pmsndg`s ms hänkbcmltm c`gkhkndgd cmgkdltm ndcok`s ml mb dcokmltm hãskn`. Wrdtdckmlt`s n`l dbtds n`lnmltrdnk`lms sdbklds ` ndb`r pumgml `ndsk`ldr bd gmsldturdbkzdnkþl, ndusdlg` ndcok`s krrmvmrskobms ml bd mstrunturd ldtkvd gm bd pr`tmãld. Nudlg` bds pr`tmãlds s`l gmsldturdbkzdgds odf` n`lgknk`lms n`ltr`bdgds, sus pr`pkmgdgms pumgml smr utkbkzdgds n`l pr`pþskt`s tmnl`bþjkn`s. ]l ouml mfmcpb` ms bd pr`gunnkþl gm pr`gunt`s d pdrtkr gm surkck, ml b`s nudbms sm mcpbmd bd ndpdnkgdg gm bds pr`tmãlds ck`hkorkbdrms pdrd h`rcdr jmbms. Bds pr`tmãlds h`rcdl ul jmb cuy rmskstmltm nudlg` sm dôdgm sdb y mstdokbkzdg`rms d uld prmpdrdnkþl gm pr`tmãlds cusnubdrms (ndrlm hkldcmltm pkndgd), qum p`stmrk`rcmltm sm s`cmtm d ul pr`nms` gm ndbmltdckmlt` y mlhrkdckmlt` n`ltr`bdg`. Nudlg` b`s `rjdlub`s sm r`cpml, `nurrml ndcok`s ml bd n`cp`sknkþl gm bd hrdnnkþl gm pr`tmãlds sdrn`pbdscätknds. Mstm emne` hum sujmrkg` n`c` cët`g` pdrd gkhmrmlnkdr pmsndg` hrmsn` gm pmsndg` n`ljmbdg`, dsuckmlg` qum qum b`s mst`s `rjdlub`s mstdodl edstd n`l bd n`ljmbdnkþl. ^kl gdg` mcodrj`, p`stmrk`rcmltm sm mstdobmnkþ cët`g`s gmoml kltdnt`s smr mcpbmdg`s jrdl prmndunkþl, qum dbjulds mlzkcds s`l bkomrdgds gm b`s `rjdlub`s klnbus` gurdltm mb dbcdnmldckmlt` gmb pmsndg` ml ekmb`. Dgmcäs gm bds pr`tmãlds gmb pmsndg` cmlnk`ldgds dltmrk`rcmltm, mxkstm ul rml`vdg` kltmrës ml hrdnnk`lms pr`tmknds mspmnãhknds qum pumgml smr rmnupmrdgds gm suopr`gunt`s, pdrtknubdrcmltm ml bds vãsnmrds. ]l` gm mst`s mfmcpb`s ms bd pr`tmãld oäsknd ` pr`tdckld mln`ltrdgd ml mb mspmrcd gmb pmsndg` cdne`. Mb ndräntmr mxtrmcdgdcmltm oäskn` gm bds pr`tdcklds bds ednm gm kltmrës p`r gkhmrmltms rdz`lms. ^m dgekmrml d bd cdy`rãd gm bds pr`tmãlds cml`s oäsknds. Q`r b` tdlt`, tkmlml mb mhmnt` gm rmdbzdr bds pr`pkmgdgms hulnk`ldbms gm `trds pr`tmãlds ml mb dbkcmlt` @trd kltmrmsdltm ndrdntmrãstknd gm bds pr`tmãlds oäsknds ms su edokbkgdg pdrd prmvmlkr mb nrmnkckmlt` gm cknr``rjdlksc`s. Mstm pdrmnm smr mb us` cäs pr`cks`rk` pdrd bds pr`tmãlds oäsknds ml mb hutur`.

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QM QM^N ^NDG@6 DG@6 NT y XL Q_@WMÃLD^   Q_@WMÃLD^ - N@LW_ÄNWKB6 :=% GM BD W@WDB6 DNWKLD [ CK@^KLD (CK@HKO_KBD_M^) - ^D_N@QBÄ^CKND6 48-??% GM BD W@WDB - WMFKG@ N@LF]LWKX@6 >-41% ML ND_WKBDJKL@^@^ 2 =% ML WMBMÞ^WM@^ Q_@WDCKLD gmb mspmrcd gmb pmsndg`

N`cpumst`s mxtrdãobms lktr`jmldg`s6 B`s n`cpumst`s mxtrdntdobms qum n`ltkmlml lktrþjml` pumgml gmhklkrsm n`c` n`cpumst`s gm ldturdbmzd l` pr`tmknd, s`buobms ml djud, gm odf` pms` c`bmnubdr y qum n`ltkmlml lktrþjml`. Mstd hrdnnkþl LLQ (lktrþjml` l` pr`tmkn`) n`lstktuym ml b`s tmbmþstm`s mltrm ul ; y ul 45 p`r nkmlt` gmb lktrþjml` t`tdb. B`s prklnkpdbms n`cp`lmltms gm mstd hrdnnkþl s`l6 odsms v`bätkbms n`c` mb dc`lkdn` y mb þxkg` gm trkcmtkbdckld (@WCD), nrmdtkld, dckl`änkg`s bkorms, lunbmþtkg`s y odsms purãlknds y, ml mb nds` gm pmsndg`s ndrtkbdjkl`s`s, urmd. Mb @WCD n`lstktuym uld pdrtm ndrdntmrãstknd m kcp`rtdltm gm bd hrdnnkþl LLQ ml bds mspmnkms gm djud gm cdr y cmrmnm, p`r b` tdlt`, uld cmlnkþl cäs dcpbkd. Mstm n`cpumst` sm mlnumltrd ml t`gds bds mspmnkms gm pmsndg`s gm djud gm cdr ml ndltkgdgms gmb 4 db = p`r nkmlt` gmb tmfkg` cusnubdr (pms` smn`), pmr` mstä vkrtudbcmltm dusmltm ml mspmnkms gm djud gubnm y ml `rjdlksc`s tmrrmstrms. ]ld mxnmpnkþl hum mln`ltrdgd rmnkmltmcmltm ml ul mstugk` s`orm bd pmrnd gmb Lkb` y bd tkbdpkd gmb Bdj` Xknt`rkd, ml bds nudbms sm mln`ltrþ tdlt` n`c` 4=1-?11 cj gm @WCD/411j gm pmsndg` hrmsn`. Dulqum sm edl mhmntudg` cune`s trdodf`s s`orm mb `rkjml y mb pdpmb gmb @WCD, edy t`gdvãd cune` p`r msnbdrmnmr Bd ndltkgdg gm @WCD ml mb tmfkg` cusnubdr gmpmlgm gm bd mspmnkm, mstdnkþl gmb dô`, ärmd gm pmsnd, mtn. Ml jmlmrdb, bds cdy`rms ndltkgdgms sm mlnumltrdl ml mbdsc`ordlquk`s y ndbdcdrms (:=-?=1 cj L/411 j), mb odndbd` tkmlm dbj` cml`s (81-4?1 cj L/411 j), ckmltrds qum b`s pmsndg`s pbdl`s y pmbäjkn`s tkmlml mb cãlkc`. B`s pmsndg`s pmbäjkn`s (sdrgklds, dtöl, ndodbbd) prmsmltdl cdy`r n`lnmltrdnkþl gm @WCD ml mb cösnub` `snur` ckmltrds qum b`s gmcmrsdbms, pmsndg`s gm ndrlm obdlnd, tkmlml cäs dbt` n`ltmlkg` ml mb cösnub` obdln`. Ml mbdsc`ordlquk`s, mb @WCD pdrmnm gmsmcpmôdr ul pdpmb ml bd `sc`rrmjubdnkþl y ed skg` gmc`strdg` qum db pdsdr pmqumôds rdyds p`r uld cmznbd gm djud gubnm y djud gm cdr (464) sm `rkjkld uld rmgunnkþl gmb @WCD kltrdnmbubdr ml mb `rgml gmb =1 p`r nkmlt`. Ml b`s tmbmþstm`s mb pdpmb gmb @WCD ms cäs klnkmrt`. ^m edl pr`pumst` vdrkds ekpþtmsks rmspmnt` db pdpmb gmb @WCD, d sdomr6          

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Mb @WCD ms msmlnkdbcmltm ul rmskgu`, bd h`rcd gmsklt`xkndgd gm bd WCD. Mb @WCD ms ul `sc`rrmjubdg`r. Mb @WCD tkmlm hulnk`lms "dltkn`ljmbdltms". Mb @WCD l` tkmlm uld hulnkþl skjlkhkndtkvd. ^m dnucubd ml mb cösnub` nudlg` mb pmsndg` kljkmrm dbkcmlt`s qum n`ltkmlml @WCD.

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QM QM^N ^NDG@6 DG@6 NT y XL Nudltktdtkvdcmltm, mb prklnkpdb n`cp`lmltm gm bd hrdnnkþl LLQ ms bd nrmdtkld.  nrmdtkld.  Nudlg` mb pmsndg` mstä qukmt`, bd cdy`r pdrtm gm bd nrmdtkld ms h`sh`rkbdgd y pr`p`rnk`ld mlmrjãd pdrd bd n`ltrdnnkþl cusnubdr. Bd hrdnnkþl LLQ n`ltkmlm tdcokël uld nkmrtd ndltkgdg gm dckl`änkg`s bkorms. Mst`s n`lstktuyml ml bd ndodbbd (^n`comr sn`corus) 8>1 cj/411 j gm cösnub` obdln`, ml mb drmlqum (Nbupmd edrmljus) >=1-7?1 cj/411 j y ml mb ndpmbäl ( Cdbb`tus vkbb`sus) >41->:1 cj/411 j. Bd kcp`rtdlnkd rmbdtkvd gm b`s gkhmrmltms dckl`änkg`s vdrãd n`l bd mspmnkm. Ml bd cdy`rãd gm b`s pmsndg`s pdrmnml prmg`ckldr bd tdurkld, dbdlkld, jbknkld y dckl`änkg`s kckgdz`b. Gm mst`s öbtkc`s, bd ekstkgkld ed dn`lnmltrdg` bd cdy`r dtmlnkþl gmokg` d qumqum bd n`ltkmlml ckscd pumgm gmsndro`xkbdrsm cknr`ok`bþjkndcmltm ekstdckld. Mspmnkms dntkvds, vmb`nms, n`l cösnub` `snur` n`c` mb dtöl y bd ndodbbd, tkmlml ul dbt` n`ltmlkg` gm ekstdckld. Bd ndltkgdg gm lunbmþtkg`s y hrdjcmlt`s gm lunbmþtkg`s ml mb pmsndg` gmpmlgm gmb mstdg` gmb pmsndg`

N`cp`lmltms N`cp`lmlt ms gmb LLQ DD BKO_M^  BKO_M^  (W_M, XDB, BM], KBM], B[^, CMW, QEM, W_Q, EK^, D_J)

EK^6 D_@CD, ^DO@_, N@B@_ GMJ_DGDNKÞL--< EK^WDCKLD ML QM^NDG@ H_M^N@6 1,8-4,>% QM^NDG@^ GM ND_LM @^N]_D 1,11=-1,1=% QM^NDG@^ ND_LM OBDLND

QËQWKG@^  QËQWKG@^  N_MDWKLD (JB[ + D_J)6N@CO]^WKOBM QD_D BD N@LW_DNNK@L C]^N]BD_ DL^M_KLD ND_L@^KLD WD]_KLD @WCD , WCD, GCD [ CCD @WCD, @WCD ---< WCD6 @B@_ QÖW_KG@ ML MB QM^NDG@ DBWM_DG@ ]_MD   ]_MD

DO]LGDLWM ML MBD^C@O_DLT]K@^

LE> 

Q@_ BD DNNKÞL GM BD^ ODNWM_KD^9 DO]LGDLWM ML WKO]_@LM^ [ _D[D^

Q]_KLD^   Q]_KLD^

N@CQ]M^W@^ LKW_@JMLDG@^ NÃNBKN@^

N@CQ]M^W@^ N@CQ]M^W @^ GM DDC@LK@ C@LK@ N]DWM_LD_K@ N]DWM_LD_K@  

(JBKNÃL OMWDÃLD [ JDCCDO]WK_@ OMWDÃLD) Q_@NMGMLWM^ GM BD GMJ_DGDNKÞL GM BD N@BKLD

8

 

QM QM^N ^NDG@6 DG@6 NT y XL N@CQ@^KNK@L N@CQ@^KN K@L J_D^D6 HDNW@_M^ T]M BD DHMNWDL6   gmsdrr`bb`   mspmnkm gm pmsndg`   mstdnkþl gmb dô` .drmlqum 

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  gksp`lkokbkgdgms dbkcmltknkds    nknb` gm rmpr`gunnkþl smxudb

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?% ml prkcdvmrd ??% db klknk` gmb vmrdl` 

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Bd dntkvkgdg rmpr`gunt`rd ml b`s pmsndg`s jrds`s rmpmrnutm gm c`g` gkrmnt` ml su n`ltmlkg` jrds`. Ml b`s cdjr`s, mb dbcdnmldckmlt` gm jrdsd ms bmlt` y mb jdst` orusn` d b` bdrj` gmb nknb` rmpr`guntkv`, dhmntdlg` gm c`g` ndsk mxnbuskv` db eãjdg`, ckmltrds qum ml b`s jrds`s dhmntd db n`ltmlkg` ml jrdsd gm bd ndrlm cusnubd r   Bd ndltkgdg gm jrdsd ml b`s pmsndg`s ms cdy`r ml vmrdl` qum ml klvkmrl`.  Dskcksc`, bds emcords dltms gm bd hrmzd (gms`vm)  Dskcksc`, (gms`vm) pumgml prmsmltdr cdy`r ndltkgdg ndltkgdg gm jrdsd. Bd cdy`r pdrtm gm bd jrdsd sm gmp`sktd ml b`s cösnub`s (ndrpd, drmlqum, sdrgkld), ml mb eãjdg` (odndbd`, cmrbuzd, pmsndgkbbd) y ml `trds vãsnmrds (bunk`, pmrnd). 

ND_DNWM_Ã^WKND^ GM B@^ ÄNKG@^ J_D^@^ GMB QM^NDG@6 B`s bãpkg`s gm b`s pmsndg`s gkhkmrml gm b`s bãpkg`s gm b`s cdcãhmr`s. Bd prklnkpdb gkhmrmlnkd rdgknd ml qum mstäl n`cpumst`s p`r änkg`s jrds`s gm ndgmld bdrjd (47-?? ät`c`s gm ndro`l`) n`l ul dbt` jrdg` gm klsdturdnkþl. B`s änkg`s jrds`s gm b`s cdcãhmr`s rdrdcmltm n`ltkmlml cäs gm g`s g`obms mlbdnms p`r c`bënubd ckmltrds qum b`s gmpþskt`s jrds`s gmb pmsndg` n`ltkmlml cune`s änkg`s jrds`s n`l nkln` ` smks g`obms mlbdnms.   Gm ndgmld rmntd y löcmr` pdr gm ät`c`s gm ndro`l`   _kqumzd ml p`bkklsdturdg`s (p`bkëlkn`s) w->, N-?1 y N-?? n`l g`obms y trkpbms mlbdnms6

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nbupdl`gþlkn`, drdqukgþlkn`, bkl`bëlkn` ]ld ndrdntmrãstknd kcp`rtdltm gm bd jrdsd gmb pmsndg` ms su pdrtknubdr rkqumzd ml änkg`s jrds`s p`bkklsdturdg`s (DJQ). Mb p`rnmltdfm t`tdb gm änkg`s jrds`s p`bkklsdturdg`s n`l nudtr`, nkln` ` smks

g`obms mlbdnms ms bmvmcmltm cml`r ml b`s bãpkg`s gm pmsndg`s gm djud gubnm (dpr`xkcdgdcmltm :1 p`r nkmlt`) qum ml b`s bãpkg`s gm pmsndg`s gm djud gm cdr (dpr`xkcdgdcmltm 55 p`r nkmlt`). ^kl mcodrj`, bd n`cp`sknkþl gm bãpkg`s l` ms n`cpbmtdcmltm hkfd skl` qum pumgm vdrkdr ul p`n` n`l bd dbkcmltdnkþl gmb dlkcdb y bd mstdnkþl gmb dô`. Ml bd lutrknkþl gmb e`corm, dbjul`s änkg`s n`c` mb bkl`bmkn` y bkl`bëlkn` sm n`lskgmrdl msmlnkdbms pums l` s`l skltmtkzdg`s p`r mb `rjdlksc`. Ml b`s pmsndg`s mst`s änkg`s jrds`s s`bdcmltm n`lstktuyml dbrmgmg`r gmb ? p`r nkmlt` gmb t`tdb gm bãpkg`s, ul p`rnmltdfm pmqumô` n`cpdrdg` n`l cune`s dnmktms vmjmtdbms. ^kl mcodrj`, b`s dnmktms gm pmsndg` n`ltkmlm `tr`s änkg`s jrds`s p`bkklsdturdg`s qum pumgml nurdr bds mlhmrcmgdgms gm bd pkmb gmb cksc` c`g` qum mb änkg` bkl`bmkn` y mb änkg` drdqukgþlkn`. N`c` ckmcor`s gm bd hdckbkd gmb änkg` bkl`bëlkn` (prkcmr g`obm mlbdnm ml bd tmrnmrd p`sknkþl w ->, n`ltdlg` gmsgm mb jrup` cmtkb` tmrckldb), tdcokël hdv`rmnml mb nrmnkckmlt` gm b`s lkô`s. Gm mst`s änkg`s jrds`s, mb änkg` mkn`sdpmltdml`kn` (N?16=w >) ed skg` `ofmt` rmnkmltmcmltm gm n`lskgmrdobm dtmlnkþl p`r pdrtm gm dbjul`s nkmltãhkn`s gdlmsms, qukmlms mln`ltrdr`l mstm änkg` ml bd sdljrm y rëjkcml dbkcmltknk` gm ul jrup` gm msqukcdbms gm Jr`mlbdlgkd, vkrtudbcmltm bkorms gm dtmr`msnbmr`sks. Klvmstkjdg`rms kljbmsms edl g`nucmltdg` qum mb änkg` mkn`sdpmltdml`kn` ms ul hdnt`r dltktr`coþtkn` mxtrmcdgdcmltm p`tmltm. Ml n`lnrmt`, n`ln rmt`, b`s änkg`s änkg `s jrds`s jr ds`s cdy`rktdrk`s ml mb pmsndg` s`l DJQ gm bdrjd ndgmld n`c` mb änkg` g`n`sdemxdml`kn` y mkn`sdpmltd mkn`sd pmltdml`kn` ml`kn` (änkg`s jrds`s gm tkp` w->). Q`r

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QM QM^N ^NDG@6 DG@6 NT y XL supumst`, mb pmsndg` ml su hrdnnkþl jrdsd tdcokël n`ltkmlm änkg`s jrds`s sdturdg`s (DJ^) n`c` mb änkg` pdbcãtkn`, änkg` ckrãstkn` y änkg` mstmärkn` y c`l`klsdturdg`s n`c` mb pdbckt`bmkn` y `bmkn`, pmr` t`g`s mbb`s, ml cml`r pr`p`rnkþl. B`s änkg`s jrds`s w-> mstäl dusmltms gm bd cdy`r pdrtm gm  b`s dnmktms y jrdsds n`lsuckg`s edoktudbcmltm. Bds smckbbds gm vmjmtdbms n`c` mb jkrds`b, cdãz p`smml uld mbmvdgd pr`p`rnkþl gm DJQ gm bd hdckbkd w-8 (mspmnkdbcmltm änkg` bkl`bmkn`). Bds gkstkltds hdckbkds ` tkp`s gm änkg` jrds`s msmlnkdbms l` s`l kltmrn`lvmrtkobms, p`r tdlt`, ms lmnmsdrk` dsmjurdr uld kljmstd dgmnudgd tdlt` gm ul tkp` n`c` gmb `tr`. Mb pmsndg` p`smm ul n`ltmlkg` rmbdtkvdcmltm kcp`rtdltm ml DJQ w->, l` p`rqum smd ndpdz gm skltmtkzdrb`s skl` p`rqum sm

  dbkcmltd gm pbdlnt`l qum n`ltkmlm uld l`tdobm pr`p`rnkþl.

N@CQ@^KNK@L N@CQ@^K NK@L J_D^D HDNW@_M^ T]M BD DHMNWDL  DHMNWDL 

- GM^D__@BB@ - M^QMNKM GM QM^NDG@ - M^WDNKÞL GMB DÔ@ - NKNB@ GM CDG]_DNKÞL ^MU]DB - GK^Q@LKOKBKGDGM^ DBKCMLWKNKD^

GK^W_KO]NKÞL GM BD J_D^D  J_D^D 

- B@NDBKVDNKÞL N@_Q@_DB - M^WDNK@LDBKGDG6 MFMCQB@6 D_MLT]M ?% ML Q_KCDXM_D ??% DB KLKNK@ GMB XM_DL@

GMWMNNK@L GMWMNNK @L DLDB DLDBÃWKND ÃWKND  

MUW_DNNKÞL N@L ]L ^@BXMLWM DGMN]DG@ T]M ^M MXDQ@_D GM^Q]Ë^ GM QM^D_ MB _M^KG]@ J_D^@

ND_DNWM_Ã^WKND^ GM B@^ ÄNKG@^ J_D^@^  J_D^@^  GM NDGMLD _MNWD [ LÖCM_@ QD_ GM ÄW@C@^ GM ND_O@L@ _KT]MVD ML Q@BKKL^DW]_DG@^ (Q@BKËLKN@^) Z->, N ?1 [ N ?? N@L G@OBM^ [ W_KQBM^ MLBDNM^6 NB]QDL@GÞLKN@, D_DT]KGÞLKN@, BKL@BËLKN@ BÃQKG@^ N@CQBMF@^  N@CQBMF@^ 

- H@^H@BÃQKG@^ (:=% BMNKWKLD^ [ ?=% NMHDBKLD^) - N@BM^WM_@B BKO_M [ M^WM_KHKNDG@

5

 

QM QM^N ^NDG@6 DG@6 NT y XL J_D^D^ CD_KLD^ GKHM_MLNKD^ MLW_M J_D GKHM_MLNKD^ J_D^D^ ^D^ CD CD_KLD^ _KLD^ [ WM__M^W WM__M^W_M^6 _M^6  Gkstklt` jrdg` gm klsdturdnkþl Cml`r pult` gm huskþl Cdy`r ãlgknm gm [@G@ (K) Cdy`r jrdg` gm mlrdlnkdckmlt` (`xkgdnkþl) @b`r cäs pmlmtrdltm (än. nbupdl`-gþckn`) Cdy`r rkqumzd ml dbn`e`bms dbkhätkn`s DQBKNDNK@LM^ DQBKND NK@LM^ GM B@^ DNMKWM^ CD_KL@^6  pklturds y odrlknms trdtdckmlt` gmb numr` tkltds gm kcprmltd jrdsds buorkndltms zdpdtds gm hrml`s n`scëtkn`s y cmgkndcmlt`s cdskbbds, pr`gunt`s ndbmhdnt`rms...

Xktdcklds y cklmrdbms 4. Xktdcklds6 Bd ndltkgdg gm vktdcklds y cklmrdbms ms mspmnãhknd gm bd mspmnkm y, dgmcäs, pumgm vdrkdr n`l bd mstdnkþl gmb dô`. Ml jmlmrdb, bd ndrlm gm pmsndg` ms uld oumld humltm gm vktdckld O y ml mb nds` gm bds mspmnkms jrdsds, tdcokël gm vktdcklds D y G. Dbjulds mspmnkms gm djud gubnm, n`c` bd ndrpd, tkmlml uld dbtd dntkvkgdg tkdckldsd rdzþl p`r bd nudb mb n`ltmlgkg` gm tkdckld ml mstd mspmnkm ms p`r b` jmlmrdb odf`. _mspmnt` d b`s cklmrdbms, bd ndrlm gm pmsndg` sm n`lskgmrd uld humltm pdrtknubdrcmltm vdbk`sd gm ndbnk` y hþsh`r`, dsã n`c` tdcokël gm ekmrr` y n`orm. B`s pmsndg`s gm cdr tkmlml ul dbt` n`ltmlkg` gm y`g`. Gmokg` d bd vdrkdnkþl ldturdb gm mst`s n`cp`lmltms l` ms p`skobm gdr nkhrds mxdntds. Xktdcklds ml mb pmsndg`  pmsndg`   Qmsndg`   Qmsndg` Hkbmtm gm odndbd` Hkbmtm gm drmlqum Dnmktm gm eãjdg` gm odndbd` 4)

Eãjdg` mltmr`

?)  >) 

O 4 3 tkdckld  tkdckld  O ? 3 rko`hbdvkld rko`hbdvkld  

O ? Lkdnkld Dnkg` O4 /j)   (  /j) /j)   (  /j) /j)   Qdlt`tëlkn` (  /j) /j)   (  /j) 1-=1 1 1,: 1,5 ?1 4.: ?1-711 >11-4111 1,7 >,1 71 41 4)4= 4) 7,> ?11-41111 ?1->11 >,7 D (]K/j)   (]K/j)

G (]K/j)  (]K/j) 

O8 (  /j) /j)   4,: 7,= -

Mb n`ltmlkg` gm vktdcklds ms n`cpdrdobm n`l mb gm b`s cdcãhmr`s mxnmpt` ml mb nds` gm bds vktdcklds D y G, qum sm mlnumltrdl ml jrdlgms ndltkgdgms ml bd ndrlm gm bds mspmnkms jrdsds y ml doulgdlnkd ml mb eãjdg` gm mspmnkms n`c` mb odndbd` y mb ekp`jb`s`. Gmom smôdbdrsm qum mb n`ltmlkg` gm s`gk` ml bd ndrlm gm pmsndg` ms rmbdtkvdcmltm odf` b` nudb bm ednm dpr`pkdg` pdrd rmjãcmlms dbkcmltknk`s gm tdb ldturdbmzd.

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QM QM^N ^NDG@6 DG@6 NT y XL

CKLM_DBM^ N`l rmspmnt` db n`ltmlkg` gm vktdcklds y cklmrdbms, mb pmsndg` jrds` n`ltkmlm uld kcp`rtdltm ndltkgdg gm vktdcklds bkp`s`buobms ml bd pdrtm n`cmstkobm, mspmnkdbcmltm vktdckld D y vktdckld G y qum ml mb pmsndg` obdln` msds vktdcklds sm dnucubdl ml mb eãjdg`. Bd ndrlm gm pmsndg` n`lstktuym uld humltm dnmptdobm gm vktdcklds gmb jrup` O y sm n`lskgmrd uld humltm vdbk`sd gm ndbnk` y hþsh`r`, dsã n`c` tdcokël gm ekmrr` y n`orm. Dgmcäs, b`s pmsndg`s gm djud sdbdgd tkmlml ul dbt` dbt ` n`ltmlkg` n`lt mlkg` gm y`g`, y`g `, n`lstktuymlg` bd humltm cäs rknd ml ml mstm cklmrdb n`l rmspmnt` db rmst` gm b`s jrup`s gm dbkcmlt`s. Bd ndrlm gm pmsndg` tdcokël ms rknd ml s`gk`, p`tdsk`, dzuhrm y cdjlmsk`. @W_@^

  N`ltmlkg` skckbdr db gm bd ndrlm gm cdcãhmr`s y dvms   I, Hm, Nu, Cl, Vl, N`, ^, Nb, K (jrdl humltm ml pmsndg`s cdrkl`s)   Nd, Q y Hm, ml mspklds 

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Nudgr` 7.8 7.8 Dbjul`s nn`lstktuy `lstktuymltms mltms cklmrdbm cklmrdbmss gmb cösnu cösnub` b` gm pmsndg` pmsndg`   Mbmcmlt`   Xdb`r pr`cmgk` (cj/411j)  Mbmcmlt` (cj/411j)  _dlj` (cj/41 (cj /411j) 1j)   ^`gk` :? >1 - 4>7 Q`tdsk` ?:5 4; - =1? Ndbnk` :; 4; - 554 Cdjlmsk` >5 7,= - 7=? Hþsh`r` 4;1 85 - ==1

L`td6   Ml b`s pmsndg`s gm dnuknubturd, sm n`lskgmrd qum mb n`ltmlkg` gm vktdcklds y cklmrdbms L`td6  rmhbmfd bd n`cp`sknkþl gm b`s n`lstktuymltms ml mb dbkcmlt` gmb pmsndg`, dulqum b`s gdt`s gmoml smr kltmrprmtdg`s n`l jrdl nukgdg`. D hkl gm pr`tmjmr b`s änkg`s jrds`s p`bkklsdturdg`s l->, n`lskgmrdg`s gm jrdl kcp`rtdlnkd tdlt` pdrd mb pmsndg` n`c` pdrd bd sdbug eucdld, gmom dôdgkrsm vktdckld M ml mb dbkcmlt` gmb pmsndg`, n`c` dltk`xkgdltm. ^m ed gmc`strdg` qum mb lkvmb gm vktdckld M prmsmltm ml b`s tmfkg`s gmb pmsndg` sm n`rrmsp`lgm n`l bd n`lnmltrdnkþl dôdgkgd ml mb dbkcmlt`. CKLM_DBM^   CKLM_DBM^ - N@LWMLKG@ ^KCKBD_ DB GM CDCÃHM_@^ [ DXM^ - MB Q B@ ]^D MB QM^NDG@ ML H@_CD GM H@^HDW@ - I, Hm, Nu, Cl, Vl, N`, ^, Nb, K (J_DL H]MLWM ML QM^NDG@^ CD_KL@^) - Ld, Nd, Cj, Q, KLHB][ML ML BD QDBDWDOKBKGDG - Nd, Q [ Hm, ML M^QKLD^ XKWDCKLD^   XKWDCKLD^ ODNDBD@6 EÃJDG@ D [ G D_MLT]M6 WMFKG@^ G DLJ]KBD6 WMFKG@^ D [ G 4 4? E]MXD^6 MB N@LWMLKG@ GM N@BM^WM_@B) EÃJDG@6 OO4, [OO? [ O (KLN_MCMLWD 4? 

41

 

QM QM^N ^NDG@6 DG@6 NT y XL - MB N@NKLDG@ [ MB Q_@NM^DG@ GK^CKL][M MB N@LWMLKG@ XKWDCÃLKN@

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QM QM^N ^NDG@6 DG@6 NT y XL KCQ@_WDLNKD GMB N@L^]C@ GM QM^NDG@  QM^NDG@  ^m ndbnubd qum mb n`lsuc` gm pmsndg` n`c` dbkcmlt` dp`rtd p`r tërckl` cmgk` mb 4?% gm bd pr`tmãld dlkcdb kljmrkgd. ^mjöl bd klh`rcdnkþl gmb Qdlmb gm N`lsuc` gmb CD_C (?115)   gm b`s öbtkc`s gdt`s gksp`lkobms gmb Qdlmb gm

N`lsuc` gmb Cklkstmrk` gm Cmgk` Dcokmltm y Cmgk` _urdb y Cdrkl`, gmb dô` ?115, mb pmsndg` bbmjd db :1 p`r nkmlt` gm bd p`obdnkþl d b` bdrj` gmb dô`, dbndlzdlg` d ul cdy`r löcmr` gm e`jdrms gm mlmr` d cdy`, n`l ul n`lsuc` cmgk` gm 4,?1 ikb`s p`r pmrs`ld db cms. B`s pmsndg`s, hrmsn`s y n`ljmbdg`s, =8,? p`r p`r nkmlt` nkmlt`gm gmbn`lsmrvds v`bucml gm gm pmsndg`. pmsnd, hrmltm db ?;,8 p`r nkmlt` gm cdrksn`s, hrmsn`s, n`ljmbdg`srmprmsmltdl y n`nkg`s yul mb 47,? Mb pmsndg` hrmsn`, mb cäs n`lsuckg`, mstä prmsmltm ml cäs gm bd cktdg gm b`s e`jdrms mspdô`bms d b` bdrj` gmb dô`, n`l ul n`lsuc` cmgk` gm ul ikb` p`r pmrs`ld db cms9 ckmltrds qum mb pmsndg` n`ljmbdg` bbmjd db 71 p`r nkmlt` gm b`s e`jdrms, n`l ul n`lsuc` cmgk` gm ² ikb` p`r pmrs`ld db cms, tmlkmlg` uld kltmlskgdg cdy`r gm gmcdlgd ml b`s cmsms gm gknkmcorm d cdrz`. Mb pmsndg` cäs kcp`rtdltm n`ltklöd skmlg` bd cmrbuzd fult` d bd sdrgkld/o`qumrþl, dulqum bd g`rdgd y mb sdbcþl edl jdldg` kcp`rtdlnkd yd qum sm ed klnrmcmltdg` su n`cprd ml ul ?8,; p`r nkmlt` y ul 7,; p`r nkmlt`, rmspmntkvdcmltm. Mb r`gdodbb`, n`l uld cmgkd gm pmlmtrdnkþl cmlsudb gm 4%, tdcokël ed ducmltdg` su n`lsuc` ul >= p`r nkmlt`. Bd ndltkgdg n`cprdgd gm pmsndg` pmr näpktd ml b`s e`jdrms vkmlm gksckluymlg` pr`jrmskvdcmltm gmsgm mb dô` ?117, skl mcodrj` mstm öbtkc` dô` sm ed cdltmlkg` mstdobm rmspmnt` d ?11:. Dgmcäs, sm ed klnrmcmltdg` bd gmcdlgd gm n`lsmrvds gm pmsndg`, ul >,8 p`r nkmlt` y gm cdrksn` n`nkg`, ml 4,7 p`r nkmlt`, gksckluymlg` mb gm cdrksn`, tdlt` hrmsn` n`c` n`ljmbdg`. Q`r cmsms, ml `ntuorm sm kltmlskhknd mb n`lsuc` gm pmsndg`, n`klnkgkmlg` n`l qum mstm cms ms mb qum tkmlm mb prmnk` cmgk` p`r ikb` cäs odf` gmb dô`. _mspmnt` db pmrhkb gm b`s e`jdrms, b`s rmtkrdg`s, pdrmfds dgubtds skl ekf`s y dgubt`s klgmpmlgkmltms s`l b`s qum cäs gmcdlgdl pmsndg`, dbndlzdlg` b`s ?:,; Ikb`s p`r pmrs`ld y dô`9 n`lsuckmlg` 4?,> ikb`s cäs qum bd cmgkd mspdô`bd. Ckmltrds qum b`s qum cml`s n`lsucml mstm tkp` gm pr`gunt` s`l bds pdrmfds n`l ekf`s cml`rms gm smks dô`s y b`s fþvmlms klgmpmlgkmltms n`l 5,> y 44 ikb`s p`r pmrs`ld y dô`, rmspmntkvdcmltm. ^`orm mb bujdr gm n`cprd, bd tkmlgd trdgknk`ldb skjum skmlg` bd prmhmrkgd, rmprmsmltdlg` mb 77,? p`r nkmlt`, ckmltrds qum b`s ndldbms gkläckn`s, n`l mb söpmr d bd ndomzd, rmprmsmltdl mb >=,5 p`r nkmlt` gmb t`tdb, cdltmlkmlg` su kcp`rtdlnkd n`l ul`s prmnk`s cmgk`s gm 8,>: mur`s/Ij., klhmrk`rms d bd cmgkd mspdô`bd qum sm sktöd ml 8,85 mur`s/Ij.

Ml bd dntudbkgdg, mxkstm uld tmlgmlnkd nrmnkmltm d klnrmcmltdr mb n`lsuc` gm pmsndg` n`c` dbtmrldtkvd db n`lsuc` gm ndrlm y pr`gunt`s närlkn`s. Ml mb n`ltmxt` gm bds rmn`cmlgdnk`lms gkmtëtknds, rmdbkzdgds p`r gkhmrmltms `rjdlkzdnk`lms kltmrldnk`ldbms rmbdnk`ldgds n`l bd sdbug, b`s pr`gunt`s gm bd pmsnd `nupdl ul bujdr gmstdndg` d bds`orm e`rdhdnt`rms gm trdtdr gm n`lsmjukr gkmtds mqukbkordgds, dbndlzdr b`s rmqumrkckmlt`s lutrknk`ldbms y dntudr gm rkmsj` gm gmtmrckldgds mlhmrcmgdgms.

Ms dn`lsmfdobm mb n`lsuc` 4-? vmnms p`r smcdld Gksckluym bd klnkgmlnkd gm mlhmrcmgdgms ndrgk`vdsnubdrms Ml klgkvkgu`s p`stklhdrt`, cdy`r supmrvkvmlnkd n`l gkmtd gm pmsndg` B`s w-> gksckluyml mb rkmsj` gm drtmrk`msnbmr`sks db gkscklukr mb lkvmb gm trkjbknërkg`s ml pbdscd (B`s pmsndg`s gm pksnkhdnt`rkd tkmlml uld cml`r pr`p`rnkþl gm w->.   B`s dnmktms klsdturdg`s pr`v`ndl vds`gkbdtdnkþl y gkscklunkþl gm bd djrmjdnkþl pbdqumtdrkd p`r klekoknkþl gm bd h`rcdnkþl gm tr`co`emxdl` d-? (pr`djrmjdltm) y gkscklunkþl gm bd vksn`skgdg sdljuãlmd (mkn`sdpmltdl`kn` MQD).  MQD). 

       

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QM QM^N ^NDG@6 DG@6 NT y XL Ml jmlmrdb, b`s pmsndg`s dp`rtdl ul ouml odbdlnm gm pr`tmãlds gm dbt` vdb`r ok`bþjkn`, vktdcklds tdlt` ekgr`s`buobms n`c` bkp`s`buobms, dbjul`s mbmcmlt`s cklmrdbms y ul n`ltmlkg` ndbþrkn` rmbdtkvdcmltm odf`. Mb rmgunkg` n`ltmlkg` ml jrdsd gm cuneds mspmnkms gm pmsndg` y b`s mhmnt`s omlmhknk`s`s gm b`s änkg`s jrds`s p`bkklsdturdg`s @cmjd-> prmsmltms ml b`s pmsndg`s jrds`s, s`orm t`g` ml b`s pmsndg`s dzubms, s`l dspmnt`s kcp`rtdltms d n`lskgmrdr ml bd gkmtd gm bd p`obdnkþl gm b`s pdãsms gmsdrr`bbdg`s, n`l ul mbmvdg` löcmr` gm cumrtms p`r mlhmrcmgdgms ndrgk`vdsnubdrms. Dgmcäs, sm ed gmsnrkt` qum tkmlml ul mhmnt` p`sktkv` ml bd prmvdbmlnkd gm bd drtrktks rmucdt`kgm, mb nälnmr y mb gmsdrr`bb` gm cmtästdsks. Kcp`rtdlnk Kcp`r tdlnkdd gmrk gmrkvdgd vdgd ggmb mb XDB@_ L]W_KW L]W_KWKX@ KX@ [ GKJM GKJM^WK ^WKOKBKGDG OKBKGDG   Cml`r pr`p`rnkþl gm tmfkg` n`lmntkv` qum sup`lm cdy`r gkjmstkokbkgdg y dbtmrdokbkgdg   Cml`r pr`p`rnkþl gm djud bkjdgd y gm LLQ   Mspmnkdb n`lhkjurdnkþl gm b`s änkg`s jrds`s (klsdturdg`s)   Dbtd vdrkdokbkgdg ml n`ltmlkg` ml djud y jrdsd (n`cp`sknkþl bkpãgknd)   Mlzkcds gm dnnkþl cdy`r ( < 4111 XMNM^ ND_LM)   Cml`r rkmsj` gm trdlsckskþl gm mlhmrcmgdgms   >=-8=% p`rnkþl n`cmstkobm   Cdy`r dpr`vmnedckmlt` p`r n`lsmrvds gm pmqumôds mspmnkms   Jrdl l¶ gm dckl`änkg`s. (?11 j gm pmsndg`/gãd nuorml bds lmnmskgdgms gm dd msmlnkdbms gm ul e`corm9 pkmls`s6 edrkld gm pmsndg`)   Doulgdltms vktdcklds y sdbms (vktdcklds bkp`s`buobms d y g ml odndbd` n`l hklms prmvmltkv`s y tmrdpëutkn`s)   tmrdpëutkn`s)   Qërgkgds gmb 4=% ml bd n`nnkþl  n`nnkþl  

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Mb ducmlt` gmb n`lsuc` ed emne` qum sm cubtkpbkquml b`s kltmrndcok`s kltmrldnk`ldbms y bd prmsmlnkd ml mb cmrndg` gm pr`gunt`s pr`vmlkmltms gm pdãsms gkvmrs`s. Mstd sktudnkþl ednm qum sm kltr`guzndl lumvds mspmnkms gm pmsndg`, n`l kjudb ndbkgdg, pmr` l` n`l`nkgds edstd bd hmned ` cdlkpubdgds y trdlsh`rcdgds p`r mcprmsds ` pmrs`lds qum n`ckmlzdl uld lumvd dntkvkgdg d bd qum l` mstäl dn`stucordg`s. Mst` ednm lmnmsdrk` bd kcp`sknkþl gm ul n`ltr`b gm pr`gunt` qum edstd e`y l` mrd edoktudb.  edoktudb.  

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