Completion Fluids Manual

COMPLETION

FLUIDS Manual

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Chapter 1 DIVALENT BRINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1·1 • Calcium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1·1 • Calcium Bromide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1·2 • Calcium Chloride and Calcium Bromide . . . . 1·2 • Calcium Chloride, Calcium Bromide, Zinc Bromide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1·4 • Blending Tables U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1·5 Metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1·23 Chapter 2 MONOVALENT BRINES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·1 • Sodium Chloride (Dry). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·1 • Potassium Chloride (Dry). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·1 • Ammonium Chloride (Dry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·1 • Sodium Bromide (Liquid). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·1 • Sodium Bromide (Dry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·2 • Sodium Formate (Dry). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·2 • Potassium Formate (Liquid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·2 • Potassium Formate (Dry). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·2 • Cesium Formate (Liquid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·3 • Miscellaneous Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·3 • Blending Tables U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·4 Metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·15 Chapter 3 EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3·1 Chapter 4 QHSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4·1 Chapter 5 TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5·1

ii

Chapter 6 TESTING PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6·1 • RDF Testing Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6·32 Chapter 7 DISPLACEMENT TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7·1 Chapter 8 VISCOSIFIERS AND FLUID-LOSS CONTROL . . . . . . . . 8·1 Chapter 9 CORROSION INHIBITION AND PACKER FLUIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9·1 Chapter 10 FILTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10·1 Chapter 11 SPEEDWELL* TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11·1 Chapter 12 INTERVENTION FLUID SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12·1 Chapter 13 RESERVOIR DRILL-IN FLUIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13·1 Chapter 14 ENGINEERING FORMULAS AND TABLES . . . . . . . . 14·1 Chapter 15 LIST OF PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15·1

iii

INTRODUCTION M-I SWACO* provides a complete line of reservoir drill-in, completion and workover fluids and additives that help make oil and gas wells more productive. The company also offers fluid reclamation and filtration services complemented by a complete line of scrapers and brushes for internal cleaning of casing, liners and risers. This manual provides information and technical data to support these systems and assist in their management during well design and field operations.

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPLETION FLUIDS With the recent proliferation of horizontal wellbores and open-hole completions, many drilling and completion engineers now consider the completion operation to begin as soon as the drill bit enters the productive interval. Therefore, it is necessary to plan procedures and implement practices to reduce formation damage and maximize productivity at the earliest possible stage. Proper selection and application of the completion fluid is an integral part of this process. Completion fluid can be defined as any fluid pumped downhole to conduct operations after the initial drilling of a well. Workover fluids are those used during remedial operations after a well has been completed and produced oil and/ or gas. Clear, solids-free brine completion/ workover fluids serve to control downhole formation pressures while reducing the risk of permanent formation damage (permeability damage) resulting from solids invasion or some form of incompatibility between the completion fluid and the in situ matrix. The clear brines used for completion and workover applications are pure solutions of dissolved salt in water and must be stable at surface and downhole conditions. Depending on the application, other completion/workover fluid types are sometimes used, including solids-laden, oil-base and emulsions. For the purpose of this document, no distinction is made between completion and workover fluids and the terms are used interchangeably throughout. Packer fluids are those that fill the annular volume above a production packer. The term reservoir drill-in fluid refers to a drilling fluid designed specifically for the productive interval. Drill-in fluids are

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPLETION FLUIDS designed to minimize damage to the interval, typically by eliminating insoluble solids such as barite, minimizing the total solids content and formulating such that a thin, resilient, removable, non-damaging filter cake is placed. Among the typical operations in which clear brines are applied are well kills, fishing, perforating, washing, drilling and gravel packing and as packer fluids. In order to perform the desired function, completion fluids must control formation pressures, circulate and transport solids, protect the productive zone, be stable under surface and downhole conditions, be safely handled, be environmentally friendly or used with controlled exposure, and be cost effective. Completion fluids have no purpose within the formation and may in fact reduce the permeability. The operator has two choices: 1) minimize fluid losses to the formation and 2) use a formation-compatible fluid and accept partial losses. Clear brine completion fluids are formulated and applied in the field according to performance specifications that ensure well control with minimal permeability reduction. These specifications are not always expressly identified but should always be understood and assigned. Density and solids content (expressed as clarity — NTU) are typical performance specifications for clear brine, although selection of a particular completion fluid according to these alone can be dangerous to the productivity of a well. Proper density is necessary for pressure control. Clarity is necessary to eliminate formation plugging by solids. In addition to these, the allencompassing term “formation compatible” is

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPLETION FLUIDS also a requirement and must not be overlooked. In order to select a completion or workover fluid appropriate for the application, one must understand the various types and properties of clear brine fluids. The remainder of this section provides this introductory information.

Types and Properties The most common types of completion fluids are selected from those listed in Table 1. Table 1

Brine Type NaCl KCl NH4Cl NaBr NaCl/NaBr NaHCO2 KHCO2 NaHCO2/KHCO2 KHCO2/CsHCO2 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaCl2/CaBr2 ZnBr2 ZnBr2/CaBr2 ZnBr2/CaBr2/CaCl2 CsHCO2

Density Range (lb/gal) 8.33 – 10.0 8.33 – 9.7 8.33 – 8.9 8.33 – 12.7 8.33 – 12.5 8.33 – 11.1 8.33 – 13.3 8.33 – 13.1 8.33 – 20.0 8.33 – 11.8 8.33 – 15.3 8.33 – 15.1 ±12 – 21.0 ±12 – 19.2 ±12 – 19.1 ±8.33 – 20.0

Typical Density (lb/gal) 8.4 – 10.0 8.4 – 9.0 8.4 – 8.7 10.0 – 12.5 10.0 – 12.5 9.0 – 10.5 10.8 – 13.1 8.4 – 12.7 13.1 – 18.3 ±9.0 – 11.6 ±12.0 – 14.2 11.7 – 15.1 19.2 – 21.0 ±14.0 – 19.2 ±14.2 – 19.2 13.2 – 19.2

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPLETION FLUIDS Density and Blending The density of clear brine is obtained by dissolving salt in water. The density achieved is directly related to the amount of salt in solution. Table 2 shows the maximum solubility of standard completion-fluid salts in water at room temperature. Table 2: Maximum Solubility of Salt in Water one bbl at room temperature Sol Density Specific lb Salt wt % (lb/gal) Gravity Salt Sodium 26 10.0 1.200 109 Chloride Potassium 24 9.7 1.164 98 Chloride Sodium 46 12.7 1.525 245 Bromide Calcium 40 11.8 1.416 198 Chloride Calcium 57 15.3 1.837 366 Bromide Zinc 78 21.0 2.521 688 Bromide Sodium 50 11.1 1.329 231 Formate Potassium 78 13.3 1.595 434 Formate Cesium 84 19.17 2.30 676.3 Formate

lb Water 311 309 288 298 277 194 235 125 128.8

The data in Table 2 demonstrates that the solubility of these salts in water is extremely high, capable of producing densities up to 21 lb/gal (2.52 SG). It is also evident that as the solubility increases, the ratio of salt-to-water

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPLETION FLUIDS becomes increasingly small. In fact, the saturated solutions of several of these systems contain more salt than water. This fact is extremely important. It defines much of the “special chemistry” and properties of highdensity completion fluids. Commercial completion brines are often prepared with a combination of dry salts and liquid “stock fluids.” Some salts such as NaCl and KCl are produced as dry material, i.e., they are mined or formed through simple evaporation. Other brines like sodium bromide, potassium formate, calcium chloride and calcium bromide are manufactured as liquids. The dry salts are obtained only after processing the liquid. This process is energy consumptive and expensive, so, solutions prepared with these salts are generally more expensive than their all-liquid-blended counterparts. Zinc bromide is produced only in the liquid form. Table 3 lists commercially available “stock” fluids and dry salts. Comparing Tables 2 and 3 indicates the stock fluids are not produced as saturated solutions. In this way, the crystallization temperature is low enough as to allow storage in unheated tanks.

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPLETION FLUIDS Table 3 Stock Fluids that are Manufactured as Liquids 11.6 lb/gal (1.39) [38%] CaCl2 (U.S.) 11.3 lb/gal (1.36) [35%] CaCl2 (Europe) 12.5 lb/gal (1.50) [45%] NaBr 14.2 lb/gal (1.70) [52%] CaBr2 13.1 lb/gal (1.57) [78%] KHCO2 19.2 lb/gal (2.30) [53% / 23%] ZnBr2 / CaBr2 18.3 lb/gal (2.20) Cesium Formate 20.5 lb/gal (2.46) ZnBr2 Fluids Prepared From Salts 10 lb/gal (1.20) NaCl Stock, 3 to 8% KCl, 3-8% NH4Cl Stock Salts NaCl, NaBr, KCl, NH4Cl, CaCl2, CaBr2, NaHCO2, KHCO2

“Standard” brine tables follow that provide the necessary data to blend various clear brine fluids to a specific density. Simple blending calculations are also included. To blend fluids to achieve a specific crystallization temperature (see TCT) or, to blend to a lowest-cost density, consult an M-I SWACO completion fluids representative.

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPLETION FLUIDS Crystallization Temperature (TCT) As salt is dissolved in water, it lowers the freezing point of the solution until the eutectic point is reached. The eutectic temperature represents the lowest temperature on the saltwater phase diagram. Increasing the salt concentration beyond the eutectic raises the crystallization point. The concentration at which the solution is saturated is a function of its temperature. As shown in Table 2, calcium chloride is soluble in water to a final concentration of 40-wt % at room temperature. This solution is referred to as “saturated at room temperature.” If the solution is cooled, salt will precipitate from solution. If the solution is heated, additional salt can be dissolved. That temperature, at which a salt is saturated, is called the True Crystallization Temperature (TCT). There are many instances where the crystallization temperature of brine is a primary selection criterion. For example, when stored in cold weather or when used offshore where the seawater may be cold, the temperature at which a salt solution crystallizes (TCT) is an important consideration. Figures 2 and 3 show crystallization curves for various completion fluids. Pressure increases the crystallization point of a brine solution when the concentration of salt is above the eutectic concentration. See section 5 for a discussion of the effect of pressure on TCT.

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPLETION FLUIDS Figure 2: Crystallization curves for CaCl2 and CaBr2

Temperature (° F) 55 35 15 –5 –25 –45 Eutectic pt Eutectic pt

–65 8.3

9.1

9.9

10.7

11.5

12.3

13.1

13.9

14.7

15.1

Density (lb/gal) TCT (CaBr2)

TCT (CaCl2)

Figure 3: Crystallization curves for KCl, NaCl and CaCl2

Temperature (° F) 60 40 20 Eutectic pt

0 –20

Eutectic pt

–40 –60 Eutectic pt

–80 8

8.5

9

9.5

10

10.5

11

11.5

12

Density (lb/gal) Potassium Chloride Sodium Chloride Calcium Chloride

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Chapter 1 DIVALENT BRINES

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1. DIVALENT BRINES

COMPLETION FLUIDS MANUAL

DIVALENT BRINES Calcium Chloride Calcium chloride is available either as a concentrated solution or as a dry powder. The solution is manufactured at two different densities depending on the source, i.e., 11.6 lb/gal (1.392 SG) and 11.3 lb/gal (1.356 SG). Liquid calcium chloride is the most economical form. The anhydrous (94 to 97%) form of CaCl2 is used at the rigsite to adjust fluid density. The dry form of calcium chloride contains trace amounts of insoluble contaminants that cause brines mixed on location to be more turbid than premixed brines. These contaminants should be filtered out of solution before use. With addition of dry calcium chloride to freshwater, a great deal of heat is generated. Adding the solid calcium chloride too rapidly can result in enough heat to bring the temperature of the solution to over 200° F (93.3° C). Safe handling must be exercised to avoid being burned by the hot liquid or equipment. Less heat is produced when the concentrated solution is diluted to prepare the desired density. As a result, problems related to heat are generally not encountered. Personnel protective equipment must be used when mixing brines with dry calcium chloride. This material will generate dust that is hygroscopic and will also generate heat as it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere or from skin. Exposure to this dust must be avoided. Formation waters or seawater should not be used to prepare calcium chloride completion fluids because sodium chloride and/or insoluble calcium salts may precipitate.

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DIVALENT BRINES Calcium Bromide Calcium Bromide (CaBr2) brine systems are single-salt solutions used to form clear-brine workover and completion fluids with densities ranging from 8.4 to 15.3 lb/gal (1.404 to 1.812 SG). The desired density is obtained by mixing standard 14.2 lb/gal (1.704 SG) calcium bromide brine with dry calcium bromide (or water) or by simply mixing dry calcium bromide in water. Calcium bromide systems exhibit lower crystallization points than the corresponding calcium bromide/ calcium chloride fluids. Calcium bromide systems provide inhibition, preventing the hydration and migration of swelling clays, and can be used for packer fluids or to adjust the density of other brine systems. Calcium bromide brine systems can be formulated with various crystallization points and are available for special applications and winter use.

Calcium Chloride and Calcium Bromide Clear brines having a density range of 11.7 lb/gal (1.404 SG) and 15.1 lb/gal (1.813 SG) are prepared using a combination of calcium chloride and calcium bromide. Liquid CaCl2, pelletized calcium chloride, concentrated liquid CaBr2, or solid calcium bromide powder are used in combination to prepare these brines. CaBr2 concentrate is produced at a density of 14.2 lb/gal (1.705 SG). Calcium bromide costs approximately ten times as much as calcium chloride. When TCT and density requirements allow, field-prepared brines should contain as much calcium chloride as is practical.

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DIVALENT BRINES Increasing the density of a CaCl2-CaBr2 blended brine by adding dry salts can cause wellsite problems unless proper blending techniques are employed. For example, the addition of calcium bromide powder to a saturated blend can result in the precipitation of calcium chloride. Under these conditions, both water and calcium bromide must be added to avoid precipitation. An example of this is provided at the end of this section. High-density, solids-free brines ranging up to 15.3 lb/gal (1.837 SG) can be prepared using either calcium bromide or the combination of calcium bromide and calcium chloride. The ratio of bromide-to-chloride in any particular density determines the True Crystallization Temperature (TCT), or “freezing point.” Crystallization temperature must always be considered when blending brines of any type, however, the chloride-bromide brines are particularly sensitive because small changes in the ratio of the two salts can result in significant changes in TCT. Environmental factors such as surface temperature, water depth and water temperature and the influence of pressure on the crystallization point are important considerations and must be taken into account when formulating the appropriate blend. High-density slugs are used to ensure that a dry string is pulled when coming out of the hole. This is an important safety consideration since calcium bromide brines can be irritating to the skin and eyes. When solid calcium bromide is added to freshwater, considerable heat is released. Care must be taken to avoid getting splashed by the hot liquid or burned by hot equipment. Unlike

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DIVALENT BRINES calcium chloride, this is not a problem when liquid calcium bromide is added to water because very little heat is generated.

Calcium Chloride, Calcium Bromide and Zinc Bromide Concentrated zinc bromide-calcium bromide solutions are manufactured to a density of 19.2 lb/gal (2.305 SG). Solution densities between ±14.0 to 19.2 lb/gal (1.681 to 2.305 SG) are prepared by blending this 19.2 lb/gal (2.305 SG) “stock” fluid with lower density calcium bromide or calcium bromide-calcium chloride brines. The three-salt formulations are less expensive due to the presence of calcium chloride. As with the lower density chloridebromide brines, special blend formulations are used to achieve a specific density and TCT. Zinc bromide or zinc bromide-calcium bromide solutions of up to 20.5 lb/gal (2.46 SG) are also available in smaller quantities for slugging or spiking purposes. When agitated in pits which are exposed to the atmosphere for as little as 4 hrs, the density of these concentrated liquids can decrease by as much as 0.02 lb/gal (2.397 kg/m3). A calm solution does not pick up moisture as readily and will not lose density as quickly. To prevent absorption of moisture from the atmosphere, these high-density brines should be mixed and stored in covered tanks.

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DIVALENT BRINES Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (U.S.) Mixing dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%) and water Composition for one barrel fluid Density CaCl2 Water CaCl2 @70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt %

Ca+2 mg/L

Cl– mg/L

TCT °F

8.3

0.0

0.0000 0.00%

0

0

32

8.4

3.8

0.9989 1.00%

3,641

6,443

32

8.5

9.4

0.9951 2.50%

9,212

16,298

30

8.6

14.9

0.9914 3.90% 14,540 25,724

29

8.7

20.4

0.9875 5.30% 19,989 35,365

27

8.8

26.0

0.9836 6.70% 25,560 45,221

25

8.9

31.6

0.9796 8.00% 30,866 54,608

24

9.0

37.2

0.9755 9.40% 36,675 64,886

22

9.1

42.9

0.9714 10.70% 42,211 74,680

20

9.2

48.6

0.9671 11.90% 47,461 83,968

18

9.3

54.3

0.9627 13.20% 53,218 94,153

15

9.4

60.1

0.9583 14.50% 59,087 104,538

13

9.5

65.9

0.9537 15.70% 64,658 114,394

10

9.6

71.7

0.9491 16.90% 70,333 124,433

7

9.7

77.5

0.9443 18.10% 76,111 134,657

4

9.8

83.4

0.9395 19.30% 81,994 145,065

1

9.9

89.4

0.9346 20.40% 87,552 154,897

–3

10.0

95.3

0.9296 21.60% 93,638 165,666

–7

10.1

101.3

0.9245 22.70% 99,391 175,843

–12

10.2

107.3

0.9193 23.80% 105,239 186,190

–16

10.3

113.4

0.9140 24.90% 111,182 196,705

–22

10.4

119.4

0.9086 26.00% 117,221 207,389

–27

10.5

125.6

0.9031 27.00% 122,900 217,436

–33

10.6

131.7

0.8975 28.10% 129,125 228,450

–39

10.7

137.9

0.8918 29.10% 134,982 238,812

–46

10.8

144.1

0.8860 30.20% 141,394 250,155

–51

10.9

150.4

0.8801 31.20% 147,428 260,831

–36

Continues on next page

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DIVALENT BRINES Continued from previous page

Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (U.S.) Mixing dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%) and water Composition for one barrel fluid Density CaCl2 Water CaCl2 @70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt %

Ca+2 mg/L

Cl– mg/L

TCT °F

11.0

156.7

0.8741 32.20% 153,549 271,661

–22

11.1

163.0

0.8680 33.20% 159,757 282,644

–10

11.2

169.4

0.8618 34.20% 166,052 293,780

2

11.3

175.8

0.8555 35.20% 172,433 305,070

13

11.4

182.2

0.8491 36.10% 178,407 315,639

22

11.5

188.7

0.8426 37.10% 184,957 327,228

31

11.6

195.2

0.8360 38.10% 191,594 338,970

38

11.7

201.7

0.8293 39.00% 197,810 349,969

44

11.8

208.1

0.8227 39.90% 204,105 361,105

50

To calculate parts per million, divide mg/L by the specific gravity.

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DIVALENT BRINES Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (U.S.) Blending 11.6 lb/gal CaCl2 (liquid) and water Composition for one barrel of fluid Density 70° F

CaCl2 11.6 lb/gal bbl

Water bbl

TCT °F

8.3

0.022

0.978

32

8.4

0.022

0.978

32

8.5

0.052

0.948

30

8.6

0.083

0.917

29

8.7

0.113

0.887

27

8.8

0.144

0.856

25

8.9

0.174

0.826

24

9.0

0.203

0.797

22

9.1

0.233

0.767

20

9.2

0.264

0.736

18

9.3

0.294

0.706

15

9.4

0.325

0.675

13

9.5

0.356

0.644

10

9.6

0.390

0.610

7

9.7

0.420

0.580

4

9.8

0.450

0.550

1

9.9

0.480

0.520

–3

10.0

0.510

0.490

–7

10.1

0.540

0.460

–12

10.2

0.571

0.429

–16

10.3

0.601

0.399

–22

10.4

0.632

0.368

–27

10.5

0.663

0.337

–33

10.6

0.694

0.306

–39

10.7

0.724

0.276

–46

Continues on next page

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DIVALENT BRINES Continued from previous page

Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (U.S.) Blending 11.6 lb/gal CaCl2 (liquid) and water Composition for one barrel of fluid Density 70° F

CaCl2 11.6 lb/gal bbl

Water bbl

TCT °F

10.8

0.755

0.245

–51

10.9

0.785

0.215

–36

11.0

0.820

0.180

–22

11.1

0.850

0.150

–10

11.2

0.880

0.120

2

11.3

0.910

0.090

13

11.4

0.940

0.060

22

11.5

0.970

0.030

31

11.6

1.000

0.000

38

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DIVALENT BRINES Calcium Bromide CaBr2 (U.S.) Mixing dry CaBr2 (95%) and water Composition for one barrel of fluid Density CaBr2 Water CaBr2 @70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt %

Ca+2 mg/L

Br – mg/L

TCT °F

8.33

0.0

1.0000 0.00%

0

0

32

8.4

3.6

0.9992 1.00%

2,022

8,062

30

8.5

9.0

0.9958 2.40%

4,910

19,580

30

8.6

14.4

0.9923 3.80%

7,866

31,366

29

8.7

19.9

0.9889 5.20% 10,889 43,421

28

8.8

25.3

0.9854 6.50% 13,768 54,900

27

8.9

30.7

0.9819 7.80% 16,709 66,628

27

9.0

36.1

0.9784 9.10% 19,713 78,606

26

9.1

41.6

0.9749 10.30% 22,560 89,961

25

9.2

47.0

0.9713 11.60% 25,687 102,428

24

9.3

52.4

0.9678 12.80% 28,653 114,253

23

9.4

57.9

0.9642 13.90% 31,449 125,405

22

9.5

63.3

0.9606 15.10% 34,528 137,681

21

9.6

68.8

0.9570 16.20% 37,433 149,266

19

9.7

74.3

0.9534 17.30% 40,391 161,061

18

9.8

79.7

0.9498 18.40% 43,402 173,068

17

9.9

85.2

0.9461 19.50% 46,466 185,286

16

10.0

90.7

0.9425 20.50% 49,343 196,756

14

10.1

96.2

0.9388 21.50% 52,267 208,417

13

10.2

102.0

0.9351 22.50% 55,240 220,270

11

10.3

107.0

0.9314 23.50% 58,261 232,316

10

10.4

113.0

0.9277 24.50% 61,329 244,553

8

10.5

118.0

0.9239 25.50% 64,447 256,982

7

10.6

124.0

0.9202 26.40% 67,357 268,586

5

10.7

129.0

0.9164 27.30% 70,310 280,362

3

10.8

135.0

0.9126 28.20% 73,307 292,312

2

10.9

140.0

0.9088 29.10% 76,347 304,434

0

11.0

146.0

0.9050 30.00% 79,430 316,729

–2

Continues on next page

1·9 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Continued from previous page

Calcium Bromide CaBr2 (U.S.) Mixing dry CaBr2 (95%) and water Composition for one barrel of fluid Density CaBr2 Water CaBr2 @70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt %

Ca+2 mg/L

Br – mg/L

TCT °F

11.1

151.0

0.9012 30.80% 82,289 328,131

–4

11.2

157.0

0.8973 31.70% 85,457 340,762

–6

11.3

162.0

0.8935 32.50% 88,396 352,481

–8

11.4

168.0

0.8896 33.30% 91,373 364,353

–10

11.5

174.0

0.8857 34.10% 94,389 376,379

–12

11.6

179.0

0.8818 34.90% 97,444 388,559

–14

11.7

185.0

0.8779 35.70% 100,537 400,892

–16

11.8

190.0

0.8740 36.50% 103,668 413,379

–18

11.9

196.0

0.8700 37.20% 106,552 424,877

–21

12.0

201.0

0.8660 38.00% 109,758 437,661

–23

12.1

207.0

0.8621 38.70% 112,711 449,438

–25

12.2

213.0

0.8581 39.40% 115,698 461,349

–28

12.3

218.0

0.8540 40.10% 118,719 473,394

–30

12.4

224.0

0.8500 40.80% 121,773 485,574 ≤–30

12.5

229.0

0.8460 41.50% 124,861 497,888 ≤–30

12.6

235.0

0.8419 42.20% 127,983 510,336 ≤–30

12.7

241.0

0.8378 42.90% 131,139 522,919 ≤–30

12.8

246.0

0.8338 43.50% 134,020 534,408 ≤–30

12.9

252.0

0.8296 44.20% 137,240 547,249 ≤–30

13.0

258.0

0.8255 44.80% 140,182 558,978 ≤–30

13.1

263.0

0.8214 45.40% 143,152 570,822 ≤–30

13.2

269.0

0.8172 46.10% 146,469 584,048 ≤–30

13.3

274.0

0.8131 46.70% 149,499 596,131 ≤–30

13.4

280.0

0.8089 47.30% 152,558 608,330 ≤–30

13.5

286.0

0.8047 47.90% 155,646 620,644 ≤–30

13.6

291.0

0.8005 48.50% 158,763 633,073 ≤–30

13.7

297.0

0.7962 49.10% 161,909 645,618 ≤–30

13.8

303.0

0.7920 49.60% 164,752 656,953 ≤–30

Continues on next page

1·10 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Continued from previous page

Calcium Bromide CaBr2 (U.S.) Mixing dry CaBr2 (95%) and water Composition for one barrel of fluid Density CaBr2 Water CaBr2 @70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt %

Ca+2 mg/L

Br – mg/L

TCT °F

13.9

309.0

0.7877 50.20% 167,953 669,718

–29

14.0

314.0

0.7835 50.80% 171,183 682,598

–19

14.1

320.0

0.7792 51.30% 174,103 694,240

–10

14.2

326.0

0.7749 51.90% 177,389 707,341

–1

14.3

331.0

0.7705 52.40% 180,359 719,185

7

14.4

337.0

0.7662 52.90% 183,353 731,125

15

14.5

343.0

0.7618 53.50% 186,720 744,552

23

14.6

349.0

0.7575 54.00% 189,765 756,693

30

14.7

354.0

0.7531 54.50% 192,834 768,931

36

14.8

360.0

0.7487 55.00% 195,927 781,264

43

14.9

366.0

0.7443 55.50% 199,044 793,693

48

15.0

371.0

0.7398 56.00% 202,185 806,218

54

15.1

377.0

0.7354 56.50% 205,350 818,839

59

15.2

383.0

0.7309 57.00% 208,540 831,557

63

15.3

389.0

0.7264 57.50% 211,753 844,370

68

To calculate parts per million, divide mg/L by the specific gravity.

1·11 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Calcium Bromide CaBr2 (U.S.) Blending 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2 (liquid) and water Composition for one barrel Density lb/gal @70° F

CaBr2 14.2 lb/gal bbl/bbl

Water bbl/bbl

8.33

0.0

1.0000

32

8.4

0.012

0.989

30

8.5

0.028

0.972

30

8.6

0.045

0.957

29

8.7

0.061

0.940

28

8.8

0.078

0.924

27

8.9

0.094

0.908

27

9.0

0.111

0.892

26

9.1

0.127

0.876

25

9.2

0.144

0.859

24

9.3

0.162

0.840

23

9.4

0.177

0.826

22

9.5

0.194

0.810

21

9.6

0.211

0.793

19

9.7

0.228

0.777

18

9.8

0.244

0.760

17

9.9

0.261

0.744

16

10.0

0.278

0.727

14

10.1

0.295

0.710

13

10.2

0.312

0.693

11

10.3

0.329

0.676

10

10.4

0.345

0.660

8

10.5

0.362

0.643

7

10.6

0.379

0.626

5

10.7

0.396

0.609

3

10.8

0.413

0.592

2

10.9

0.430

0.575

0

TCT °F

Continues on next page

1·12 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Continued from previous page

Calcium Bromide CaBr2 (U.S.) Blending 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2 (liquid) and water Composition for one barrel Density lb/gal @70° F

CaBr2 14.2 lb/gal bbl/bbl

Water bbl/bbl

TCT °F

11.0

0.447

0.558

–2

11.1

0.464

0.541

–4

11.2

0.481

0.524

–6

11.3

0.499

0.507

–8

11.4

0.516

0.490

–10

11.5

0.533

0.472

–12

11.6

0.550

0.456

–14

11.7

0.567

0.438

–16

11.8

0.584

0.421

–18

11.9

0.601

0.403

–21

12.0

0.619

0.386

–23

12.1

0.636

0.369

–25

12.2

0.653

0.351

–28

12.3

0.670

0.334

–30

12.4

0.687

0.317

≤–30

12.5

0.705

0.299

≤–30

12.6

0.722

0.282

≤–30

12.7

0.739

0.264

≤–30

12.8

0.757

0.247

≤–30

12.9

0.774

0.229

≤–30

13.0

0.791

0.212

≤–30

13.1

0.809

0.194

≤–30

13.2

0.826

0.177

≤–30

13.3

0.843

0.159

≤–30

13.4

0.861

0.142

≤–30

Continues on next page

1·13 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Continued from previous page

Calcium Bromide CaBr2 (U.S.) Blending 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2 (liquid) and water Composition for one barrel Density lb/gal @70° F

CaBr2 14.2 lb/gal bbl/bbl

Water bbl/bbl

TCT °F

13.5

0.878

0.124

≤–30

13.6

0.895

0.106

≤–30

13.7

0.913

0.089

≤–30

13.8

0.930

0.071

≤–30

13.9

0.948

0.053

–29

14.0

0.965

0.036

–19

14.1

0.982

0.018

–10

14.2

1.000

0.000

–1

1·14 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Calcium Bromide/Calcium Chloride CaBr2/CaCl2 Dry (U.S.) Mixing water, dry CaBr2 (95%) and dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%) Composition for one barrel Density lb/gal @70° F

Water bbl/bbl

CaBr2 CaCl2 (95%) (94 – 97%) dry lb/bbl dry lb/bbl

11.7

0.809

8.1

200.3

40

11.8

0.803

16.1

198.3

41

11.9

0.798

24.2

196.2

42

12.0

0.793

32.3

194.1

42

12.1

0.788

40.3

192.0

42

12.2

0.783

48.4

189.9

43

12.3

0.778

56.5

187.8

43

12.4

0.773

64.5

185.8

43

12.5

0.768

72.6

183.7

44

12.6

0.763

80.6

181.6

45

12.7

0.758

88.7

179.5

46

12.8

0.752

96.8

177.4

47

12.9

0.747

104.8

175.4

47

13.0

0.742

112.9

173.3

47

13.1

0.737

121.0

171.2

48

13.2

0.732

129.0

169.1

48

13.3

0.727

137.1

167.0

49

13.4

0.722

145.2

165.0

50

13.5

0.717

153.3

162.9

50

TCT °F

Continues on next page

1·15 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Continued from previous page

Calcium Bromide/Calcium Chloride CaBr2/CaCl2 Dry (U.S.) Mixing water, dry CaBr2 (95%) and dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%) Composition for one barrel Density lb/gal @70° F

Water bbl/bbl

CaBr2 CaCl2 (95%) (94 – 97%) dry lb/bbl dry lb/bbl

13.6

0.712

161.3

160.8

52

13.7

0.707

169.4

158.7

53

13.8

0.701

177.5

156.6

55

13.9

0.696

185.5

154.6

56

14.0

0.691

193.6

152.5

57

14.1

0.686

201.7

150.4

58

14.2

0.681

209.7

148.3

58

14.3

0.676

217.8

146.2

59

14.4

0.671

225.8

144.1

60

14.5

0.666

233.9

142.1

60

14.6

0.661

242.0

140.0

61

14.7

0.658

249.2

137.9

61

14.8

0.651

258.1

135.8

61

14.9

0.645

266.2

133.7

62

15.0

0.640

274.2

131.7

62

15.1

0.635

282.3

129.6

63

TCT °F

1·16 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Calcium Bromide/Calcium Chloride CaBr2/CaCl2 (U.S.) Blending 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2 (liquid), 11.6 lb/gal CaCl2 liquid and dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%) Composition for one barrel Density CaBr2 CaCl2 lb/gal 14.2 lb/gal 11.6 lb/gal @70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl

CaCl2 dry lb/bbl

TCT °F

11.7

0.024

0.971

3.6

40

11.8

0.048

0.943

7.2

41

11.9

0.073

0.915

10.9

42

12.0

0.097

0.886

14.5

42

12.1

0.121

0.857

18.1

42

12.2

0.146

0.829

21.7

43

12.3

0.170

0.800

25.3

43

12.4

0.194

0.772

29.0

43

12.5

0.218

0.744

32.6

44

12.6

0.243

0.715

36.2

45

12.7

0.267

0.686

39.8

46

12.8

0.291

0.658

43.4

47

12.9

0.315

0.630

47.0

47

13.0

0.340

0.601

50.7

47

13.1

0.364

0.572

54.3

48

13.2

0.388

0.544

57.9

48

13.3

0.412

0.516

61.5

49

13.4

0.437

0.487

65.2

50

13.5

0.461

0.458

68.8

50

13.6

0.485

0.430

72.4

52

13.7

0.509

0.402

76.0

53

Continues on next page

1·17 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Continued from previous page

Calcium Bromide/Calcium Chloride CaBr2/CaCl2 (U.S.) Blending 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2 (liquid), 11.6 lb/gal CaCl2 (liquid) and dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%) Composition for one barrel Density CaBr2 CaCl2 lb/gal 14.2 lb/gal 11.6 lb/gal @70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl

CaCl2 dry lb/bbl

TCT °F

13.8

0.534

0.373

79.6

55

13.9

0.558

0.345

83.2

56

14.0

0.582

0.316

86.9

57

14.1

0.606

0.288

90.5

58

14.2

0.631

0.259

94.1

58

14.3

0.655

0.231

97.7

59

14.4

0.679

0.202

101.3

60

14.5

0.703

0.174

l05.0

60

14.6

0.728

0.145

108.6

61

14.7

0.749

0.120

111.8

61

14.8

0.776

0.088

115.8

61

14.9

0.800

0.060

119.4

62

15.0

0.825

0.031

123.1

62

15.1

0.851

0.000

126.9

63

1·18 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Calcium Bromide/Zinc Bromide CaBr2/ZnBr2 (U.S.) Blending 14.2 CaBr2 (liquid) with 19.2 ZnCaBr2 (liquid) Composition for one barrel of fluid Density lb/gal @70° F

CaBr2 14.2 lb/gal bbl/bbl

ZnCaBr2 19.2 lb/gal bbl/bbl

TCT °F

14.2

1.000

0.000

–1

14.3

0.980

0.020

–5

14.4

0.960

0.040

–11

14.5

0.940

0.060

–17

14.6

0.920

0.080

–21

14.7

0.900

0.100

–27

14.8

0.880

0.120

–31

14.9

0.860

0.140

–34

15.0

0.840

0.160

–37

15.1

0.820

0.180

–40

15.2

0.800

0.200

–43

15.3

0.780

0.220

–46

15.4

0.760

0.240

–49

15.5

0.740

0.260

–52

15.6

0.720

0.280

–55

15.7

0.700

0.300

–58

15.8

0.680

0.320

–60

15.9

0.660

0.340

–62

16.0

0.640

0.360

–58

16.1

0.620

0.380

–55

16.2

0.600

0.400

–51

16.3

0.580

0.420

–46

16.4

0.560

0.440

–42

16.5

0.540

0.460

–37

16.6

0.520

0.480

–31

Continues on next page

1·19 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Continued from previous page

Calcium Bromide/Zinc Bromide CaBr2/ZnBr2 (U.S.) Blending 14.2 CaBr2 (liquid) with 19.2 ZnCaBr2 (liquid) Composition for one barrel of fluid Density lb/gal @70° F

CaBr2 14.2 lb/gal bbl/bbl

ZnCaBr2 19.2 lb/gal bbl/bbl

TCT °F

16.7

0.500

0.500

–27

16.8

0.480

0.520

–23

16.9

0.460

0.540

–20

17.0

0.440

0.560

–17

17.1

0.420

0.580

–14

17.2

0.400

0.600

–11

17.3

0.380

0.620

–9

17.4

0.360

0.640

–7

17.5

0.340

0.660

–5

17.6

0.320

0.680

–3

17.7

0.300

0.700

–2

17.8

0.280

0.720

–1

17.9

0.260

0.740

1

18.0

0.240

0.760

2

18.1

0.220

0.780

3

18.2

0.200

0.800

4

18.3

0.180

0.820

5

18.4

0.160

0.840

6

18.5

0.140

0.860

8

18.6

0.120

0.880

9

18.7

0.100

0.900

11

18.8

0.080

0.920

13

18.9

0.060

0.940

14

19.0

0.040

0.960

13

19.1

0.020

0.980

12

19.2

0.000

1.000

10

1·20 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Calcium Chloride/Calcium Bromide/ Zinc Bromide CaCl2/CaBr2/ZnBr2 (U.S.) Blending 15.1 CaCl2/CaBr2 (liquid) with 19.2 ZnCaBr2 (liquid) Composition for one barrel of fluid Density lb/gal @70° F

CaCl2/CaBr2 15.1 lb/gal bbl/bbl

CaBr2/ZnCaBr2 19.2 lb/gal bbl/bbl

TCT °F

15.1

1.000

0.000

62

15.2

0.976

0.024

60

15.3

0.951

0.049

59

15.4

0.927

0.073

58

15.5

0.903

0.098

56

15.6

0.878

0.122

55

15.7

0.854

0.146

54

15.8

0.829

0.171

53

15.9

0.805

0.195

51

16.0

0.780

0.220

51

16.1

0.756

0.244

49

16.2

0.732

0.268

48

16.3

0.707

0.293

47

16.4

0.683

0.317

46

16.5

0.658

0.342

44

16.6

0.634

0.366

42

16.7

0.610

0.390

39

16.8

0.585

0.415

34

16.9

0.561

0.439

28

17.0

0.537

0.463

25

17.1

0.512

0.488

26

17.2

0.488

0.512

28

17.3

0.463

0.537

28

17.4

0.439

0.561

30

17.5

0.415

0.585

32

Continues on next page

1·21 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Continued from previous page

Calcium Chloride/Calcium Bromide/ Zinc Bromide CaCl2/CaBr2/ZnBr2 (U.S.) Blending 15.1 CaCl2/CaBr2 (liquid) with 19.2 ZnCaBr2 (liquid) Composition for one barrel of fluid Density lb/gal @70° F

CaCl2/CaBr2 15.1 lb/gal bbl/bbl

CaBr2/ZnCaBr2 19.2 lb/gal bbl/bbl

TCT °F

17.6

0.390

0.610

34

17.7

0.366

0.634

36

17.8

0.341

0.659

38

17.9

0.317

0.683

40

18.0

0.293

0.707

35

18.1

0.268

0.732

32

18.2

0.244

0.756

29

18.3

0.220

0.780

27

18.4

0.195

0.805

25

18.5

0.171

0.829

23

18.6

0.146

0.854

21

18.7

0.122

0.878

20

18.8

0.097

0.903

19

18.9

0.073

0.927

17

19.0

0.049

0.951

16

19.1

0.024

0.976

12

19.2

0.000

1.000

10

To make 1 bbl 15.1 lb/gal = .851 (14.2 lb/gal CaBr2 ) + 127 ppb dry CaCl2 .

1·22 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (Metric) Mixing dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%) and water Composition for one m3 of fluid Specific Gravity CaCl2 Water CaCl2 (SG) kg/m3 m3/m3 wt %

Ca+2 mg/L

Cl– mg/L

TCT °C 0

1.00

0.0

0.0000 0.00%

0

0

1.01

11.2

0.9988 1.10%

4,012

7,098

0

1.02

24.2

0.9957 2.30%

8,472

14,988

–1

1.03

37.2

0.9926 3.40% 12,646 22,374

–2

1.04

50.4

0.9895 4.60% 17,276 30,564

–2

1.05

63.5

0.9863 5.80% 21,992 38,908

–3

1.06

76.8

0.9830 6.90% 26,412 46,728

–4

1.07

90.0

0.9797 8.00% 30,911 54,689

–5

1.08

103.0

0.9763 9.10% 35,490 62,790

–6

1.09

117.0

0.9728 10.20% 40,149 71,031

–6

1.10

130.0

0.9693 11.30% 44,886 79,414

–7

1.11

144.0

0.9657 12.40% 49,704 87,936

–8

1.12

157.0

0.9620 13.40% 54,196 95,884

–10

1.13

171.0

0.9583 14.40% 58,760 103,960

–11

1.14

185.0

0.9546 15.50% 63,809 112,891

–12

1.15

199.0

0.9507 16.50% 68,521 121,229

–13

1.16

213.0

0.9468 17.50% 73,306 129,694

–15

1.17

226.0

0.9428 18.40% 77,741 137,539

–16

1.18

240.0

0.9388 19.40% 82,666 146,254

–18

1.19

255.0

0.9347 20.40% 87,664 155,096

–20

1.20

269.0

0.9305 21.30% 92,301 163,299

–21

1.21

283.0

0.9263 22.30% 97,439 172,391

–23

1.22

297.0

0.9220 23.20% 102,210 180,830

–26

1.23

311.0

0.9177 24.10% 107,045 189,385

–28

1.24

326.0

0.9132 25.00% 111,945 198,055

–30

1.25

340.0

0.9087 25.90% 116,911 206,839

–33

1.26

355.0

0.9042 26.80% 121,941 215,739

–36

Continues on next page

1·23 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Continued from previous page

Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (Metric) Mixing dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%) and water Composition for one m3 of fluid Specific Gravity CaCl2 Water CaCl2 (SG) kg/m3 m3/m3 wt %

Ca+2 mg/L

Cl– mg/L

TCT °C

1.27

369.0

0.8995 27.70% 127,036 224,754

–38

1.28

384.0

0.8948 28.60% 132,196 233,884

–41

1.29

399.0

0.8901 29.50% 137,422 243,128

–52

1.30

413.0

0.8852 30.30% 142,243 251,657

–45

1.31

428.0

0.8803 31.20% 147,594 261,126

–38

1.32

443.0

0.8754 32.00% 152,534 269,866

–32

1.33

458.0

0.8703 32.80% 157,532 278,708

–26

1.34

473.0

0.8652 33.70% 163,072 288,508

–20

1.35

488.0

0.8600 34.50% 168,189 297,561

–15

1.36

504.0

0.8548 35.30% 173,363 306,717

–10

1.37

519.0

0.8494 36.10% 178,596 315,974

–6

1.38

534.0

0.8440 36.90% 183,886 325,334

–2

1.39

550.0

0.8386 37.70% 189,234 334,796

2

1.40

565.0

0.8330 38.50% 194,640 344,360

5

1.41

581.0

0.8274 39.30% 200,104 354,026

8

1.42

596.0

0.8217 40.00% 205,113 362,887

10

To calculate parts per million, divide mg/L by the specific gravity.

1·24 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (Metric) Blending 1.39 SG CaCl2 (liquid) and water Composition for one m3 of fluid Specific Gravity (SG)

CaCl2 1.39 SG m3/m3

Water m3/m3

1.00

0.000

1.000

0

1.01

0.022

0.978

–1

1.02

0.052

0.948

–1

1.03

0.083

0.917

–1

1.04

0.113

0.887

–2

1.06

0.144

0.856

–3

1.07

0.174

0.826

–4

1.08

0.203

0.797

–6

1.09

0.233

0.767

–7

1.10

0.264

0.736

–8

1.12

0.294

0.706

–9

1.13

0.325

0.675

–11

1.14

0.356

0.644

–12

1.15

0.390

0.610

–14

1.16

0.420

0.580

–16

1.18

0.450

0.550

–17

1.19

0.480

0.520

–19

1.20

0.510

0.490

–22

1.21

0.540

0.460

–24

1.22

0.571

0.429

–27

1.24

0.601

0.399

–30

1.25

0.632

0.368

–33

1.26

0.663

0.337

–36

1.27

0.694

0.306

–39

1.29

0.724

0.276

–43

TCT °C

Continues on next page

1·25 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Continued from previous page

Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (Metric) Blending 1.39 SG CaCl2 (liquid) and water Composition for one m3 of fluid Specific Gravity (SG)

CaCl2 1.39 SG m3/m3

Water m3/m3

TCT °C

1.30

0.755

0.245

–46

1.31

0.785

0.215

–38

1.32

0.820

0.180

–30

1.33

0.850

0.150

–23

1.35

0.880

0.120

–17

1.36

0.910

0.090

–11

1.37

0.940

0.060

–6

1.38

0.970

0.030

–1

1.39

1.000

0.000

3

1·26 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Calcium Bromide CaBr2 (Metric) Mixing CaBr2 dry (95%) and water Composition for one m3 of fluid Specific CaBr2 Gravity Water 95% dry CaBr2 3 3 (SG) m /m kg/m3 % wt

Ca+ mg/L

Br – mg/L

TCT °C

1.00

1.0000

0.0

0.0%

0

0

0

1.01

0.9991

10.9

1.0%

2,025

8,074

–1

1.02

0.9963

23.7

2.2%

4,499

17,939

–1

1.03

0.9934

36.5

3.4%

7,021

27,995

–2

1.04

0.9905

49.4

4.5%

9,383

37,412

–2

1.05

0.9876

62.2

5.6%

11,789

47,005

–2

1.06

0.9847

75.1

6.7%

14,239

56,774

–3

1.07

0.9818

87.9

7.8%

16,733

66,719

–3

1.08

0.9789

100.8

8.9%

19,271

76,839

–3

1.09

0.9760

113.7

9.9%

21,635

86,264

–4

1.10

0.9730

126.6

11.0% 24,259

96,729

–4

1.11

0.9701

139.5

12.0% 26,705 106,481 –5

1.12

0.9671

152.4

13.0% 29,191 116,394 –5

1.13

0.9641

165.4

13.9% 31,491 125,563 –6

1.14

0.9612

178.3

14.9% 34,055 135,788 –6

1.15

0.9582

191.3

15.8% 36,429 145,253 –7

1.16

0.9552

204.2

16.8% 39,072 155,789 –7

1.17

0.9521

217.2

17.7% 41,520 165,550 –8

1.18

0.9491

230.2

18.6% 44,004 175,454 –8

1.19

0.9461

243.2

19.5% 46,524 185,503 –9

1.20

0.9430

256.2

20.3% 48,839 194,736 –10

1.21

0.9400

269.2

21.2% 51,430 205,065 –10

1.22

0.9369

282.2

22.0% 53,812 214,562 –11

1.23

0.9338

295.3

22.9% 56,472 225,170 –12

1.24

0.9308

308.3

23.7% 58,920 234,931 –12

1.25

0.9277

321.4

24.5% 61,400 244,819 –13

1.26

0.9246

334.4

25.3% 63,912 254,836 –14

Continues on next page

1·27 Go To Table of Contents

DIVALENT BRINES Continued from previous page

Calcium Bromide CaBr2 (Metric) Mixing CaBr2 dry (95%) and water Composition for one m3 of fluid Specific CaBr2 Gravity Water 95% dry CaBr2 3 3 (SG) m /m kg/m3 % wt

Ca+ mg/L

Br – mg/L

TCT °C

1.27

0.9214

347.5

26.1% 66,456 264,980 –15

1.28

0.9183

360.6

26.8% 68,776 274,230 –15

1.29

0.9152

373.7

27.6% 71,383 284,622 –16

1.30

0.9120

386.8

28.4% 74,021 295,142 –17

1.31

0.9089

399.9

29.1% 76,429 304,743 –18

1.32

0.9057

413.1

29.8% 78,865 314,456 –19

1.33

0.9025

426.2

30.5% 81,329 324,281 –20

1.34

0.8993

439.4

31.2% 83,821 334,217 –20

1.35

0.8961

452.5

31.9% 86,341 344,266 –21

1.36

0.8929

465.7

32.6% 88,889 354,426 –22

1.37

0.8897

478.9

33.3% 91,466 364,699 –23

1.38

0.8864

492.1

34.0% 94,070 375,083 –24

1.39

0.8832

505.3

34.6% 96,424 384,468 –25

1.40

0.8799

518.5

35.3% 99,082 395,068 –26

1.41

0.8767

531.7

35.9% 101,486 404,653 –27

1.42

0.8734

545.0

36.6% 104,199 415,469 –28

1.43

0.8701

558.2

37.2% 106,653 425,254 –29

1.44

0.8668

571.5

37.8% 109,131 435,135 –30

1.45

0.8635

584.7

38.4% 111,633 445,111 –31

1.46

0.8602

598.0

39.0% 114,159 455,184 –33

1.47

0.8568

611.3

39.6% 116,709 465,352 –34

1.48

0.8535

624.6

40.2% 119,284 475,617