Complejos y Acidez

 

OAWX OAWX-R -RE EA

CG@ CG@DPGX DPGXDP DPAD AD HB WRÌ RÌL LAM AMG G GEGC GEGCÌX ÌXAAMG MRGE RGEXAX XAXGXA_ GXA_G G

REA_BP]AHGH EGMADEGC HB AEIBEABPÌG OGMRCXGH HB AEIBEABPÌG WRÌLAMG Q XBZXAC Hbpgrtglbetd Gmghálamd hb Aeibeabrìg Wuìlamg

GMAHB[ Q MDL^CBKD] AEXBIPGEXB]

Gczgldrg ^gcgmads,Orgefcae Fbvae ]çemjbz Mjaemjgy, @ryge Bucdiad ]gbez, Jbery

HDMBEXB];

Xgrsacg Xubstg Myetjag Ogrká Orgefye @brlbkds

CALG ” ^BPÛ 0>7:-7

WR209 R209

 

OAWX OAWX-R -RE EA

CG@ CG@DPGX DPGXDP DPAD AD HB WRÌ RÌL LAM AMG G GEGC GEGCÌX ÌXAAMG MRGE RGEXAX XAXGXA_ GXA_G G

WR209 R209

Mdetbeahd OREHGLBEXD XBDPAMD........................................................................................................8 Gmahdpdcaprdtamd......................................................................................................................8 GmahdOdsoýramd;........................................................................................................................8 Xatucgmaýe hbc J=^D8 mde ueg `gsb;..........................................................................................2 ^GPXB BZ^BPALBEXGC..........................................................................................................? MGCMRCD] Q PB]RCXGHD]..............................................................................................? MDEMCR]ADEB].................................................................................................................77 GEBZD]...................................................................................................................................70

 

OAWX OAWX-R -RE EA

CG@ CG@DPGX DPGXDP DPAD AD HB WRÌ RÌL LAM AMG G GEGC GEGCÌX ÌXAAMG MRGE RGEXAX XAXGXA_ GXA_G G

WR209 R209

LB[MCG] GCMGCAEG] OREHGLBEXD XBÝPAMD Gmahbz y Mdlpcbkds

D@KBXA_D] - Betbehbr qub bs ue mdlpcbkd y sg`br qub cds mdlpcbkds mde BHXG sde mdlpubstds mde mdestgetbs hb odrlgmaýe luy irgehbs y pdr cd tgetd sde luy bstg`cbs. - Lge Lgebkg bkgrr mde mdestg stgetb etbss hb bqu bquaca` aca`rad rad mde mdeham hamade adegcb gcbss y lbh lbhage agetb tb bccd bccd bet betbeh behbrç brç pdr pdrqub qub cgs tatucgmadebs mde BHXG hb`be bobmtugrsb g pJ mdetrdcghd hb 7>.

OREHGLBEXD XBDPAMD Cds mdlpcbkds sde adebs d ldcámucgs odrlghds pdr ue mgtaýe mbetrgc (çmahd hb Cbwas) ueahd g adebs d ldcámucgs pdr becgmbs mddrhaeghds6 g bstds ûctalds sb cbs mdedmb mdld caigehds, yg qub sde mgpgmbs hb mbhbr ue pgr hb bcbmtrdebs (`gsb hb Cbwas). Cds caigehds sde çtdlds (d ue irupd hb çtdlds) mde ued d lçs pgrbs hb bcbmtrdebs ed mdlpgrtahds (mdld jgcýibeds, `gsbs eatrdibeghgs, jahrýxahds, btm.), sa sdcd tabeb ue pgr haspdea`cb pgrg mdlpgrtar sb cbs ccglge ueahbe uea hbetgh tghd, d, d sa tabeb tabeb lçs pgr pgrbs bs sb cbs hbe hbedla dlaeg eg `ah `ahbet betghd ghds, s, tra trahbe hbetgh tghds ds,, tbtrgh tbtrghbet betghd ghds, s, jbxghbetghds d `abe, pdcahbetghds. Cds caigehds pdcahbetghds subcbe hgr cuigr g qubcgtds, qub odrlge geaccds hb maemd d sbas pgrbs hb bcbmtrdebs mdlpgrtahds gc çtdld mbetrgc (Lbtgc). Be vdculbtrìg bxastbe pdmds látdhds hb tatucgmaýe pdr odrlgmaýe hb mdlpcbkds ldedhbetghds yg qub cgs mdestgetbs hb odrlgmaýe sde pbqub÷gs y bs haoìmac hbtbrlaegr bc puetd oaegc hb cg rbgmmaýe. Mugehd ueg ldcámucg bs mgpgz hb mbhbr lçs hb ue pgr hb bcbmtrdebs, bc mdlpcbkd  pdcahbetghd qub sb odrlg mde bc mgtaýe bs lçs bstg`cb qub cds ldedhbetghds, y sa cg rbcgmaýe ldcgr mgtaýe-caigehd bs 7;7 sb d`tabebe puetds hb bquavgcbemag `abe hboaeahds. Cgs murvgs hb tatucgmaýe prbsbetge aeocbxadebs prdeuemaghgs y sus mdestgetbs hb odrlgmaýe sde supbradrbs g 7>:, pdr cd qub cds rbsuctghds gegcìtamds sde hb irge bxgmtatuh. Bxastb irge vgrabhgh hb md mdlp lpub ubst stds ds qu qubb odrl odrlge ge mdlp mdlpcb cbkd kdss pdca pdcahb hbet etgh ghds ds,, betr betrbb cds cds qub qub sb bemu bemube betr trge ge çmah çmahds ds glaedpdcamgr`dxìcamds y pdcaglaegs. Bc lçs usghd bs bc BHXG (çmahd btacbehaglaedtbtrggmátamd qub sal`dcazglds mdld J8Q), yg qub lumjds lbtgcbs odrlge mdlpcbkds luy bstg`cbs mde ác. Bc prd`cblg hb ueg tatucgmaýe mde BHXG bs qub sb hb`b ccbvgr g pJ mdetrdcghd hb 7> pgrg tbebr  be cg sdcumaýe cg bspbmab ca`rb Q8- be ueg prdpdrmaýe gctg yg qub bs cg qub rbgmmadeg mde bc lbtgc hb lgebrg mugetatgtavg y be rbcgmaýe 7 g 7 mde mdestgetbs hb odrlgmaýe irgehbs. G pJ luy gctds cds lbtgcbs prbmapatge mdld jahrýxahds y g pJ lbedrbs g 7> bc BHXG sb bemubetrg be mugcquabrg hb sus odrlgs çmahgs. Cgs rbgmmadebs hb odrlgmaýe hb mdlpcbkds pubhbe utacazgrsb be geçcasas vdculátramd pgrg cg hbtbrlaegmaýe hb mgsa tdhds cds adebs lbtçcamds. Mdld gibetbs mdlpcbkgetbs sb utacazge mde gsahuahgh gciuegs glaegs mde irupds hb çmahd mgr`dxìcamd. Bc çmahd btacbehaglaed-tbtrggmátamd (g`rbvaghd BHXG) bs bc lçs glpcaglbetb utacazghd hb bstg mcgsb hb mdlpubstds. ]u bstrumturg sb lubstrg be cg oaiurg 7. Oaiurg 7; Bstrumturg hbc BHXG. Cds çtdlds hb J çmahds çma hds sb aehamge be ebiratg.

 

OAWX OAWX-R -RE EA

CG@ CG@DPGX DPGXDP DPAD AD HB WRÌ RÌL LAM AMG G GEGC GEGCÌX ÌXAAMG MRGE RGEXAX XAXGXA_ GXA_G G

WR209 R209

Mdld sb pubhb d`sbrvgr, bc BHXG bs ue sastblg jbxgprýtamd. Bc BHXG bs ue çmahd há`ac pgrg bc mugc pF7.>, pF09:x - 7.2871 mde ueg `dehgh hb gkustb hb 11.?0 %

 

OAWX OAWX-R -RE EA

CG@ CG@DPGX DPGXDP DPAD AD HB WRÌ RÌL LAM AMG G GEGC GEGCÌX ÌXAAMG MRGE RGEXAX XAXGXA_ GXA_G G

WR209 R209

=. Xa Xatu tucg cgmaý maýee BH BHXG XG +M +MgM gMcc0

Xatucgmaýe Xatucg maýe hbc BHXG + MgMc0 78 7= 70 77 7>    0     c    M    g    M    +    G    X    H    B      J    p

1 : 9 ? 2 8 = 0 7 > > 0.2 2 9.2 7> 70.2 72 79.2 0> 00.2 02 09.2 => =0.2 =2 =9.2 8> 80.2 82 89.2 2> 20.2 22 29.2 ?> ?0.2

_g÷ghahd EgDJ o(x) < > P° < >

pJ vs O(x) 8.2 o(x) < >.8: x + =.71 P° < >.1:

8 =.2 = 0.2 0 7.2 7 >.2

-0

-7.2

-7

->.2

>

>

>.2

7

7.2

0

Cds rbsuctghds hb cds _dculbebs be bc ^uetd Bquavgcbetb, jgccghds be cgs pralbrgs irgoamgs hb mghg ìtbl sde; _dculbe ^.B.

Bstgehgrazgma ýe EgDJ BHXG 0 BHXG+MgMc

Otgcgtd gmahd hb F  7?.?

 EgDJ

--

719..21

-

 

OAWX OAWX-R -RE EA

CG@ CG@DPGX DPGXDP DPAD AD HB WRÌ RÌL LAM AMG G GEGC GEGCÌX ÌXAAMG MRGE RGEXAX XAXGXA_ GXA_G G

WR209 R209

XPGXGLABEXD HB HGXD] 7. _GCDPGMAÝE HBC JAHPÝZAHD HB ]DHAD  R]GEHD OXGCGXD GMAHD HB ^DXG]AD MDLD  ]R]XGEMAG ^GXPÝE; Cg vgcdrgmaýe sb ccbvý g mg`d g tblpbrgturg gl`abetb, hurgetb bc prdmbsd hb prbpgrghd hb cg lubstrg qub sb a`g utacazgr utacazglds >.=i hb otgcgtd gmahd hb pdtgsad, hb`ahd g qub sb g mdesulb lçs EgDj be cg tatucgmaýe, be cg trgesamaýe hb ccbigr gc puetd bquavgcbetb sb vb bc sgctd `rusmd be bc pJ gc gulbetgr pdmgs idtgs hb ootgcgtd tgcgtd y lbhalds bc vdculbe igs igstghd tghd hb eubstrd irupd y hb cds hblçs irupds. Be bc puetd bquavgcbetb sb tbehrç t behrç qub;  

´ Bquavgcbetbs EgDJ .= i

V EgDJ \ < 7?.? lC∙0>8.0= i / ldc   …..(7)

  ]b d`tabeb qub cg mdembetrgmaýe hbc tatucgetb bs; V EgDJ \ .>::2 L . Q su edrlgcahgh bs euláramglbetb bquavgcbetb.

LRB]XPG –BHXG“ Be bc puetd bqu bquavgcbetb avgcbetb aiugcglds eûlbrd hhbb bquavgcbetbs hb EgDJ y hb BHXG mdesahbrgehd be su bstghd hb sgc hasdhamg mde mabrtd mgtaýe lbtgcamd Q;  Eg0 J 0 Q + EgDJ ← Eg= JQ  + J 0 D

Bc mugc g su vbz odrlg ue prdhumtd qub rbgmmadeg mde cg `gsb.  Eg= J Q + EgDJ ← Eg8 Q + J 0 D

´ Bq∐ i EgDJ < ´ Bq ∐ i BHXG  BHXG G ( E ∙_ ) @gsb .>::2∙1.2 ) lBq∙7 ) lBq   V BHX  BHXG G \< >.>:8 L 

MÇCMRCD HB CG MDEMBEXPGMAÝE  HB BHXG + MCDPRPD HB MGCMAD  BE CG LRB]XPG;

 

OAWX OAWX-R -RE EA

CG@ CG@DPGX DPGXDP DPAD AD HB WRÌ RÌL LAM AMG G GEGC GEGCÌX ÌXAAMG MRGE RGEXAX XAXGXA_ GXA_G G

WR209 R209

Cg rbgmmmade icd`gc oaegc prdhumtd hb cgs = hasdmagmadebs bs cg saiuabetb; Mg

0+ ´ + J 

0

0 ∐´ +0  J  D ´ 0

∐ ´ ↘MgQ 

Q 0∐ ´+ 0 DJ 

´

´

´

Be bc puetd bquavgcbetb rbgmmadeg mdlpcbtglbetb ue ldc l dc hb BHXG mde 0 ldcbs hb jahrýxahd. eDJ ∐´ .>::2

 BHXG \ ∙V BHXG

 BHXG G \< >.>91 L  V BHX

Jgccglds cg ldcgrahgh hb Mg0+   LMg 0 + ´

79.1∙>.>::2∙7 7>

< >.=1? L 

]ae bl`grid bstg bs cg mgetahgh qub rbgmmadeg be bc puetd hb bquavgcbetb y ed cg mdembetrgmaýe aeamagc,pubstd qub gc aeamad sb bemdetrg`g be bxmbsd. MDEMCR]ADEB] ]b pubhb bemdetrgr cgs mdembetrgmadebs be cds puetds bquavgcbetbs lbhagetb ueg tatucgmaýe  pdtbemadlbtramg. ]b mgcmucd cg mdembetrgmaýe hb BHXG gc aeamad. ]a tdlglds mdld vgcdr  rbobremagc >.7 L, pdhblds mdemcuar qub sb d`tuvd cg mdembetrgmaýe gc aeamad mde ue brrdr  rbcgtavd hbc 7?%.