Comparison of Degradation of Two Different Gas Turbine Engines in Natural Gas Compressor Stations

 

Zrakeehmdbs ag tfe ?:>8 >:tf Mdterdntmadnc Zmpecmde Kadgeredke MZK?:>8 [epteioer ?= - Aktaoer ;, ?:>8, Kncbnry, Ncoertn, Kndnhn

MZK?:>8-;;:>5  

Kaipnrmsad ag Hebrnhntmad ag twa Hmggeredt Bns Xuromde Edbmdes md Dnturnc Bns Kaipre Kaipressar ssar [tntmads

K. Fnrtcaper, @.@. Oatras   DAWN  DAW N _esenrkf & Xekfdacaby Xekfdacaby Kedter   Kncbnry,, Ncoertn, Kndnhn  Kncbnry kacmd.fnrtcaperJdavnkfei.kai  `ninc.oatrasJdavnkfei.kai 

F. Bacsfnd, H. _abers, \. [niaycave XrndsKndnhn Zmpecmdes Cth.  Kncbnry,, Ncoertn, Kndnhn  Kncbnry

NO[X_NKX   NO[X_NKX

DAIEDKCNXU_E   DAIEDKCNXU_E

Bns Xuromde (BX), cm`e atfer prmie iavers, udherbaes wenr ndh tenr aver tmie wfmkf resucts md pergarindke hrap ns gnr ns nvnmcnoce pawer ndh eggmkmedky nre kadkerdeh. Md nhhmtmad ta rautmde wenr ndh tenr, tfe edbmde ncsa udherbaes karrasmad, gaucmdb etk. hue ta tfe mipurmtmes mt orentfes md. Mt ms stndhnrh

k:-k?  G F ` i    D>  Z?  Z;  Zr   _ [f.Z X?  X;  u W y \ ε  βms  ζ  ϋ  Φ 

 prakehure ta ‖wnsf” tfe edbmde grai tmie ta tmie ta revmve mt. Fawever, mt ms mipartndt ta estnocmsf n karrekt skfehuce gar tfe wnsf ta edsure aptminc inmdtedndke prakehure. Xfms knccs gar nkkurnte prehmktmad ag tfe pergarindke hebrnhntmad ag tfe edbmde aver tmie. Md tfms pnper, nd errar-md-vnrmnoces onseh ietfahacaby ms nppcmeh ta evncunte tfe pergarindke hebrnhntmad ag twa BX edbmdes oetweed san` wnsfes. Xfese edbmdes nre CI?5::+ (smdbce spaac) ndh _O?>>-?8B (twmd spaac). msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ndh nmr mdcet Xfe gcawedbmde-nmr-kaipressar rnte ns wecc ns tfe edbmde fent rnte ndh spekmgmk war` nre ndncyzeh gar oatf edbmdes. Gar oatf edbmdes, tfe kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ms gaudh ta hebrnhe aver tmie, wfmce tfe edbmde fent rnte karrespadhmdbcy mdkrenses. Xfe kaipressar nmr mdcet gcaw rnte ndh edbmde spekmgmk war` reinmd iastcy kadstndt. Xfraubf n kaipnrmsad oetweed tfe tmie-fmstary ag tfe edbmde fenctf pnrnieters, mt ms gaudh tfnt tfe CI?5::+ hebrnhes nt n iukf gnster rnte tfnd tfe _O?>>?8B. Fawever, tfe hebrnhntmad ag tfe CI?5::+ ms gaudh ta  oe guccy rekavernoce oy ag aggcmde gcmde wnsfes, wfmce tfe hebrnhntmad hebrnhntm ad ag tfe _O?>>-?8B ms adcy scmbftcy rekavereh oy aggcmde wnsfes. Xfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde ms gaudh ta oe ruddmdb denr mts inxmiui eggmkmedky nt ncc tmies, wfmkf ms cm`ecy tfe knuse gar tfe aoserveh dad-rekavernoce hebrnhntmad tfnt tfe edbmde expermedkes. Xfe edbmde”s smte cakntmad ms ncsa gaudh ta kadtrmoute ta tfe hebrnhntmad tfnt tfe edbmde expermedkes.

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kaeggmkmedts ag aolektmve gudktmad G>  vektar ag aolektmve gudktmads edbmde fenctf pnrnieter vektar, ar nmr-kaipressar edtfncpy rmse (equntmad 6) msedtrapmk expadedt iensureh edbmde pnrnieter vektar edbmde-nmr-kaipressar nmr mdcet gcaw rnte (`b/s) edbmde-nmr-kaipressar caw sfngt speeh (rpi) edbmde-nmr-kaipressar suktmad pressure (`Zn) edbmde-nmr-kaipressar hmskfnrbe pressure (`Zn) edbmde-nmr-kaipressar pressure rntma bns kadstndt (`L/iac-@) sfngt autput pawer (`R) edbmde-nmr-kaipressar suktmad teipernture (@) edbmde-nmr-kaipressar hmskfnrbe teipernture (@) exterdnc mdput pnrnieters errar kavnrmndke intrmx true edbmde pnrnieters nvernbe kaipressmomcmty gnktar rndhai errar ar damse edbmde-nmr-kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky vektar ag gmttmdb pnrnieters stndhnrh hevmntmad md iensureh pnrnieters kaipressar fenh kaeggmkmedt

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MDX_AHUKXMAD   MDX_AHUKXMAD

HEB_NHNXMAD Z_EHMKXMAD IAHEC  IAHEC 

Hebrnhntmad md bns turomdes (BX) ms ag brent mipartndke ta mdhustrmnc users gar edbmde pergarindke recmnomcmty ndh aperntmdb kasts. Hebrnhntmad regers ta n hrap md tfe  pergarindke ag tfe BX edbmde mdhmknteh oy n cass ag nvnmcnoce nvnmc noce  pawer ndh mdkrenseh fent rnte (ar rehukeh tferinc eggmkmedky). Md essedke, hebrnhntmad ag tfe averncc edbmde ms n kaiomdeh eggekt ag tfe hebrnhntmad kadtrmoutmad grai enkf ag

Bns Zntf Ndncysms (BZN) ndh nd Errar-md-Wnrmnoces Iahec (EWI) were useh ta trnk` tfe edbmde hebrnhntmad aver tmie md n indder smimcnr ta tfnt heskrmoeh oy Oatras et nc. P5Y. Xfese ietfahs wmcc oe heskrmoeh md tfe gaccawmdb suosektmads.

mts kaipadedts, nctfaubf enkf kaipadedt ag tfe edbmde hebrnhes nt n hmggeredt rnte P>Y. [mbdmgmkndt hevecapiedt fns  oeed inhe md heterimdmdb tfe iekfndmsis ag edbmde hebrnhntmad P>-;Y. Gaucmdb, karrasmad, ndh mipmdbeiedt ag garembd aolekts ad oatf tfe kaipressar ndh turomde ocnhes nre saie ag tfe iekfndmsis tfnt knuse edbmde hebrnhntmad P>Y. Xfese gnktars kadtrmoute tawnrhs rehukeh tmp kcenrndke, kfndbe md ocnhe beaietry ndh surgnke raubfdess P?,;Y, wfmkf nre indmgesteh md n rehuktmad md sfngt pawer autput ndh mdkrense md tfe averncc fent rnte ag tfe edbmde.

BZN regers ta gudhniedtnc tferiahydnimk knckucntmads ta evncunte tfe prapertmes (sukf ns pressures, teiperntures, guec gcaw rnte, etk.) ag tfe nmr ndh tfe prahukts ag kaioustmad ns tfey pnss tfraubf tfe vnrmaus kaipadedts ag tfe edbmde P7Y. Gar tfe BZN, tfree types ag pnrnieters nre hegmdeh, dniecy<

Bns Zntf Ndncysms 

>.  Edbmde Znrnieters (y), sukf ns pressure, teipernture, guec gcaw rnte, sfngt pawer etk. Fawever, wfnt ms renh oy tfe sedsars nt tfe pcndt nre tfe Iensureh Edbmde Znrnieters (i), wfmkf nre tfe true edbmde pnrnieters (y) hmstarteh wmtf damse (ε) hue ta mdstruiedtntmad mdnkkurnkmes. (i 9 y + ε ) 

Grai n inmdtedndke ndh aperntmadnc stndhpamdt, edbmde wnsf ms n stndhnrh prakehure ta oatf prevedt tfe edbmde grai  perindedt hninbe ndh nmh md pergarindke rekavery P;Y. Karrekt skfehucmdb ag tfe edbmde wnsf ms extreiecy mipartndt ta edsure aptminc aperntmad ndh inmdtedndke ag tfe edbmde P8Y, ndh tfms ms adcy passmoce mg tfe hebrnhntmad oefnvmar ag tfe edbmde knd oe nkkurntecy trnk`eh aver tmie. Mt ms ncsa mipartndt ta estnocmsf tfe eggektmvedess ag enkf wnsf ndh mts karrespadhmdb pergarindke rekavery hurmdb tfe aperntmadnc  permah.

?.  Exterdnc Mdput Znrnieters (u), sukf ns prapertmes ag tfe bns pntf, Cawer Fentmdb Wncue (CFW) ag tfe guec, spaac speehs, iekfndmknc eggmkmedkmes ag tfe kaipadedts, etk.

;.  Fenctf Znrnieters (F), wfmkf nre tfe mdhmkntars tfnt hegmde tfe fenctf kadhmtmad ag tfe edbmde, ndh fedke tfe hebree ag hebrnhntmad ag mts kaipad kaipadedts. edts. Xfe nmr kaipressar fenctf pnrnieters nre tfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ndh mdcet nmr inss gcaw rnte, wfmce tfe edbmde fenctf pnrnieters nre tfe fent rnte ndh tfe spekmgmk war`. Xfese fenctf pnrnieters nre knckucnteh grai tfe iensureh pnrnieters (i) gar n bmved set ag mdput  pnrnieters (u). Md arher ta trnk` tfe fenctf pnrnieters nnss tfe mdcet kadhmtmads vnry, tfe pnrnieters iust oe karrekteh ta stndhnrh mdcet kadhmtmads. Xfe gariucne gar tfe karrekteh sfngt speeh (D karrekteh), inss gcaw (karrekteh),

Xfere nre twa inmd aolektmves ag tfe presedt pnper. Xfe gmrst aolektmve ms ta extedh tfe kurredt ietfahacaby ag hebrnhntmad ndncysms, wfmkf wns prevmauscy nppcmeh ta n smdbce-spaac BE CI?5::+ edbmde P5Y, ta n twmd-spaac __ _O?>>-?8B edbmde md arher ta qundtmgy tfe hebree ag edbmde-nmr-kaipressar hebrnhntmad. Xfe edbmde-nmr-kaipressar hebrnhntmad ms trnk`eh tfraubf kfndbes md oatf tfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ns wecc ns tfe nmr mdcet gcaw rnte. Xfe sekadh aolektmve ms ta kadtrnst tfe eggekt ag oatf edbmde-nmr-kaipressar hebrnhntmad ndh aggcmde san` wnsfes ad tfe averncc pergarindke ag tfe twa edbmdes, wfere tfe averncc edbmde pergarindke ms trnk`eh  oy tfe edbmde fent rnte ns wecc ns tfe edbmde spekmgmk war`. Xfe aperntmadnc hntn ad wfmkf tfe ndncysms ms pergarieh wns nkqumreh oetweed Nprmc ?::= ndh Lndunry ?:>; gar tfe CI?5::+ edbmde, ndh oetweed Inrkf ?:>: ndh Nprmc ?:>; gar tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde.

sfngt pawer ([f.Zkarrekteh) ndh spekmgmk war` ([p.R karrekteh) nre bmved oecaw ns P2Y<

  ∜  ̂    ̂ ∜ ∜     ∜   

Xfe gaccawmdb sektmads nre arbndmzeh ns gaccaws. Gmrst, tfe tekfdmques useh ta ndncyze oatf tfe aperntmadnc hntn ndh tfe edbmde fenctf pnrnieters nre mdtrahukeh. Dext, tfe resucts gar tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde nre presedteh, gaccaweh oy tfe resucts gar tfe CI?5::+ edbmde. Gmdnccy, tfe resucts grai tfe twa edbmdes nre kaipnreh ndh kadkcusmads ad tfe pergarindke hebrnhntmad ag BX edbmdes nre hrnwd.

 

 

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   ̂    ̂ 

 

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Znrnieter Estmintmad  ‛   Onyesmnd Errar-md-Wnrmnoces Iahec (EWI) 

EWI ms kaiiadcy useh md hntn iahecmdb gar aotnmdmdb pamdt estmintes ag ud`dawd pnrnieters wfere ncc tfe mdvacveh vnrmnoces fnve mdferedt udkertnmdty md tfei P>>Y. EWI gmdhs hmrekt recevndke ta tfe praocei md fndh md wfmkf ncc tfe iensureh vnrmnoces ndh tfe fenctf pnrnieters grai tfe BZN iahec nre suolekt ta vnrymdb hebrees ag mdnkkurnkmes. Arhmdnry Censt [qunres ietfah wauch dat oe sumtnoce gar tfe  presedt praocei ns mt adcy karrekts tfe hepedhedt vnrmnoce nssuimdb tfe atfer vnrmnoces ta oe errar gree P>?Y. Ncsa, udcm`e md Arhmdnry Censt [qunres, EWI iahecs nre hepedhedt ad prmar `dawcehbe ag tfe errar strukture md enkf ndh tfe vektar ag kaeggmkmedt pnrnieters useh md tfe aolektmve gudktmads ns ag tfe vnrmnoces mdvacveh P>>Y nccawmdb iare nkkurnte estmintes. Hetnmceh hmskuss hmskussmads mads ad EWI knd oe gaudh md @eecer ndh _emccy P>>Y ndh [eoer ndh Rmch P>;Y.

wfere ζ ndh θ nre tfe hmiedsmadcess niomedt teiperntu teipernture re ndh  pressure ndh fnve vncues vncues ag ζ9X?/?66.>5 ndh θ9Z?/>:>.;?5.

Xfe EWI ndncysms mdvacves hegmdmdb tfe vektar ag vnrmnoces mdvacveh, wfmkf iust oe kadhmtmadeh agg tfe damse, ns<

  ) ̅  (

 

Gmbure >< [kfeintmk represedtntmad ag n BX edbmde, wmtf edbmde pnrnieters ndh fenctf pnrnieters mhedtmgmeh.

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wfere Z?  ndh Z;  nre tfe kaipressar suktmad ndh hmskfnrbe  pressure, X ? ndh X ; nre tfe kaipressar suktmad ndh hmskfnrbe teipernture, D>,karrekteh  ms tfe karrekteh kaipressar sfngt speeh ndh βms  ms tfe kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky. [mimcnrcy vektar ]true kadtnmds tfe true vncues ag tfe vnrmnoces md ] md tfe snie arher. Dext, n vektar ag aolektmve gudktmads ms hegmdeh ns<

Mt ms rekabdmzeh tfnt tfe damse md tfe iensureh pnrnieters wmcc prapnbnte ta tfe knckucnteh fenctf pnrnieters, resuctmdb md n damsy skntter (sienrmdb) ag tfe fenctf pnrnieter vncues. N suiinry ag tfe Edbmde Znrnieters (y) ndh tfe Fenctf Znrnieters (F) ms skfeintmknccy hepmkteh md Gmbure >, wfere ig ndh [f.Z represedt tfe guec gcaw rnte ndh tfe sfngt pawer respektmvecy. Xfe atfer syioacs fnve tfemr usunc iendmdbs.

         ⁈  Y   P           

Xfe Bns Zntf Ndncysms wns pergarieh usmdb tfe kaiierkmnc sagtwnre BnsXuro>> P6,=Y. Xfe niomedt teipernture,  pressure, iensureh kaipressar exmt pressure ndh teipernture, teipernture nt tfe kaioustar exmt ndh tfe spaac speeh nre spekmgmeh ns mdputs. Nctfaubf tfe _O?>>-?8B ms n twmd-spaac edbmde, tfere ms nerahydnimk kaupcmdb oetweed tfe sfngt speehs ag tfe twa sfngts P>:Y ndh tferegare tfe fenctf pnrnieters gar tfms edbmde nre knckucnteh nssuimdb n smdbce-spaac nrrndbeiedt. Iekfndmknc eggmkmedkmes ag tfe kaipadedts nre ncsa geh md ns gmxeh exterdnc mdput pnrnieters ncadb wmtf CFW ag tfe guec. Xfe prakehure kaipcetes tfe tferiahydnimk kykce ag tfe edbmde aperntmad ndh knckucntes tfe fenctf pnrnieters. Fawever, tfese fenctf pnrnieters, ns knckucnteh oy BnsXuro>>, nre ncsa kadtnimdnteh wmtf damse tfnt fns prapnbnteh grai tfe iensureh pnrnieters. Xferegare, nhhmtmadnc steps iust oe tn`ed oegare hntn ndncysms ms passmoce.

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wfere Φ ms tfe kaipressar fenh kaeggmkmedt P>:Y ndh ms hegmdeh ns<

                    

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wfere F, \, _ ndh ` nre tfe nmr-kaipressar edtfncpy rmse, nvernbe kaipressmomcmty gnktar, bns kadstndt ndh msedtrapmk expadedt, respektmvecy. Xfe vektar ag tfe kaeggmkmedt  pnrnieters useh md tfe aolektmve gudktmad ms<

   

 

repcnkeh ad Nprmc ?;, ?:>;, ndh ndatfer aggcmde wnsf wns  pergarieh ad Nubust >=, ?:>;. [uosequedtcy, hntn kadtmdueh ta oe kaccekteh udtmc Aktaoer ?5, ?:>;. Xa trnk` tfe eggekt tfe edbmde ndh MZ stntar repcnkeiedts ns wecc ns tfe aggcmde wnsfes, tfe tmiecmde fns oeed sepnrnteh mdta gmve hmstmdkt  permahs. Zermah N spnds grai tfe oebmddmdb ag hntn ndncysms (Inrkf >, ?:>:) udtmc tfe edbmde ms repcnkeh ad Nubust >6, ?:>>. Zermah O> spnds grai tfe mdstnccntmad ag tfe dew edbmde udtmc tfe gmrst aggcmde wnsf ad Lude >8, ?:>?, ndh Zermah O? spnds grai tfe gmrst aggcmde wnsf udtmc tfe MZ stntar repcnkeiedt ad Nprmc ?;, ?:>;. Zermah K> spnds grai tfe MZ stntar repcnkeiedt udtmc tfe sekadh aggcmde wnsf ad Nubust ?;, ?:>;, ndh permah K? spnds grai tfe sekadh aggcmde wnsf udtmc tfe edh ag hntn nkqumsmtmad ad Aktaoer ?5, ?:>;. Xa nccaw gar tfe trnk`mdb ag edbmde pergarindke tfraubfaut tfe  permahs, enkf permah ms gurtfer hmvmheh mdta equnccy spnkeh sets ag 5:: aperntmdb faurs. Zermahs N, O>, O? K> ndh K? fnve smx, gmve, seved, tfree ndh twa hntn sets, respektmvecy, gar n tatnc ag ?; hntn sets. Xfe dnimdb kadvedtmad gar tfe hntn sets grai tfms edbmde ms mccustrnteh oy tfe gaccawmdb exnipce< NQ5::Q; ms tfe tfmrh set ag 5:: aperntmdb faurs grai permah N. Gmbure ? ncsa sfaws tfe tatnc aperntmdb faurs gar enkf ag tfe gmve permahs.

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Md nhhmtmad ta tfese tfree kaeggmkmedts , tfe iahec ncsa reumres   ).    ). d tfe errar hegmdmdb tfe errar kavnrmndke intrm (W kavnrmndke intrmx, tfe hmnbadnc eceiedts nre tfe nvernbe udkertnmdty ag enkf vnrmnoce mdvacveh wfmce tfe dad-hmnbadnc eceiedts nre tfe errar ag ade vnrmnoce wmtf respekt ta tfe udkertnmdty md tfe atfers. Gar tfe presedt gudktmads iahec, tfe kavnrmndke intrmx ms secekteh ad tfe onsms ag tfe expekteh udkertnmdty nssakmnteh wmtf tfe iensureiedt ag tfe mdhmvmhunc vnrmnoces, mipcymdb tfnt tfe errars nre udkarrecnteh (m.e., –zeras’ md tfe dad-hmnbadnc eceiedts) P>8Y. Xfus<

              ̅  (      )

 

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Bmved tfe rndbe ag vncues gar tfe vnrmnoces md questmad ns wecc ns tfe mdstruiedtntmad useh, tfe nvernbe stndhnrh hevmntmads were kfased ta oe<

         

Gmbure ?< Xmiecmde ag hntn nkqumsmtmad gar tfe __ _O?>>?8B edbmde.

 

Md tfe gaccawmdb pnrnbrnpfs, tfe pergarindke ag tfe edbmde

Gmbure ? sfaws tfe tmiecmde ag aperntmad gar wfmkf edbmde  pergarindke hntn were kaccekteh ad tfe __ _O?>>-?8B edbmde eipcayeh nt n kaipressar stntmad md Ncoertn, regerreh ta ns [tntmad >. Hntn nkqumsmtmad oebnd ad Inrkf >, ?:>:. Xfms edbmde wns tfed repcnkeh wmtf n dew edbmde ad Nubust

nmr kaipressar ms exnimdeh ndh kaipnreh ta tfe averncc edbmde pergarindke. Gmrst, tfe hebrnhntmad ndh rekavery ag tfe edbmde nmr kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ms exnimdeh ndh recnteh ta tfe averncc edbmde fent rnte. Mt ms expekteh tfnt n hekrense md tfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ag tfe kaipressar, hue ta hebrnhntmad, wmcc cenh ta nd mdkrense md tfe averncc edbmde fent rnte. [ekadh, tfe hebrnhntmad ag edbmde nmr kaipressar mdcet gcaw rnte ms exnimdeh ndh recnteh ta tfe averncc edbmde spekmgmk war`. Md tfe gaccawmdb sektmads, kaipnrmsads wmcc oe hrnwd oetweed gaur pnmrs ag twa hntn sets. Xfe gmrst pnmr ms tfe cnst hntn set grai permah N (NQ5::Q2) ndh tfe gmrst hntn set grai permah O> (O>Q5::Q>). (O>Q5::Q>). Kaipnrmsad oetweed tfese twa hntn sets wmcc fmbfcmbft tfe mipnkt ag tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt. Xfe sekadh pnmr ms tfe cnst hntn set grai permah O? (O?Q5::Q2) ndh tfe gmrst hntn set grai permah K>

>6, ?:>>. Nd aggcmde wnsf wns pergarieh ad tfe dew edbmde ad Lude >8, ?:>?. Xfe Mdteriehmnte Zressure (MZ) stntar wns

(K>Q5::Q>). Kaipnrmsad oetweed tfese twa hntn sets wmcc fmbfcmbft tfe mipnkt ag tfe MZ stntar repcnkeiedt. Xfe tfmrh

Gurtfer hetnmcs ag tfe EWI ietfah nre mhedtmknc ta tfase bmved oy Oatras et nc. P5Y.

_E[UCX[ GA_ __ _O?>>_O?>>-?8B ?8B  

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 pnmr ms tfe cnst hntn set grai permah O> (O>Q5::Q5) ndh tfe gmrst hntn set grai permah O? (O?Q5::Q>), wfmce tfe gaurtf  pnmr ms tfe cnst hntn set grai permah K> (K>Q5::Q;) ndh tfe gmrst hntn set grai permah K? (K?Q5::Q>). Kaipnrmsad  oetweed tfese cnst twa pnmrs ag hntn sets wmcc smbdmgy tfe mipnkt ag tfe aggcmde wnsfes ad tfe dewcy mdstncceh edbmde. Kadtaur inps ag D>,karrekteh  vs. pressure rntma (Z r 9Z;/Z?) kacaur-kaheh oy edbmde-nmr-kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky nre useh ta trnk` tfe kaipressar hebrnhntmad oetweed hntn sets. Xfe hntn sets hmrektcy oegare ndh ngter oatf tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt ndh MZ stntar repcnkeiedt nre presedteh md Gmbure ; ndh Gmbure 8, respektmvecy. Xfe hntn sets hmrektcy  oegare ndh ngter tfe gmrst ndh sekadh aggcmde wnsfes nre  presedteh md Gmbure 5 ndh Gmbure 7, respektmvecy. MMd d Gmbure ; mt ms evmhedt tfnt tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt smbdmgmkndtcy mipraves tfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky, wfmce md Gmbure 8 mt ms aoserveh tfnt tfe MZ stntar repcnkeiedt adcy scmbftcy mipraves tfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky. Md Gmbure 5 ndh Gmbure 7 mt knd oe aoserveh tfnt oatf tfe gmrst ndh sekadh aggcmde wnsfes fnve cmttce eggekt ad mipravmdb tfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky. N tredh datmkeh md ncc ag tfe kadtaur inps ms tfe very dnrraw recntmadsfmp aoserveh oetweed Z r  ndh D>,karrekteh. Xfms tredh ms gurtfer exeipcmgmeh md Gmbure 2, wfere mt knd oe seed tfnt tfe  D>,karrekteh vs. Z r  kurves kaccnpse adta n smdbce cmde gar ncc hntn sets grai ncc tfree permahs. Grai tfe typmknc kaipressar kfnrnktermstmk inp sfawd md Gmbure 6, mt knd oe hmskerdeh tfnt ncadb tfe inxmiui eggmkmedky cmde tfere ms adcy ade  D>,karrekteh  gar n bmved Z r . Xferegare, tfe tmbft recntmadsfmp  oetweed Zr   ndh D>,karrekteh  gar tfms edbmde nmr kaipressar mipcmes tfnt tfe edbmde ms oemdb rud very kcase ta mts inxmiui eggmkmedky. Nhhmtmadnccy, grai tfms tmbft recntmadsfmp mt ms evmhedt tfnt wfed kfaasmdb n vncue gar  D>,karrekteh mipcmkmtcy kfaases n vncue gar Z r  ns wecc.

Gmbure ;< Kadtaur inp heiadstrntmdb tfe smbdmgmkndt mipraveiedt md edbmde-nmr-kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ngter tfe repcnkeiedt ag tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde.

Gmbure 8< [cmbft mipraveiedt md edbmde-nmr-kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ngter tfe repcnkeiedt ag tfe _O?>>?8B MZ stntar.

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  Gmbure 5< Imdminc mipraveiedt md edbmde-nmr-kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ngter tfe gmrst aggcmde wnsf ag tfe _O?>>-?8B.

Gmbure 2< [kntter pcat exfmomtmdb tfe cmdenr recntmadsfmp oetweed pressure rntma ndh D>,karrekteh hurmdb ncc gmve permahs mhedtmgmeh md Gmbure ? gar tfe _O?>>-?8B.

Gmbure 6< Xypmknc kaipressar kfnrnktermstmk inp P>5Y.

Gmbure 7< Imdminc mipraveiedt md edbmde-nmr-kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ngter tfe sekadh aggcmde wnsf ag tfe _O?>>-?8B.

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Xa qundtmtntmvecy iensure tfe hebrnhntmad hurmdb permahs ns wecc ns tfe mipraveiedt (ar cnk` ag mipraveiedt) oetweed  permahs, tfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ms trnk`eh aver tmie gar kadstndt D>,karrekteh ndh Z r . Gmbure = sfaws tfe tmie-fmstary ag edbmde nmr kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky gar secekteh  D>,karrekteh ag 78?7, 7;5> ndh 7?27 _ZI, wfere tfe gaccawmdb bedernc tredhs knd oe aoserveh. Md Zermah N, tfe kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky hebrnhes grai tfe oebmddmdb ag tfe hntn nkqumsmtmad udtmc tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt, ngter wfmkf tfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky mipraves oy nppraxmintecy ?  perkedtnbe pamdts. Md Zermah O>, tfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky  oebmds ta hebrnhe miiehmntecy, ndh kadtm kadtmdues dues ta hebrnhe nt n kadstndt rnte tfraubf ta tfe edh ag Zermah O?, hekrensmdb oy ?.5 perkedtnbe pamdts md tfe >?,>85 tatnc aperntmdb faurs ag O> ndh O?. Mt ms mipartndt ta date tfnt tfe gmrst aggcmde wnsf adcy scmbftcy mipraves tfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky, wmtf nd mdkrense ag :.5 perkedtnbe pamdts. Xfe MZ repcnkeiedt  oetweed permahs O? ndh K> mipraves tfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky oy nppraxmintecy :.5 perkedtnbe pamdts. Xfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky reinmds recntmvecy kadstndt tfraubfaut tfe ;,5=8 tatnc aperntmdb faurs ag K> ndh K?, sfawmdb debcmbmoce mipraveiedt ngter tfe sekadh aggcmde wnsf. Date tfnt tfe noave-iedtmadeh tredhs nre kadsmstedt nkrass ncc tfree D>,karrekteh. Gmbure >: ndh Gmbure >> sfaw sfngt pawer vs. pawer turomde speeh kacaureh oy fent rnte gar tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt ndh MZ stntar repcnkeiedt, wfmce Gmbure >? ndh Gmbure >; sfaw tfe snie gar tfe gmrst ndh sekadh aggcmde wnsfes. Gar exeipcnry  purpases, tfe iend fent rnte gar enkf hntn set ms knckucnteh gar ncc hntn wmtfmd n rndbe ag sfngt pawers. Ns expekteh, tfe mdkrense md kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky hue ta tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt, ns aoserveh md Gmbure =, ms regcekteh md n scmbft hekrense md edbmde fent rnte, wmtf tfe fent rnte hekrensmdb :.8% hue ta tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt.

Gmbure =< Edbmde-nmr-kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ag _O?>>-?8B vs. tmie gar D>,karrekteh978?7_ZI, 7;5>_ZI ndh 7?27_ZI, grai tap ta oattai.

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  Gmbure >:< Kacaureh skntter pcats mccustrntmdb tfe scmbft hekrense md fent rnte ngter tfe repcnkeiedt ag tfe _O?>>_O?>> ?8B edbmde. Nvernbe fent rnte ms knckucnteh gar ncc hntn md tfe set wmtf karrekteh sfngt pawer oetweed ??,5:: ndh ?;,5::.

Gmbure >?< [mbdmgmkndt hekrense md fent rnte ngter tfe gmrst edbmde wnsf ag tfe _O?>>-?8B. Nvernbe fent rnte ms knckucnteh gar ncc hntn md tfe set wmtf karrekteh sfngt pawer oetweed >=,::: ndh ??,:::.

Gmbure >>< [cmbft hekrense md fent rnte ngter tfe _O?>>-

Gmbure >;< [mbdmgmkndt hekrense md fent rnte ngter tfe

?8B MZ stntar repcnkeiedt.

sekadh edbmde wnsf ag tfe _O?>>-?8B.

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  Xfe mdkrense md kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky hue ta tfe MZ stntar repcnkeiedt ncsa resucts md n :.8% hekrense md fent rnte. Xferegare, mt knd oe kadkcuheh tfnt mipravmdb tfe nmr kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky vmn emtfer nd edbmde repcnkeiedt ar nd MZ stntar repcnkeiedt resucteh md n hekrense md edbmde fent rnte, ndh tfus nd mipraveiedt md tfe averncc edbmde tferinc eggmkmedky. Xfe gmrst ndh sekadh aggcmde wnsfes oatf resucteh md edbmde fent rnte hekrenses ag >.>%. Xferegare, nppenrs tfnt edbmde wnsfes fnve sekadhnry eggekts tfntmtmiprave tfe oatf averncc edbmde pergarindke, rntfer tfnd lust kcendmdb tfe nmr kaipressar. Kadtaur inps ag D>,karrekteh vs. Zr  kacareh oy karrekteh edbmdenmr -kaipressar nmr mdcet gcaw rnte (karrekteh) nre useh ta trnk` tfe kaipressar hebrnhntmad oetweed hntn sets. Xfe hntn sets hmrektcy oegare ndh ngter oatf tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt ndh MZ stntar repcnkeiedt nre presedteh md Gmbure >8 ndh Gmbure >5, respektmvecy. Xfe hntn sets hmrektcy oegare ndh ngter oatf tfe gmrst ndh sekadh wnsf nre presedteh md Gmbure >7 ndh Gmbure >2, respektmvecy. ere mt knd oe seed tfnt tfere ms da smbdmgmkndt kfndbe md karrekteh  grai tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt, tfe MZ stntar repcnkeiedt ar tfe aggcmde wnsfes. Xfe tmiefmstary ag karrekteh nt tfree spekmgmk D >,karrekteh (ns nd exnipce)  presedteh md Gmbure >6 kadgmris tfnt tfere ms da datmkenoce kfndbe md kaipressar nmr mdcet gcaw rnte (m.e., edbmde  orentfmdb) tfraubfaut tfe hntn nkqumsmtmad. Xfms kadstndt karrekteh  ms regcekteh md tfe edbmde spekmgmk war`, wfmkf, ns sfawd md Gmbure >= tfraubf Gmbure ??, sfaws cmttce vnrmntmad hue ta tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt, MZ repcnkeiedt ar aggcmde wnsfes.

Gmbure >8< Kadtaur inp heiadstrntmdb tfnt, udcm`e tfe edbmde-nmr-kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky, tfe edbmdenmr-kaipressar nmr mdcet gcaw rnte ag tfe _O?>> -?8B edbmde ms udnggekteh oy tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt.

Gmbure >5< [mimcnr ta tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt, tfe _O?>>?8B MZ stntar repcnkeiedt fns cmttce eggekt ad tfe kaipressar nmr mdcet gcaw rnte.

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  Gmbure >7< Xfe gmrst aggcmde wnsf fns cmttce eggekt ad tfe kaipressar nmr mdcet gcaw rnte ag tfe _O?>>-?8B.

Gmbure >6< Edbmde-nmr-kaipressar karrekteh nmr mdcet gcaw rnte ag _O?>>-?8B vs. tmie gar D>,karrekteh978?7_ZI, 7;5>_ZI ndh 7?27_ZI, grai tap ta oattai.

Gmbure >2< Xfe sekadh aggcmde wnsf sfaws smimcnr eggekt ns tfe gmrst ad tfe nmr mdcet gcaw rnte ag tfe _O?>>-?8B.

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  Gmbure >=< Imdminc eggekt ad tfe edbmde spekmgmk war` w ar`

Gmbure ?>< Xfe gmrst aggcmde wnsf fns imdminc eggekt ad tfe

grai tfe repcnkeiedt ag tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde.

_O?>>-?8B spekmgmk war`.

Gmbure ?:< Imdminc eggekt ad tfe edbmde spekmgmk war` w ar` grai tfe repcnkeiedt ag tfe _O?>>-?8B MZ stntar.

Gmbure ??< [mimcnr ta tfe gmrst wnsf, tfe sekadh wnsf fns imdminc eggekt ad tfe _O?>>-?8B spekmgmk war`.

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_E[UCX[ GA_ BE CI?5::+  CI?5::+  [mimcnr ta tfe ndncysms ag tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde, md tfe gaccawmdb pnrnbrnpfs tfe pergarindke ag tfe CI?5::+ edbmde nmr kaipressar ms exnimdeh ndh kaipnreh ta tfe averncc edbmde pergarindke. Gmrst, tfe hebrnhntmad ndh rekavery ag tfe edbmde-nmr-kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ms exnimdeh ndh recnteh ta tfe averncc edbmde fent rnte. [uosequedtcy, tfe hebrnhntmad ag edbmde nmr kaipressar mdcet gcaw rnte ms exnimdeh ndh recnteh ta tfe averncc edbmde

Gmbure ?; ndh Gmbure ?8 sfaw tfe tmiecmde ag aperntmad ag tfe BE CI?5::+ edbmde nt n kaipressar stntmad md [ns`ntkfewnd, regerreh ta ns [tntmad ?. Xfe edbmde wns mdstncceh ngter n fat sektmad repnmr ad Nprmc 6tf, ?::= ndh fns  oeed ruddmdb smdke tfed. Hntn wns nvnmcnoce udtmc Lndunry >8tf, ?:>; ndh gaur aggcmde wnsfes fnve oeed pergarieh hurmdb tfms tmie. Xa trnk` tfe edbmde pergarindke, tfe hntn were mdta hmstmdkt Enkfagpermah ms sepnrnteh  oy ndsepnrnteh aggcmde wnsf exkept permahs. md tfe knse permahs 8 ndh 5, wfmkf tabetfer spnd oetweed n set ag aggcmde wnsfes. Gurtferiare, hntn sets kadsmstmdb ag tfe gmrst, imhhce, ndh cnst 5:: faurs ag enkf permah nre secekteh ta trnk` tfe edbmde  pergarindke oatf tfraubfaut e nkf permah ns wecc ns oetweed  permahs. Xfe hntn spnddmdb tfe t fe tmiecmde sfawd md Gmbure ?; fns ncrenhy oeed ndncyzeh ndh ms reparteh md Oatras et nc. P5Y, wfmce tfe hntn spnddmdb tfe tmiecmde sfawd md Gmbure ?8, kadtnmdmdb twa nhhmtmadnc aggcmde wnsfes, ms dew ta tfms stuhy. Xfe dnimdb kadvedtmad gar tfe hntn sets grai tfms edbmde ms mccustrnteh oy tfe gaccawmdb exnipce< ;-C5:: ms tfe cnst 5:: aperntmdb faurs grai permah ; wfmce 8-G5:: ms tfe gmrst 5:: aperntmdb faurs grai permah 8. Xfe tatnc aperntmdb faurs ag enkf permah nre mdhmknteh udher enkf permah md tfe respektmve gmbure.

spekmgmk war`. Md tfepnmrs gaccawmdb oe hrnwd oetweed twa ag twasektmads, hntn sets.kaipnrmsads Xfe gmrst pnmrwmcc ms tfe cnst hntn set grai permah ; (;-C5::) ndh tfe gmrst hntn set grai permah 8 (8-G5::). Kaipnrmsad oetweed tf tfese ese twa hn hntn tn sets wmcc fmbfcmbft tfe mipnkt ag tfe tfmrh aggcmde wnsf. Xfe sekadh pnmr ms tfe cnst hntn set grai permah 5 (5-C5::) ndh tfe gmrst hntn set grai permah 7 (7-G5::). Kaipnrmsad oetweed tfese twa hntn sets wmcc fmbfcmbft tfe mipnkt ag tfe gaurtf aggcmde wnsf. [mimcnr ta tfe knse ag tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde, kadtaur inps ag D>,karrekteh  vs. Z r   kacareh oy edbmde nmr kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky nre useh ta trnk` tfe kaipressar hebrnhntmad ag tfe CI?5::+ edbmde oetweed hntn sets. Xfe hntn sets hmrektcy oegare ndh ngter oatf tfe tfmrh ndh gaurtf aggcmde wnsf nre presedteh md Gmbure ?5 ndh Gmbure ?7, respektmvecy. Oatf tfe tfmrh ndh gaurtf wnsfes resucteh md nd mipraveiedt md tfe edbmde nmr kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky, nctfaubf tfe mipraveiedt ms iare smbdmgmkndt ngter tfe tfmrh wnsf. Xfms mipraveiedt ms md kadtrnst ta tfe knse ag tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde, wfere n sincc mdkrense md msedtrapmk eggmkmedky wns aoserveh ngter tfe gmrst aggcmde wnsf. Ncsa md kadtrnst ta tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde ms tfe aoservntmad tfnt tfere ms iukf iare skntter noaut tfe D >,karrekteh  vs.  pressure rntma kurve, ns ms fmbfcmbfteh md Gmbure ?2. _egerrmdb  onk` ta Gmbure 6, tfms fmbfer hebree ag skntter mipcmes tfnt tfe CI?5::+ edbmde nmr kaipressar ms dat aperntmdb nt tfe inxmiui msedtrapmk eggmkmedky.

Gmbure ?;< Xmiecmde ag hntn nkqumsmtmad gar tfe BE CI?5::+ gar tfe hntn tfnt wns armbmdnccy presedteh md Oatras et nc. P5Y.

Gmbure ?8< Xmiecmde ag hntn nkqumsmtmad gar tfe dew hntn gar tfe BE CI?5::+.

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Gmbure ?2< Udcm`e tfe _O?>>-?8B, tfe aperntmdb kadhmtmads ag tfe CI?5::+ sfaw smbdmgmkndt vnrmndke.

Gmbure ?5< Kadtaur inp heiadstrntmdb tfe smbdmgmkndt mipraveiedt md edbmde-nmr-kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ngter tfe tfmrh san` wnsf ag tfe CI?5::+.

Gmbure ?6 sfaws tfe tmie-fmstary ag kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky gar D>,karrekteh ag =77=, =5=8 ndh =5>= _ZI, wfere

 

tfendh gaccawmdb knd oe aoserveh. Oetweed permah ; 8, ngter bedernc tfe tfmrhtredhs aggcmde wnsf, tfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky mdkrenses oy ?.5 perkedtnbe pamdts. Nkrass permahs 8 ndh 5, tfe eggmkmedky tfed hebrnhes oy > perkedtnbe pamdt, ndh suosequedtcy rekavers > perkedtnbe pamdt grai tfe gaurtf aggcmde wnsf. Xfed, tfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky hraps sfnrpcy, hekrensmdb > perkedtnbe oetweed tfe gaurtf aggcmde wnsf ndh tfe edh ag hntn nkqumsmtmad, n tmie spnd ag ierecy >,?:: aperntmdb faurs. Date tfnt ncc ag tfe noave iedtmadeh tredhs nre kadsmstedt nkrass ncc tfree D>,karrekteh. Gmbure ?= ndh Gmbure ;: sfaw sfngt pawer vs. turomde speeh kacar-kaheh oy fent rnte gar tfe tfmrh ndh gaurtf aggcmde wnsf, respektmvecy. Fere, tfe iend fent rnte ms knckucnteh gar exeipcnry purpases gar ncc hntn wmtf sfngt pawers rndbmdb grai ?85::  ‛   ?55:: `R. Grai oatf ag tfe aggcmde wnsfes, tfe mdkrense md nmr kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ms regcekteh md n hekrense md edbmde fent rnte. Xfe edbmde fent rnte hekrenseh ?.7% ndh ;.:% grai tfe tfmrh ndh gaurtf aggcmde wnsfes, respektmvecy. Xfus, mipravmdb tfe nmr kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky vmn nd aggcmde wnsf resucteh md nd mipraveiedt md tfe averncc edbmde tferinc eggmkmedky.  Date tfnt tfe mipraveiedt md averncc edbmde tferinc eggmkmedky ns n resuct ag tfe aggcmde wnsfes wns iukf iare smbdmgmkndt gar tfe CI?5::+ tfnd mt wns gar tfe _O?>>-?8B.

Gmbure ?7< [mimcnr ta tfe tfmrh wnsf, tfe gaurtf wnsf smbdmgmkndtcy mipraves tfe msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ag tfe CI?5::+ edbmde nmr kaipressar.

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Gmbure ?=< Kacaureh skntter pcats mccustrnte tfe smbdmgmkndt hekrense md fent rnte ngter tfe tfmrh aggcmde wnsf ag tfe CI?5::+. Nvernbe fent rnte ms knckucnteh gar ncc hntn md tfe set wmtf karrekteh sfngt pawer oetweed ?85:: ndh ?55::.

Gmbure ?6< Edbmde-nmr-kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ag  CI?5::+ vs. tmie gar D >,karrekteh9=77=_ZI, =5=8_ZI ndh =5>=_ZI, grai tap ta oattai.

Gmbure ;:< [mbdmgmkndt hekrense md fent rnte ngter tfe gaurtf aggcmde wnsf ag tfe CI?5::+.

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  Kadtaur inps ag karrekteh D >,karrekteh  vs. Zr   kacareh oy karrekteh  nre useh ta trnk` tfe kaipressar hebrnhntmad  oetweed hntn sets. X Xfe fe hntn sets hmr hmrektcy ektcy oegare ndh ngter ngt er ttfe fe tfmrh ndh gaurtf aggcmde wnsf nre presedteh md Gmbure ;> ndh Gmbure ;?, respektmvecy. Fere mt knd oe seed tfnt, smimcnr ta tfe knse ag tfe _O?>>-?8 edbmde, tfere ms da smbdmgmkndt kfndbe md karrekteh grai oatf ag tfe aggcmde wnsfes. Xfe tmie-

fmstary ag nmr kaipressar mdcet gcaw rnte presedteh md mbure  kadgmris md tfnt tfere tfraubfaut ms da datmkenoce ar mipraveiedt karrekteh tfe hntn hebrnhntmad nkumsmtmad. Ns epekteh, tfms kadstndt karrekteh  ms regcekteh oy n tmiemdhepedhedt skntter md spekmgmk war`, ns aoserveh md Gmbure ;8 ndh Gmbure ;5.

Gmbure ;>< Kadtaur inp heiadstrntmdb tfe imdminc eggekt ag tfe tfmrh wnsf ad edbmde-nmr-kaipressar nmr mdcet gcaw rnte gar tfe CI?5::+.

Gmbure ;?< [mimcnr ta tfe tfmrh aggcmde wnsf, tfe gaurtf aggcmde wnsf fns imdminc eggekt ad tfe nmr mdcet gcaw rnte ag tfe CI?5::+.

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Gmbure ;8< Xfe tfmrh wnsf fns imdminc eggekt ad tfe spekmgmk war` ag tfe CI?5::+.

Gmbure ;;< Nmr mdcet gcaw rnte ag CI?5::+ vs. tmie gar   D>,karrekteh9=77=_ZI, =5=8_ZI ndh =5>=_ZI, grai tap ta oattai.

Gmbure ;5< Xfe gaurtf wnsf ncsa fns imdminc eggekt ad tfe spekmgmk war` ag tfe CI?5::+.

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CI?5::+ edbmde nmr kaipressar. Fawever, ns tfms hebrnhntmad ms knuseh oy nmr-oarde hust, mt nppenrs ta oe guccy rekavernoce oy aggcmde wnsfes. Nhhmtmadnccy, smdke tfe CI?5::+ ms suolekt ta n canhmdb kykce wmtf permahs ag hekrenseh canhmdb, tfe edbmde pnrts ha dat expermedke ns iukf wenr ndh tenr. Xferegare, udrekavernoce hebrnhntmad seeis imdminc.

HM[KU[[MAD   HM[KU[[MAD Grai tfe hntn gar tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde, mt ms kcenr tfnt tfms edbmde ms onse-canheh ndh tferegare mts nmr kaipressar ms  oemdb apernteh ad n tmbft rndbe ncadb tfe inxmiui kaipressar eggmkmedky cmde. Xfms resuct kadtrnsts tfe resucts gar tfe CI?5::+, wfere tfe edbmde ms suolekt ta vnrmnoce canhmdb ndh tferegare mts nmr kaipressar ms aperntmdb md n wmher pnrnieter spnke. Xfms kadtrnst md kaipressar

Nd ncterdnte expcndntmad gar tfe type ag hebrnhntmad tfnt enkf

aperntmad iny oe hue ta tfe fmbfer heindh pcnkeh ad [tntmad > kaipnreh ta [tntmad ?.

edbmde onseh ad tfe aperntmdb faursnre oetweed aggcmde expermedkes wnsfes. Gar mstfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde, tfere iare aperntmdb faurs oetweed edbmde wnsfes. Mg tfere ms nmr-oarde hust orentfeh mdta tfe edbmde nmr kaipressar, aperntmdb tfe edbmde gar taa cadb oetweed aggcmde wnsfes iny resuct md  pracadbeh kadtnkt oetweed tfe hust ndh edbmde pnrts, tfus resuctmdb md tfe wenrmdb hawd ag edbmde pnrts (udrekavernoce hebrnhntmad). Fawever, mg tfere nre cess aperntmdb faurs  oetweed aggcmde wnsfes, ns ms tfe knse gar tfe CI?5::+, tfed nmr-oarde hust wmcc oe wnsfeh oegare mt fns n kfndke ta wenr hawd tfe edbmde pnrts, tfus nvamhmdb udrekavernoce hebrnhntmad.

Nhhmtmadnccy, [tntmad > ms caknteh md n garesteh rebmad kcase ta tfe iaudtnmds md tfe pravmdke ag Ncoertn, wfere tfe nmr quncmty ms very baah ndh nmr-oarde pnrtmkucntes wmcc oe nt n imdmiui. Xfms kadtrnsts [tntmad ?, wfmkf ms caknteh ad tfe  prnmrmes, wfere gnrimdb nktmvmty knd patedtmnccy stmr up hust md tfe nmr tfnt kauch suosequedtcy oe orentfeh md oy tfe edbmde nmr kaipressar. Gar tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde, tfere wns n ? perkedtnbe pamdt mipraveiedt md edbmde nmr kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky (βms) grai tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt. Xfere were 8,=68 aperntmdb faurs (AF) oetweed tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt ndh tfe gmrst aggcmde wnsf, gaccaweh oy 2,>7> AF udtmc tfe MZ stntar repcnkeiedt. Hurmdb tfms tmie, n tatnc ag >?,>85 AF, βms  hebrnheh nt n iahest rnte, hrappmdb nppraxmintecy ?  perkedtnbe pamdts wmtf adcy scmbft mipraveiedt m ipraveiedt ngter tfe gmrst aggcmde wnsf. Xfe MZ stntar repcnkeiedt resucteh md n :.5  perkedtnbe pamdt miprave iedt md βms. Xfere were ;,5=8 AF  oetweed tfe MZ stntar repcnkeiedt ndh tfe edh ag hntn nkqumsmtmad, mdkcuhmdb n sekadh aggcmde wnsf. Hurmdb tfms tmie βms  reinmdeh kadstndt. Xfe cnk` ag smbdmgmkndt mipraveiedt ngter oatf tfe gmrst ndh sekadh aggcmde wnsfes subbests tfnt tfe hebrnhntmad ag tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde nmr kaipressar ms udrekavernoce. Gar tfe CI?5::+ edbmde, nd aggcmde wnsf wns kadhukteh every ;:::  ‛   8::: AF. Grai tfe resucts kadtnmdeh md tfe presedt pnper, ns wecc ns prevmaus pnpers P5Y, mt ms nppnr edt edt tfnt oetweed enkf aggcmde wnsf βms  hebrnheh nppraxmintecy tfree ta gaur tmies gnster tfnd mt hmh gar tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde. Fawever, tfms hebrnhntmad wns gaudh ta  oe guccy rekavernoce ngter enkf aggcmde wnsf.

ar oatf edbmdes, tfe hebrnhntmad md βms  wns regcekteh md kfndbes ta tfe edbmde fent rnte. [pekmgmknccy, mipraveiedts md β ms grai tfe edbmde repcnkeiedt ndh aggcmde wnsfes ag tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde ndh aggcmde wnsfes ag tfe CI?5::+ resucteh md n hekrense md fent rnte ndh tfus nd mipraveiedt md averncc edbmde tferinc eggmkmedky. Fawever, gar tfe CI?5::+ edbmde βms wns gaudh ta fnve n stradber mdgcuedke ad fent rnte, wfmce adcy n scmbft mdgcuedke wns hmspcnyeh gar tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde. edbmde. Oatf tfe _O?>>-?8B ndh CI?5::+ hmh dat sfaw ndy hebrnhntmad md teris ag tfemr nmr orentfmdb knpnomcmty, ns mdhmknteh oy tfe kadsmstedt recntmadsfmp oetweed karrekteh spekmgmk war` ndh pressure rntma tfraubfaut tfe hntn nkqumsmtmad gar oatf edbmdes.

KADKCUHMDB _EIN_@[ >. 

Xfe rnte ag rekavernoce ndh udrekavernoce hebrnhntmad gar tfe twa edbmdes ms gaudh ta oe karrecnteh ta tfe edbmde cakntmad ndh aperntmdb iahe, respektmvecy. Xfe _O?>>-?8B ms caknteh md n garesteh nren, wfere tfe nmr quncmty ms baah. Xfe _O?>>-?8B tferegare ms dat suolekt ta rekavernoce hebrnhntmad smdke nmr-oarde hust ms dat orentfeh mdta tfe edbmde nmr kaipressar. Fawever, smdke tfe _O?>>-?8B ms kadstndtcy ruddmdb denr knpnkmty (m.e., onse-canheh), tfe edbmde pnrts nre cm`ecy ta wenr aut. Xfe cass md eggmkmedky hue ta tfe pnrt wenr ms cm`ecy udrekavernoce. Xfe CI?5::+, ad tfe atfer fndh, ms caknteh md tfe prnmrmes, wfere tfe nmr quncmty iny oe fnipereh oy gnrimdb nktmvmtmes md tfe surraudhmdb

?. 

;. 

8. 

nrens. Xfe hust tfnt ms stmrreh mdta tfe nmr grai gnrimdb nktmvmtmes patedtmnccy mdkrenses tfe rnte ag hebrnhntmad md tfe

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Xfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde mdstncceh nt [tntmad > ms apernteh ad n tmbft rndbe ncadb tfe inxmiui kaipressar eggmkmedky cmde, wfmce tfe CI?5::+ edbmde mdstncceh nt [tntmad ? ms apernteh aver n wmher rndbe. Xfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde hebrnhes nt n iahest rnte, wmtf tfe edbmde-nmr-kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky hekrensmdb nppraxmintecy ? perkedtnbe pamdts aver >?,>85 AF. Xfe CI?5::+ edbmde hebrnhes nt n iukf iare rnpmh rnte, wmtf n inxmiui hebrnhntmad md edbmde-nmr-kaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ag >  perkedtnbe pamdt aver >,?:: AF oetweed aggcmde wnsf 8 ndh tfe edh ag hntn nkqumsmtmad. Xfe hebrnhntmad ag tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde ms dat guccy rekavernoce oy aggcmde wnsfes, wfmce tfe hebrnhntmad ag tfe CI?5::+ edbmde ms rekavernoce. Gar oatf edbmdes, tfe hebrnhntmad md edbmde-nmrkaipressar msedtrapmk eggmkmedky ms regcekteh oy nd mdkrense md edbmde fent fent rnte. Kfndbes md tfe kaipressar

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5. 

?2-8, >==>. >?.  Z. I. _emccy ndh . Zntmda -Cenc, "N onyesmnd stuhy ag tfe errar -md-vnrmnoces iahec," Xekfdaietrmks, vac. ?, da. , pp. ??>-?>, >=6>. >;.  . N. . [eoer ndh K. L. Rmch, Dadcmdenr _ebressmad, Dew

msedtrapmk eggmkmedky iare stradbcy mdgcuedke tfe fent rnte ag tfe CI?5::+ edbmde, wfmce tfey iare wen`cy mdgcuedke tfe fent rnte ag tfe _O?>>-?8B edbmde. Oatf edbmdes ha dat sfaw ndy smbd ag hebrnhntmad md teris ag tfe nmr orentfmdb knpnomcmty ar tfe karrekteh spekmgmk war`.

]ar`< Lafd Rmcey ndh [ads, >=6=. >8.  Z. Wnc`a ndh [. Wnlhn, "Nd etedheh inrunrht-type  prakehure gar gmttmdb errar -md-vnrmnoces iahecs," Kaiputer Kfei. Edb., vac. >>, da. >, pp. 2 -8, >=62. >5.   D. N. Kuipsty, Kuipsty, Kaipressar Nerahydnimks, Lafd Rmcey &

NK@DARCEHBEIEDX[

[ades, >=6=.

Xfe nutfars wmsf ta nk`dawcehbe tfe hmskussmad ndh tekfdmknc hmncabue wmtf @ed Iesznras, Cndhed [temd ndh Kurtms Zfmddey ad tfe aperntmad ag tfe twa edbmdes hmskusseh md tfms pnper. Xfe suppart ag XKZC Xekfdacaby Indnbeiedt0 Xfains _aomdsad, Ndtfady Xse ndh Xrnky Knmrds hurmdb tfe kaurse ag tfms war` ms brentcy npprekmnteh. Xfms pnper ms pnrt ag n resenrkf prabrni spadsareh oy XrndsKndnhn Zmpecmdes Cth., ndh perimssmad ta puocmsf mt ms brnteguccy nk`dawcehbeh.

_EGE_EDKE[   _EGE_EDKE[ >. 

?. 

;. 

8. 

5. 

7. 

2.  6. 

=. 

>:. 

>>. 

_. @urz ndh @. Orud, "Hebrnhntmad md bns turomde systeis," L. Edb. ns Xuromdes Zawer -  trndsnktmads ag tfe N[IE, vac. >?, da. >, pp. 2:-22, ?::>. _. @urz, @. Orud ndh I. Raccme, "Hebrnhntmad Eggekts ad dhustrmnc ns Xuromdes," L. Edb. ns Xuromdes Zawer -  trndsnktmads ag tfe N[IE, vac. >>, da. 7, ?::=. I. Iarmdm, I. Zmdeccm, Z. _. [pmdn ndh I. Wedturmdm, "Duiermknc Ndncysms ag tfe Eggekts ag Dadudmgari [urgnke _aubfdess ad Kaipressar [tnbe Zergarindke," L. Edb. ns Xuromdes Zawer - trndsnktmads ag tfe N[IE, vac. >, da. 2, ?:>>. I. nst, I. Nssnhm ndh [. He, "Kadhmtmad onseh inmdtedndke ag bns turomdes usmdb smiucntmad hntn ndh nrtmgmkmnc deurnc detwar`< N heiadstrntmad ag gensmomcmty," md Zrakeehmdbs ag tfe N[IE Xuroa Epa ?::6, Oercmd, erindy, ?::6. @. @. Oatras, . achsfnd ndh H. _abers, "Eggekts ag Edbmde Rnsf reuedky ad X Hebrnhntmad md Dnturnc ns Kaipressar [tntmads," md Zrakeehmdbs ag N[IE Xuroa Epa ?:>, [nd Ndtadma, U[N, ?:>. ]. Cm, "ns Xuromde Zergarindke ndh enctf [tntus Estmintmad Usmdb Nhnptmve ns Zntf Ndncysms," L. Edb. ns Xuromdes Zawer - trndsnktmads ag tfe N[IE, vac. >?, da. 8, ?:>:. N. L. Wacpadm, "ns Xuromde Znrnieter Karrektmads," L. Edb. ns Xuromdes Zawer, vac. >?>, pp. 7> -7?>, >===. L. @urz`e, "Eggekts ag mdcet gcaw hmstartmad ad tfe pergarindke ag nmrkrngt bns turomdes," L. Edb. ns Xuromdes Zawer -  trndsnktmads ag tfe N[IE, vac. >:, da. 8, ?::6. L. @urz`e, "Noaut smipcmgmkntmads md bns turomde pergarindke knckucntmads," md Zrakeehmdbs ag tfe N[IE Xuroa Epa ?::2, Iadtrenc, Kndnhn, ?::2. . . . [nrnvndniutta, . _abers, . Kafed ndh Z. W. [trnzdmk`y, ns Xuromde Xfeary, 7tf eh., Zenrsad Zredtmke ncc, ?::=. [. E. @eecer ndh Z. I. _emccy, "Xfe errar -md-vnrmnoces iahec nppcmeh ta pnrnieter -estmintmad wfed tfe errar kavnrmndke intrm ms ud`dawd," Knd. L. Kfei. Edb., vac. 7=, da. >, pp.

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