COMPARATIVE STUDY

INTRODUCTION

A

Chicken

(Gallus

gallus

domesticus)

is

commonly

raised poultry specie in the Philippines. It is considered as a backyard activity among farmers and gained remarkable importance in the past year as a vital component in food sustainability and income to farmers in the Philippines. A broiler is a type of chicken that is specifically raised for meat production because of their fast growing rate, high feed conversion ratio, and low level of activity. Such production developing

efficiency countries

is like

particularly Philippines,

beneficial that

leads

to the

declining poultry prices and increasing incomes have been attributed to increases in per capita poultry consumption, which is sensitive to both price and income changes. And this significant of broiler production and consumption has important implication to the global trading of meat as well as feeds and related inputs. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/broiler) Philippine poultry is also a backyard enterprises form into a large farming operation. Broiler and egg production are progressive nowadays, although its growth is hampered by a lot of problems. The increase costs of feedstuffs also

cause rapid increase in cost of poultry products. Hence there is an urgent need to look for alternative feedstuffs to caution the rising cost of poultry feeding. Acacia (Samanea saman L.), is abundant in Philippines growing tree as shade of animals. It is a lofty canopied tree with a large symmetrical crown. Acacia leaf contains 22.62 cp content. Ipil-ipil

(Leucaena

leucocephala)

is

found

throughout the Philippines in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes. It’s locally gregarious an abundant. It was introduced from tropical America and I now pantropic in distribution. Leguminous fodder species are generally unsuitable for silage Some

making

have

rendering

because

leaves them

that

also

considerable

amount

hedgerows

alley

in

of

their

shatter

high very

unsuitable of

leaves,

cropping

and

for

buffering easily hay

upon

drying,

making.

particularly those

capacity.

left

But

a

those

from

behind

from

firewood/charcoal production, can be conveniently prepared into leaf meals and serve as a high-protein feed source. It contains 21% crude protein, 18% crude fiber, 8.4 ash, and 6.5 ether extract.

2

Malunggay,

known

scientifically

as

Moringa

oleifera

Lamk, is one of the world's most useful plants.

It is used

as

treatment,

food,

effective

flocculant

or

water

antibiotic, source of oil, and coagulant for turbid waters. One

hundred

grams

or

1

cup

of

cooked

malunggay

leaves

contain 3.1 g. protein, 0.6 g. fiber, 96 mg calcium, 29 mg phosphorus, thiamin,

1.7

0.14

mg

mg

iron,

2,820

riboflavin,

ascorbic acid or vitamin C. malunggay

is

about

71%,

mg

1.1

mg

ß-carotene, niacin,

0.07

and

53

mg mg

The antioxidant activity of

with

µ-tocopherol

(vitamin

E)

equivalent of 45.

Objective of the Study The

goal

of

the

study

is

to

evaluate

the

growth

performance of Cobb broiler using three leaf meals added to commercial ration.

Scope and Limitation of the Study The study is limited on the effects of acacia seed on feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, mortality, and income over feed and chick cost fed of Cobb broiler.

Time and Place of the Study 3

The study has been conducted from November to December at

the

Mindanao

poultry State

project

of

the

College

of

Agriculture,

University, Fatima Campus, General Santos

City.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 4

The dominant meat chicken today is a cross between the fast-growing female White Plymouth Rock chicken, and the deep-breasted male Cornish chicken. While the predominant egg type in the United States today is the White Leghorn chicken. Turkeys have been similarly standardized. Because of

their

turkey

lower

are

cost

and lower fat content, chicken and

increasingly

popular

protein

sources

with

American consumers, rivalling pork and even beef in per capita

consumption.

(http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/poultry.aspx) Poultry diets are composed primarily of a mixture of several animal

feedstuffs by-product

premixes.

These

such

as

meals,

cereal

fats,

grains,

and

soybean

vitamin

and

meal,

mineral

feedstuffs, together with water, provide

the energy and nutrients that are essential for the bird's growth, reproduction, and health, namely proteins and amino acids, energy

carbohydrates, necessary

fats,

for

minerals,

maintaining

and

the

vitamins. bird's

The

general

metabolism and for producing meat and eggs is provided by the

energy-yielding

carbohydrates also

can

and

include

fats,

dietary but

certain

also

components, protein.

constituents

not

primarily

Poultry

diets

classified

as 5

nutrients, such as xanthophyll’s (that pigment and impart desired

color

to

poultry

products),

the

"unidentified

growth factors" claimed to be in some natural ingredients, and

antimicrobial

agents

(benefits

of

which

may

include

improvement of growth and efficiency of feed utilization). (http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2114&page=R1). According

to

Enminger

(1972)

stated

that

nutrient,

chemical substances found in feed materials are needed by the

birds

in

definite

amount

with

qualities

varying

according to the kind of birds and purpose for which it is being feed. The amount required nutrient in poultry ration must be adjusted

in

consume

the

relation right

concentration

must

in order to ensure that the birds

amount be

of

the

increased

needed in

high

nutrients. –

energy

The diet

because the birds will eat less of the ration per day. High energy

ration

usually

result

in

higher

efficiency

in

converting feed into meat and egg as compared to low energy ration (Gillepie 1997). Acacia symmetrical

is

a

crown.

lofty An

canopied

advantageous

tree shade

with tree

a

large as

the

fernlike leaflets closes up at night, permitting rain to fall through to the grass beneath. Acacia Leaf contains 6

22.1% of crude protein, 39.1% of dry matter, 29.4% crude fiber, 6% ash, 7% ether extract, 1.42% Calcium, and .21% Phosphorus (http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/afris/Data/280.HTM). Ipil-ipil is found throughout the Philippines in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes. It is locally gregarious

an

abundant.

It

was

introduced

from

tropical

America and I now pantropic in distribution. This is a small tree, 2 to 6 meters high. The leaves are

compound,

15

to

25

centimeters

long,

with

hairy

rachises. The pinnae are 8 to 16, and 5 to 8 centimeters long. The leaflets are 20 to 30, linear-oblong, and 7 to 12 millimeters in length. The heads are solitary, at the axils of

the

leaves,

long-peduncled,

globose,

and

2

to

5

centimeters in diameter, with many white flowers. The pods are thin, flat, strap-shaped, 12 to 18 centimeters long, and 1.4 to 2 centimeters wide, each containing from 15 to 25 elliptic, compressed, shining, brown seeds. Ipil-ipil is popularly known in the Philippines for firewood and is useful also in reforestration work. It is also much used as a cover crop and is a good exterminator of “kogon”. The bark produces brown dye. In some provinces

7

the seeds are used as a substitute for coffee. The seeds are also used in making bags, etc. The leaves are injurious to horses that eat them. They are said to cause falling of hair from their manes and tails. Cattle and goats do not seem to be affected. Brill

reports

that

percent,

crude

fiber

material

other

than

the 22.59

raw

fiber

seeds

percent, 9.78

contain and

percent,

fat

8.68

nitrogen-free nitrogen

6.42

percent, and traces of sucrose, water 14.8 percent and ash 4.2 percent. In the Philippines the plant is utilized very little as medicine. The roasted seeds are used as an emollient. Guerrero reports that the roots in decoction are used as an emmenagogue.

Standley

and

Christy

cite

Grosourdy,

who

states that a decoction of the bark and roots is a powerful emmenagogue, and is used in the West Indies for procuring abortion. (http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/html/i/ipil-html). The

"Moringa"

tropical,

and

tree

is

subtropical

grown areas,

mainly

in

semi-arid,

corresponding

in

the

United States to USDA hardiness zones 9 and 10. While it grows

best

including

in

dry

coastal

sandy areas.

soil, It

is

it a

tolerates

poor

fast-growing,

soil,

drought8

resistant tree that is native to the southern foothills of the Himalayas in northwestern India. Reports that it grows wild

in

the

Middle

East

or

Africa

are

completely

unsubstantiated. Today it is widely cultivated in Africa, Central

and

South

America,

Sri

Lanka,

India,

Mexico,

Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. It is considered one of the world’s most useful trees, as almost every part of the Moringa tree can be used for food or has some other beneficial property. In the tropics, it is used as forage for livestock, and in many countries, Moringa micronutrient liquid,

a

natural

anthelmintic

(kills

parasites)

and

adjuvant (to aid or enhance another drug) is used as a metabolic conditioner to aid against endemic diseases in developing countries. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

9

Materials to be Used The materials used in the study were as follows; Ipilipil Leaf, Malunggay Leaf, Acacia Leaf, 36 day-old broiler chicks, broiler houses used as brooder and grower, Bmeg chick booster crumble, feeding and watering troughs, empty feed sacks (used as curtain), old newspaper matting, bulbs (50 watts), electric wires, weighing scale, water, record notebook, ball Pen.

Experimental Design and Treatments The experiment is laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments replicated three times. The level of different leaf meals is 5% in the feed ration is the treatments of the study. T1 – 5% Acacia Leaf Meal T2 – 5% Ipil-ipil leaf Meal T3 – 5% Malunggay Leaf Meal

Preparation of Three Leaf Meals

10

Acacia Leaf, Ipil-ipil leaf, and Malunggay Leaves were collected

and

washed

separately.

Then

dried

thoroughly

prior to grinding. The ground leaves were added to Bmeg crumble ration at 5% level corresponding to the treatments.

Preparation of Experimental Rations The

three

experimental

rations

prepared

constituted

the treatments of the study. The first ration (T1) contains .5 kg of Acacia Leaf Meal in a 10kg Bmeg chick booster crumble. While the second ration (T2) contains .5 kg of Ipil-ipil crumble

Leaf

Malunggay

and

crumble

the

Leaf and

Meal

in

third

Meal

were

in

a

10

kg

ration a

10

stored

of

(T3) kg

and

of

Bmeg

chick

contains Bmeg

labelled

.5

chick in

booster

a

kg

of

booster separate

containers.

Preparation of Brooder House The broiler house were 6 x 8 sq. foot and divided according

to

representing waterer,

and

design a

of

the

replication

feeder.

A

experiment.

were

50-watt

provided bulb

were

Each

division

with

separate

strategically

installed to allow the uniform distribution of heat and light. The Poultry house and other equipment used in this

11

experiment

were

cleaned

thoroughly

and

were

disinfected

using creoline solution.

Selection of Experimental Birds Thirty-six healthy and vigorous day old Cobb broiler chick which do not show any abnormalities selected for this study.

They

purchased

from

reputable

agriculture

supply

store in General Santos City.

Brooding Management The experimental birds were brooded for 21 days. The brooding house were provided with curtains made of empty sack

to

minimize

the

heat

outflow

and

to

maintain

the

desired temperature at 32°C. The floor were covered with several

layers

of

old

newspapers

to

help

maintain

temperature and also serve as feeders during the first 5 days of brooding.

Growing Management After 3 weeks of brooding the experimental birds were assigned were

to

their

provided

at

respective night

to

experimental

allow

the

lots.

birds

to

A

light

continue

eating on adlibitum basis.

12

Feeding Management The day-old chicks were given a booster crumble feed containing 24% CP. The feeds were made available in paper mat during the first 5 days, and then the feeds were made available in feeders. The same rations were offered to the birds at 7:00 AM, 12 PM, and 4: PM. Fresh and clean water is available at all time. Immediately after 3 weeks of brooding the rations were given to the birds.

Health and Sanitation Management Cleanliness were strictly observed all throughout the experimental period. All feeders and waterers were cleaned thoroughly

before

any

new

feed

and

water

rations

were

given. Manure and waste were gathered and disposed properly and daily to avoid odor and flies infestation.

Data to be Gathered 1) Feed Consumption (kg) – All the feeds that has been given to the experimental birds were weighed and recorded. 13

The amount of feed left on the feeder were weighed and deducted from the amount offered from the previous day. The difference between the two is the amount of feed consumed. 2) Weight Gain (kg) – The weight gained of the birds were determined by deducting the initial weight from the final weight of the birds at the end of the experimental period. 3) Feed Conversion ratio (kg) – Is a measure of the efficiency of the birds in convert feed mass to the body weight. This were determined by dividing the total feed consumption by the total live weight gain. 4) Mortality (%) – The mortality rate of the birds were

determined

by

dividing

the

recorded

deaths

all

throughout the experimental period by the number of live birds at the start of the study. 5) Income Over Feed and Chick Cost (P) – This were computed by subtracting the total cost of feeds consumed throughout the experimental period and the chick from the value of the live birds at the end of the study. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Feed Consumption 14

The data on feed consumption of Cobb Broilers fed with rations

partially

substituted

with

ipil-ipil,

malunggay,

and acacia leaf meal is shown in table 1. Birds in T3 (5% acacia leaf meal) had the highest feed consumption of 2.64, followed average

by

T1

total

(5%

ipil-ipil leaf meal) that obtain an

feed

consumption

of

2.56g,

and

T2

(5%

malunggay leaf meal) with 2.52 kg. (Gous optimize

2007)suggested feeding

that

programs

it

is

not

successfully

possible since

to the

composition of the food offered has a very important effect on

voluntary

food

intake.

(Fisher

1986) Appetite

is

dependent on the nutrient requirements of the animal and the

contents

of

those

nutrients in the feed and hence,

responses in feed intake. It was found out in the studies of (Burnham et al., 1982) that feeds with higher in protein and energy content had reduced the feed intake, However

analysis

of

variance

among

treatment

means

showed no significant difference statistically significant. Table 1. Feed consumption (kg/bird) of Cobb Broilers as affected by substituting part of the Bmeg chick booster crumble with Three Different Leaf Meals.

Treatments (%)

Feed Consumptionns (kg) 15

5% - ILM

2.56

5% - MLM

2.52

5% - ALM

2.64

CV = 4.4 ns = not significant

Total Weight Gain Table 2. Presents the average weight gains of Cobb Broilers in response to the partial substitution of the Bmeg chick booster crumble with both 5% of ipil-ipil leaf meal,

malunggay leaf meal, and acacia leaf meal. It appeared that 5% ipil-ipil leaf meal in Bmeg chick booster

crumble

improved

their

weight

gain

in

broiler

chickens, it attained the weight which is the heaviest of (1.78kg). On the other hand birds fed with acacia follows having 1.76kg and the lowest weight were those bird fed with malunggay leaf meal with 1.72kg. However,

the

difference

in

treatment

means

was

not

significant statistically (Appendix Table 2b). Table 2. Total weight gain (kg/bird) of Cobb Broilers affected by substituting part of the Bmeg chick booster crumble with Three Different Leaf Meals.

TREATMENTS (%)

LIVE WEIGHTGAINns (kg) 16

5% ILM

1.78

5% MLM

1.72

5% ALM

1.76

CV = 0.16% ns = not significant

Feed Conversion Ratio

The efficiency of the birds in converting feed into body weight gain using ration with either 5% ipil-ipil leaf meal

Malunggay

leaf

meal,

and

acacia

leaf

meal

is

represented in table 3. Birds in T1 could be considered as the most efficient among

treatments

tested,

these

birds

required

the

less

amount of feed (1.44) per unit live weight gain. On the other hand those in T2 needed more feed (1.46), for every unit of weight gain while those in T3 required the most amount of feed (1.5), to produce one unit of weight gain. However,

no

significant

difference

among

treatment

(Appendix Table 3b). Table 3.

Feed conversion ratio of Cobb Broiler as affected by substituting part of the Bmeg chick booster crumble with Three Different Leaf Meals.

TREATMENTS(%)

FEED CONVERSION RATIOns (kg) 17

5% ILM

1.44

5% MLM

1.46

5% ALM

1.5

CV = 0.2125 ns =

not significant

Mortality No mortality is recorded during the whole duration of the study.

This

has

been

due

to

the

proper

selection

of

experimental chicks, and sanitation and disease control.

Income Over Feed Chick Cost Income over feed and chick cost of Cobb Broilers as affect by substituting part of the Bmeg chick booster crumbles with 5% Ipil-ipil, 5% Malunggay, and 5% Acacia Leaf Meals is presented in table 4. The

highest

profit

of

(Php)

56.4

was

observed

in

birds fed with 5% Ipil-ipil Leaf meal followed by those with 5% Malunggay Leaf Meal (Php) 49.85. the lowest IOFCC, was obtained from birds with 5% Acacia Leaf Meal in the ration with (Php) 44.56. Table 4.

Income over feed and chick cost (Php) of Cobb Broilers as affected by substituting part of the 18

Bmeg chick booster crumble with Three Different Leaf

Meals.

TREATMENT SALE VALUE OF LIVE BIRD FEED & CHICKCOST IOFCC %

(Php)

(Php)

(Php)

5% ILM

163.8

107.4

56.4

5% MLM

158.4

108.55

49.85

5% ALM

162

117.44

44.56

Assumption: Selling price of Broilers

-

Php 90/kg live weight

Cost of Broiler mash

-

Php 28.5/kg feeds

Cost of Ipil-ipil

-

Php 31.25/kg

Cost of Malunggay Leaf

-

Php 31.25/kg

Cost of Acacia Leaf

-

Php 62.5/kg

Cost of Multivitamins

-

Php 5.75/bird

Cost of Chicks

-

Php 23/bird

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A study on “The Growth Performance of Cobb Broilers Fed with Three Different Leaf Meals (ILM, MLM, ALM),” was 19

conducted at the College of Agriculture Poultry Project – Mindanao State University from November 29 to December 3, 2010 to evaluate and ompare in terms of fed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and income over feed and chick cost of Cobb Broilers. The Study is laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD)

with

three

treatment

replicated

three

times.

The

treatments used were 5% Ipil-ipil Leaf Meal + 95% booster crumble (T1), 5%

Malunggay Leaf Meal + 95% booster crumble

(T2), 5% Acacia Leaf Meal + 95% booster crumble(T3). Four birds were assigned at random to each replication. The results of the study were as follows: Feed Consumption of Cobb Broilers with Malunggay Leaf meal (T2) is the lowest (2.52kg) compared to those in Ipilipil Leaf Meal (T1), Acacia Leaf Meal (T3) with (2.53kg) and (2.64kg) respectively. The heaviest weight gain was obtained by birds in T1 (1.78kg) treated with 5% of Ipil-ipil Leaf Meal, lower but comparable gains were observed in Malunggay Leaf Meal (T2), Acacia Leaf Meal (T3), with

1.72kg, and 1.76kg of weight

gain respectively.

20

The

highest

weight

gain

were

the

most

efficient

converters of feed per unit of body weight gain and were also those gave the most economic return.

LITERATURE CITED

21

FRONDA, F.M 1972. Poultry science and production. Manila. Agriculture and Industry. 79 pp CARD, L.E. and M.C. NESHEIM. 1972. Poultry production.11th Lea and Febiger,Philadelphia, 381 pp. CULLISON and LOWREY. 1987. “Feeds and Feeding”. 4th ed. Prentice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 183 Pp. http://blogtext.org/LateBloomer/article/22393.html http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0632e/T0632E08.htm http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php? record_id=2114&page=R1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia.html www.stuartxchange.org/Acacia.html http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/685/environment al-factors-to-control-when-brooding-chicks http://www.trc.zootechnie.fr/node/282

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