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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction
2
Chapter 1: Research Proposal
3
Chapter 2: Research in Theory
7
Chapter 3: Differences between profit and nonprofit organizations
16
Chapter 4: Previous Studies & Interviews with the Auditors
31
Chapter 5: Results And Recommendations
48
References
51
1
Introduction
Since Many Years, Man was doing his work and make its accounts without the knowledge that reliable on ,But with the development of science and technology And the spread of trade across the world It has become necessary and important to find the science of financial operations that made every second. After the creation of accounting science the development of trade and the spread of companies across the world and the presence of multinational companies therefore, accounting is no longer enough alone, so the experts decides to find a complement to the science of accounting which is called Auditing. Audit is an examination and verification of a company' company'ss financial and accounting records and suppor ting documents by ting supporting by a professional, such as a Certified Public Accountant. Auditing become the first science that make the owner and the donor feel safety when he see the signature of the external auditor on audit report. In This Research we decide to examine an important issue in the audit which is " Comparative Study Between Audit On Profit Organizations And Audit On Non-profit Organizations. " Finally ,We hope Allah The Success In
2
Introduction
Since Many Years, Man was doing his work and make its accounts without the knowledge that reliable on ,But with the development of science and technology And the spread of trade across the world It has become necessary and important to find the science of financial operations that made every second. After the creation of accounting science the development of trade and the spread of companies across the world and the presence of multinational companies therefore, accounting is no longer enough alone, so the experts decides to find a complement to the science of accounting which is called Auditing. Audit is an examination and verification of a company' company'ss financial and accounting records and suppor ting documents by ting supporting by a professional, such as a Certified Public Accountant. Auditing become the first science that make the owner and the donor feel safety when he see the signature of the external auditor on audit report. In This Research we decide to examine an important issue in the audit which is " Comparative Study Between Audit On Profit Organizations And Audit On Non-profit Organizations. " Finally ,We hope Allah The Success In
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Chapter Chapter 1: Research Proposal Research Title :
Comparative Study Between Audit On Profit Organizations And Audit On Non-profit Organizations.
Research Problem:
When many people talk about audit they forgot an important type of audit which is audit on non-profit organizations, may be some of them think that there is no difference between audit on profit and nonprofit organizations and others don't know the main differences so we decide to discuss this. "Is There Any Difference Between Audit On Profit Organizations And Audit On Non-profit Organizations"
Assumption: Assumption:
Yes, There Is A big Difference Between Audit On Profit Organizations And Audit On Non-profit Organizations.
Research Hypotheses: Hypotheses: 1-
There is a different between the mean of profit organization
and nonprofit organization.
3
2-
There is a different between accounting for profit
organizations and nonprofit organizations. 3-
There is a difference between the accounting standards used
in profit and nonprofit organization. 4-
There is no any difference between the audit standards used
in profit and nonprofit organization. 5-
There is a difference between audit procedures used in audit
on profit and nonprofit organization. 6-
There is a difference between documents used in the profit
organization and nonprofit organization. 7-
There is a different between financial statements for profit
and nonprofit organizations. 8-
There is a difference between the low used in profit
organizations and nonprofit organizations.
Research objectives: objectives:
1-
Differentiate between the mean of profit organization and
nonprofit organization. 2-
Differentiate between accounting for profit organizations
and nonprofit organizations.
4
3-
Differentiate the accounting standards used in profit and
nonprofit organization. 4-
Differentiate between the audit standards used in profit and
nonprofit organization. 5-
Differentiate between audit procedures used in audit on
profit and nonprofit organization. 6-
documents used in the profit organization and nonprofit
organization. 7-
Differentiate between financial statements for profit and
nonprofit organizations. 8-
Differentiate between the low used in profit organizations
and nonprofit organizations.
The Importance Importance Of The Study:
This Study Shows Similarities and differences between audit on profit organizations and non profit organizations which gives the answers to many questions among people in general and especially among accountants on the relationship between profit and non profit organizations, the extent of the differences between them, procedures used on accounting and audit and ending with financial statements.
5
Research Methodology:
1- Source of Data Collection: Using Primary and Secondary Sources: Primary: Interviews with Auditors. Secondary: Data Collected From Previous studies. 2- Research Sample: Five Audit Offices and 10 Companies including Profit And nonprofit Companies.
Determinants Of Research:
Companies and audit Offices among Gaza Strip Because Of the Israeli restrictions.
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Chapter 2 : Research in Theory:
Audits are performed to ascertain the validity and reliability of information; also to provide an assessment of a system's internal control. The goal of an audit is to express an opinion on the person / organization / system (etc.) in question, under evaluation based on work done on a test basis. Due to practical constraints, an audit seeks to provide only reasonable assurance that the statements are free from material error. Hence, statistical sampling is often adopted in audits. In the case of financial audits, a set of financial statements are said to be true and fair when they are free of material misstatements - a concept influenced by both quantitative (numerical) and qualitative factors. Auditing is a vital part of accounting. Traditionally, audits were mainly associated with gaining information about financial systems and the financial records of a company or a business. However, recent auditing has begun to include non-financial subject areas, such as safety, security, information systems performance, and environmental concerns. With nonprofit organizations and government agencies, there has been an increasing need for performance performance audits, examining their success in satisfying mission objectives. As a result, there are now audit 7
professionals who specialize in security audits, information systems audits, and environmental audits. In financial accounting, an audit is an independent assessment of the fairness by which a company's financial statements are presented by its management. It is performed by competent, independent and objective person(s) known as auditors, who then issue an auditor's repor reportt based based on the results of the audit. In cost accounting, it is a process for verifying the cost of manufacturing or producing of any article, on the basis of accounts measuring the use of material, labor or other items of cost. In simple words the term, cost audit, means a systematic and accurate verification of the cost accounts and records, and checking for adherence to the cost accounting objectives. According to the Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Pakistan, a cost audit is "an examination of cost accounting records and verification of facts to ascertain that the cost of the product has been arrived at, in accordance with principles of cost accounting." An audit must adhere to generally accepted standards established by governing bodies. These standards assure third parties or external users that they can rely upon the auditor's opinion on the fairness of financial statements, or other subjects on which the auditor expresses an opinion.
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The Definition for Auditing and Assurance Standard (AAS) 1 by ICAI "Auditing is the independent examination of financial information of any entity, whether profit oriented or not, and irrespective of its size or legal form, when such an examination is conducted with a view to expressing an opinion thereon Types of auditors (12)
Auditors of financial statements can be classified into two categories:
•
External auditor / Statutory auditor is an independent Public
accounting firm engaged by the client subject to the audit, to express an opinion on whether the company's financial statements are free of material misstatements, whether due to fraud or error. For publicly-traded publicly-traded companies , external auditors may also be required to express an opinion over the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting. External auditors may also be engaged to perform other agreed-upon procedures, related or unrelated to financial statements. Most importantly, external auditors, though engaged and paid by the company being audited, are regarded as independent auditors. The most used external audit standards are the US GAAS of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants ; and the ISA
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International Standards on Auditing developed by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board of the International Federation of Accountants
•
Internal auditors are employed by the organization they
audit. They perform various audit procedures, primarily related to procedures over the effectiveness of the company's internal controls over financial reporting. Due to the requirement of Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 for management to also assess the effectiveness of their internal controls over financial reporting (as also required of the external auditor), internal auditors are utilized to make this assessment. Though internal auditors are not considered independent of the company they perform audit procedures for, internal auditors of publicly-traded companies are required to report directly to the board of directors, or a subcommittee of the board of directors, and not to management, so to reduce the risk that internal auditors will be pressured to produce favorable assessments. The most used Internal Audit standards are those of the Institute of Internal Auditors
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•
Consultant auditors are external personnel contracted by the
firm to perform an audit following the firm's auditing standards. This differs from the external auditor, who follows their own auditing standards. The level of independence is therefore somewhere between the internal auditor and the external auditor. The consultant auditor may work independently, or as part of the audit team that includes internal auditors. Consultant auditors are used when the firm lacks sufficient expertise to audit certain areas, or simply for staff augmentation when staff are not available.
Audit History (12)
Egyptians recorded in history as first people who work and develop accounting and auditing job, in which the public employees were keeping books for controlling the revenues and expenses. The history record that both Greece and Egypt governments were using accounting and auditing to ensure the truth of accounts. The auditor in Greece was review the entries recorded in books. The word "Auditing" derived from Latina word "Audire" that means listening.
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Then in fifteenth century the double entry method discovered, that lead the implementation of auditing more than easy and spread that lead to develop auditing job. As result for industry revluation and trading progress in Europe to establish huge projects and reason which help to develop auditing job and increase demand for auditing services, in which limited corporations established. Economic and industrial progress lead to establish limited corporations that considered danger and important in the same time, it form important rule in the economy, so many laws issued to organize it. Spread between management and property increase the demand on auditing services to protect owners behalf. The taxation and financial polices were playing important rule in auditing developing. As shown before we note increase demand on auditing services, the professional organizing movement discovered in UK in 1854 then in Canada in 1880 then France 1881, then USA in 1882, Germany 1896, Australia 1904, Finland 1911. The increase of auditing services demand lead to establish associations to organize. The job and protect members behalf in societies such as in USA and UK
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1-
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
-USA 2-
Citified Public Accountants (APAS) - USA
3-
Financial Accounting Standers Board (FASB) - USA
4-
Internal Revenue Services (IRS) – USA
5-
The Institute of Chartered Accountants (ICA) - UK
6-
The Association at Certified Accountants (ACCA)-UK
Importance of Audit (12)
There are many groups depend on Auditor report for make specific decisions such as customers, management, banks and governmental bodies.
A-
Importance of Audit for Customer: 1-main source of information through audited financial statements. 2-
Basic to get loans from banks.
3-
Basic for additional investments.
4-
Basic for prepare taxation statements.
5-
Basic to ensure of fairness of financial position.
B- Importance of Audit for management:
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Management depend completely upon accounting data, in planning and take suitable decisions, and evaluate it.
C- Importance of Audit for Banks: Audited Financial statement depend on Auditor report to analyze statements before provide loans, and depended as basic to determine degree of risk.
D- Importance of Audit for governmental bodies: Audited financial statements depended for planning leading and controlling the economic entities to ensure of binding laws and procedures
Auditing Objectives (12)
Auditing objectives improved as result of many reasons in the last period. Lobas sentence " Auditor is watch-dog not a blood hoverd " We can determine Auditing Objectives in two main groups traditional and modern. 1-Traditional objective: classify into main and secondary a-
Main objectives: 14
b-
2-
-
ensure of truth of financial statements
-
express independent opinion
Secondary objectives: -
discover fraud.
-
used in planning and polices.
-
ensure of fairly of financial statements.
-
determine tax amounts.
-
submit various reports.
Modern objectives: a-control the plan and follow-up it's executes and the range of goals achievement. b- Asses activities results. c- Achieve maximize range of efficiency and effective. d-Achieve maximize range of comfortable for society.
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Chapter 3: Differences between profit and nonprofit organizations:
Means of profit and nonprofit organization:
Profit organization
Organizations interact through various markets to achieve profit and to maximize share holders wealth, profit organization classified into three categories':
a-
proprietorship: organization owned by one person, he and
just he has the authority to make anything, the organization end if he die. b-
Partnership: organization owned by two or more persons
this organization also provide goods and services to a chive profit. c-
Corporations: organization owned by many persons
accordance to quota of shares for each one, each one has responsibility to his shares.
Nonprofit organization:
Organization does not have share holders it may have members, it may be association. The organization may be controlled by it's members who elect board of directors or board of trustees, nonprofit organization may 16
have delegate structure to allow for the representation of groups as members. The main goal for nonprofit organization is not a chive profit but to serve the society.
Law between profit and nonprofit:
1-Profit organization:
Each organization need law to governed form all sides, profit organization governed by laws established by the country for examples in Palestine profit organizations governed by company law and investment law and so on.
2- Nonprofit organizations:
Most jurisdictions have laws governing the setting up, running, and reporting requirements of these organizations, in many aspects they are similar to business entities though there are often significant differences, both profit and nonprofit must have board members, steering committee members, or trustees who owe the organization. Examples for laws on nonprofit on nonprofit organization (commonwealth laws, European Union nonprofit laws).
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Financial statements: (13)
A financial statement (or financial report) is a formal record of the financial activities of a business, person, or other entity. although the term financial statement is also used, particularly by accountants. For a business enterprise, all the relevant financial information, presented in a structured manner and in a form easy to understand, are called the financial statements. They typically include four basic financial statements, accompanied by a management discussion and analysis: Balance sheet: also referred to as statement of financial position or
condition, reports on a company's assets, liabilities, and Ownership equity at a given point in time. Income statement: also referred to as Profit and Loss statement (or a
"P&L"), reports on a company's income, expenses, and profits over a period of time. Profit & Loss account provide information on the operation of the enterprise. These include sale and the various expenses incurred during the processing state. Statement of retained earnings: explains the changes in a company's
retained earnings over the reporting period. Statement of cash flows: reports on a company's cash flow activities,
particularly its operating, investing and financing activities.
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For large corporations, these statements are often complex and may include an extensive set of notes to the financial statements and management discussion and analysis. The notes typically describe each item on the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement in further detail. Notes to financial statements are considered an integral part of the financial statements. Purpose of financial statements by business entities "The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions." Financial statements should be understandable, relevant, reliable and comparable. Reported assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses are directly related to an organization's financial position.
Financial statements are intended to be understandable by readers who have "a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and who are willing to study the information diligently." Financial statements may be used by users for different purposes: Owners and managers require financial statements to make important business decisions that affect its continued operations. Financial analysis is then performed on these statements to provide management 19
with a more detailed understanding of the figures. These statements are also used as part of management's annual report to the stockholders. Employees also need these reports in making collective bargaining agreements (CBA) with the management, in the case of labor unions or for individuals in discussing their compensation, promotion and rankings. Prospective investors make use of financial statements to assess the viability of investing in a business. Financial analyses are often used by investors and are prepared by professionals (financial analysts), thus providing them with the basis for making investment decisions. Financial institutions (banks and other lending companies) use them to decide whether to grant a company with fresh working capital or extend debt securities (such as a long-term bank loan or debentures) to finance expansion and other significant expenditures. Government entities (tax authorities) need financial statements to ascertain the propriety and accuracy of taxes and other duties declared and paid by a company. Vendors who extend credit to a business require financial statements to assess the creditworthiness of the business. Media and the general public are also interested in financial statements for a variety of reasons.
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Financial statements of non-profit organizations:
The financial statements of non-profit organizations that publish financial statements, such as charitable organizations and large voluntary associations, tend to be simpler than those of for-profit corporations. Often they consist of just a balance sheet and a "statement of activities" (listing income and expenses) similar to the "Profit and Loss statement" of a for-profit. Charitable organizations in the United States are required to show their income and net assets (equity) in three categories: Unrestricted (available for general use), Temporarily Restricted (to be released after the donor's time or purpose restrictions have been met), and Permanently Restricted (to be held perpetually, e.g., in an Endowment).
Internal System:
1-
Profit organization
The board of director in the profit organization is part of share holders to manage the organization and to hire general manager and his management the main goal is to maximize wealth, they supported by their capital.
21
Board of Director
General Manager
Financial Management
Marketing Management
Production Management
Employees Affairs
From the chart we show that the management and it's department (financial, marketing, production and so on) seeking just to get profit and to maximize wealth of share holders
Nonprofit Organization:
In nonprofit organization the board of director don't seek to get profit but to search and get donations from donors to service society from may sides such as (economic, medical, educational and so on).
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Board of Director
Financial Management
Services Management
In which the services management service society and provide helps to society and financial management many financial Affairs of the organization (donations, expenditures and so on)
Documents used in the profit organization and nonprofit organization. Profit Organizations:
The Profit Organizations organize their documents depending on their needs to make work easier and more clear than any time else. Based on the type of profit organizations the documents issued, and the following table shows the differences between the profit organizations documents: Revenues
Industrial Sale invoice
Trade Sale invoice 23
Service Service invoice
Purchases
Purchase invoice Purchase invoice Order , Bids … Order … etc
Just expense invoice
Nonprofit Organizations:
Because nonprofit organizations in not for profit that mean it did not sell goods or make a service to have money , it's goal is social to help citizens and society to develop more and more, So it use another type of documents which is Money vouchers. Money vouchers depend on cash basis that the time we pay we take a receipt voucher and the time we take money we give receipt voucher.
Accounting Standards Between profit organizations and nonprofit organizations:
Because of the development of the businesses around the world and ending in the multinational companies, the world needed to have an international accounting standards to make it easy to account to every company in this world. International accounting standards putted before about 17 years but the board of international accounting standards established in 2001 in London and its members are 14 around the world, the international accounting standards edited by need and it developed to be suitable for the new projects around the world.
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Now we have 41 international accounting standards, it edited in 2010 to be easier to deal with the international trade. The international accounting standards contain and arrange every stage and type of accounting. The International accounting standards contain the standards to deal with the profit and nonprofit organizations and there are different type of standards used in this organizations some of it is the same and the other is differ, for an example the profit organizations use accrual basis or modified accrual basis as suitable for the king of business but in the nonprofit organizations have to use cash basis because of the nature of this organizations.
Audit standards used in profit and nonprofit organization.
There Is No Differences Between Audit Standards Used In Profit And Non Profit Organizations Because All of it depend on the auditor personality. And here is The Generally Accepted Audit Standards: General Standards
1.
The auditor must have adequate technical training and
proficiency to perform the audit. 2.
The auditor must maintain independence in mental attitude
in all matters related to the audit.
25
3.
The auditor must use due professional care during the
performance of the audit and the preparation of the report. Standards of Field Work
1.
The auditor must adequately plan the work and must
properly supervise any assistants. 2.
The auditor must obtain a sufficient understanding of the
entity and its environment, including its internal control, to assess the risk of material misstatement of the financial statements whether due to error or fraud, and to design the nature, timing, and extent of further audit procedures. 3.
The auditor must obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence
by performing audit procedures to afford a reasonable basis for an opinion regarding the financial statements under audit.
Standards of Reporting
1.
The auditor must state in the auditor's report whether the
financial statements are presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. 2.
The auditor must identify in the auditor's report those
circumstances in which such principles have not been consistently observed in the current period in relation to the preceding period.
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3.
When the auditor determines that informative disclosures are
not reasonably adequate, the auditor must so state in the auditor's report. 4.
The auditor must either express an opinion regarding the
financial statements, taken as a whole, or state that an opinion cannot be expressed, in the auditor's report. When the auditor cannot express an overall opinion, the auditor should state the reasons therefore in the auditor's report. In all cases where an auditor's name is associated with financial statements, the auditor should clearly indicate the character of the auditor's work, if any, and the degree of responsibility the auditor is taking, in the auditor's report.
Audit procedures used in audit on profit and nonprofit organization.
Audit procedures are summarized as follows with Differentiate between profit organization procedures and nonprofit organization procedures in every step. 1.
Understand the nature of the client in terms of legal entity
and the type of activity and its organizational structure and accounting systems and in the light of this information to the auditor to accept the task of checking the operation or to apologize 27
for that. The Objective of The Profit Organizations Is To make profit but in the nonprofit it's goal is to achieve social and economic development. The Accounting System differ because of the nature of the accounts used.
2.
Understand the components of internal control systems
available to the client and include understanding environment systems of internal control mechanism (accounting systems used), and procedures for internal control systems and know how to put into practice and through which therefore determines the extent to which customer accounts to sift through it If it turns out his indivisibility of the audit by the withdrawal from the task. Every Type of Organization have its internal control which can be suitable for the uses of every type.
3.
Evaluate the degree of risk in the systems of internal control,
if it was agreed that the degree of risk is high in that reveal internal control systems automatically material things which showed what they are not in the closing statements are risks checking high or when the degree of risk in auditing low must understand the control
28
systems and identify things strengthen the conviction that the auditor because the degree of risk is substandard. The Degree of risk will not be differing by comparing profit and nonprofit organization; it can be differ by the nature of organization projects and organization members.
4.
Empirical Audit:
Auditors uses its assessment of internal control systems and his degree of risk of audit in determining the nature of the audit, the timing of audit work and the time required for the audit and the size of the sample. In This Stage of Audit Procedures There IS No Any Different Can Be Happen between Profit and Non-Profit Organization because This Stage Depend On The auditor size of the work not on the kind of it.
5.
Evaluate the results of the audit
after the auditor finish his work he will assess the results of the work and decide if he can base of his work result to give an opinion on the financial statement of the organization . In This Stage We can say that the nature of the profit organizations will be harder to understand and check.
29
6.
Auditor's Report:
The Last Stage and procedure in the audit procedures is the auditor report which in the auditor give his opinion about the fairness of the financial statements of the organization. The Difference in this stage between profit and nonprofit organizations is the financial statements itself, the financial statements of the profit organizations are: Balance sheet, Profit And loss, Trade, Cash Flow...Etc., but these financial statements are not the same in nonprofit organization, profit organization financial statements are: Statement Of Activity and Special Purpose Statement.
30
Chapter 4: Previous Studies & Interviews with the Auditors:-
This Chapter includes the previous studies and interviews with the sample of auditors and their accepting or refusing the assumptions of the research.
• •
Previous Stidies:
1-
Statements on Auditing Standards by Mole Foryal:
Statements on Auditing Standards (SASs) are issued by the Auditing Standards Board (ASB), the senior technical body of the AICPA designated to issue pronouncements on auditing matters applicable to the preparation and issuance of audit reports for nonissuers. Rules 201 and 202 of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct require an AICPA member who performs an audit of a nonissuer to comply with standards promulgated by the ASB. The auditor should have sufficient knowledge of the SASs to identify those that are applicable to his or her audit and should be prepared to justify departures from the SASs.
Auditing Interpretations of SASs are interpretive publications pursuant to AU section 150. Interpretive publications are recommendations on the application of SASs in specific circumstances, including engagements for
31
entities in specialized industries. Interpretive publications are issued under the authority of the ASB. The auditor should identify interpretive publications applicable to his or her audit. If the auditor does not apply the auditing guidance included in an applicable interpretive publication, the auditor should be prepared to explain how he or she complied with the SAS provisions addressed by such auditing guidance.
2-
Auditors Expand Attack on Fraud by Margaret J. Tanney,
CPA, is a Shareholder with Alpern Rosenthal. She can be reached at
[email protected]. Numerous stories of financial statement fraud and alleged misconduct have been covered in the media in the recent past including WorldCom, Xerox, Enron, Adelphia and Tyco, to name a few. To implement accounting reform and corporate accountability, the Congress passed and the President signed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. While the Act applies to public companies, closely-held businesses and not-for-profit organizations have also been affected by the recent frauds. At about the same time as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) issued a statement entitled Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit
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(Statement on Auditing Standards No. 99, SAS 99). The new set of rules is just one component of the AICPA’s ongoing, comprehensive antifraud and corporate responsibility program. SAS 99 applies to all financial statement audits, regardless of the type of entity (public company, closely-held company, not-for-profit, etc.) being audited. While the new standard does not change the auditor’s responsibility for fraud detection, it does require the auditor to take extra steps to uncover it. SAS 99 will result in a substantial change in audit practice and more effective audits as it requires the independent auditor to obtain a more indepth understanding of their clients, including its internal controls, to identify the risks of material misstatements in the financial statements and determine what the clients are doing to mitigate those risks. Accounting firm clients, bankers, users of audited financial statements as well as the general public have increasing expectations on the ability of the external auditor to detect fraud. Whether you are a private business owner, a controller or a board member of a not-for-profit organization, this new audit standard will affect your organization’s interaction with the audit team. Benefits of the new standard
33
Implementing new audit procedures can be challenging and uncomfortable at times. However, the new standard has some significant benefits for organizations. Examples include:
• •
Your auditors will discuss with management, owners and boards fraud risk factors, both those related to fraudulent financial reporting (i.e., cooking the books) and misappropriation of assets (i.e., stealing)
• •
Based upon the information your auditors gather as a result of the expanded procedures called for in SAS 99, your auditors may: evaluate whether the programs and controls your organization currently has in place address fraud risks factors identified and make recommendations to help your organization deter and detect fraud in order to prevent financial losses from misappropriation of assets
How the new standard affects the audit procedures The following are some of the effects an organization may notice during the audit as the audit team applies the requirements of the new standard:
• •
Additional inquiries and communications by the audit team
• •
Additional emphasis on controls to prevent stealing,
including controls over cash disbursements
34
• •
Examination of journal entries and other adjustments
• •
Performance of a “retrospective review” of prior accounting
estimates made by management for biases • •
Use of electronic testing approaches utilizing computer-
assisted audit techniques designed to “mine” the source data for unusual relationships and trends • •
Developing an understanding of the business rationale for
significant, unusual transactions including related party transactions and major property sales and exchanges • •
Introduction of an element of “surprise” in the scope, timing
and extent of procedures performed In conclusion, SAS 99 will have an impact on the way audits are done for private companies and non-profit organizations. However, CPAs are well qualified and trained to dig through financial records and ferret out the type of information needed to draw conclusions about the existence of fraud — a valuable asset to any organization.
• •
Interviews with auditors:
Next are seven questions asked to the auditors including a question for
every assumption and then the answers for every question by the auditors.
35
The Questions: 1-
Is there any different between the mean of profit
organization and nonprofit organization. Is there any different between accounting and accounting
2-
standards for profit organizations and nonprofit organizations. Is there any different between the audit standards used in
3-
profit and nonprofit organization. Is there any different between audit procedures used in audit
4-
on profit and nonprofit organization. Is there any different between documents used in the profit
5-
organization and nonprofit organization. Is there any different between financial statements for profit
6-
and nonprofit organizations. Is there any different between the low used in profit
7-
organizations and nonprofit organizations.
Answers by the sample of auditors:
PHD Iskander Nashwan , The chief of the board of director
for the Palestinian society of certified public public accountants. 1.
I think that the different can be in the goal of them, profit organization goal is to make profit and benefits but non-profit organization goal is to help people. 36
2.
Yes the different in accounts uses, example: revenues in the profit happen by selling goods or services, but in nonprofit revenues can be donations. In accounting standards the difference can be in the cash base.
3.
4.
No there is no difference in audit standards. Yes, audit procedures differ between the profit organizations and nonprofit organization and I can say It differ between all the organizations which make and which don't make profit.
5.
Documents used in every organization has to be different because of the nature of everyone.
6.
Financial statements for profit is the income and balance sheet and sometimes cash flows but in nonprofit is profit and loss account and the change in the net assets and liabilities.
7.
We have different lows for every organization in the country not just for profit and nonprofit organizations.
xxxxx:
1.
Of course there is a big difference between them,
every kind of business has a difference with others and when
37
we talk about difference between profit and nonprofit organizations we have to take in consideration the goal and the components of these organizations, profit organizations has its goal in making profit but nonprofit has its goal to be helpful for the society. 2.
The difference can be mainly in the inventory, no
inventory in the nonprofit organization and the international standards talk about inventory which has no relation with nonprofit organization. 3.
Because the audit standards that depend on the auditor
I think there is no difference. 4.
The audit procedures differ in the three stages
planning, implementation and in the resulting. 5.
Profit organization can be trade, industrial, row
materiality and service and it depend on the accrual basis but in the nonprofit organization id depend on cash basis which make the documents differ. 6.
Every organization has its financial statements.
7.
The profit organizations depending on the
organizations low which established in 1930 and it’s work 38
until now, but there is a new low for the nonprofit organizations which established in 2009.
xxxxx:
1.
Profit organization is an organization that going to make profit and to decline unemployment but nonprofit organization can't be profit organizations.
2.
When we talk about organizations we have to take in our consideration that every kind of businesses have a different with other organizations not just profit organizations and nonprofit organizations. The profit and nonprofit organization depending on many same international standards for accounting and differ in some.
3.
I don't think that there is any relation make different between audit standards in the profit and nonprofit organizations.
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4.
The audit procedures different between all kinds of companies which is profit so it will be different with the nonprofit organization.
5.
Documents differ specially in nonprofit organizations because it’s documents depend on the low in the country it has its activities in so the documents differ.
6.
The name of financial statements maybe the same but what it contain is the difference.
7.
Every organization has its Palestinian low and the same thing is for profit and nonprofit organizations.
xxxx:
1.
Every kind of these organizations has its definition, profit organization is organization that has its work maybe industrial , service or trade and nonprofit organization work in help boor people, making projects to decline unemployment and so on.
2.
Yes in profit organization there is trade or service to make profit but in the nonprofit the service is not to make profit so the accounting will be different. International accounting standards
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contain the standards used to account for profit and nonprofit and maybe the difference can just be in the cash base use to account for them. 3.
The audit standards don't make any difference in these two types of organizations.
4.
The three stages of audit procedures can be different because planning in profit organizations is to make profit and in nonprofit is to help society, so the supplier will different so the procedure on audit on it will differ.
5.
The main different can be in the nature of every organization, profit make profit so there is sales invoices and service invoices but nonprofit it’s name is no profit so it just make expenses which in the money voucher.
6.
In profit organization there are many statements like profit loss, balance sheet and cash flow. Nonprofit organization has profit and loss and has change in net assets.
7.
Of course the different lows for profit organizations and nonprofit organizations.
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xxxxx:
1.
Yes there is a difference and it's a big difference so clear and so easy to tell about.
2.
Yes, and an example is when you talk about capital we can't make an entry which contain capital because there is no capital. International accounting standards clear the difference in accounting for every type of organizations.
3.
I think that there is no difference.
4.
The procedures differ in all its aspects.
5.
Of course the documents different.
6.
Financial statements used in profit and nonprofit organizations differ because of the nature of this organizations, profit organizations contain capital but there is no capital in nonprofit organizations there is surplus or deficit on net assets and liabilities.
7.
Yes, every organization has its low.
xxxxx:
1.
Oh, yeah the difference can be mainly in the goal of every type of these organizations. 42
2.
For most people the accounting for profit and nonprofit organization is the same but it isn't, revenues in profit organization made by sell but in nonprofit made by receiving donations and for another example accounting for debtors and creditors, there are big different between the debtors and creditors for such profit and nonprofit organizations.
3.
The difference can be in accounting standards but in audit standards there is no difference.
4.
I Think The Stages In every Procedure which differ but The mail procedures didn’t differ.
5.
Profit organization use purchases, orders and sales invoices but nonprofit organization use money vouchers for purchase payment voucher and for receipt use receipt voucher.
6.
The financial statements for profit organizations are income statement, trade, balance sheet and cash flow. But in nonprofit organizations there are profit and loss account and change in net assets and liabilities.
7.
Profit organizations has a low work with in Gaza applied in 1930 and it work until now, and nonprofit organizations has a low applied in 2009.
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xxxx:
1.
Maybe the different is in the objective of every organization, profit organization objective is to make the profit, the money, but nonprofit objective is to help people by many ways.
2.
On the one hand, accounting for these organizations differ because of the difference of the mean, the goal and the projects of every organization. And on the other hand there are some international accounting standards are the same in these organizations and there are some are not the same.
3.
The standards of audit talk about the general rules to audit and these rules can't be differing between all kinds of organization.
4.
The audit procedures differ between accounting on profit and on nonprofit organizations.
5.
The nature of every organization make the documents differ.
6.
I think there is big different in statements used for profit and nonprofit organizations, profit organization search for profit and the statements used explain its profit like income statement and also it explain the shape of his position if he has liabilities or how
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much is his capital as in balance sheet. But the financial statements for nonprofit explain the revenues and where is it gone like in the profit and loss account, so it differ. 7.
Yes there is low for profit organizations and low for nonprofit organization.
xxxxx:
1.
Profit organizations are a business which it's job to create money and nonprofit is an organization that make projects to develop the country.
2.
Accounting for profit organization depending on the modified accrual base but accounting for nonprofit organization depending on the cash base, so accounting for profit organization differ with accounting for nonprofit organization and by the same thing there are some of the international accounting standards with is the same and others differ.
3.
No there is no difference; you know the audit standards depend on the auditor himself and on the work field.
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4.
Every procedure in audit procedures has its nature which differ between profit and nonprofit.
5.
Profit organization use accrual basis and nonprofit use cash basis and every base has its documents.
6.
Many people think that the financial statements for the nonprofit account stopped on the profit and loss account or on the change in net assets and liabilities , but that’s wrong because now we have special purpose statements for activities and projects like activity statement. But from many years the is no mainly change in the financial statements for the profit organizations which are Income statement, balance sheet and cash flow.
7.
The main effective difference which make the low differ is the base that every organization depend on.
xxxxx:
1.
Many differences, first different is in the internal system, second in the goal, third in the documents used, forth is in the nature of the work.
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2.
Yes accounting is different for the organizations, differ because they differ in mean, documents, statements, objectives , differ in everything so of course the accounting will differ and of course it will differ in the international accounting standards because the accounting itself differ.
3.
I don't see any different between these standards among these organizations.
4.
Because the first audit procedure is planning and its differ between profit and nonprofit so the next procedures has to be differ because its depending on the planning which is implementation and resulting.
5.
The low use in the country for every organization element the documents to use specially in the nonprofit organization.
6.
Profit organizations have its financial statements and the nonprofit organizations have its financial statements.
7.
Yes there is a different lows.
xxxxx: 1.
Nonprofit organization established by persons who want to improve the society by many projects such as food baskets, support 47
boor families, help students… etc., but profit organization has many kinds such as industrial, trade, service and all these profit organizations has the goal to make profit. 2.
The difference mainly is in the cash base maybe, and so on in the international accounting standards but international accounting standards some of it are the same like exchange foreign currency.
3.
There is no difference because audit standards can be as a general rules to audit and not a specific rule.
4.
The audit procedures differ In all Its aspects.
5.
Yes it differ between these different kinds of organization.
6.
I think that the financial statements for profit organizations are income statement and balance sheet, but for nonprofit organizations there are profit and loss statement and change in net assets and liabilities statement.
7.
The low for profit organization is the corporations but for nonprofit is the low for social associations.
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Chapter 5: Results And Recommendations
Through our Interviews with the auditors, illustrated that our assumptions improved as shown follows: 1-
There is a different between the mean of profit organization
and nonprofit organization. All the sample agreed that there is a difference between the
mean of profit organization and nonprofit organization. 2-
There is a different between accounting for profit
organizations and nonprofit organizations.
Through the standards used and the procedures of book
keeping for each organization. 3-
There is a difference between the accounting standards used
in profit and nonprofit organization.
All the sample agreed that there is a difference between
accounting standards for profit and nonprofit organization. 4-
There is no any difference between the audit standards used
in profit and nonprofit organization.
All The Sample agreed that there is no difference between
the auditing standards used in profit and nonprofit organization because the auditing standards depend on the auditor his self.
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5-
There is a difference between audit procedures used in audit
on profit and nonprofit organization.
All the sample agreed that there is a difference between all
stages in the audit procedures. 6-
There is a difference between documents used in the profit
organization and nonprofit organization.
All The Auditors in the sample agreed that there is a
difference between documents used in the profit and nonprofit organization. 7-
There is a different between financial statements for profit
and nonprofit organizations.
All the sample agreed with the differences In the financial
statements used in the two types of organizations. 8-
There is a difference between the low used in profit
organizations and nonprofit organizations.
All the sample agreed that every organization has its low.
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Recommendations:
1.
We recommend the creation of a Palestinian law for profit corporations and applied to suit the needs of the Palestinian companies especially in this volatile economy.
2.
We recommend the creation of periodical conference for auditors to discuss the latest developments in the auditing field.
3.
We recommend the expanding the scope of the Palestinian auditing standards to include more and more the non-profit companies.
4.
Re-assess the ability of the auditor in the Gaza Strip on the work of the auditing profession .
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