Comparative Police System Reviewer

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM REVIEWER Philippines Copyright, 2012

Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc. And

VICTOR O. DELOS SANTOS

All Rights Reserved

The text of this book or any part hereof, may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including copying, recording, storage without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher. Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, or dissemination of any portion of this book shall be prosecuted in accordance with the law.

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Acknowledgments To God Almighty, he has remain faithful from the time I was born from to the present and even in times that I was not faithful to Him. His majestic name is praised forever! To Dr. Miller F. Peckley, whom I considered as a father in my Criminology, thank you for the constant practical advices. TO all authors of books and websites, this book could not have been realized without their research and ideas. To all my classmates and friends in the academe, namely: Mr. Mario Rosete Mr. Rey Quilang Dr. Marcelo Catalino Pastor Darlito Bernard Delizo

Dr. Bernard Paquitol Mr. Robino Cawi Dr. Reyvo Sannad

To all my colleagues in the University of Baguio, you have been a constant source of both trials and victory. You are such wonderful gifts from above. To my students in comparative, they have helped me enriched the contents of this book.

Dedication

I would like to dedicated this book to

my smart wife SOFIA

and to my obedient and respectful children

Soar Philip Benedict “Bic Bic” and Blessy.

FOREWORD

The content of the book authorized by Dr. Vic Delos Santos is very important today specially to terms of the coverage of the Criminologists Licensure Examination. The subject comparative Police System is a new subject incorporated in the Licensure Examination under the Law Enhancement Administration.

After reading the book I was amazed and impressed because the content is simplified but very rich in terms of the data, ideas, and topics that are necessary for the subject.

This book is a MUST to all criminology students and examiners as it s brilliant tool that can help prepare you in your chosen field. Furthermore, it is recommended as a resource material for Criminology faculty who are teaching Law Enforcement subjects.

DR. MILLER F. PECKLEY, CSP, CSMS

Preface Writing a books especially on new topic needs a long period of research. The time that I supposed to spend with my family was deprived. Thus, I am deeply indebted from my wife Sofia and my children Soar Philip, Benedict and Blessy of their love, patience and understanding. The prime intention of writing this book is to offer material help to graduates of BS Criminology in preparation to their taking the Criminologist Licensure examination. This can be useful too as a reference book for Criminal Justice educators and students in the Philippines. Furthermore, this material is produced to bridge the gap on the inclusion of Comparative Police System subject in Criminology curriculum provided under CHED Memorandum 21 s., 2005 and actual teaching and learning practice. As of the year 2012, this is the first and only book on Comparative Police System reviewer. I am proud that it is a pioneering book written to set a new pathway that will ameliorate the readers knowledge regarding this subject. There are four challenging chapters of this book. The first chapter consist the questions and answers regarding the salient features of comparative police system. This will help you in gaining basic ideas on understanding the unique and evolution of policing system in other countries. You will out the reasons why some nations have lower crime rate than other countries. Chapter two has four parts. First is the multiple choice question type which most of the questions taken from the books. Second is the multiple choice questions type that was taken from the internet. The last two parts of this chapter are the multiple choice type on Law Enforcement as a whole. The answers are provided at the end of these examinations. In chapter three, it deals on the informational matrix regarding comparison of the name of police force, department, highest rank and lowest rank of Asian countries. This is simplified for easier understanding. The 4th chapter is a matrix that covers the complete roster of ranks from highest to lowest. Finally, chapter five enumerates some of the police types in the world.

Table of Contents Pages Preliminaries Chapter I. Questions and Answers on Comparative Police System………………………1 Chapter II. Multiple Choice Questions………………………………………………….…..23 Test I Comparative Police System…………………………………………………..23 Test II Comparative Police System………………………………………………….39 Suggested Answers………………………………………….………………..53 Test III Law Enforcement Administration……………………………………..…….54 Suggested Answers……………………………………………...……………73 Previous Questions……………………………………………..……………..74 Test IV Law Enforcement Administration……………………………………….…..75 Chapter III. Matrix on Police Force Highest to Lowest Rank in Asian Countries…..…..93 Chapter IV. List of Police Ranks ……………………………………………………………98 Chapter V. Types of Police……………………………….…………………………….…..110 Guidelines in Reviewing ……………………………………………………………….……113 References ……………………………………………………………………………….…..115

Chapter I Questions and Answers Chapter I contains introductory questions and answers on the salient features of comparative police system (cps). It is focused on the basic terms and topics covered on this subject prior to the actual comparison of police system. Most questions in this chapter begins with the word what. 1. What is Comparative Police System? It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It covers the study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations. 2. What is the Comparative Criminal Justice? It is subfield of the study of Criminal Justice that compares justice systems worldwide. Such study can take a descriptive, historical , or political approach. It studies the similarities and differences in structure, goals, punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the history and political stature of different systems. 3. What are the 3 basic functions of criminal justice system?   

policing adjudication corrections

4. What is the International Criminal Justice? It involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal procedure, or justice (Erika Fairchild). Comparative criminal justice system attempts to build on the knowledge of criminal justice in one country by investigating and evaluating, in terms of another country, culture, or institution. 5. What is transnational crime? It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice study in recent years to reflect the complexity and enormity of global crime issues. It is defined by the United Nations (UN) offences whose inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one country. Examples are:     

Money laundering Drug trafficking Terrorism Human trafficking Cyber crimes

6. What is International Crime?

Defined as crimes against the peace and security of mankind (Adler, Mueller, and Laufer, 1994). The UN has identified the following as international crimes.     

Aggression (by one state against another) Treat of aggression Genocide (destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group) Terrorism Drug trafficking

7. What is meant by model system? Model system is used to described the countries being used as topics of discussion. These countries are chosen not because they are greater than others but because they are the focus of comparison being studied. 8. Why compare systems and issues in criminal justice? According to Harry Damner there are many reasons why we need to compare but the basic reasons are:   

To benefit from the experience of others To broaden our understanding of the different cultures and approaches to problems To help us deal with the many transnational crime problems that plague our world today

9. What are the 4 types of societies? The following are the four types of societies in the world that comparativists study: 1. Folk-communal societies are also called primitive societies. A folk-communal society has little codification law, no specification among police, and a system of punishment that just lets things go for a while without attention until things become too much, and then harsh, barbatic punishment is resorted to. Classic examples include the early Roman gentles, African and Middle Eastern tribes, and Puritan settlements in North America (with the Salem “with trials”). 2. Urban-commercial societies, which rely on trade as the essence of their market system. An urban-commercial society has civil law (some standards and customs are written down), specialized police forces (some for religious offenses, others for enforcing the King’s Law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient. Most of Continental Europe developed along this path. 3. Urban-industrial societies, which produce which produce most of the goods and services they need without government interference.

An urban-industrial society not only has codified laws (statutes that prohibit) but laws that prescribes good behavior, police become specialized in how to handle property crimes, and the system of punishment is run on market principles of creating incentives and disincentives. England and the U.S. followed this positive legal path. 4. Bureaucratic societies are modern post-industrial societies where the emphasis is upon technique or the “technologizing” of everything, with the government. A bureaucratic society has a system of laws (along with armies of lawyers), police who tend to keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding. The U.S. and perhaps only eight other nations fit the bureaucratic pattern. Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon that only occurs in a bureaucratic society. 10. What are the 10 types of criminal justice law in the world? 1. Common Law System These are also known as Anglo-American justice, and exist in most English-speaking countries of the world, such as the U.S., England, Australia, and New Zealand. They are distinguished by a strong adversarial system where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedent. Common law systems are distinctive in the significance they attach to precedent (the importance of previously decided cases). They primarily rely upon oral systems of previously in which the public trial is a main focal point. 2. Civil Law System Also know as Continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice, and practice throughout most of the European Union as well as elsewhere, in places such as Sweden, Germany, France, and Japan. They are distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where fewer rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. For example, a French maxim goes like this: “If judge knows the answer, he must not be prohibited from achieving it by undue attention to regulations of procedure and evidence. By contrast, the common law method is for a judge to at least suspend belief until the sporting event of a trial is over. Legal scholarship is much more sophisticated and elitist in civil law systems, as opposed to the more democratic common law countries where just about anybody can get into law school. Romano-Germanic systems are founded on the basis of natural law, which is a respect for traditional and custom. The sovereigns, or leaders, of a civil law system are considered above the law, as opposed to the common law notion that nobody is above the law. 3. Socialist Systems These are also known as Marxist-Leninist justice, and exist in many places, such as Africa and Asia, where there has been a Communist revolution or the remnants of one. They are distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state. It is the ultimate expression of positive law, designed to move the state forward toward the perfectibility of state and mankind. It is also primarily

characterized by administrative law, where non-legal officials make most of the decisions. For example, in a socialist state, neither judges nor lawyers are allowed to make law. Law is the same as policy, and an orthodox Marxist view is that eventually, the law will not be necessary. 4. Islamic System Are also known as Muslim or Arabic justice, and derive all their procedures and practices from interpretation of the Koran. These are exceptions, however. Various tribes (such as the Siwa in the desert of North Africa) are descendents of the ancient than the harsher Shariah punishments. Islamic systems in general are characterized by the absence of positive law (the use of law to move societies forward toward some progressive future) and are based more on the concept of natural justice (crimes are considered acts of injustice that conflict with tradition). Religion plays an important role that Islamic systems, so much a role that most nations of this type are theocracies, where legal rule and religious rule go together. 11. What are the Comparative Research Methods? Comparative research is usually carried out by the following: A. “Safari” method (a researcher visits another country) or “collaborative” method (the researcher communicates with a foreign researcher). B. Published works tend to fall into three categories:  Single – culture studies (the crime problem of a single foreign country is discussed)  Two-culture studies (the most common type) Comprehensive textbooks (it covers three or more countries). The examination of crime and its control in the comparative context often requires an historical perspective since the phenomena under study are seen as having developed under unique social, economic, and political structures. C. Historical-comprehensive method the most often employed by researchers. It is basically an alternative to both quantitative and qualitative research methods that is sometimes called historiography or holism. 12. What are the Countries with lesser or no crime? a. Switzerland For many years used to have travel brochures saying “there is no crime in Switzerland”, and criminologist were stumped on why this was so, whether because of the high rate of firearm ownership or the extensive welfare system. It turned out that the Swiss (along with some other welfare nations, like Sweden) were not reporting all their crime rate. However, it was true that their crime rate was fairly low. Reasons of having low crime rates  They did not remarkable job managing their underclass population, the poor people who lived the ghettos and slums.  Swiss crime control is highly effective in using an “iron fist, velvet glove” approach toward those who commit crime and come from the bottom echelons

of Swiss society. For example, when a poor person commits a crime, the government goes to work analyzing the family, educational, and employment needs of everyone in that poor person’s family. Then, after some punishment (which the offender frequently agrees with as deserved, a long term treatment plan is put into effect to raise that family out of poverty. b. Japan Another country with an interestingly low crime rate is Japan where the crime rates are not necessarily that low, but stable and resistant to fluctuating spikes. Some reasons of having low crime rates are the characteristics of this country which include:  community policing  a patriarchal family system  the importance of higher education,  and the way businesses serve as surrogate families. Asian societies are also “shame-based” rather than guilt-based” as Western societies are. For example, it is unthinkable to commit a crime in such places because of shame it would bring upon one’s family and the business or corporation with which that family is associated with. c. Ireland Ireland is another place with a unexpectedly low crime rate. Despite a serious unemployment, the presence of large urban ghettos, and a crisis with religious terrorism, the Irish pattern of urban crime is no higher than its pattern or rural crime. The key reason of having low crime rate is the factor that appears to be: a. A sense of hope and confidence among the people Legitimate surveys, for example, show that 86% of more of the population believe that the local authorities are wellskilled and doing everything they can. b. People felt like they had a high degree of population participation in crime control. d. Egypt The Siwa Oasis in Egypt is another place with little or no crime. The population of 23,000 consists of 11 tribes who are the descendants of ancient Greeks, and it is said that Plato himself fashioned his model or perfect government in the Republic there. The inhabitants practice a moderate form of Islamic justice, rejecting Shariah punishment and embracing Urrf law (the law of tradition). Conflicts are resolved by a tribal council, and there are no jails or prisons. The last known crime occurred around 1950, and was an act of involuntary manslaughter. The typical punishment of wrong doing is social ostracization (shunning). This type of society is an excellent example of the folk-communal, or informal justice system. 13. What are the 7 Theories of Comparative Criminology? According to Scheider (2001), the various theories that exist with empirical support are the following theories of comparative Criminology:

1. Alertness to crime theory is that as a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is heightened, so they report more crime to police and also demand the police become more effective at solving crime problems. 2. Economic or migration theory is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and over population in urban areas such as ghettos and slums. 3. Opportunity theory is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply. 4. Demographic theory is based on the event of when a greater number of children are being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis. Deprivation theory holds that progress comes along with rising expectations, and people at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see themselves rising fast enough. 5. Modernization theory sees the problem as society becoming too complex. 6. Theory of anomie and synomie (the latter being a term referring to social cohesion on values), suggests that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people together (anomie). 14. What are the types of police in the world? The following are some of the types of police 1. Uniformed police 2. Detectives 3. Auxiliary 4. Special police 5. Military police 6. Religious police 7. Border police 8. Transport police 15. Differentiate centralized from decentralized system of law enforcement? Decentralized Law Enforcement Decentralized police refers to a system where police administrations and operations are independent from one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government. In many countries, particularly those with a federal system of government, there may be several police or police-like organizations, each serving different levels of government and enforcing different subsets of the applicable law. The United States has a highly decentralized and fragmented system of law enforcement, with over 17,000 state and local law enforcement agencies. Germany and UK have also decentralized law enforcement agencies. Countries with Centralized policing system Simply means on police force operating in a country. Some countries, such as Chile, Israel, Philippines, France, Austria, use a centralized system of policing. A country with only one recognized police force which operates entire that country is called is called centralized police. Thus, Philippines is an example of centralized police because the Philippine National Police has one central office with many regional, provincial and local branches throughout the country.

16. What can the Philippines National Police Adopt? As to organization, decentralization of regional or city police office that can be financially support its operation. This is to do away with the scenario that the fault of Manila is the fault of the entire officers of the PNP. As the responsibilities, the specific functions of officers assigned in the Koban and Chuzaizho can be applied hence, the new PNP officers can be assigned to A. Gather data related to his jurisdiction (for city police officer) like list of people who are - working late at night who might be of help as witnesses to crime - not engage in formal employment (stand by) - owns gun or swords - with mental illness - old living in the area alone who should be visited periodically - leaders of legitimate organizations - leaders of illegitimate organization - total population - list of households, rented homes and apartments B. Conduct the following (for provincial or municipal police officer) like  Visit each house twice a year to be acquainted and to determine their needs related to law enforcement  Seminars among barangay leaders related to peace and order As to the general entry qualification, height must not be a requirement (from UK Law Enforcement) when the applicant has an above average intelligent quotient. As to participation of civilian, accreditation of individuals who are not members of the PNP but with specialization in the fields related to law enforcement is encourage. For example, priest, pastors and ministries may be involved in values trainings of the PNP. Biologist, Ballisticians and other related profession may be accredited to help in law enforcement exercises. Another on organization and supervision, the PNP may be separated and be fully controlled and supervised by the National Police Commission without interference of local executives. For example, a City Chief of Police could have same position as a City Mayor. The former is in charge with peace and order and law enforcement concerns while the last later is more an administration of the city’s concern not covering the concern of the chief of police. Coordination and cooperation are imperative in this recommendation. This idea will empower the PNP to initiate a more constructive and practical ways to improve peace and order. This recommendation may also reduce the incidence of taking orders from the whims and caprices of corrupt politicians, examples is the Maguindanao Massacre. 17. What are the 2 Types of Court Systems of the World? 1. Adversarial System In adversarial the accused is innocent until proven guilty, and inquisitorial, where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated. The U.S. adversarial system is unique in the world. No other nation, not even the U.K. places as much emphasis upon determination

of factual guilt in the courtroom as the U.S. does. Outside the U.S. most trials are concerned with legal guilt where everyone knows the offender did it, and the purpose is to get the offender to apologize, own up to their responsibility, argue for mercy, or suggest an appropriate sentence for themselves. 2. Inquisitorial Systems Where lesser rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. 18. What is Globalization? Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and government of different nations, as process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical wellbeing in societies around the world. In economic context, it refers to the reduction and removal of barriers between national borders in order to facilitate to flow of goods, capital, services and labor..although considerable barriers remain to the flow of labor. 19. What are Effects of Globalization to La w Enforcement in the Philippines? (V. Delos Santos)  The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.  There is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation among police organization in the world is vital.  Training instructional for incoming law enforcement officers must include advance computer to prepare them as cyber cops so they can be better prepared to deal with cyber crimes.  Development of new strategies to deal with international organized crimes is a must.  Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations related to modernization theory of crime. 20. What are the Threats to Law Enforcement Brought by Globalization International criminal networks have been quick to take advantage of the opportunities resulting from the revolutionary changes in world politics, technology, and communication that have strengthened democracy and free markets, brought the world’s nations closer together, and given the some countries unprecedented security and prosperity. Globalization allowed international criminals to expand their networks and increase their cooperation in illicit activities and financial transactions. Criminals have taken advantage of transitioning and more open economies to establish front companies and quasi-legitimate businesses that facilitates smuggling, money laundering, financial frauds, intellectual property piracy, and other illicit ventures. Criminal groups have taken advantage of the high volume of legitimate trade to smuggle drugs, arms, and other contraband across national boundaries.

Criminals are able to exploit the complexity of the international system to hide drugs or other contraband or to conceal the true origin and ownership of cargo within contraband is hidden. Through the use of computers, international criminals have an unprecedented capability to obtain, process, and protect information and sidestep law enforcement investigations. They can use the interactive capabilities of advanced computer and telecommunications systems to plot marketing strategies for drugs and other illicit commodities, to find the most efficient routes and methods for smuggling and moving money or banking security. International criminals also take advantage of the speed and magnitude of financial transactions and the fact that there are few safeguards to prevent abuse of the system to move large amounts of money without scrutiny. More threateningly, some criminals organizations appear to be adept at using technology for counter intelligence purpose and for tracking law enforcement activities. 21. What are the Different Police Global Organizations? The different police international associations in the world are  ASEAN Chiefs of Police  Europol  IACP  Interpol  UN policing 22. When was ASEAN Chiefs of Police Establish? Aseanapol (ASEAN Chiefs of police) was established in 1998. 23. What are the member of countries of ASEAN CP?          

Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Brunei Darussalam Vietnam Lao PDR Myanmar Cambodia

24. What are the objectives of ASEANAPOL? 1. Enhancing police professionalism 2. Forging stronger regional co-operation in police work and promoting lasting friendship among the police officers of ASEAN countries.

25. What is EUROPOL? It means European Police Office or Europol Europal is the European Union’s criminal intelligence agency. It became fully operational on 1 July 1999. 26. What is the aim of Europol? Europol’s aim to improve the effectiveness and co-operation between the competent authorities of the member states primarily by sharing and pooling intelligence to prevent and combat serious international organized crime. Its mission is to make a significant contribution to the European Union’s law enforcement efforts targeting organized crime. 27. What is the mission of Europol? The mission of Europol is to make a significant contribution to the European Union’s law enforcement action against organized crime and terrorism with an emphasis on targeting criminal organizations. 28. How does Europol Assist Member States Investigations? Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the member states by: Facilitating the exchange of information between Europol and Europol Liaison Officers (ELO’s) are seconded the Europol by the Members States as representatives of their national law enforcement agencies, thus they are not under the command of Europol and its Director as such. Furthermore, they act in accordance with their national law. Providing operational analysis and support to Member States operations; Providing expertise and technical support for investigations and operations carried out within the EU, under the supervision and the legal responsibility of the Member States; Generating strategic reports (e.g. threat assessment) and crime analysis on the basis of information and intelligence supplied by Member States or gathered from other sources. 29. What

is Europol’ss mandate? Europols supports the law enforcement activities of the member states mainly against:      

Illicit drug trafficking Illicit immigration networks; Terrorism; Forgery of money (counterfeiting of the euro) and other means of payment; Trafficking in human beings (including child pornography); Illicit vehicle trafficking; Money laundering.

30. Does Europol only act on request? Yes, Europol only acts on request at present. However, the Protocol of the 28 November 2002 amending the Europol convention, allows Europol to request the competent authorities of the Member States to investigate. Article 3 b) of the Protocol states that “Member States should be deal with any request from Europol to initiate, conduct or co-ordinate investigations in specific cases and should give such requests due consideration. Europol should be informed whether the requested investigation will be initiated”. 31. What is the added value of having Europol as a European law enforcement agency? There are numerous advantages for the European law enforcement community. Europol is unique in this field as it is multi-disciplinary agency, comprising not only regular price officers but staff members from the various law enforcement agencies of the Member States and covering specialized areas such as customs, immigration services, intelligence services, border and financial police. 32. What is IACP? It stands for International Association of Chiefs of Police. The International Association of Chiefs of Police is the world’s oldest and largest nonprofit membership organization of police executives, with over 20,000 members in over 80 different countries. IACP’s leadership consists of the operating chief executes of international, federal, state and local agencies of all sizes. 33. What are the Missions of IACP? The IACP shall 1. Advance professional police services; 2. Promote enhanced administrative, technical, and operational police practices, foster cooperation and the exchange of information and experience among police leaders and police organizations of recognized professional and technical standing throughout the world. 34. What is Interpol? Interpol is the short form of International Criminal Police Organization. It began in 1923, and at the same time its name was International Criminal Police Commission. In 1956, its name became International Criminal Police Organization. The word Interpol was a short of International Criminal Police Organization. This short form served as the address to receive telegrams. Slowly, the name of this international organization became famous as Interpol. Now, Interpol is the second biggest international organization; the United Nations is the first. Some important information about Interpol: Interpol is crime fighting organization, just like your local police department. Instead, they help other member countries that need to co-operate by connecting all members of Interpol by a network of files of criminals and cases if any of Interpol’s 182 nations need them.

35. What does Interpol do? Interpol records any information about something that was in a criminal case, ex: information on criminals, type of crime, vehicles, anything to help any police officer with information about a certain crime. 36. Why was Interpol created? The countries in Europe needed a co-operation between countries. This was needed because criminals would commit crimes in one country in Europe and then skip to another country to avoid prosecution. Since Europe is a tightly packed continent, police didn’t have enough time to catch criminals, and the idea was created. 37. What UN Police Do? One of the objectives of the Philippine National Police Officers being deployed in the UN mission is for mentoring other law enforcement of foreign countries like East Timor and Kosovo. Assistance to host-state police and other law enforcement agencies. United Nations Police Officers support the reform, restructuring and rebuilding of domestic police and other law enforcement agencies through training and advising. Direct assistance is also provided, often through trust funds, for the refurbishment of facilities and the procurement of vehicles, communication equipment and other law enforcement material. Such assistance has been provided in the past, for example, by the police components of peace operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, Cote dlvoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, Kosovo, Liberia and Sierre Leone. 38. What is Transnational Organized Crime? Transnational organized crime involves the planning and execution of illicit business ventures by groups or networks of individuals working in more than one country. These criminal groups use systematic violence and corruption to achieve their goal. Crimes commonly include money laundering; human smuggling; cybercrime; and trafficking of humans, drugs, weapons, endangered species, body parts, or nuclear material. Transnational crime ring activities weaken economies and financial systems and undermine democracy. These networks often prey on governments that are not powerful enough to oppose them, prospering on illegal activities, such as drug trafficking that bring them immense profits. In carrying out illegal activities, they upset the peace and stability of nations worldwide, often using bribery, violence, or terror to achieve their goals. 39. What the Major Transnational Organized Crime Groups? Transnational crime often operate in well-organized groups, intentionally united to carry out illegal actions. Groups typically involve certain hierarchies and are headed by a powerful leader. These transnational organized crime groups work to make a profit through illegal activities. Because groups operate internationally, their activity is a threat to global security, often weakening governmental institutions or destroying legitimate business endeavors. Well-known organized crime groups include:

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Russian Mafia. Around 200 Russian groups that operate in nearly 60 countries worldwide. They have been involved in racketeering, fraud, tax evasion, gambling, drug trafficking, ransom, robbery and murder. La Cosa Nostra. Known as the Italian or Italian-American mafia. The most prominent organized crime group in the world from the 1920’s to the 1990’s. They have been involved in violence, arson, bombings, torture, sharking, gambling, drug trafficking, health insurance fraud, and political and judicial corruption. Yakuza Japanese criminal group. Often involved in multinational criminals activities, including human trafficking, gambling, prostitution, and undermining licit businesses. FukChing. Chinese organized group in the United States. They have been involved in smuggling, street violence, and human trafficking. Triads. Underground criminal societies based in Hong Kong. They control secret markets and bus routes and are often involved in money laundering and drug trafficking. Heijin Taiwanese gangsters who are often executives in large corporations. They are often involved in white collar crimes, such as illegal stock trading and bribery, and sometimes run for public office. Jao Pho. Organized crime group in Thailand. They are often involved in illegal political and business activity. Red Wa. Gangsters from Thailand. They are involved in manufacturing and trafficking methamphetamine.

40. What is Human Trafficking? Human Trafficking is the illegal in human beings for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor: a modern-day form of slavery. It is the fastest growing criminal industry in the world, and tied with the illegal arms industry as the second largest, after the drug, trade. Human Trafficking is a crime against humanity. It further defined as an act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harboring or receiving a person through a use of force, coercion or other means, for the purpose of exploiting them. Every year, thousands of men, women and children fall into the hands of traffickers, in their own countries and abroad. Every country in the world is affected by trafficking, whether as a country of origin, tansit or destination for victims. UNODC, as guardian of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) and the Protocols thereto, assists States in their efforts to implement the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Person (Trafficking in Persons Protocol). 41. What are the Elements of Human Trafficking?

On the basis of the definition given in the trafficking in persons protocol, t is evident that trafficking in persons has three constituent elements;   

The Act (What is done) Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons The Means (How it is done) Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim The Purpose (Why it is done) For the purpose of exploitation, which include exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery or similar practices and the removal of organs.

To ascertain whether a particular circumstances constitutes trafficking in persons, consider the definition of trafficking in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the constituent elements of the offence, as defined by relevant domestic legislation. 42. What is Drug Trafficking? Drug trafficking involves selling drugs and drug paraphernalia, whether is it local exchange between a user and a dealer or a major international operation. Drug trafficking I a problem that affects every nation in the world and exists in many levels. Drug trafficking is the commercial exchange of drugs and drug paraphernalia. This include any equipment used to manufacture illegal drugs or use them. 43. What are Cybercrimes? Cybercrimes are generally defined as any type of illegal activity that makes use of the Internet, a private or public network, or an in-house computer system. While many forms of cybercrime revolve around the appropriation of proprietary information for unauthorized use, other examples are focused more on a invasion of privacy. As a growing problem around the world, many countries are beginning to implement laws and other regulatory mechanisms in an attempt to minimize the incidence of cybercrime. 44. What is Terrorism? 1. The use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes. 2. The state of fear and submission produced by terrorism for terrorization. 3. A terroristic method of governing or of resisting a government. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. At present, the International community has been unable to formulate a university agreed, legally binding, criminal law definition of terrorism. Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for a religious, political, or ideological goal, and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians).

Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war. This history of terrorism organizations suggest that they do not select terrorism for its political effectiveness. Individual terrorists tend to be motivated more by a desire for social solidarity with other members of their organization than by political platforms or strategic objectives, which are often murky and undefined. 45. What is Money Laundering? Money Laundering is the process of creating the appearance that large amounts of money obtained from serious crimes, such as drug trafficking, originated from a legitimate source. It is a crime in many jurisdictions with varying definitions. It is a key operation of the underground economy. 46. Who is the only Filipino Former President of the Interpol? Jolly R. Bugarin was the Filipino President of the Interpol in 1980 – 1984 after the term of Carl G. Persson of Sweden.

Chapter II Multiple Choice Questions This chapter is divided into four divisions of multiple choice type of examination. It is intended to prepare the reviewee to pass the licensure examination. The suggested answer are provided at the end of each exam, except for the last set of examination. Test I. Multiple Choice: Directions: Select the best answers. Letters only. 1. Mongolia’s Security forces are divided into agencies, which of this responsible for internal defense? a. Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs b. Ministry of Home Affairs c. General Intelligence d. Ministry of Defense 2. The duration training of private and sergeant officer in Mongolia is months those assigned lieutenant will spend years in Mongolia Police Academy. a. 6 to 12 months, 2-4 years b. 6 to 10 months, 1-3 years c. 3 to 6 months, 3-5 years d. 3 to 6 months, 1-4 years 3. “Aymag” in police of Mongolia means a. Municipality b. City

c. Province

while

d. State

4. Kuwait government s very rigid in screening of its police officer except in the qualification of a. education b. citizenry c. relationship of tribal groups d. relationship of the ruling family 5. What is the lowest rank in Police Kuwait? a. Constable b. Private 1st class

c. Police Officer I

6. Police Act of 1963 is the law establishing a. Police in Nepal b. Police in Malaysia

c. Police in Taiwan d. Police in Trinidad Tobago

d. Police Constable

7. Which of the following countries which decentralized policing system? a. Indonesia b. Philippines c. Kuwait d. Germany 8. In Pakistan, this law made their police organization the norm to be followed in all provinces under the British Rule. What is this law? a. Police Act of 1861 b. Police Act of 1881 c. Police Act of 1871 d. Police Act of 1891

9. Republic Act number 6975 is the law creating the PNP organization under the DILG while Republic Act Number 8551 refers to the law of “Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization act of 1998. What is the Taiwan’s law similar these laws? a. Police Act no. 3 of 1889 c. Police Act no. 3 of 1888 b. Police Act no. 4 of 1889 d. Police Act. No. 4 of 1888 10. The duties of police are defined by the law on authorities of the Interior and concern the maintenance of public order and fight against crime in Kyrgzstan. a. 2005 b. 1985 c. 1995 d. 1975 11. Although the educational qualifications may vary from province to province, generally the requirement for constables in Pakistan is? a. 12 years of school education b. 10 years of school education c. 11 years of school education d. 9 years of school education 12. In Angola, the age qualification to become police is . a. 18 to 55 years old b. 18 to 35 years old c. 18 to 45 years old

d. 18 to 25 years old

13. In Sri Lanka, the following are the three divisions of police ranks, except: a. Gazzetted officers b. Junior Gazzetted officers c. Senior Gazzetted officers d. Non Gazzetted officers 14. Which of the following s the lowest rank in Police Sri Lanka? a. Police Constable Class I c. Police Constable Class 2 b. Police Constable Class 3 d. Police Constable Class 4 15. What is the highest rank in Kuwait Police a. Lt. General b. Major General

c. General

d. Brigadier General

16. Punjab prison in located in? a. Oman b. Israel

c. Saudi Arabia

d. Pakistan

17. The equivalent of Senior Police officer 4 (SP04 in the PNP) to that Kazakhstan Law enforcement rank is? a. Senior praporshik of militsiya b. Senior starshina of militsiya c. Senior sergeant of militsiya d. Senior private of militsiya 18. Police officer 2 in the Philippines is a. RavNitzav b. RavShoter

in Israel? c. Nitzav

d. Shoter

19. What is the appropriate number of professional police officers in Izrael? a. 30,000 b. 7,000 c. 300,000 d. 70,000 20. What is the main mission of police in India?

a. Safer India

b. Towards Safer India

c. Towards Peaceful India

d. Peaceful India

21. “Chowkidars” means a. Volunteer police in India b. Municipal police in India c. Rural police in India d. Urban police in India 22. In India, there are three levels of entry into the police force. What are these? a. First is as constable, for which at least a secondary school education is required. b. For the second level of entry, the qualification is a degree in any discipline. c. Candidate has to sit for a written examination, and later for an interview. d. For scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, marginal concession are given in respect to education qualification and age a. a, b and c b. c, b and d c. a, b and d d. c, a and b 23. United Kingdom has no national police force, only a network of individual forces, which may coordinate more centrally in times of crisis through what are known as mutual aid procedures. This statement is true. These statements are a. True b. False c. Partially True d. Partially False 24. The federal government is prohibited from exercising general police powers due to restrictions in the constitution, because the United States is organized as a union of sovereign states, which earn retain their police, military and domestic law-making power. This statement is a. True b. False c. Partially True d. Partially False 25. The United States has 3 styles of policing. Which of these is emphasizes the maintaining order, usually found in communities with a declining industrial base, and a blue-collar, mixed ethnic/racial population. This form of policing is implicitly less pro-active than other styles, and certain offenses may be “overlooked” on a variety of social, legal, and cultural grounds, as long as the public order is maintained. a. Watchman b. Service c. Legalistic d. Security 26. The Royal Police of Brunei is in charge of the following functions. Except a. Prisons b. fire services c. the issuing of licenses 27. The country of Cambodia is surrounded by a. Laos b. Vietnam a. a, b and c b. b, c and d

c. Thailand c. a, b and d

d. immigration

d. Persian Gulf d. all of the above

28. Which of the following countries that include in their the two-month training course the Information Technology designed to improve their ability to process ID cards? a. Cambodia b. California c. Columbia d. Sri Lanka 29. What are the three security agencies under the Syrian law enforcement? a. General security b. state security c. political security d. territorial security a. a, b and c b. b, c and d c. a, b and d d. all of the above

30. The equipment of Police Officer I in Cambodian law enforcement rank is a. Officer cadet b. warrant officer c. chief warrant officer

d. constable

31. The flag of Iraq has three equal horizontal bands of red (top) white and black, the takbir in green Arabic script is centered in the white band. That is meant by takbir? a. God is great b. God loves Iraq c. God saves Iraq d. God saves Saddam 32. The equivalent of National Police Commission in the Philippines in Sir Lanka is a. National Police Commission b. National Public Security Commission c. National Police Board d. National Police Protection Commission 33. The name of Kuwait is derived from the Arabic meaning fortress built near water. a. Akwat b. Kouwati c. Kauwat d. Kouwat 34. The – ISF al-mudiriyya al-‘aama li-Quwwa al-Amin al-Dakhili) or Forcers de Securitereriure (FSI) in French is the national police and security force of Lebanon which means. a. Internal security forces b. Security for Peace and Order c. Peace and Order Security Force d. Police security Force 35. The highway patrol or motorway police in Germany is a. Wasserschutzpolizei b. Autobahnpolizei c. Spezialeinsatzkommando d. Higpatrolpolizie 36. What is the equivalent of National Police Commissions in the Philippines to that of Japan Law Enforcement? a. National Public Safety Commission b. National Police Agency Commission c. National Police and Public Commission d. National Public and Safety Commission 37. Under the Japanese historical police organization, which of the following is in charge of the investigation and control of political groups and ideologies deemed to be a threat to public order? a. Tokko b. Tokeitai c. Kempetai d. Kidotai 38. Below are included functions of police in Japan which is gathering of information related to their duties. The information they gather include the following except those a. Working late at night who might be of help as witnesses to crime b. Normally cooperative with the police c. Not engage in formal employment (stand by) d. Owns gun or swords a. a, b and c

b. no exception

c. a, b and d

d. all of the above

39. One of the opportunities brought by globalization to law enforcement is that criminals have taken advantage of transitioning and more open economies to establish front companies and quasi-legitimate businesses that facilitate smuggling, money laundering, financial frauds, intellectual property piracy, and other illicit ventures. This statement is a. True b. partly false c. false d. Partly false 40. The statement that “criminal groups have taken advantage of the high volume of legitimate trade to smuggle drugs, arms, and other contraband across national boundaries” is considered a. Threat to law enforcement brought by globalization b. Opportunity to law enforcement brought by globalization c. Both threat and opportunity to law enforcement d. Challenge to law enforcement 41. Policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grown in the year ahead, especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform security institutions in States recovering from conflict. This is the concept of a. Transnational policing b. Global policing c. National policing d. Divided policing 42. The following are international police associations in the world, except: a. Europol b. IACP c. Interpol d. None of the above 43. Which of the following is not a member of ASEAN Chiefs of Police? a. Indonesia b. Philippines c. Malaysia

c. North Korea

44. Does Europol only act on request? a. Yes, Europol should be informed whether the requested investigation will be initiated. b. Yes, member states should deal with any request from Europol to initiate, conduct or coordinate investigations in specific cases and should give such request due consideration. c. a and b are correct d. only b is correct 45. Where is the present Interpol headquarters located? a. Lyon, France b. Saint Cloud, a town located near Paris c. Italy

d. London

46. As of 2012, what is the estimate total member country of the Interpol? a. 300 b. 100 c. 200 d. 50 47. Interpol does not take political side in its work. It takes cases where the crime or the matter relates to more than one country. It looks after many types of cases. Some of them are noted below, except: a. Terrorism b. Illicit drug production c. Organized crime d. rebellion 48. The countries in Europe needed a co-operation between countries. This was needed because criminals would commit crimes in one country in Europe and then skip to another country to

avoid prosecution. Since Europe is tightly packed continent, police didn’t have enough time to catch criminals, this was the idea why? a. Interpol was created b. UN police was created c. Europol was created d. IACP was created 49. Which of the following is not a mission of the IACP? a. Advance professional police service b. Promote enhanced police administration c. Foster cooperation and the exchange of information and experience among the police leaders and police organizations of recognized professional and technical standing throughout the world. d. Arrest the suspect 50. The Taiwanese gangsters who are often executes in large corporations. They are often involved in white collar crimes, such as illegal stock trading and bribery, and sometimes run for public office. This is a. Heijin b. Red Wa c. Jao Pho d. La Cosa Nostra 51. In Cambodian Law enforcement, the police are organized into six departments. Which of the following is not one of them? a. security b. public order c. transport d. investigation 52. Indonesia Police has command and divided into territorial force. Which of these is called provincial police? a. Kepolisian Daerah or Polda b. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil c. Kipolisian Resort or Polres d. Kepolisian Sektor or Polsek 53. In the law enforcement organization of Qatar, the Police is commanded by a commandant who is . For operational purposes, the emirate is divided into four departments: Airport, Doha, North and Umm Said a. senior military officer b. colonel c. brigadier d. lieutenant colonel 54. What is the equivalent of police officer I in the PNP organization to that Qatar law enforcement organization? a. constable b. shorta I c. policeman I d. Shurti 55. Which of the following types of United States police also known as boroughs? a. Federal b. Country c. State d. Sheriff 56. What is known as religious or moralist police in Saudi Arabia? a. Mubahith b. Moro front c. Mutaween 57. Mutaween is a police responsible for a. Enforcement of the constitution b. Enforcement of the Quran c. Investigation d. Intelligence

d. Mara Noah

58. Which of the following is the lowest commissioned police rank in Thailand? a. Phantamruat tir b. Roitamruattho c. Roitamruatek d. Roitamruat tri 59. What is the equivalent of roitamruat tri? a. police major b. police lieutenant

c. police captain d. police sub-lieutenant

60. Which of the following is not one of the states in United Kingdom? a. Scotland b. Ireland c. England

d. New Zealand

61. What is the age qualification to qualify for Taiwan police? a. 21-30 b. 19-29 c. 20-30

d. 18-28

62. What is the equivalent of DILG in China law enforcement? a. Ministry of public order b. Ministry of justice c. Ministry of local government d. Ministry of public security 63. What is the equivalent of Philippine National Police in Saudi Arabia? a. Saudi Police Force b. Saudi National Police c. Saudi National Security Force d. Department of Public Safety 64. A law enforcement agency which not only enjoys the respect of the society, for its integrity, professional competence, and impartially but also serves as a role model for provincial police forces. This the vision of Federal Investigation Agency of a. USA police b. UK police c. UAE police d. Pakistan police 65. The “no height requirement” is applicable in the following countries, except: a. Vietnam b. UK c. Australia d. Afghanistan 66. What is the equivalent of PNP in Oman? a. Oman Security Police b. Oman Department of Public Security c. Republic of Oman Police d. Royal Oman Police 67. The Department of Interior and Local Government in the Philippines is a. Department of Interior b. Ministry of Interior c. Ministry of Interior and Home affairs d. Ministry of Interior and justice 68. The National Police of Angola it has the lowest rank of a. conscript b. field marshall c. office cadet 69. The name of Comoros police is a. Comoros Security Force b. Comoros National Police

in Iran.

d. constable

c. Comoros National Police Force d. Comoros National Police Security Force 70. In Madagascar, the name of national police is a. National Gendarmerie b. National Madagascar Police c. Madagascar National Police 71. Namibian Police Force has the highest rank of a. Inspector General c. Director General b. Police Commissioner d. 5 Star General 72. A Review whereby advisory opinions rather than judgments are rendered because constitutionality is decided without hearing an actual case that has arisen under a particular law is a. adjudications b. administrative c. adversarial d. abstract 73. Attorney in France are called? a. advocats b. counsel

c. lawyer

d. your honor

74. Committees in England that act as an independent watch dog on the prisons, meeting with inmates and staff to safeguard the well-being and rights of all prisoners and to help with problems of discipline and administrations. a. Board of Borstals b. Board of Bundestag c. Board of Bundersat d. Board of Visitors 75. What is the Police Force Act in which the New Zealand Police Force was established as a single national force? a. Constabulary act of 1876 b. Police Force Act of 1886 b. Police Force Act of 1947 c. Police Act of 1958 76. The central training institution for police recruits and police officers in New Zealand. a. New Zealand Police College b. Royal New Zealand Police College c. Royal New Zealand Police College d. Royal New Zealand Law Enforcement College 77. New Zealand Police is a organization. a. centralized b. decentralized c. disorganized

d. demoralized

78. New Zealand Police is divided into how many districts? a. 10 b. 12 c. 11 d. 13 79. Created in 1964 to provide a specialist armed response unit, similar to CO19 in the United Kingdom. a. Special Tactics Group c. Armed Offenders Squad b. Special Air Service d. Special Weapon Group 80. How many ranks are there in the New Zealand Police?

a. 10

b. 11

c. 12

d. 13

81. What is the Motto of the New Zealand Police? a. “Safer Communities Everywhere” b. “Safer Communities Together” c. “Safer Communities Forever” d. “Safer Communities Police” 82. What is the percentage of officers with the rank of Commissioners in the New Zealand Police? a. 5% b. 75% c. 15% d. 80% 83. Which of the following is not among the Chinese police components: a. Patrol police b. prison police c. Judicial procuratorates

d. Judicial Peoples court

84. Which type of Chinese police responsible for escorting suspects in cases investigated by the prosecutors? a. security police b. prison police c. judicial procuratorates d. judicial peoples court 85. The Chinese principal police authority. It is responsible for maintaining social and public order, and also for the conducting investigations and arrest of suspects in criminal cases. It maintains public order in accordance with the administrative power granted by law and through the police force. a. Ministry of Public Safety b. Ministry of State Security c. Peoples Armed Police d. Peoples Liberation Police e 86. The first work line defense in police Japan is a. Kidotai b. Tokko c. Koban

d. kempetai

87. How many police ranks are there in China police? a. 12 b. 15 c. 13 d. 16 88. What is the equivalent of Police officer I to the police rank in UK? a. Police constable I b. Kobantable c. Constable 89. What is the equivalent rank of Director General to police rank in China? a. Police Commissioner c. Chief Constable b. Chief Supt d. Chief of Police 90. Taiwan’s police emergency call number is? a. 1-1-10 b. 1-1-1

c. 5-5-5

91. The Republic of Kazakhstan has police force, its name is? a. Republic of Kazakhstan Police Force b. Republic of Kazakhstan Security Force c. Kazakhstan Military Police d. Kazakhstan Royal Police

d. 911

d. Patrol officer

92. Which of the following is not an entry qualification for police in Canada? a. Completed 4 years secondary education b. 18 years old and above c. Certified first aid CPR d. Must pass polygraph test a. b. c. d.

None of the above is qualification All of the above are qualifications A and c are not qualifications C and d are not qualifications

93. What is the exact name of the police force in Canada a. Royal Canadian Mounted Police b. Canada Security Force c. National Police Agency of Canada d. Department of Canadian Security Force 94. Chief Superintendent in Canada police rank is equivalent to a. Director b. Sr. Spt. d. Chief Supt.

in the Philippines. d. Deputy Director General

95. Canada is the 2nd largest country in the world the biggest is Russia, what is the approximately population of the former? a. 33 million and 100 c. 43 million and 100 b. 53 million and 100 d. 63 million and 100 96. Ukraine police is called? a. Mileetseeya b. Pulisia 97. “Making the in . a. Switzerland

c. policia

d. polisia

a safer place to live, work, visit and play” is the favorite quotes of police b. Ireland

c. Bahamas

98. One of the places with the highest crime rate in the world is year @ 8 million population. a. Columbia b. Syria c. Dominica

d. Egypt Oasis with 6400 murders per

d. Sri Lanka

99. Qatar has no height requirement for police and the age qualification is? a. 16 years old b. 20 years old c. 18 years old d. 21 years old 100. If the decentralize law enforcement system is to be adopted in the Philippines, what is the best possible application? a. It can be applicable in all cities b. It can be applicable in all regions c. It can be applicable to either city or regions that can financially sustain its operation d. It can neither be applicable in cities nor in any regions

Test II. Multiple Choice: Directions: Select the best answer. Letters only 1. In 1972, the Germans developed the anti-terrorisms forces which gained as one of the top antiterrorism in the world. What is the name of this force? a. Grinzchutzgruppe b. Grinszvhutzgruppe c. Grenschutzgruppi d. Grenzschutzgruppe 2. The terrorist group that has significant presence in China in the 20th century is a. Yugurs b. Rugurys c. Guyurs c. Uygurs 3. What country where inmates had been forced to tie themselves to the cell bars to sleep because of lack of floor space? a. Brazil b. Germany c. Venezuela d. Albany 4. A form or restitution used in Islamic countries which it pays directly to the victim of his family as compensation for the crime committed a. community service b. probation c. restitution d. diyya 5. “We punish you not because you have stolen a chicken but because we do not want others to follow what you have done.” This statement is true in a. Retribution b. Incapacitation c. Rehabilitation d. Deterrence 6. Which country does not apply “warning” as a form of criminal sanction? a. European countries b. Slovena c. Kazakhstan d. Japan 7. In Saudi Arabia the dispute involving relations of foreign businessmen are generally handled by a. Shaira court b. Courts of appeal c. high court d. board of grievances 8. There is no formal division between civil and criminal cases in Saudi Arabia. This statement is a. true b. yes c. false d. no 9. This court handles legal matters across boundaries and for violations on international standards a. Supranational court b. Transnational Court c. Super national court d. national court 10. What is the lowest level of court in Japan? a. District b. police

c. country

d. summary

11. In France what level of court that has he jurisdiction over minor offenses? a. assize b. minor c. correctional d. police 12. Court of Cassation in France has a. 5 chambers with 15 judges b. 4 chambers with 15 judges c. 3 chambers with 15 judges d. 2 chambers with 15 judges 13. What court of New Zealand that has he jurisdiction over dispute of lands?

a. Maori

b. Crown

14. Magistrate court handles minor offenses in a. England b. Germany

c. Country

d. House of Lords

c. France

d. USA

15. The criminal court organization in Germany which hears minor criminal cases is a. Amtgerickte b. Oberlandesgerichte c. Landgericht d. Bundesgerichtshof 16. The word court is derived from Latin word a. Co-hortus b. none of these

c. cohort

d. all of the above

17. Co-hurtus means a. Being together b. Being together in c. Being together in the same garden d. Together again 18. Basic people’s is practiced in a. Japan b. France

c. USA

d. China

19. What is the most practice form of criminal sanction which is also the most problematic punishment in the world? a. Imprisonment b. Non-Custodial c. Death Penalty d. Day Fines 20. The length training of police officers in America is amounting 2-40 weeks. The training covers physical fitness and classroom instruction. What is the average length of training? a. 5 weeks b. 15 week c. 10 weeks d. 20 weeks 21. In China, what is the age requirement so one can be qualified as police officer? a. At least 19 years old b. 22 years old c. 21 years old d. at least 25 years old 22. The unique type of police training for higher officers in Saudi Arabia involves a. Extensive academic training b. Class room training c. Physical fitness d. Extensive training on terrorism 23. Which of the following countries has an amount of training that varies generally 2-3 years? a. England b. France c. Japan d. Germany 24. What country’s police organization has its roots in the Napoleonic system of internal spying and policing? a. New Zealand b. Germany c. New York d. France 25. The two federal police agencies in Germany are called Federal Investigation Bureau and Federal police both are under the a. Ministry of Defense b. Ministry of the Interior c. Ministry of the Security d. Ministry of the Justice

26. In May 2005, Germany’s Bundesgrensshutz was renamed Bundespolize to reflect new responsibility for domestic security that combined law enforcement and intelligence. What is meant by Bundespolize? a. German Federal c. German Federal Border b. Federal Army d. Federal Police 27. Bundesgrensschutz means a. German Federal Border Guard b. German Federal Border c. Federal Army of External d. Federal Army of Internal 28. The elite counter-terrorism and special operations unit of Germany is a. Border guard Group 9 c. Grenzchutzgruppe 9 b. GSG 9 Bundespolizie d. All of the above 29. Landespolizei means a. Security of the land

b. town police c. police of the land

d. state police

30. The crime using computer, an example is harassment via-email is a. cyber crime b. human trafficking c. cyber crimes against property d. cybercrimes against persons 31. In this mode or manner of cyber crime the hacker gains access and control over the website of another. a. Spider web crime b. virus worm attacks c. Trojan attacks d. web jacking 32. A transnational crime that involves an act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harboring or receiving a person through a use of force, coercion or other means, for the purpose of exploiting them. a. terrorism b. trafficking c. anti-terrorism d. human trafficking 33. A crime committed by means of interest. a. pornography b. internet crime

c. illegal viewing

d. cyber crime

34. Which of the following is not one of the constituent elements of human trafficking? a. the act b. the purpose c. the means d. the exploitation 35. Which country is not one of the most common destination for victims of human trafficking? a. Thailand b. Disneyland c. Netherlands d. New Zealand 36. Which country is not one of the major sources of trafficked persons? a. Albania b. Bulgaria c. Nigeria

d. Australia

37. Under the Islamic law, what is punishment of a married woman who is found guilty of adultery? a. Stoning to death b. Convict is taken to a barren site c. Death penalty

d. A grave is drug to receive the body 38. In Saudi Arabia, when a person is convicted of theft for 3rd offense he shall receive the punishment of? a. Amputation of hand b. amputation of legs c. amputation of fingers d. amputation of foot at ankle 39. Who shall do the amputation of parts of body which serves as punishment in Islamic law? a. The jail law? b. the berdugo c. the authorized jail officer d. the authorized medical doctor 40. The process of creating the appearance that large amount of money obtained from serious crimes, such as drug trafficking. a. Money laundering c. human trafficking b. Cyber crime d. money investing 41. The study and description of country’s law, criminal procedure or justice process is a. International criminal court b. International criminal justice c. International criminal organization d. International criminal tribunal 42. The German equivalent of municipal police, who handle all general aspects of law enforcement and simple investigation is a. shoffen b. self sur c. schutzpolizei d. shari’a 43. What is the punishment of apostasy among under the Islamic law? a. Death by beheading b. Imprisonment until repentance c. 100 lashes d. Both a and c are correct 44. How many witnesses are required in order to prove that one is guilty of adultery in Islamic law? a. 1 b. 3 c. 2 d. 4 45. What is the punishment of rebellion it captured under the Islam law? a. death b. death by retaliation c. imprisonment until death 46. Chusai-san is a a. Chinese local police b. Japanese local police

d. 1000 lashes

c. Chinese rural police d. Japanese rural police

47. The local police officer assigned in post in villages and rural police areas in Japan is called? a. Kimchusan b. Chusai-san c. Kitusan d. Chuzaisho 48. The belief that social order can be achieved through moral and political reform because man is by nature good or capable of goodness is? a. Napoleonic though b. Dewey’s thought c. Peelan’s thought d. Confucian thought

49. Koban is a police post urban areas in Japan while Chuzaisho is? a. Local police officers in China b. Local police officer in Japan c. Local police officer in Thailand d. Local police in New Zealand 50. Gendarmerie Nationale is the French police organization operating within the Ministry of Defense that is responsible for? a. urban areas b. protection of gender c. rural areas d. protection of rights 51. Schupo or Schutspolize means? a. village police b. territorial police

c. municipal police

d. federal police

52. The moral or religious police force in Saudi Arabia responsible for enforcing the Qur’an is? a. Mubahith b. Mumbaki c. Mutawa d. Munaikan 53. Offenses whose inception, proportion, and or direct or indirect effects involve more than one nation is? a. International crime b. globalization crime c. transnational crime d. terrorism crime 54. The major anticrime campaign initiated by the communist party in China is? a. Xianda b. Zanda c. Yanda d. Wanda 55. A type of society that has system of laws along with armies of lawyers and police who tend to keep busy handling political crime and terrorism and a punishment. a. Folk-communal b. urban commercial c. urban industrial d. bureaucratic 56. A type of criminal or police system where adversarial is a strong and where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedent. a. Common b. socialist c. civil d. Islamic 57. A model of police system that if the criminals are poor the government would conduct a study so they could raise the family from poverty. a. Ireland b. France c. Switzerland d. Thailand 58. The investigation, evaluating, and comparing the criminal justice processes of more than one country, culture, or institution is? a. Transnational crime b. International crime c. Comparative police system d. Comparative criminal justice system 59. The package of transnational flows of people, openness to ideas and authority is? a. Globalization universalization b. Globalization liberalization c. Globalization deteritorialization d. Globalization internationalization

60. A review whereby advisory opinions rather than judgments are rendered because constitutionality is decided without hearing an actual case that has arisen under a particular law is? a. Adjudicator b. adversarial c. administrative d. abstract 61. Attorneys in France are called? a. Advocasts b. Counsel

c. lawyer

d. advocates

62. The religious terrorist group that supported Islam in the current Persian Gulf region during the year 1090-1275. a. Assasins b. Ujama c. Al-Qaida d. Yakusa 63. The effect of the drug eradication strategies such that drugs are eliminated from one region only to have production increase in another region to meet demand is called? a. Balloon b. UFO c. Kite d. Birds 64. Committees in England that act as an independent watchdog on the prisons, meeting with inmates and staff to safeguard the well-being and rights of all prisoners and to help with problems of discipline and administrations. a. Board of Borstals c. Board of Bundesrat b. Board of Bundestag d. Board of Visitors 65. All law that is not criminal; the body if rules that regulate behavior between individuals that do not involve the potential of criminal sanctions (contract, torts, wills, poverty, family matters, commercial law) a. Common law b. community law c. commercial law d. civil law 66. The belief that social order can be achieved through moral and political reform, man is by nature good or capable of goodness; the of group consciousness or collectivity is the main force behind motivating people to avoid illegal or immoral activity. a. Mao Tse Tong b. Hitleran c. Napoleonican d. Confucian 67. The illegal trading of persons across borders against their will formal financial gain is? a. Human trafficking b. illegal recruitment c. illegal immigration d. human smuggling 68. The study and description of country’s law, criminal procedure or justice process. a. International police b. International criminal tribunal c. International criminal organization d. International criminal justice 69. The holy war by the Islamic fundamentalists who want to protect their religion from creeping secularism and cultural imperialism posed by Western countries such as the United States is? a. Monarch b. Italian Mafia c. Magister d. Jihad 70. A method of therapy used in Japan whereby individuals use introspection to understand the impact of their behavior on others and others on them. a. Mubahit b. Yugurs c. Mutawa d. Naikan

71. An individual in Socialist Law system who hears complaints andensures that government agents are performing their functions correctly. a. Sandigan b. Factionman c. Tribesman d. Ombudsman 72. The government structures in England consisting of the monarch, the house of Lords, and the House of Commons is a a. Socialist b. Federal c. Presidential d. Parliament 73. The Supreme court of Japan, divided into three separate benches of five justice, that handles all illegal matters other than those assigned the Grand Bench, including the cases of appellate-level jurisdiction is known as? a. Summary b. Board of Grievances c. Kourtarok d. Petty bench 74. The French police organization within the ministry of the Interior responsible for Paris and other urban areas. a. Gendarmarie c. Police authority board b. Police courts d. Police nationale 75. The process whereby the judicial or criminal fairness is perverted in order to achieve particular political objectives. a. Politicized justice c. political and policy b. Political culture d. political science 76. These are lay judges in Germany used extensively in courts of appeal for minor offenses and for first level criminal offenses. a. Schoffen b. schupa c. schutzpolizei d. schapo 77. Military leaders who exercised absolute rule in Japan during the year of isolation from other cultures from 1603-1897. a. Shoguns b. shura c. shari’a d. shoiders 78. In England, professional attorneys who are paid by the state for their work are called? a. Stipendiary magistrates b. stipendiary lords c. state- sponsored d. sponsored attorneys 79. The terrorist beginning in seventh-century India whose reign lasted for seven centuries and executed million of people? a. Thugs b. Yakuza c. Diaspora d. Terrorism 80. The process whereby the judicial or criminal fairness is properly implemented in order to achieve particular improvement and objectives is? a. Politicized justice b. political culture c. political and policy d. ideal political mgmt. 81. In England and Wales, the chief police officer of a territorial police force may designate any person who is employed by the police authority maintaining that force, and is under the direction and control of that chief officer. This statement is? a. true b. it not be understood c. false d. any of the above

82. Most police officers in England are members of? a. Territorial police b. special police forces

c. police civilians

d. British police

83. These are national police forces that have a specific, non-regional jurisdiction, such as the British Transport Police. The serious organized crime and police act 2005 refers to? a. Special police forces b. Miscellaneous police forces c. Non-police law enforcement agencies d. Wales police forces 84. Which of the following is the highest police rank in UK? a. Chief supt. b. chief constable c. commissioner

d. director

85. The police system in England and UK is? a. centralized b. disorganized

d. demoralized

c. decentralized

86. To be appointed and to become a police officer in UK, one must have the age upper limit of? a. 28 b. 32 c. 30 d. none of the above 87. There are no formal educational requirements for recruitment in England. This statement is? a. true b. false c. high school graduate is the required d. it is 2nd year college 88. The retirement age of police officer in UK is? a. 55 b. 57 c. 56

d. 58

89. Peoples Law Enforcement Board in the Philippines is tantamount to England as? a. Police Authority Board c. People’s Authority Board b. Police Commission Board d. People’s Commission Board 90. Law enforcement in United Kingdom is organized separately in each of the legal system of England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. This statement is? a. true b. no, some are united c. false d. yes, some are separated 91. Which of the following countries that has centralized police organization? a. Philippines b. New Zealand c. USA d. UK 92. How many divisions of police districts are present in New Zealand law enforcement? a.12 b.14 c.13 d.15 93. The general emergency call number in New Zealand Police is 111 while the traffic call number is a. 222 b. 444 c. 333 d. 555 94. The equivalent of Philippines Public Safety College in New Zealand is? a. Royal New Zealand Police College b. New Zealand Safety Police College c. Academy New Zealand Police College d. Public Safety New Zealand Police

95. A recently graduated constable in NZ is considered a Probationary Constable for up to two years, until he or she has passed ten workplace assessment standards and a compulsory university paper. The completion of the above is known? a. As obtaining permanent appointment b. As obtaining temporary appointment c. As obtaining qualifications for promotion d. As obtaining requirement promotion 96. Must be completed swimmer is minimum requirement to become police officer in what country? a. New Zealand b. Australia c. England d. France 97. What country requires applicant for police to have attended a recruitment information seminar? a. Germany b. Saudi Arabia c. Australia d. New Zealand 98. Vetting means? a. Tenders b. Care

c. to evaluate for acceptance d. to subject to expert correction

99. The national police force responsible for enforcing criminal law, enhancing public safety, maintains order and keeping the peace throughout New Zealand is? a. New Zealand Army c. New Zealand Constable b. New Zealand Marine d. New Zealand Police 100. Policing in New Zealand started in what year? a. 1842 b. 1840 c. 1940

d. 1846

Suggested Answer

1. c 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. b 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. c 11. b 12. a 13. a 14. d 15. a

FOR TEST I 26. d aoa 51. d 27. d aoa 52. a 28. a 53. a 29. a 54. d 30. d 55. d 31. a 56. c 32. a 57. b 33. a 58. d 34. a 59. d 35. b 60. d 36. a 61. d 37. a 62. d 38. b 63. d 39. c 64. d 40. a 65. d

76. c 77. a 78. b 79. c 80. 81. b 82. a 83. a 84. c 85. b 86. c 87. c 88. c 89. a 90. a

1. d 2. d 3. a 4. d 5. d 6. d 7. d 8. a 9. a 10. d 11. d 12. a 13. a 14. a 15. a

26. d 27. a 28. d 29. d 30. d 31. d 32. d 33. d 34. d 35. d 36. d 37. d 38. d 39. d 40. d

FOR TEST II 51. c 52. c 53. c 54. c 55. d 56. a 57. c 58. d 59. b 60. d 61. a 62. a 63. a 64. d 65. d

76. a 77. a 78. a 79. a 80. d 81. a 82. a 83. c 84. c 85. c 86. d 87. a 88. a 89. a 90. a

16. d 17. a 18. b 19. a 20. a 21. c 22. c 23. a 24. a 25. a

41. b 42. d 43. d 44. c 45. a 46. c 47. d 48. a 49. d 50. a

66. d 67. d 68. d 69. a 70. a 71. a 72. d 73. a 74. a 75. a

91. c 92. b 93. a 94. a 95. a 96. a 97. c 98. a 99. a 100. c

16. a 17. c 18. d 19. a 20. c 21. d 22. a 23. d 24. d 25. d

41. b 42. c 43. d 44. d 45. a 46. d 47. d 48. d 49. b 50. c

66. d 67. a 68. d 69. d 70. d 71. d 72. d 73. d 74. d 75. a

91. a 92. a 93. d 94. a 95. a 96. a 97. d 98. d 99.d 100. d

Legends : Aoa all of the above, Cons: constable Na= not applicable Note: In case of erroneous answers, these are not international.

Test III. Enforcement Administration Direction: Select the best answer. Letters only 1. What is the act that reorganized the Philippine National Police and amended certain provisions of RA 6975? a. RA 1122 b. RA 8551 c. PD 4864 d. EO 1304 e. none of the above 2.

The agency relieved of the primary responsibility on matters involving the suppression of insurgency and other serious threats to national security is? a. Dept. of Agrarian reform b. Dept. of Interior and Local Gov’t c. Dept. of Civil Defense d. Department of Health e. Department of National Defense

3. The ex-officio member of the Commission Proper of the Napolcom is? a. Chief, Planning and Research Service b. Chief, PNP c. Chairman, DILG d. Secretary, DND e. President 4.

It provides technical services to the NAPOLCOM in areas of overall policy formulation, strategic and operational planning management systems and procedure. a. The legal service b. Financial Service c. Insp. And Log Service d. Personal and Administration Service e. Planning and Research Service

5. The removal of the PNP officer from the organization for cause is called?

a. Demotion

b. Promotion

c. Force Resignation

d. Attrition

d. AWOL

6. The central receiving entity for cases involving citizen’s complaints is? a. Napolcom b. Internal Affairs Service c. Chief, PNP d. People’s Law Enforcement Board Courts e. Regular Court 7. This was established in all police stations to administer and attend to cases involving crimes against chastity, sexual harassment, abuses, committed against women and children and other similar offenses. a. Mobile group b. Traffic section c. Crime laboratory d. Operations division e. Women’s and children’s desk 8. The multiple filing of actions before different police disciplinary authorities is? a. Res judicata b. Preventive suspension c. Multiplicity of suits d. Forum shopping e. Appeal 9. A complaint against any personnel or office of the internal affairs service shall be brought to: a. PLEB b. Office of mayor c. Regional appellate board d. Inspector General’s office e. National appellate board 10. Any PNP personnel who has not been promoted for a continuous period of ten years shall be retired or separated due to: a. Attrition by relief b. Attrition by demotion c. Promotion d. Attrition by other means e. Attrition by non promotion 11. The agency attached to the DILG for policy and program coordination is? a. Napolcom b. Dept. of Health c. Dept. of Finance d. Dept. of National Defense e. None of the above 12. The ex-officio chairperson of the Napolcom is?

a. Chief, PNP b. Vice Chairman and executive officer

c. secretary, DILG d. vice president

e. President

13. The specific provision of RA 8551 which was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme court is a. Section 8 c. section 10 e. section 12 b. Section 9 d. section 11 14. What is the maximum tenure position of the Chief of PNP? a. 4 years b. 5 years c. 6 years d. 7 years

e. none of the above

15. In what instance or circumstance that PNP chief’s tour of duty may be extended? a. Unavailability of successor c. war/national emergencies b. Death of the president d. calamities 16. Any PNP member who is removed from office due to attribution but rendered at least 20 years of service shall receive the? a. Permanent total disability benefits b. Death benefits c. Retirements benefits d. Separation benefits 17. The appellate board which shall decide cases on appeal from decision rendered by the chief, PNP is: a. Regional appellate board b. National appellate board c. Secretary of DILG d. VCEO, Napolcom 18. The executive office of the Napolcom is the a. Chief, IMIS b. Chief, las c. Vice Chairman and executive officer, Napolcom d. Chairperson, Napolcom 19. The head of the provincial internal affair office should be? a. A chief inspector b. A director c. A superintendent d. A chief superintendent 20. The decision of the national internal affairs office shall be appealed to: a. The regional appellate board b. The national appellate board c. The chairman, DILG d. VCEO, Napolcom 21. This system observed coordination of activities among group of people, authority and leadership, and cooperation toward a goal is called?

a. Formal organization b. Information organization

c. police administration d. police leadership

22. The structure group of trained personnel dealt with achieving police: goal and objectives is called: a. Police management c. organization structure b. Police organization d. police administration 23. The principle of organization that cites that a communication should ordinarily go upward and downward through established channel of hierarchy is: a. Span control b. chain of command c. unity of command d. unity of direction 24. The placement of a subordinate into the position for which his capabilities best fit him in the police organization is: a. Staffing b. directing c. organization d. planning 25. The staff specialist or unit in line organizations that provides service knowledge in a police organization is called? a. The line organization c. the functional organization b. The line and staff organization d. the structural organization 26. In the Philippine National Police, the nature of complaint against PNP member is known as? a. Individual complaint c. public complaint b. Citizen’s complaint d. administrative complaint 27. The period of time that has elapse since the oath of office was administered in which previous years active service may be included or added is called: a. Active services b. length of services c. oath of service d. oath of office 28. The consequence of an act, which temporarily deprives an officer in the police service from privilege of performing his duty is referred to as: a. Dismissal b. resignation c. retirement d. suspension 29. The method of separation from the police services after completing the required age for length of service is called: a. Retirement b. separation c. dismissal d. suspension 30. Under R.A. 8551, the PNP shall be organized to ensure accountability and uprightness in the police exercise of discretion as well as to achieve: a. Reformation and rehabilitation b. Organization and administration c. Efficiency and effectiveness d. None of the above 31. Team policing was originated in: a. Japan b. Scotland

c. Singapore

d. Detroit

32. Team policing was intended to develop a greater sense of understanding and increasing cooperation between members of the team and community residents. This is evidenced by one of its characteristics which is: a. Geographic stability of patrol force b. Maximum interaction between team member c. Maximum communication between team members and community residents d. Unified delivery of police service 33. The cause and effect of team policing are the following except: a. Reduce public fear on crime b. Improve police community relation c. Facilitate career dev’t d. Decrease police morale 34. Automobile patrol was adopted in the Philippines on: a. May 17, 1954 b. May 17, 1950 c. May 17, 1035 d. May 17, 1942 35. Television patrol was first use for traffic control in: a. West Germany c. Boston b. New York d. Philadelphia 36. The division of the Police organization which is considered as backbone of the organization is: a. traffic b. investigation c. patrol d. record 37. If the industrial plan is efficient and timely with the risk cost involved the plan is said to be: a. suitable b. feasible c. acceptable d. reliable 38. If the plan of the police organization can be carried out with the available resources and with in the capability of the police unit, the plan is considered? a. suitable b. feasible c. acceptable d. reliable 39. The procedure involved on activity of several offices within the department is called: a. offices procedure b. field procedure c. headquarter procedure d. special operating procedure 40. The procedures which applicable to routine operations should be outlined for the guidance of officers in the field are called: a. field procedures c. office procedures b. Tactical plans d. operational plans 41. Plan that works programs of the line units as established by an analysis of the need for services is known as: a. field procedure c. headquarters procedure b. tactical plan d. operational plan

42. The plan made to organize agencies and individual group for cooperative effort with the police department is called: a. tactical plan c. extra department plan b. management plan d. field procedure 43. The type of plan that involves the preparation and development of techniques that assist in the accomplishment of each of the primary police task is called: a. field procedure c. tactical plan b. policy plan d. operational plan 44. The basic plan of the department which define relationship between the component unit in terms of specific responsibilities is called: a. organization plan c. management plan b. policy plan d. personnel plan 45. This consist of procedures by which PNP personnel are rectitude, utilized and treated in their employment is under: a. policy plan c. operational plan b. tactical plan d. management plan 46. The procedure which involved the duties of dispatcher, jailer, matron and other personnel concerned which reflected in the duty manual is: a. Office procedure b. Headquarter procedure c. Special operating procedure d. Field procedure 47. It is an account consisting of biographical which when adopted by an individual will assume the personality he wants to adopt. This is referred to us: a. cover story c. organization cover b. cover story d. undercover assignment 48. The type of cover using actual or true background is called: a. natural cover c. cover with in a cover b. artificial cover d. multiple cover 49. In the elicitation process, the elicitor accumulates the sources of knowledge about a particular subject. This elicitation approach is called: a. Manhattan from Missouri approach b. Reaser blow approach c. Joe blow approach d. National pride approach 50. Informants that are not under compulsion to report information to the police are considered as: a. Spontaneous enforcement b. Ordinary – out-of-the- will informants c. Criminal informants

d. Confidential informants 51. A kind of probe in intelligence that service to pin down a subject in a specific area is called: a. High pressure probe b. Clarity probe c. Competition probe d. Hypothetical probe 52. The method of casing which may be not be sufficient to produce a certain amount of usable information is known as: a. Map reconnaissance b. Personal reconnaissance c. Hearsay d. Prior information 53. A person who conducts surveillance which includes only observation is considered as: a. surveillance b. decoy c. convoy d. contract 54. The secret observation of a person, object or situation is called: a. tailing b. shadowing c. stakeout

d. surveillance

55. A person whom a subject of surveillance picks or deal while he is under observation is called: a. undercover man c. contact b. convoy d. decoy 56. A person who casually imparts information to an officer without intension of providing subsequent information is: a. Spontaneous informant b. Special informant c. Incidence informant d. Voluntary informant 57. A type of negative control in intelligence operation which include verbal reprimand. a. threat control c. black mail b. escrow account control d. disciplinary action 58. In intelligence operation, one of the following consist the psychological process involved in becoming aware of an existence of fact a. Perception c. Attention b. Report d. Mental capability 59. The sincere and valid offer of help and assistance to a subject of elicitation is known as a. Teacher-pupil approach b. Good Samaritan approach c. Kindred soul approach d. Partial disagreement approach

60. What is the minimum age qualification of a person in order to quality as a security guard or private detective? a. 21 years old b. 18 years old c. 20 years old d. 25 years old 61. What is the minimum number of active personnel of a security agency in order to issued a regular license to operate? a. 100 guards b. 200 guards c. 300 guards d. 150 guards 62. How many years is the duration of the temporary license to operate be issued to a new applicant of a new private security agency? a. six months b. one year c. two years d. five months 63. How many years is the duration of a regular license to operate duly issued to a private security agency? a. one year b. two years c. six months d. three years 64. What is the minimum number of guards in order that a private security agency will be issued a regular license to operate? a. 30 guards b. 200 guards c. 100 guards d. 150 guards 65. How many guards is the minimum requirement in order that a company security force will be issued regular license to operate? a. 30 guards b. 100 guards c. 150 guards d. 200 guards 66. How many guards is the minimum requirement in order to establish and maintain branch offices in other provinces or cities? a. 10 guards b. 15 guards c. 30 guards d. 50 guards 67. What kind of security or unit where the number of security personnel is not specified as part of the organizational requirement? a. Government security unit b. Private detective agency c. Company guard force d. Private security agency 68. What kind of authority or order be issued to a security guard on duty while escorting big amount of cash valuables outside its jurisdiction or area of operation? a. Duty details order issued by the security directory concerned b. Mission order issued by the nearest PNP station c. Memorandum order issued by the PNP regional directory d. Mission-order issued by the chief PNP 69. What is the total number of the prescribed high-powered firearms that a private security agency/company guard forces is authorized to posses? a. Ten percent of the total number of guards employed by the security agency concerned. b. Five percent of the total number of firearms already possessed by the security agency concerned. c. Two percent of the total number of guards employed by the agency concerned.

d. Unlimited number provided the security agency can afford the required high-powered firearms. 70. How many loads of ammunitions an individual security guard is authorized to carry while in the performance of duty? a. 6 loads b. 10 loads c. 15 loads d. 25 loads 71. Previously, the highest rank of a security officer under the new implementing rules and regulations is: a. Security director general c. executive manager b. Security manager d. security director 72. A security is not a peace officer; hence he is not cloth with police authority. What circumstances where a security guard can legally effect arrest? a. When the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing, or about to commit an offense in his presence. b. When an offense has in fact been committed, and he has reasonable ground to believed that the person to be arrested has committed it. c. When the person to be arrested is an escape from prison. d. All of the above 73. Previously, the duration of a pre-licensing training of security guards is 1974 hours, but under the revised implementing rules and regulation of RA 5487, the duration is now: a. 48 hrs b. 58 hrs c. 100 hrs d. 150 hrs 74. Who has the power to deputize any security to assist the PNP in the performance of the its duties in times of disaster or calamity? a. Chief PNP b. DILG Secretary c. The President d. Municipal/City Mayor Concerned 75. What is the maximum number of guards that a private security agency can employ including its branches? a. 1000 guards b. 500 guards c. 1500 guards d. 2000 guards 76. The highest type of awards that a security guard receives for outstanding achievement during the performance of his duties or while serving in the agency and the exercise of profession is: a. Medalyang Kagitingan b. Medalyang Katapatan sa Paglilingkod c. Medalya ng Kaatapangan d. Medalya ng Kadakilaan 77. The authorize headgear of a security guard while on duty is a. Pershing cap b. Jacky cap c. Blue beret cap d. Overseas cap 78. The new requirement for the renewal of license to exercise profession by security personnel is? a. drug test b. NBI clearance c. SSS clearance d. BIR clearance

79. What is broadest type of security organization? a. physical security b. crisis security c. VIP security

d. communication security

80. What is the key element in the security system of plant or installation? a. human guard b. protective alarm devices c. natural barriers d. key control system 81. Any act or condition which may result in the compromise of information, loss of life, loss or destruction of property or disruption of the objective of the installation is: a. security hazard c. espionage b. saboteurs d. relative criticality 82. it is the susceptibility of the plant or establishment to damage, loss or disruption of operation due to various hazards. a. Relative vulnerability c. natural hazards b. Relative criticality d. man-made hazards 83. Hazards that are caused by earthquakes, volcanic, eruption, storms and extreme temperature and humidity are example of: a. natural hazard c. God-made hazards b. man-made hazards d. Evolution of the earth hazards 84. This is the kind of pilferer who steal due to his inability to resist the unexpected opportunity and has little fear by detection a. Casual pilferer c. habitual pilferer b. Systematic pilferer d. opportunist pilferer 85. A person who steals with preconceived plans and takes away any or all types of items or supplies for economic gain is a. systematic pilferer c. kleptomaniac person b. casual pilferer d. habitual pilferer 86. What kind of barriers are structural constructions like fences, walls, floors, roofs, grills, bars, road blocks or other physical means to deter or impede penetration? a. man made barriers c. structural barriers b. natural barriers d. natural-man made barriers 87. What do you call barriers like mountains, cliffs, canyons, rivers, sears, marshes or terrains that are difficult to traverse? a. natural barriers c. God-made barriers b. man-made barriers d. Geographical barriers 88. What system control panel or console operator by immediately informing through other communication channel the local police and other law enforcement agencies the fire department or other appropriate agencies, this is called: a. Central station system

b. Proprietary system c. Auxiliary system d. Local alarm system 89. When the system consists of rigging up visual or audible alarm near the object to the protected and in cause of alarm, the response will be made by the local guards and other personnel within sight or hearing, this system called: a. Local alarm system b. Auxiliary system c. Proprietary system d. Central station system 90. In the choice of eventual installation of an alarm system for specific need, what factors must be considered? a. Natural and criticality of the area or installation b. Vulnerability and accessibility of the premises or area c. Location construction and types of buildings d. All of the above 91. One of these physical safeguards is used to assist security but not a replacement in the protection of assets and lives in an installation a. Alarm devices b. Natural barriers c. Man-made protective barriers d. Perimeter barriers 92. This is a place an individual installation where a security agency will establish its personnel identification and checking system. a. A control point b. Detachment headquarters c. Guardhouse d. Branch office 93. It is complete study and analysis of the business operation, its properties, personnel and installation to determine the adequacy and/or deficiency of existing safeguards. a. Security survey b. Inspection c. Security planning d. Security management 94. Which if the following composed the PNP? a. Member of the INP b. Members of the PC c. NAPOLCOM and CIS d. All of them 95. Under the general qualification for appointment in the PNP, male applicant must be with a height of atleast?

a. 1.62 m

b. 1.64 m

c. 1.57 m

d. 1.54 m

96. What is the rank of the chief of directorial staff? a. Deputy director b. police director c. police chief superintendent d. police senior superintendent 97. It is known as the Police Act of 1966. a. R.A. 6975 b. R.A. 8551

c. P.D. 765

d. R.A. 4864

98. The kind of promotion granted to a candidate who meets all the basic qualification for promotion is: a. special b. meritorious c. regular d. ordinary 99. What is the nature of appointment of PNP personnel under the waiver program? a. permanent b. temporary c. contractual d. probationary 100. The number 4 man in the PNP Organization is a. Dep. Dir. Gen for Opns. b. Dep. Dir. For Admins. c. The Chief Directorial Staff d. Regional Dir. Of the NCR 101. Intelligence reports classified as A-2 means a. The information comes from a completely reliable source and is doubtfully true b. The information comes from a completely reliable source and is probably true c. The information comes from a usually reliable source and is probably true d. The information comes from a usually reliable source and is possibly true

Suggested answer for Test III/LEA exam 1. b 2. b 3. b 4. e 5. d 6. e 7. e 8. d 9. d 10. e 11. a 12. c 13. a 14. a 15. c 16. c

26. b 27. b 28. d 29. a 30. c 31. b 32. c 33. d 34. a 35. a 36. c 37. d 38. c 39.c 40. a 41. d

51. a 52. c 53. a 54. d 55. c 56. c 57. d 58. a 59. b 60. b 61. b 62. a 63. b 64. b 65. a 66. a

76. a 77. a 78. a 79. a 80. a 81. a 82. a 83. a 84. a 85. a 86. a 87. a 88. a 89. a 90. d 91. a

17. b 18. c 19. c 20. b 21. a 22. b 23. b 24. a 25. c

42. c 43. b 44. b 45. d 46. b 47. a 48. a 49. a 50. b

67. c 68. a 69. a 70. d 71. d 72. d 73. d 74. a 75. a

92. a 93. a 94. d 95. a 96. a 97. d 98. c 99. b 100. c 101.b

Previous questions on the board examination on Cooperative Police System 1. What is the equivalent of police officer I in the Philippines in Cambodian law enforcement? 2. The Police officer I in rank in the Philippines is in Indonesia police. 3. The counterpart of the Department of Interior and Local Government in the Philippines is in Australia. 4. if the police retirement age in the Philippines is 56, in Japan it is . 5. The main law enforcement in the Philippines is the Philippines National Police while Japan it is . 6. What is the equivalent of PNP Police Community Relation to that of Singapore police? 7. What is the equivalent of NAPOLCOM in Japan Law enforcement? 8. What is the most common form of Koban transportation? 9. The first work line defence in police Japan is 10. What is the highest rank in the Royal Malaysian Police?

Test IV: Law Enforcement Administration Directions: Select the best answers: Letters only This examination was retrieve from the file of Professor Benjamin O. Dulipas. There are no suggested answers provided. 1. He exercises the power to revoke for cause the licenses issued to the security guards. a. Chief, PNP b. Under secretary for peace and order c. Secretary of DILG d. Chairman, NAPOLCOM 2. In counter intelligence, surveillance is categorized according to intensity and sensitivity. When there is a intermittent observation varying in occasions, then this surveillance is called: a. loose b. open c. discreet d. close 3.

The amount and nature of demands of the police service are not the same on all of the three (3) shifts. It is therefore necessary to make available maximum manpower at the same police service is of greatest demand. This organization is a. cliente b. purpose c. time d. process

4. The PNP has a program which ensures the deployment of policemen in busy and crime prone areas. This is called: a. patrol deployment b. roving patrol c. patrol and visibility d. police visibility 5. Planning is the formal process of choosing the following, EXCEPT one: a. Purpose for which the organization performs b. An organizational mission and overall objectives for both the short run and the long run c. Strategies to achieve the objectives d. Division, departmental, and individual objectives based on organization objectives. 6. All regional appointment of commissioned officers commence with the rank of: a. Senior Police Officer I c. Police Officer III b. Inspector d. Senior inspector 7. In busy and thickly populated commercial streets like those in Divisoria, police patrol is very necessary. Which of the following types of patrol will you recommend? a. horse b. mobile c. foot d. helicopter 8. it is the product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration, and interpretation of all available information which concerns one or more aspects of criminal activity and which is immediately or potentially significant to police planning: a. investigation b. information c. data d. intelligence 9. These are work programs of line division which related to the nature and extent of the workload and the availability of resources. a. administrative plan b. operational plan c. strategic plan d. tactical plan

10. It is the premier educational institution for the police, fire and jail personnel: a. Philippine Military Academy (PMA) b. Development Academy of the Philippines c. Philippine College of Criminology (PCCR) d. Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) 11. A screw who is assigned of a mobile car usually consists of a a. A driver and intelligence agent b. A driver and traffic man c. A driver and a recorder d. A driver, a recorder and supervisor 12. Police officers must develop the evidences as they are obtained. a. obligation b. habit

of recording the facts as they are learned and the c. perspective

d. duty

13. An industrial complex must establish its first line of physical defense. It must have: a. the building itself b. perimeter barrier c. communication barrier d. window barrier 14. All of the following are members of the People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB), EXCEPT: a. Three (3) members chosen by the Peace and Order Council from among the respected members of the community. b. Any barangay Captain of the city/municipality concerned chosen by the association of the Barangay Captains. c. Any member of the Sangguniang Panglunsod/Pambayan. d. A bar member chosen by the integrated bar of the Philippines (IBP). 15. It is a circumspect inspection of place to determine its suitability for a particular operation. a. Inspection b. surveillance c. survey d. casing 16. In the civil service system, merit and fitness are the primary consideration in the a. two-party system b. evaluation system c. promotion system d. spoils system 17. The minimum age requirement for security manager or operator of a security agency is: a. 40 years old b. 30 years old c. 25 years old d. 35 years old 18. Which of these statements is correct? a. Conduction is heat transfer through combustion b. Conduction is heat transfer through solid materials. c. Conduction is heat transfer through air motion. d. Conduction is heat transfer through electromagnetic waves. 19. Which of the following questions should be asked to an intelligent during the debriefing? a. His education profile and school attended b. His personal circumstances such as his age, religious affiliation, address, etc. c. His political inclination and/or party affiliation. d. His observation and experiences in the intelligence function

20. Private security agencies have to registered at the : a. Security and exchange commission b. Department of interior and local government c. National police commission d. National bureau of investigation 21. It is a natural, man-made or physical device which is capable of restricting, deterring or delaying illegal access to an installation. a. fence b. wall c. barrier d. hazard 22. it provides means and ways by which all personnel and employees are trained to make them security conscious and disciplined. a. Security check b. security education c. security investigation d. security promotion 23. This is a single uninterrupted line of authority often represented by boxes and lines of an organizational chart which should flow in order by rank from top command to the level of the organization. a. Organization control c. scalar chain b. Administrative control d. span of control 24. What form of intelligence is involved when information is obtained without the knowledge of the person against whom the information or documents may be used, or if the information is clandestinely acquired? a. covert b. overt c. active d. underground 25. The provincial governor shall choose a provincial director from a list of same province, city or municipality and a recomendee of the PNP director. a. six (6) b. three (3) c. five (5) d. four (4)

eligible

the

26. Which of the following is the most important characteristic of a good operation plan? a. Only one officer is responsible for its execution. b. A need for on-the-operation modification or amplification is minimized. c. It presents objective and allocation of resources but not the methodology. d. All details of the plan are properly indentified and evaluated and such details are known by implementers. 27. Your fire station received a call that Department store “A” is burning. Considering the huge facility and merchandise of the said department store, there is a need to: a. Study the problem in advance and formulate methods of attack. b. Wait for further information about the progress of the incident. c. Proceed to the area and start putting off the fire. d. Organize a committee to direct firefighting. 28. Republic Act 6975 provides that the ratio of the police manning the population is: a. One (1) policeman for every seven hundred (700) inhabitants b. One (1) policeman for every one thousand five hundred (1500) inhabitants c. One (1) policeman for every five hundred inhabitants d. One (1) policeman for every one thousand (1000) inhabitants

29. In disaster control operations, there is a need to establish a means of communication. a. command post b. operation center c. field room

where

telephones

or

any

d. safe house

30. Registration of security agency must be done at the: a. Securities and exchange commission b. National Police Commission c. Department of National Defense d. PNP Criminal Investigation Group 31. Bicycle patrol has the combined advantage of and without attracting attention. a. Reduced speed and greater area are covered b. Mobility and wide area coverage c. Shorter travel time and faster response d. Mobility and stealth 32. The budget is a a. tactical plan

since they can be operated very quietly

in terms of expenditures requirements. b. financial plan c. work plan

d. control

33. The term used for the object of surveillance is subject while the terms for the investigator conducting the surveillance is: a. rabbit b. surveillant c. decoy d. target 34. It is the police function which serves as the backbone of the police service. In all types of police stations, there is a specific unit assigned to undertake this function in view of its importance. a. vice control b. criminal investigation c. traffic enforcement d. patrol 35. Two or more persons forming an organization must indentify first the reason for establishing such organization. The reason is termed as: a. strategy b. vision c. mission d. objective 36. Which of the following statement is FALSE? a. Patrol officers are assigned to the New Cops on the block. b. Foot patrols places the patrol officers to greater danger than mobile patrol. c. Helicopter patrol is less than foot patrol. d. The PNP employ foot patrol 37. It is the weakest link in the security chain. a. managers b. barriers

c. personnel

d. inspections

38. It is the protection of high ranking officials from harm, kidnapping and similar acts. a. asset protection c. physical security b. document security d. VIP security 39. This is designed to outline a series of related operations to accomplish a common objective normally within a given time and space. a. contingent plan b. strategic plan c. supporting plan d. campaign plan

40. Which of the following is a logical chronological step to do first? a. Forecast of workload b. Find out how much money was given last year c. Establish a priority for each task or activity d. Take no monitoring of present equipment 41. Which of the statement below is TRUE? a. In a small police station, the need for a full-time records officer is justifiable b. As the police station increase its size and so with routine desk duties and records task to the extent that the desk officer and records task to the extent that the desk officer cannot handle them alone. c. Police records are not that important in police administration. d. In large departments, the desk officer devote full-time exclusively to record tasks. 42. A police station should have a which includes every step outlined to be officially adopted as the standard method of action the police organization. a. tactical plan b. procedural plan c. management plan d. operational plan 43. Which of the following is considered as the most important factor in formulating an effective patrol strategy? a. Training of station commander. b. Adequacy of resources of the police station c. Rank of the patrol commander d. Salary rates of the police personnel 44. Who among the following has the summary disciplinary powers over errant police members? a. District Director b. Provincial Director c. Chief of Police d. Chief, PNP 45. The direction that is provided on a one-on-one basis is called? a. Administration b. management c. supervision d. organization 46. You are the patrol supervisor for the morning shift but you don’t have enough men to cover all the patrol beats. Which of the following will you implement them? a. Assign roving mobile patrol with no foot patrol. b. Assign mobile patrols only in strategic places. c. Maintain your patrolmen at the station and just wait for calls for police assistance. d. Assign foot patrol in congested and busy patrol beats but assign also mobile patrol to other beats which are not covered by foot patrol. 47. This plan relates to the problems of equipping, staffing and preparing the police station to do the job rather the actual operation of the organization. a. management plan c. procedural plan b. tactical plan d. operational plan 48. The importance of the firm or installation in relation to national security is termed as: a. relative necessity b. relative security c. relative vulnerability d. relative criticality

49. In understanding a long range program directed towards implication of the police records, the first step should be a study of a. Mechanics in which the current records system operates b. Utilization of existing record system c. Administrative structure of the organization d. Records systems of similar organization 50. These procedures relate to the assignment and method of performance of police tasks away from headquarters. a. Field procedures c. staff procedures b. Headquarter procedures d. system procedures 51. The Father of organized military espionage is: a. Akbar b. Alexander the Great

c. Genghis Khan

d. Frederick the Great

52. It is the degree of difference that exists among the structures, tasks and managerial orientations of various departments. a. decentralization b. integration c. centralization d. differentiation 53. If a high wind has an extinguished effect on a fire, the most probable extinguishing method to be employed is: a. smothering b. cooling c. fuel removal d. dilution 54. Listed below are all types of patrol, EXCEPT one: a. horse patrol b. foot patrol

c. T.V. patrol

d. motorcycle patrol

55. Upon arrival at his assigned beat, the patrol office must immediately report t to the: a. desk officer b. commander c. Unit supervisor d. sector supervisor 56. Which of the following is the most common reason for an informer to give information to the police? a. To be known to the police b. To receive a monetary reward c. To be a good citizen d. To revenge 57. In surveillance, the following are done to alter the appearance of the surveillance vehicle, EXCEPY one: a. Changing license plates of surveillance vehicle b. Putting on and removing hats, coats and sunglasses c. Change of seating arrangement within the surveillance vehicle d. Keeping three cars behind the subject car 58. To improve delegation, the following must be done, EXCEPT one: a. Establish objectives and standards b. Count the number of supervisors c. Require complete work d. Define authority and responsibility

59. Fredrick the Great is known as the: a. A Father of Military Espionage b. Intelligence Father c. Great Intelligence Officer d. Father of Criminology 60. Police personnel may be effectively distributed according to any of the following classifications EXCEPT one: a. by time b. by area c. by function d. by supervision 61. Protective lighting, perimeter barriers and system are known in industrial security as forms of physical security. a. relieving b. accounting c. reporting d. guarding 62. What administrative support unit conducts identification and evaluation of physical evidences related to crimes, with emphasis on their medical, chemical, biological and physical nature? a. logistics service b. crime laboratory c. communication and electronics service d. finance center 63. Those who are charged with the actual fulfillment of the agency’s mission are personnel. a. staff b. supervision c. management d. line 64. Which of the following is contained in the heading of an intelligence report? a. reporting unit c. signature of the director of operation b. conclusion d. assessment of the operation 65. Licenses of the private security guards are processed and issued by the: a. Philippine National Police b. National Police Commission c. Department of Interior and Local Government d. Security and Exchange Commission 66. When the subject indentifies or obtains knowledge that the investigator is conducting a surveillance on him, the latter is: a. cut out b. sold out c. burnt out d. get out 67. a fire hydrant should be carefully opened when in use in order to: a. prevent water runner b. ensure that the drip valve is all the way close c. close the coupling d. reduce vibration of the hydrant 68. small alleys like those in the squatters are of Tondo can be best penetrated by the police through a. foot patrol b. mobile patrol c. highway patrol d. helicopter patrol 69. Some of the instruction in foot surveillance are the following: EXCEPT one a. Stop quickly and look behind

b. Drop paper and nevermind what happens to it c. Window shop and watch reflection d. Retrace steps 70. On many occasions, the bulk of the most valuable information comes from the: a. Business world can c. underworld informant b. Newspaper clipping d. communication media 71. Highly qualified applicants such as engineers, nurses and graduates of forensic sciences can enter the police service as officers through the: a. regular promotion b. commission c. lateral entry d. attrition 72. The first step a dispatcher must take when a felony-in-progress call has been received either by telephone or by a direct alarm signal is to: a. Assign an investigator to investigate the witnesses b. Clear the air for emergency broadcast c. Call for investigators to report to the crime scene d. Send augmentation force 73. The number of subordinates that can be supervised directly by one person tends to: a. Increase as the physical distance between supervisor and subordinate, as well as between individual subordinate increases. b. Decrease with an increase in the knowledge and experience of the subordinates increase in difficulty and complexity. c. Decrease as the duties of the subordinates increase in difficulty and complexity. d. Increase as the level of supervision progresses for the first line supervisory level to the management level. 74. Police inspector Juan Dela Cruz is the Chief of Police of a municipality. He wants his subordinates to be drawn closer to the people in the different barangay. Which of the following project can he adopt then? a. COPS on the blocks c. long-term plan b. Oplan Bakal d. Complan Pagbabago 75. A plan with a time horizon of 5 to 10 years is called: a. annual plan b. strategic plan c. long-term plan

d. mid-term plan

76. What should be undertaken by a security officer before he can prepare a comprehensive security program for his industrial plan? a. security conference b. security check c. security survey d. security education 77. This patrol method utilizes disguise, deception and lying in wait rather high-visibility patrol techniques. a. Low-visibility patrol b. Directed deterrent patrol c. Decoy patrol d. High-visibility

78. It enforces all traffic laws and regulations to ensure the safety of motorists and pedestrians and to attain an orderly traffic. a. Civil relations unit c. traffic management command b. Traffic operation center d. aviation security command 79. This is a method of collecting information wherein the investigator merely uses his different senses. a. observation b. casing c. research d. interrogation 80. In cutting a roof to ventilate, the fire fighter should avoid: a. Cutting a very large hole b. Cutting small several holes c. Cutting roof boards near the beam d. Making roof boards near the beam 81. Plans can be changed to meet future requirements which where not considered during the planning stages. This indicates in planning. a. responsiveness b. flexibility c. efficiency d. effectiveness 82. In stationary surveillance, the following must be observed, EXCEPT one: a. never meet the subject face to face b. avoid eye contact c. recognize fellow agent d. if burnt out, drop subject 83. Pedro is a thief who is eyeing at the handbag of Maria. POI Santos Reyes is standing a few meters from Maria. The thief’s desire to steal is not diminished by the presence of the police officer but the for a successful theft was. a. ambition b. feeling c. intention d. opportunity 84. In intelligence evaluation, the rating of A4 means: a. Completely reliable source-doubtfully true information b. Usually reliable source-probably true information c. Fairly reliable source –probably true information d. Usually reliable source-probably true information 85. Special anti-crime squad, should be used during the normal times to intensity patrol in crime-prone areas and it should be restricted to and be given missions to accomplish. a. an area corresponding to two (2) beats b. any area in the barangay c. specific areas d. general patrol areas 86. It includes every procedure that has been outline and officially adopted as the standard method of action in the police organization. a. progress plan b. procedural plan c. operational plan d. tactical plan 87. A peace and order council is organized in every city/municipality by virtue of: a. Executive order 386 c. executive order 1012

b. Executive order 309

d. presidential decree

88. Graduates of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) are automatically appointed to the rank of: a. Senior superintendent c. senior police officer I b. Inspector d. superintendent 89. PNP in-service training program are under the responsibility of the: a. PNP Directorate for Plan b. PNP Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development c. PNP Directorate for Personnel and Records Management d. PNP Directorate for Comptrollership 90. A plan of coping up an attack against buildings equipped with alarm system in an example of: a. Extra-departmental plan c. procedural plan b. Management plan d. tactical plan 91. The random and unpredictable character of patrol, cultivation of the feeling of police omnipresence, high hazard areas, adequacy of the number of men to meet the need, likelihood of criminal of the number of men to meet the need, likelihood of criminal apprehension, and safety of patrol officers determines: a. Patrol coverage and deployment b. Degree of police community relation c. Type of weapons to be used d. Deployment of intelligence agents 92. Before the objectives of a plan can be formulated, the following must be recognized first except one: a. The resources are necessary to carry out the plan b. The person to implement the plan c. The time to implement the plan d. The need to plan 93. One way of extending the power of police observation is to get information from persons within the vicinity. In police work, this is called: a. data gathering c. interrogation b. field inquiry d. interview 94. The presence of a uniformed patrol officer deters the desire and destroy the to commit a crime. a. opportunity b. intention c. need d. ambition 95. Dog have an acute sense of illegal drugs. a. smell b. hearing

for one

thus, the utilized to tracking down lost persons or c. eating

96. Which of the these statements are TRUE? a. Radiation is heat transfer through combustion.

d. drinking

b. Radiation is heat transfer through solid materials. c. Radiation is heat transfer through air motion. d. Radiation is heat transfer by electromagnetic wave. 97. Which cause the greatest number of fires? a. spontaneous ignition c. electrical wiring b. leaking gaps pipes d. smoking and matches 98. Intelligence makes heavy use of geographic information because law enforcement officials must know exact locations to interdict the flow of drugs. a. logistic b. human cargo trafficking c. narcotics trafficking d. economic resources 99. Which of the following means is most ideally suited for evacuation and search-and-rescue operations? a. motorcycle b. helicopter c. patrol car d. bicycle 100. This is a method of collecting of information wherein the investigation tails or follows the person or vehicle. a. research b. undercover operation c. casing d. surveillance

Chapter III Comparative Police in Matrix This chapter presents a matrix of highest to lowest ranks of police in Asian Countries. Country Afghanistan

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Bahrain Bangladesh

Police Force Afghanista National Police (ANP) Police of the Republic of Armenia National Police of the Republic of Azerbaijan Bahrain National Police Bangladesh Police

Butan

Royal Bhutan Police (RBP)

Brunei

Royal Brunei Police Force Burma National Police Cambodian Police Force People’s Armed

Burma Cambodia People’s Republic of China Cyprus East Timor

Georgia Hongkong India Indonesia

Department

Highest Rank

Lowest Rank

Ministry of the Interior

Police General

2nd Patrolman

Ministry of Defense

Police Colonel General

Junior Sergeant

Ministry of Internal Affairs

Unavailable

unavailable

Ministry of Interior Unavailable

Unavailable

Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs Home Affairs Ministry Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Internal Affairs Ministry of Public Security

Inspector General of Police (IGP) Gagpeon (Chief of Police)

Constable

Unavailable

Constable

Unavailable

Unavailable

Brigadier General

Officer Cadet

Commissioner General

Constable 2nd Class

Ministry of Justice

Chief of Police

Constable

Ministry of Internal Affairs

Unavailable

Unavailable

Department of Public Safety Operations and Support Ministry of Internal Affairs Ministry of Internal Affairs

Commissioner of Police Commissioner of Police Commissioner

Constable

Police General

Second Bhayangkar

Gagpa

Police Force Cyprus Police Force National Police of East Timor (TimorLeste) Georgian National Police Hongkong Police Force Indian Police Service Indonesian National Police

COnstable Police

Iran

Ministry of Interior Unavailable and Justice Ministry of Interior Chief of Police

Unavailable

Iran

Iranian National Police Iraqi Police Service

Israel

Israeli Police Force

Commissioner

Constable

Japan

National Police Agency Public Security Force

Ministry of Internal Security National Public Safety Commission Public Security Directorate of the Ministry of Interior National Security Committee of Ministry of Internal Affairs Ministry of Public Security Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs Ministry of Internal Affairs Ministry of Interior

Commissioner General Unavailable

Police Officer

Procurator General

Ryadovoy

DaeWon (Grand Marshal) Commissioner General

Chonsa (Private)

Lieutenant General General

Constable

Jordan

Kazakhstan

National Police of Kazakhstan

North Korea

National Police Agency Korea National Police Agency (KNPA)

South Korea

Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives

Mongolia

Kuwait National Police Kyrgztan Police Laos National Police International Security Forces Macau National Police Force Royal Malaysian police Maldives

Nepal

Mongolia Public Security Force Myanmar Police Force Nepal Police Force

Oman

Royal Oman Police

Pakistan

Pakistan Police Force Royal Papua New

Myanmar

Papua New

Patrolman

Unavailable

Police Officer

Police Officer

Ministry of Public General Security Ministry of Interior Director General

Constable

Ministry of Internal Affairs Ministry of Home Affairs National Security and Defense Branch Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Interior

Superintendent

Guard

Inspector General of Police (IGP) Commissioner of Police

Constable

General

Private

Police Major General Inspector General

Private

Gendarme

Lance Constable

Constable

Lieutenant General Ministry of Interior Inspector General

Conscript

Unavailable

Kiap (patrol

Commissioner of

Constable

Guinea Philippines

Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Republic of China (Taiwan) Thailand Turkey

Turkmenistan

Dubai (UAE)

Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen

Guinea Constabulary Philippine National Department of Police (PNP) Interior and Local Government Qatar National Ministry of Interior Police Militsiya Ministry of Internal Affairs Department of Unavailable Security Singapore Police Ministry of Force Internal Affairs Sri Lanka Police Defense Ministry Service Syria Public Ministry of Interior Security Police National Police Ministry of Interior Agency Royal Thai Police Ministry of Interior Force Turkish Police Ministry of (General Internal Affairs Directorate of Security) Turkmenistan Ministry of State National Police Security Force National Police Ministry of Interior Forces (VP Pres., and Prime Minister of UAE) Uzbekistani Police Ministry of Interior Force (Militia) Peoples Police of Ministry of Public Vietnam Security Yemen National Ministry of Interior Police Force

police

officer)

Director General

Police Officer I

Unavailable

Shurti

Police Colonel

Police Cadet

Unavailable

Unavailable

Commissioner of Police Inspector General of Police Director General

Police Constable

Police Supervisor General Police General

Police Rank 4

Director General

Police Officer

Unavailable

Unavailable

General Commander

Unavailable

Director General

Constable

General

Unavailable

Unavailable

Unavailable

Police Constable Class 4 Police Private

Constable

Chapter IV Police Ranks This chapter contains and present the list of police ranks from highest to lowest. This was included to gain appreciation on the structures of police ranks in various countries. To view the complete list please refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/police_rank. Australia

Belgium

Commissioned Ranks Deputy Commissioner Assistant Commissioner Commander Superintendent Inspector Senior Non-Commissioned Ranks Senior Sergeant Sergeant Non Commissioned Ranks Senior Constable Constable Probationary constable Recruit Each state has their own distinc t rank structure Braizil

Highest commissioned rank Hoodfcommiosaris/commisaire Divisionnaire (Chief Commissionaire) Commissioned rank Commissaris/Commisaire (Commissioner) Senior non commissioned rank Hoofdinspectuear/inspecteur Principal (chief Inspector/superintendent) Non commissioned rank Inspecteur/inspecteur (Inspector, Equivalent to constable or officer) Auxiliary rank Agent van politie/agent de police (auxiliary officer) Canada

Coronel (colonel) Tenente-coronel (lieutenant – Colonel Major (major) Capitao (captain) 1st tenente (1st lieutenant) 2nd tenente (2nd lieutenant) Aspirante-a-oficial (cade, student Rank Subtenente (under-lieutenant) 1st sargento (1st sergeant) 3rd sargento (3rd sergeant) Cabo (corporal) Soldado de 1 classe (1st class Soldier) Soldado de 2nd classes (2nd class Soldier, student rank)

Ranks of the royal Canadian Mounted Police Commissioner Deputy Commissioner Assistant Commissioner Chief Superintendent Superintendent Inspector Corps Sergeant Major Sergeant major Staff sergeant major Staff sergeant Sergeant Corporal Police constable 1st class (Gendarme) Police Constable 2nd class (Gendarme) Police constable 4th class (gendarme)

Chile Policia de Investigaciones de Chile (PDI) Director General Prefecto General Prefecto Inspector Prefecto Subprefecto Comisario Subcomisario Inspector Subinspector Detective Carabineros De Chile General Director General Inspector General Coronel Teniente Coronel Mayor Capitan Teniente Subteneiente Sub-oficiales Suboficial mayor Suboficial Sargento 1st Sargento 2nd Cabo 1st Cabo 2nd Carabinero

Cadet Police ranks for Provincial (with the exception of the sorete du Quebec and Alberta Sheriffs) and the majority of Municipal Police services are distinct from one another. China Commissioner General Commissioner 1st Class Commissioner 3rd Class Supervisor 1st class Supervisor 2nd class Supervisor 3rd class Superintendent 1st class Superintendent 2nd class Superintendent 3rd class Constable 1st class Constable 2nd class Hong kong Commissioner (Cp) Deputy commissioner (DCP) Senior assistant

Commissioner (SACP) Assistant Commissioner (ACPT) Chief superintendent of police (csp) Senior Superintendent of police (SSP) Superintendent of police (SP) Chief Inspector of Police (CIP) Senior Inspector of Police (SIP) Inspector of Police (IP) Probationary Inspector of Police (PI) Station Sergeant (SSGT) Sergeant (SGT) Senior Police Constable (SPC) Constable (PC)

France

Iceland

Corps de Conception et de Direction Services direction Inspector General

1. National commissioner 2. Vice national Commissioner, Police chief, Headmaster of the National Police School 3. Vice Police Chief of Reykjavik, deputy police

Controller General Divisional Commissioner Commissioner Corps de Commandment Major (commandant de police) Captain Corps d encadrement et D application Major Brigadier chief de police Brigadier de police Sour-brigadier de police Peace guard First year peace guard Studying peace guard Employ jeune Adjoint securite India

chief 4. Chief constable 5. Vice chief constable 6. chief sergeant, assistant chief constable 7. sergeant, inquisitor 8. policeman 9. police intern, temporary replacement officer, district police officer

Ranks of Gazetted Officer Director Intelligence Bureau Additional Commissioner of Police or Deputy Inspector General of Police Joint Commissioner of Police or Inspector General of Police Commissioner of Police Special Commissioner of Police Deputy of Commissioner of Police Additional deputy commissioner of police Assistant commissioner of police Assistant superintendent of police Assistant superintendent of police Ranks of Non-Gazetted Officer Inspector of police Sub-inspector of police Assistant sub-inspector of police Police head constable Senior police constable Police constable

Police General Police Commissioner General Police Inspector General Police Brigadier General Mid rank officers Police great commissioner Police great commissioner Adjutant Police commissioner Low rank officers Police commissioner adjutant First police inspector Second police inspector Warrant officers First police inspector adjutant Second police inspector adjutant Non-commissioned officers Chief police brigadier Police brigadier First police brigadier Second police brigadier Enlisted Police brigadier adjutant First police brigadier adjutant Second police brigadier adjutant Chief bhayangkara First bhayangkara Second bhayangkara Ireland

Iraq

Indonesia

Chief of police Chief of superintendent Superintendent Chief of inspector Inspector Captain Lieutenant Sergeant Patrolman Japan

Commissioner Deputy commissioner Assistant commissioner Chief superintendent Superintendent Inspector Sergeant Garda Student garda Reserve Garda South Korea

1. Commissioner General 2. Superintendent general 3. Superintendent supervisor (Keishi-kan): 4. Deputy superintendent General, The Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters, others. 38 capacity. 5. Chief superintendent (Keishi-cho). The chief of prefectural police headquarters. 6. Senior Superintendent (Keishi-sei). The chief of police station. 7. Superintendent (keishi). The chief of police station. 8. police inspector or captain (keibu) 9. assistant police inspector or lieutenant 10. police sergeant 11. senior police 12. police officer, old patrolman (junsa)

Commissioner general Chief superintendent general Senior superintendent general Superintendent general Senior superintendent Superintendent Senior inspector Inspector Assistant inspector Senior police officer Police officer

Lithuania

Macau

A class officers

Superintendent general Superintendent Intended Sub-intended Commissioner

Commissioner Senior commissioner The chief commissioner

Latvia Lowest to highest Ierindnieks/private Kursants Kapralis/corporal Serzants/sergeants Virsnieka vietneiks/warrant officer Leitnants/first lieutenant Kapteinis/captain Majors/major Pulkvezleitnants/lieutenant Colonel Pulkvedis/colonel Generalis/police general

Commissioner – general B. Class Officers Inspector The chief inspector Commission inspector

Sub-commissioner Chief Sub-chief 1st class guard 2nd class guard Guard

C. Class Officers Junior police officer Police officer Senior police officer Sergeant Malaysia

Netherlands

Inspector General Grade Inspector General of police (IGP) Deputy inspector general of police (DIG) Commissioner of Police (CP) Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SAC) Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police II Senior Commissioner of Police (ACP) Superintendent Superintendent of police (SUPT) Deputy superintendent of police (DSP) Assistant superintendent of police (ASP)

Chief Constable (Hoofscommissaris) Commissioner (Commissaris) Superitendent (Hoofdinspecteur) Inspector (Inspector) Sergeant (Brigadier) Constant First Class (Hoofdagent) Constable (agent) Police Patrol Officer (surveillant) Police trainee (aspirant

Inspector Grade Chief inspector Inspector (INSP) Probability inspector (P/INSP) Enlisted Grade Sub-inspector (S-INSP) Sergeant Major (SM) Sergeant (SGT) Corporal (CPL) Lance corporal (L/CPL) Constable Singapore Philippines Commissioned officers Director general (DGEN.) General Deputy director general (DDG)

Senior Police officers Commissioner of police Deputy commissioner of police (DCP)

Lieutenant General Director (Dir) Major General Chief Superintendent (C/Supt.) Brigadier General Senior Superintendent (S/Supt.) Colonel Superintendent (Supt.) Lieutenant Colonel Chief Inspector (C/Insp.) Major Senior Inspector (S/Insp)Captain Inspector (Insp) Lieutenant Note: rank in italics is the army equivalent. There is no second lieutenant rank-equivalent in the PNP. Non Commercial Officers Senior Police Officer IV (SPO4) Senior master sergeant/chief Master sergeant Senior police officer III (SPO3) Master sergeant Senior police officer II (SPO2) Technical sergeant Senior police officer I 9SPO1) Staff sergeant Police officer III (PO3) sergeant Police office II (PO2) Corporal Police Officer I (PO1) Private First Class

Senior (DCP) Senior Assistant Commissioner (SAC) Assistant commissioner (AC) Deputy assistant Commissioner (DAC) Superintendent of police (SUPT) Deputy superintendent of police (DSP) Assistant superintendent of police (ASP) Inspector of police (INSP) Police Officers Senior station inspector (2) of police (SS12) Senior station inspector of police (SSI) Station inspector of police (Si) Senior staff sergeant (SSSGT) Staff sergeant Sergeant (SGT) Corporal (CPL) Lance corporal (LC): Gurkha rank. Special constable (SC): non Regulars Police constable (PC):

Sri Lank

Spain

Gazetted officers Inspector General of police (IGP) Senior Deputy Inspector General of police (SDIG) Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) Senior Superintendent of police (SSP) Assistant Superintendent of police (ASP) Chief Inspector of police (CIP) Inspector of police (IP) Sub inspector of police (SI) Non-Gazetted officers Police sergeant major (PSM) Police sergeant class 1 (PS) Police sergeant class 2 (PS) Police constable class I (PC) Police constable class 2 (PC) Police constable class 3 (PC)

Cuerpo Nacional de Policia Chief Superintendent (Spanish: Comisari o Principal) Superintendent (Comisario) Chief Inspector (Inspector Jefe) Inspector Sergeant (Subinspector) Corporal (Official) Constable (Agente) Guardian Civil – Civil Guard Lieutenant General (Teniente) General Division General (General de Division) Brigade General (General de

Brigada ) Colonel (Coronel) Lieutenant Colonel (Teniente) Coronel Major (Comandante) Police Constable Class 4 (PC)

Captain (Capitan) Lieutenant (Teniente) Second Lieutenant (Alferez) Senior Warrant Officer (Suboficial) Mayor) Junior Warrant Officer (Subteniente) Sergeant First class (brigada) Staff sergeant (Sargento Primero) Sergeant (Sargento) Master corporal (Cabo Mayor) Corporal (Cabo Primero) Lance Corporal (Cabo) Constable first class (agente de 1st) Constable (agente)

Taiwan (The Republic of China) National Police Agency (Republic of China)

Thailand

Police Supervisor General Police Supervisor Rank One Police Supervisor Rank two Police Supervisor Rank three Police Supervisor Rank four Police Officer rank one Police Officer rank two Police officer rank three Police officer rank four Police rank one Police rank two Police rank three Police rank four

Royal Thai Police Commissioned officers Police General (phon tamruat ek) Police lieutenant general (phon Tamruat tho) Police major general (phon Tamruat tri) Police brigadier general (not in use Now (phon tamruat jattawa) Police senior colonel(phan Tamruat ek phiset) Police colonel (phan tamrat ek) Police lieutenant colonel (phan Tamruat tho) Police major (phan tamruat tri) Police captain (roi tamruat ek) Police lieutenant (roi tamruat tho) Police sub-lieutenant (roi tamruat tri) Non Commissioned Officers Police senior sergeant major (dap tamruat) Police sergeant major (ja sip Tamruat)

Police sergeant (sip tamruat ek) Police corporal (sip tamruat tho) Police lance corporal (sip tamruat tri) Policeman/constable (phon tamruat) Turkey

United Kingdom

Turkish police Director general (emniyet genel muduru) 1st degree police chief (1. Sinif emniyet muduru) 2nd degree police chief (2. Sinif emniyet muduru) 3rd degree police chief (3. Sinif emniyet muduru) 4th degree police chief (4. Sinif emniyet muduru) Superintendent (emniyet amiri) Chief inspector (baskomiser) Inspector (komiser) Sub-inspector (komiser yardimcisi) Police officer (Turkish:polis memuru(

Police ranks of the United Kingdom For territorial police (detective/uniformed)constable (detective/uniformed)sergeant (detective/uniformed)inspector (detective/uniformed)chief Inspector (detective/uniformed) superintendent (detective/uniformed) chief Superintendent Assistant chief constable Deputy chiefs constable Chief constable Ranks up to chief superintendent Can be held in either a uniformed in either a uniformed or detective capacity, whereas after that the “Chief Officer” ranks are concerned with the overall management and effective running of the force. Within London’s Metropolitan Police service the ranks are identical to those outside London, until chief superintendent. In London the chief ranks are: Commander Deputy assistant commissioner Assistant commissioner Deputy commissioner Commissioner constabulary, which is made up of volunteer police officers with identical powers to regular officers, maintains its own ranking structure (varies, but most common): Chief officer Assistant chief officer Special chief inspector District officer (similar in role to an Inspector) Section officer(Similar in role to a sergeant) Special constable The special constabulary in Scottish police forces does not maintain any structure and all members of the special constabulary are special constable regardless to length of service/experience, etc.

United States Chief of police/police Commissioner/superintendent/sheriff Deputy chief of police/deputy Commissioner/Deputy Superintendent/undersheriff Inspector/commander/colonel Major/deputy inspector Captain Lieutenant Sergeant Detective/inspector/investigator Officer/deputy sheriff/corporal Venezuela Comisario Jefe Comisario Sub Comisario Inspector Jefe Inspector Sub Inspector Detective Agente Officre’ Doctor

Special constable are always subordinate to regular constables. Traffic wardens and police community support officers to not have a rank structure.

Vietnam Dai tuong cong an-police General Thu tuong cong an-police Senior lieutenant general Trung tuong cong an –police Lieutenant general Thieu tuong cong an –police Major general Middle rank Dai ta cong an – police colonel Thu ong ta Cong an – Police senior Lieutenant colonel Trung ta Cong an – police Lieutenant colonel Thieu ta Cong an – Police Major Low rank Dai uy cong-an – police captain Thuong uy cong an – police Senior lieutenant Trung uy cong an – police lieutenant Thieu uy cog an – police sub-lieutenant

Chapter V Types of Police This chapter enumerates and summarizes the different types of police of various countries. Afghanistan 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Afghan Boarder Police ABP Afghan National Civil Order Police (ANCOP) Afghan National Police – ANP Afghan Special Narcotics Force (ASNF) Counter Narcoutics Police of Afghanistan (CNPA) Khadamat – e Etela’at-e Dawlati National Directorate of Security (NDS, Ring of Steel The Sarandoy Vice and Virtue Ministry

Australia 2 Major Types of Police Australia 1. Australian Federal Police (AFP) is responsible for the investigation of crimes against Commonwealth law which occurs throughout the nation. The AFP also have responsibility for a community policing role (similar to the state police) in Commonwealth territories such as the Australian Capital Territory. 2. Various State Police The state police forces are responsible for enforcing state law within their own states (including cities within the states) China 1. Public Security Police. It makes up to 86% of all police personnel in China. It provides not only basic uniformed patrol but also twelve other specialized functions including criminal investigations, fire control border patrol, and monitoring of all modes of transportation. 2. State Security Police. Established in 1983, it is responsible for preventing espionage, sabotage, and conspiracies. 3. Prison Police. It is responsible for supervision of convicted offenders in prison. 4. Judicial Procuratorates Police. They escort suspects in cases investigated by the procuratorates (prosecutors in the Phils.).

5. Judicial People’s Court Police. They maintain security and order in the various courts and also may carryout death sentence.

Japan 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Koban Chuzaisho Kidotai Kempetai Prefectural

Germany 1. Bundespolizie/Federal police 2. Landespolizie/state police 2.1 Schutzpolizei. This is the equivalent of municipal police particularly patrol officers in the Philippines, they are the first to arrive at the scene of most crime and handle all general aspects of law enforcement and simple investigations. 2.2 Kriminalpolizei. This is also called Kripo. They are plainclothes police who handle serious crime investigation and situations that require developing case against the suspect. 2.3 Bereitschaftspolize. These are officers – in training living in barracks, but they serve as civil police when situation arises. 2.4 Kommunen/local The Verkehrspolize (traffic police) was the traffic-law enforcement agency and road safety administration of Germany. The Wsserschutzpolizei (water protection police) was the coast guard of the third reich. Tasked with the safety and security of Germany’s rivers, harbors, and inland waterways. The Bahnschutzpolizei (railway police) was made up of part time police officers who were also employees of the Reichbahn (state railway). The Bahnchutzpolizei was tasked with railway safety and also preventing espionage and sabotage of railway property. Postal police (Postchutz) was tasked with security at Germany’s post offices and ensuring the security of other communications media such as telephone and telegraph lines. The Feuerschutzpolizei fire protection police) thus consisted of all professional fire departments under a national command structure. The Orpo Hauptamt had also authority over the Freiwillige Feuerwehren, the local volunteer civilian fire brigades.

The security and assistance Service (Sicherheits and Hilfsdienst or SHD) was created in 1935 as air protection police. It was the civil protection service in charge of air raid defense and rescue victims of bombings in connection with the Technische Nothilfe (Technical Emergency Service) and the Feuerschutzpolizei (FireBrigades).

United Kingdom 1. Terrotorial police forces 2. Special police forces, 2. Non-police law enforcement agencies 4. Miscellaneous police forces

USA 1. Federal 2. State Police, State Patrol or Highway Patrol 3. Country Police 4. Sheriffs’ department 5. Municipal 6. Special district police

Guidelines in reviewing How to fail the board examination? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Read once in a while. Do not buy or gather review materials. Be satisfied with what you have Do not attend or join review classes. Attend review class irregularly. Dot not believe on the result of your mock board examination. Do not pray. Do not believe in God. Sleep while others are reading.

How to pass the board examination? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Read 3 hours a day. Gather review materials. Attend the review lectures regularly. Believe on the result of your mock board examination. Depend on God. Spend more time in reading than relaxing.

How to top the board examination? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Read and understand what you are reading. Buy or gather review materials as many as you can. Attend review classes regularly. Take down notes. Believing and improving the result of your mock board examination. Put Go first in everything you do. Read more than 8 hours in 24 hours.