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CoMP (1): CoMP Types – CS, CB, JT and DPS August 12, 2014 | By Dr. Michelle M. Do and Dr. Harrison J. Son (
[email protected])
Today, we will learn about CoMP, an inter-cell cooperation technology in LTE-A, since we learned about ICIC and eICIC in the previous posts. At an early stage of LTE/LTE-A, offering high speed is the most important marketing point for operators. However, as LTE subscribers and traffic grow, satisfying users with high Quality of Experience (QoE), for example, by improving user throughputs at cell edge areas where data transmission speed drops drastically becomes far more important than just supporting the highest speed. Increased radio network capacity can be achieved by improving spectral efficiency. Spectral efficiency (bit/sec/Hz) is the transmission rate measured in bps per Hz. The higher spectral efficiency, the more data can be transmitted with the same amount of bandwidth. By default, LTE networks provide broadband radio links by obtaining higher spectral efficiency through using at least 2x2 MIMO antennas. At cell centers, installing more antennas at a base station improves spectral efficiency, leading to higher UE throughputs. At cell edge areas, however, only insignificant throughput improvement can be expected. So, we should find another way to gain the same effect.
Definition of CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) is a new inter-cell cooperation technology specifically aiming to enhance throughputs of UEs at cell edge. CoMP mitigates inter-cell interference and increases throughputs of a UE at cell edge by allowing not only the UE's serving cell, but also other cell(s) to communicate with the UE, through cooperation with one another. Traditionally, a UE accesses only one cell (serving cell) for communication. But, a CoMP-enabled UE can communicate with more than one cell located in different points, and this group of cells works as a virtual MIMO system. Cells that are in charge of directly or indirectly transmitting data to UE are called "CoMP *
cooperating cells" ("CoMP cooperating set" in 3GPP terms ), and specifically those actually responsible for *
transmitting data to UE are called "CoMP transmission cell(s)" ("CoMP transmission points" in 3GPP terms ). In summary, CoMP is an inter-cell cooperation technology that enables more than one transmission cell to communicate with a UE to achieve better throughputs at cell edge areas by reducing inter-cell interference. CoMP cooperating cells share channel information of a UE, and based on the information, transmission cell(s) are decided.
Why CoMP? – Problems with ICIC and eICIC As discussed in the previous posts, ICIC (defined in Release 8) reduces inter-cell interference by allocating different frequency resources (RBs or sub-carriers) to UEs at cell edge. On the other hand, eICIC (defined in Release 10) does the same task in time domain, by allocating different time resources (subframes) through cooperation between a macro cell and small cells in a HetNet. ICIC and eICIC, both aiming to reduce inter-cell interference, can help UEs at cell edge to communicate, but neither can actually improve their throughputs. That's because they restrict radio resource usage in frequency domain (ICIC) and time domain (eICIC) to mitigate interference. And interference information between neighbor cells is shared on a relatively long term basis. As a result, fast-changing channel conditions of UE (e.g. when UE is traveling fast, or entering a shadowing area) are not reflected in inter-cell cooperation promptly in time, inevitably impeding dynamic allocation of resources. 1
Netmanias Tech-Blog: CoMP (1): CoMP Types – CS, CB, JT and DPS
CoMP, recognized as the most advanced inter-cell cooperation technology so far, was first standardized in Release 11, and further standardization is still taking place in Release 12. It uses radio resources not just in frequency/time domain, but also in spatial domain, to enhance spectral efficiency. That is, it performs beamforming using a smart antenna, or works as a virtual MIMO system. With CoMP, cooperating cells can share UE's channel information every time scheduling is performed, and hence UE's instantaneous channel conditions can be reflected in time. This sharing makes joint scheduling possible. CoMP can be used either in a homogeneous or heterogeneous network (HetNet), and features various types of inter-cell cooperation: CS, CB JT, and DPS (see CoMP Types below).
Channel Information Used in CoMP Channels are transmission routes for data, i.e. between Tx antenna and Rx antenna across air. If base stations know UE's channel information beforehand, they can transmit precoded data so that UE can get better reception. For this purpose, UEs measure their channels, and report the resulting Channel State Information (CSI) to their base stations. Base stations give their UEs an instruction on how and which cell's CSI are to be measured by sending a CSI-RS (CSI Reference Signal) configuration message. Upon this instruction, UEs measure CSI and report to their serving cells. In general, CSI information includes Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), and Rank Indicator (RI). CQI: An indicator of channel quality. Displayed as a highest modulation and coding rate (MCR) value that satisfies the condition of 'channel block error rate (BLER) < 0.1'. It is set as a value ranging 0 ~ 15 (4 bits). The better channel quality, the higher MCR is used. Subband CQIs indicate the quality for specific frequency ranges (subrange) while wideband CQIs indicate that for the entire channel bandwidth. PMI: Base stations deliver more than one data stream (layer) through Tx antenna. Precoding matrix shows how individual data streams (layers) are mapped to antennas. To calculate precoding matrix, UEs obtain channel information by measuring the channel quality of each DL antenna. Because providing feedback on all channel information results in significantly increased overheads, generally a code book is pre-configured at base stations and UEs. Using this code book, UEs send the index of a corresponding precoding matrix only. Base stations, by referring the reported precoding matrix, calculate its own precoding matrix, and use the optimal value from it. RI: Indicates the number of data stream(s) being delivered in DL. For instance, with 2 X 2 MIMO, this value is 1 in case of transmit diversity MIMO where two antennas at a base station are sending the same data stream, and it is 2 in case of spatial multiplexing MIMO where the antennas are sending different data streams.
CoMP Types (CoMP Categories in 3GPP Terms*) Specific CoMP types can be categorized in many ways depending on the criteria used for categorization – whether backhaul is ideal or non-ideal, whether CoMP between eNBs is supported or not, whether MIMO antennas support one user or multiple users, whether it is to be applied to DL or UL, etc. This post will discuss DL CoMP. CoMP is designed to reduce inter-cell interference and enhance throughputs of cell-edge UEs. When cell(s) send data to UEs, they can use one of the following CoMP types depending on the extent of coordination among cells and traffic load. Although different types of CoMP can be used together, we will explain the specific types one by one below for easier understanding.
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Netmanias Tech-Blog: CoMP (1): CoMP Types – CS, CB, JT and DPS
Coordinated Scheduling/Coordinated Beamforming (CS/CB) As an effort to minimize interference among cell-edge UEs, CS and CB CoMP select one of the cooperating cells as a transmission cell, and use it in communicating with UE.
1. Coordinated Scheduling (CS) The basic idea of CS CoMP is pretty similar to ICIC in that it reduces inter-cell interference by allocating different frequency resources (RBs or sub-carriers) to cell-edge UEs. But from technical perspective, CS CoMP is a more advanced technology that requires a much shorter operation period, more complicated signal processing and more elaborate algorithm, compared to ICIC. In ICIC, cooperating cells share interference information of each cell, but in CS CoMP they can share channel information of each user. First, cooperation periods in CS CoMP are a lot shorter than in ICIC. In ICIC, each cooperation period is
tens ~ hundreds of msecs long. So, once ICIC coordination results are updated, schedulings are based on the result for a long time. On the other hand, in CS CoMP, with a cooperation period as short as 1 msec, new CS coordination results are applied every time scheduling is performed. So, resources can be dynamically allocated even with instantaneous changes of UE's channel condition. Second, in CS CoMP, cooperating cells share greater amount of more elaborate information,
compared to those in ICIC. In ICIC, pretty simple information like interference level by radio block is shared (see ICIC) while user-detailed channel information (CQI, PMI, RI, SINR, etc.) between UEs and their cooperating cells is shared in CS CoMP.
High power High power Low power
Low power
Low power
F
F
f3 f1
f2
Sig nal
A2
No interference in central region
A1
l na g i S
f3
f1
B3
B2
B1
• Cell A and Cell B cooperate with each other to allocate different frequency resources (f3, f2) to A1 and B1 at cell edge, avoiding interference. • A1 and B1 receive data, only from their respective serving cells, Cell A and Cell B.
F = {f1, f2, …, fN} fi : RBs or sub-carriers Cell A
Cell B
Allocating different frequency resources to A1 and B1
RB: Resource Block
Figure 1. Coordinated Scheduling (CS) In Figure 1, A1 and B1 at cell edge, each with a different frequency resource allocated (f3 and f2), can avoid interference, and hence have improved throughputs. Both UEs do receive signals from the other UE. These signals do not cause interference with the other's, but may cause degraded reception of their own signals.
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Netmanias Tech-Blog: CoMP (1): CoMP Types – CS, CB, JT and DPS
2. Coordinated Beamforming (CB) CB CoMP allocates different spatial resources (beam patterns) to UEs at cell edge by using smart antenna technology. Without CS, A1 and B1 may end up being allocated the same frequency resource (f3 in Figure 2). CB CoMP allows Cell A and Cell B to cooperate with each other, and allocate different spatial resources (beam pattern 1, beam pattern 2) to A1 and B1 at cell edge. These two cells can prevent interference by allocating main beam to their own UE, and null beam to the other neighbor UE. High power High power Low power
Low power
Low power
nulling
FF
f3
f3
Sig nal
f1
A1
A2
F
Ð
No interference beam in central region pattern 1
B1
Ð ignal S
f2
f1
B3
B2
• Cell A and Cell B cooperate with each other to allocate different beam patterns (beam pattern 1, beam pattern 2) to A1 and B1 at cell edge, avoiding interference. • A1 and B1 receive data, only from their respective serving cells, Cell A and Cell B.
beam pattern 2
Cell A
F = {f1, f2, …, fN} fi : RBs or sub-carriers
Cell B
Allocating different beam patterns to A1 and B1
RB: Resource Block
Figure 2. Coordinated Beamforming (CB) Generally, CB is more often used with CS, than alone. Figure 3 shows a case where CS and CB are used together. Cell A and Cell B cooperate with each other to allocate different frequency resources (f3, f2) and different spatial resources (beam pattern 1, beam pattern 2) to A1 and B1, respectively. This cooperation is pretty effective because, CS alone can easily take care of interference issues, and besides CB can even ensure better reception quality. If used with CB, CS can achieve better cell-edge throughputs because CB helps A1 and B1 to avoid signals sent to the other, and better receive those destined for themselves. High power High power Low power
Low power
Low power
nulling
F
f3 f1 A2
sign
al A1
Ð
No interference beam in central region pattern 1
Cell A
F
f2
B1
Ð ignal s
f3
f1
B3
B2
beam pattern 2
• Cell A and Cell B cooperate with each other to allocate different frequency resources (f3, f2) AND different beam patterns (beam pattern 1, beam pattern 2) to A1 and B1 at cell edge, resulting in less interference and better reception. • A1 and B1 receive data, only from their respective serving cells, Cell A and Cell B.
Cell B
Allocating different frequency resources and beam patterns to A1 and B1
F = {f1, f2, …, fN} fi : RBs or sub-carriers RB: Resource Block
Figure 3. CS/CB
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Netmanias Tech-Blog: CoMP (1): CoMP Types – CS, CB, JT and DPS
Joint Processing (JP): Joint Transmission/Dynamic Point Selection (JT/DPS) In JT/DPS CoMP, multiple cells are selected among cooperating cells as transmission cells for better reception of UEs at cell edge.
3. Joint Transmission (JT) With JT, multiple cells can transmit the same data concurrently by using the same radio resources (frequency and time). Because the same data is sent, the speed would not double, but reception performance would be improved. In the figure below, A1 at Cell A edge receives data from its serving cell (Cell A), and the same data from Cell B as well, and this leads to enhanced reception quality at A1. What is happening is, the signal(s) received from other cell(s) do not cause interference, but instead they actually make the signal destined for A1 stronger. Thanks to the improvement of reception performance, throughputs at cell edge can be significantly enhanced. In order for this JT CoMP to work effectively, tight synchronization between JT cells is required. Between JT cells, transmission latency (or X2 latency if in different base stations) should be sufficiently low (i.e. ideal backhaul is required). When sending user data, different data routes can be chosen for JT cells depending on whether transmission cells are located in a base station or not, and whether CoMP coordination is performed in a centralized architecture or distributed architecture. Even when data is delivered from multiple cells/base stations, HARQ is performed at the serving cell/base station only. Intra-eNB (transmission cells in the same base station): Data is sent from DU to RU1 and RU2 Inter-eNB (transmission cells in different base stations) −
In a distributed architecture: IP data is sent from DU1 to DU2. Data signal is sent from DU1 and DU2 to RU1 and RU2, respectively
−
In a centralized architecture: IP data is sent from DU1 to centralized CoMP Coordinator. Data signal is sent from CoMP Coordinator to DU1 and DU2
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Netmanias Tech-Blog: CoMP (1): CoMP Types – CS, CB, JT and DPS
subframe #n
F
RU1
f3
F
• Cell A and Cell B cooperate with each other to allocate the same frequency resource (f3) AND the same time resource (subframe #n) to A1, and share the same data, leading to better reception.
RU2
f3 nal Sig
Sig nal A1
Sig na l HA RQ
l na g i S
• A1 receives the same data from Cell A and Cell B concurrently.
DU S1
Cell A
Data
Cell B
S-GW
subframes
Sending same data concurently to A1 by allocating the same frequency and time resources
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Data from Cell A
(a) Intra-eNB JT
Data from Cell B
subframe #n
F RU1
f3
F RU2
f3 nal Sig
Sig nal A1
Data
DU1
Cell B
Signal
Signal
CoMP Coordinator
HARQ
Cell A
DU2
X2
F = {f1, f2, …, fN} fi : RBs or sub-carriers RB: Resource Block RU: Radio Unit DU: Digital Unit : Data (IP)
CoMP Coordinator
: Data (radio signal)
S1
S1 Data
S-GW
(b) Inter-eNB JT: Distributed coordination
subframe #n
F RU1
f3
F RU2
f3 nal Sig
Sig nal A1
DU1
Cell B
Signal
Signal
HARQ
Cell A
Sign al Dat a
nal Sig
DU2
S1
S1 Data
CoMP Coordinator S-GW
(c) Inter-eNB JT: Centralized coordination
Figure 4. Joint Transmission (JT)
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Netmanias Tech-Blog: CoMP (1): CoMP Types – CS, CB, JT and DPS
4. Dynamic Point Selection (DPS) At preparation phase, DPS works the same way as JT in that multiple cells share the same data. At data transmission phase, however, it works differently. First, the channel quality of UEs is checked in each subframe, and data is sent by the one cell that has the minimum path loss. Other cells that are not selected are muted. Because data is sent from cells with better channel quality, reception quality at UEs can be improved most effectively. Figure 5 shows how DPS CoMP operates in case transmission cells belong to the same base station. Unlike with JT, tight synchronization is not required, HARQ is performed at the cell that is actually sending data.
RU1
subframe #0
F
f3
F
f3
• Cell A and Cell B cooperate with each other to allocate the same frequency resource (f3) to A1, share the same data, and dynamically transmit data in each subframe, leading to better reception.
RU2
Sig nal A1
Sig na l HA RQ
muting
• A1 receives data from Cell A or Cell B, whichever has better channel quality.
DU S1
Cell A
Data
Cell B
S-GW
subframes 0
RU1
F
subframe #1
f3
F
f3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Data from Cell A
RU2
Data from Cell B
nal Sig
F = {f1, f2, …, fN} fi : RBs or sub-carriers
A1
muting
l na Sig RQ HA
DU S1
Cell A
Data
RB: Resource Block RU: Radio Unit DU: Digital Unit Cell B
S-GW
: Data (IP) : Data (radio signal)
Sending data dynamically to A1 by allocating the same frequency resources
Figure 5. Dynamic Point Selection (DPS)
So far, we have learned about different CoMP types and their characteristics, and about how they are different from one another, which can be summarized as follows:
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Netmanias Tech-Blog: CoMP (1): CoMP Types – CS, CB, JT and DPS
CoMP (DL) CS
CB
JT
DPS
Resource domain
Frequency
Frequency, Spatial
Frequency, Spatial
Frequency, Time, Spatial
# of transmission poins
Single
Single
Multiple
Multiple
Shared information between neighbor cells
CSI, Scheduling
CSI, Scheduling, Beamforming
CSI, Scheduling, Data
CSI, Scheduling, Data
Interference avoidance
O
O
X
X
Receiver performance improvement
X
O
O
O
Duplicated data reception from neighbor cells
X
X
O
X
Time synchonization
X
X
O
X
Ideal backhaul
Ideal backhaul
Backhaul type (based on X2 latency tolerance)
Ideal backhaul, Ideal backhaul, Non-ideal backhaul Non-ideal backhaul
In the next post, we will look into how and where CoMP is actually employed, and also how it has evolved so far, using CoMP scenarios defined in 3GPP.
Footnotes * 3GPP TR 36.819, “3GPP; TSG RAN; Coordinated multi-point operation for LTE physical layer aspects”
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