Cómo Redactar La Realidad Problematica

 

[HMJGNMN Y[OKJHDÍ^GCM Hs jm nhscrgpcgól nh jm rhmjgnmn/sgtumcgól prokjhdítgcm hl hj colthxto nolnh ocurrh u ocurrgó. Hstm htmpm nh jm glvhstgbmcgól sh cmrmcthrgzm por shr nhscrgptgvm, mlmjätgcm y okahtgvm nhkgno m jms rh`hrhlcgms quh susthltml y/o austg`gcml jm glvhstgbmcgól. Xsm hj dçtono nhnuctgvo por shr nh hl`oquh cumltgtmtgvo.

dkgtos

Msphctos m colsgnhrmr Ngmblóstgco

LGPHJ GL^H[LMCGOLMJ

Mrbudhltmcgól Hj ngmblóstgco  hstí rh`hrgno m hstungos mlmjgzmnos prhvgmdhlth6 jos dgsdos quh `uhrol rhmjgzmnos (nhj prokjhdm-vmrgmkjh) por glstgtucgolhs `ordmjhs. Hj ngmblóstgco puhnh hstmr hxprhsmno hl rhsujtmnos hstmnästgcos, hl nmtos ngvhrsos, htc.

Yrolóstgco

Hj prolóstgco  hs jm hxpjgcmcgól nh códo jm sgtumcgól prokjhdítgcm puhnh coltglumr  prhshltílnosh hl hj `uturo nh lo coltrojmrsh jms cmusms.

Ngmblóstgco

LGPHJ LMCGOLMJ

Yrolóstgco

Ngmblóstgco

LGPHJ JOCMJ

Yrolóstgco

Ngmblóstgco Yrolóstgco Coltroj nhj  prolóstgco  LGPHJ GLS^G^XCGOLMJ

Hl hj ngmblóstgco glstgtucgolmj nhscrgkh jm nhthccgól nhj prokjhdm y sh proporcgolmr hvgnhlcgms nhj dgsdo y puhnh coltmr col hstmnästgcms, hltrhvgstms gl`ordmjhs, okshrvmcgolhs, htc., nh jm sgtumcgól  prokjhdítgcm codo ul ngmblóstgco prhvgo.

Yrolóstgco 4 ]uç puhnh suchnhr m corto y jmrbo pjmzo sg hsth prokjhdm phrsgsth.   Hj coltroj nhj prolóstgco  hs nhscrgkgr y hxpjgcmr jm coltrgkucgól quh sh propolh col jm glvhstgbmcgól pmrm ulm posgkjh sojucgól mj  prokjhdm shbñl jo ngmblostgcmno. Nh shr  posgkjh prolostgcmr, hl kmsh mj mlíjgsgs rhmjgzmno, jms posgkjhs colshcuhlcgms nh lo nmr ulm posgkjh sojucgól.

 

 

Hahdpjo1 Jos hdkmrmzos hl mnojhschlths hstungmlths hs ulm rhmjgnmn prhocupmlth nhkgno m quh hl`rhltml ul hdkmrmzo lo pjmlg`gcmno m`roltml glcolvhlghlths hl jo glngvgnumj, `mdgjgmr, socgmj y hnucmtgvo codo por hahdpjo jm gdposgkgjgnmn nh colcjugr sus hstungos hscojmrhs  –   hl duceos nh jos cmsos, por vhrbúhlzm y quh tmdkgçl jgdgtm sus pjmlhs nh vgnm y hj mcchso m oportulgnmnhs nh nhsmrrojjo6 por otro jmno, su`rhl hj mkmlnolo nh sus pmrhams, corrhl hj rghsbo hl jm dorkgjgnmn nh jm mnojhschlth hdkmrmzmnm y su khkç, nh coltrmhr gl`hccgolhs nh trmlsdgsgól shxumj y sh rhmjgzml jos mkortos por nhscolocgdghlto nhj uso nh dçtonos mltgcolchptgvos. Jm Orbmlgzmcgól Dulngmj nh jm Smjun, hl su hstungo rhmjgzmno hl hj ;9=8, dhlcgoló quh ulos =0 dgjjolhs nh mnojhschlths hltrh =8 y =7 mýos nml m juz cmnm mýo, jm dmyoräm hl jos pmäshs nh kmaos glbrhsos hcolódgcos y nh hnucmcgól. Hj hstungo glngcó quh jms mnojhschlths tghlhl codpjgcmcgolhs nurmlth hj hdkmrmzo y hj pmrto quh vghlh m shr jm shbulnm cmusm nh duhrth hltrh duahrhs nh =8 m =7 mýos hl tono hj dulno. ^mdkgçl rh`grghrol m quh cmnm mýo ulos trhs dgjjolhs nh mnojhschlths hltrh jms hnmnhs cgtmnms sh sodhthl m mkortos phjgbrosos, sgl colsgnhrmr quh jos khkçs nh dmnrhs mnojhschlths sh hl`rhltml m ul rghsbo colsgnhrmkjhdhlth suphrgor nh dorgr, col rhsphcto m jos khkçs lmcgnos nh duahrhs hltrh ;9 m ;> mýos. Hl hj Yhrñ, hj codportmdghlto shxumj y jm hnmn nh glgcgo nh jms rhjmcgolhs shxumjhs nh jms mnojhschlths, msä codo jm glcgnhlcgm nhj hdkmrmzo, vmräml shbñl jm gnhltgnmn çtlgcm, rhbgól nh prochnhlcgm, lgvhj hnucmtgvo y hstrmto socgohcolódgco mj quh phrthlhchl. Hl jm `gburm sgbughlth sh puhnh okshrvmr ulm hstmnästgcm nhj ;997 mj ;9=2 sokrh hj hdkmrmzo hl mnojhschlths hltrh =8 m =7 mýos nh hnmn.

 

  @gburm =1 Mnojhschlths hltrh =8 m =7 mýos hdkmrmzmnms hdkmrmzmnms.. ettps1//phru;=.ph/jgdm/dgj ettps1//phru;=.ph/ jgdm/dgj-lglms-=;-=0-mlos-colvghrthl -lglms-=;-=0-mlos-colvghrthl-dmnrhs-hl-phru. -dmnrhs-hl-phru.

Jms hstmnästgcms glngcml quh mj ;9=2 hj =3,>% nh jms mnojhschlths sh hdkmrmzmrol. Sg jm prhvmjhlcgm nh jm mltgcolchpcgól pmrm jm rhbujmcgól nh jm rhpronuccgól hs ulo nh jos nhthrdglmlths próxgdos dís gdportmlth nh jm `hculngnmn y hs hj glngcmnor dís usmno pmrm hvmjumr hj çxgto nh jos probrmdms nh pjmlg`gcmcgól `mdgjgmr quh shbñl jm HLNHS (hlcuhstm nhdobrí`gcm y nh smjun `mdgjgmr) quh nh cmnm =99 mnojhschlths, hl jm mctumjgnmn tghlh egaos o hstíl hl su prgdhr hdkmrmzo, 09 usml mjbñl dçtono mltgcolchptgvo. Hltolchs, ponhdos nhnucgr quh mñl hxgsth nhscolocgdghlto nhj uso nh jos dçtonos mltgcolchptgvos quh sh nhkh rhmjgzmr m lgvhj nh glstgtucgolhs hnucmtgvms pmrm hvgtmr hdkmrmzos.

Emy ulm phrsgsthlth prhvmjhlcgm nhj hdkmrmzo mnojhschlth hl hj Yhrñ. Nhsnh emch ;8 mýos jos glngcmnorhs lo sh eml rhnucgno, y por hj coltrmrgo em emkgno ul glcrhdhlto nh ;.=%, pmsmlno nh =;.8% hl hj ;9== m =>.0% hl hj ;9=>, nh mcuhrno col cg`rms nhj Glstgtuto  Lmcgolmj nh Hstmnästgcm h Gl`ordítgcm (GLHG). HLNHS ;9=> nhj nh j GLHG y @olno nh n h Yokjmcgól nh jm Lmcgolhs Xlgnms (XL@YM), codo sh okshrvm hl jm `gburm sgbughlth, jos nmtos hstmnästgcos mj ;9=>. Sgl hdkmrbo, hs prhocupmlth quh hj Dglgsthrgo nh Hnucmcgól lo  prhshlth nmtos hstmnästgcos sokrh jos hdkmrmzos h dkmrmzos hl hscojmrhs. Hl nmtos sgbughlths sh puhnh vhrg`gcmr quh mj ;9=> hl Jgdm emkäm hj =;,;% nh hdkmrmzos hl duahrhs mnojhschlths6 cg`rm quh mschlngó m =3,>% hl hj ;9=2.

 

Hj GLHG gl`ordó quh hj 0,3% nh jms mnojhschlths eml thlgno rhjmcgolhs shxumjhs mlths nh jos =8 mýos, hj ;,9% sh ulghrol por prgdhrm vhz mlths nh jos =8 mýos y hj 9,0% tuvghrol ul khkç mlths nh cudpjgr =8 mýos. Hj porchltmah nh duahrhs mnojhschlths mjbulm vhz hdkmrmzmnms, hl hj Yhrñ lo em su`rgno cmdkgos gdportmlths hltrh =770 y hj ;9=8, mýos hl quh hsth porchltmah `uh nh =3.>% y =3.0%, rhsphctgvmdhlth. Hl hsh phräono jm `juctumcgól em sgno dälgdm nh =;.8% hl hj ;9== m =>.9% hl hj ;9=3. Hl hj ngstrgto nh Sml Auml nh Jurgbmlceo, hj dís pokjmno nhj Yhrñ y nh Mdçrgcm nhj Sur col dís nh = dgjjól =;5 dgj emkgtmlths shbñl hj GLHG y jos rhbgstros mndglgstrmtgvos nh jm [HLGHC eml phrdgtgno colochr quh hs mnhdís mquçj quh colchltrm hj dmyor lñdhro nh dmnrhs phrumlms dhlorhs nh =8 mýos. Hl hj Ngstrgto hxgsth ul jubmr jjmdmno Mrrgkm Yhrñ, nolnh sh ukgcm jm Msocgmcgól ^mjjhr nh jos Lgýos pmrm dmnrhs mnojhschlths mj quh msgsthl jms dmnrhs m mprhlnhr sgl mjhamrsh nh sus egaos y qugzí hs jm ñlgcm hsphrmlzm nh hstms dmnrhs  aóvhlhs por rhglshrtmrsh hl jm socghnmn y dmdís dhlorhs nh hnmn colcjuyh jm shculnmrgm. Mctumjdhlth, sh em colvhrtgno hl ulm glstgtucgól nh mpoyo glthbrmj pmrm jms dmnrhs mnojhschlths, quh eml cmdkgmno jm egstorgm nh dís nh 89.999 lgýos y sus dmnrhs hl jos ñjtgdos mýos.

Hl jm Glstgtucgól. Hnucmtgvm L¹==27 ^odms Mjvm Hngsol, ukgcmno hl hsth ngstrgto, sh rhbgstrmrol Noch hdkmrmzos hl mnojhschlths hj mýo ;9=0 y cglco hj mýo ;9=2. Xlm rhmjgnmn sgdgjmr sh vgvh hl jms otrms glstgtucgolhs hnucmtgvms pñkjgcms quh `ordml pmrth nhj ngstrgto  phro quh lo sh pukjgcml jms cg`rms. Nh mcuhrno m jo okshrvmno, sh colsgnhrm quh `mjtm hnucmcgól shxumj, ulm kuhlm orghltmcgól y colshahräm m jos hstungmlths pmrm prhvhlgr hdkmrmzos lo nhshmnos. [hcolochdos quh hxgsthl hs`uhrzos nh jos sgsthdms hnucmtgvo y nh smjun phro lo sol su`gcghlths pmrm nmr m jos mnojhschlths jos dhlsmahs y jm prothccgól mnhcumnm col hj `gl nh hvgtmr jos hdkmrmzos thdprmlos y quh vml hl mudhlto m udhlto por hj glcrhdhlto nh jm pokjmcgól hl rghsbo y hj dmyor mcchso nh jos aóvhlhs m jos hstädujos hrótgcos, msä codo hj mjcoeoj y jms nrobms, quh emchl quh thlbml rhjmcgolhs shxumjhs nh dmlhrm dís prhcoz y `rhcuhlth. Hl tmj shltgno, hj okahtgvo nh jm prhshlth glvhstgbmcgól `uh rhcobhr gl`ordmcgól hltrh jos mnojhschlths pmrm codpmrmr hj lgvhj nh colocgdghlto quh tghlhl sokrh hj uso nh jos dçtonos mltgcolchptgvos.

 

^[MKMAO HL MXJM1 GNHL^G@GCM[ NGMBLOS^GCO, Y[OLOS^GCO W COL^[OJ NH Y[OLOS^GCO HL JOS MDKG^OS CO[[HSYOLNGHL^HS [hmjgnmn prokjhdítgcm = Shbñl jos rhsujtmnos nh jm Col`hrhlcgm Dulngmj sokrh jm Cghlcgm pmrm hj sgbjo UUG1 Xl luhvo codprodgso, rhmjgzmno hl Kunmphst, Eulbräm hl =777, hl jm quh sh mlmjgzó jm sgtumcgól hl jm quh sh hlcoltrmkm emstm hsh dodhlto jms cghlcgms lmturmjhs y su rhphrcusgól hl jm socghnmn, sh nhcjmrm hl ulo nh sus pultos quh pmrm quh ul pmäs puhnm mthlnhr m jms lhchsgnmnhs `ulnmdhltmjhs nh su pokjmcgól, jm hlshýmlzm nh jms cghlcgms y nh jm thclojobäm hs ulm lhchsgnmn prgorgtmrgm. Msä dgsdo, sh prhcgsm quh hl hj sgbjo UUG jm cghlcgm nhkh colvhrtgrsh hl ul kghl codpmrtgno sojgnmrgmdhlth hl khlh`gcgo nh tonos jos puhkjos. XLHSCO (;999).

Yor tmlto, ulm tmrhm nh jm Hnucmcgól hs gdpjhdhltmr pojätgcms pmrm dhaormr, rh`orzmr y ngvhrsg`gcmr jm hlshýmlzm nh jms cghlcgms, hl tonos jos lgvhjhs y pmrm tonos jos shctorhs. Sgtumcgól quh trmscghlnh hl jm `ordmcgól glgcgmj nochlth. Sh nhkh prhpmrmr nochlths quh nodglhl lo sójo hj colthlgno, sglo mnhdís codo jo shýmjml Phrbmrm y Co`rç (;9=>), jos colocgdghltos hsphcä`gcos rhsphcto nh jm hlshýmlzm nh ngceo colthlgno. Hsto sh rh`ghrh m quh nhkhl mjcmlzmr hj colocgdghlto phnmbóbgco nhj colthlgno. Gnhm quh Seujdml (=752) emkäm ym pjmlthmno mýos mtrís. Shbñl hsth rhcolocgno hnucmnor, jos pro`hsorhs nh mujm, pmrm colvhrtgrsh hl kuhlos hnucmnorhs, nhkhl mnqugrgr

ul `uhrth nodglgo nh hsth tgpo nh

colocgdghlto, nh hsth dono, ponríl hlshýmr hj colthlgno nh jm dmlhrm dís mnhcumnm y  phrtglhlth m sus hstungmlths, h stungmlths, qughlhs mnqugrgríl jos prglcgpgos `ulnmdhltmjhs nh jm cghlcgm jms emkgjgnmnhs y jms mctgtunhs cghltä`gcms quh jhs phrdgtm rhspolnhr m jms prokjhdítgcms nh su colthxto. Sgtumcgól, quh mñl lo sh mjcmlzm m lgvhj dulngmj, sokrh tono hl jos pmäshs nh Mdçrgcm Jmtglm y hj Cmrgkh (MJC).

Xlm nh jms cmusms nh hstm rhmjgnmn, quh shýmjm hj gl`ordh nh jm XLHSCO, sh nhkh m quh jm dmyoräm nh hstos pmäshs lo cuhltml col jos rhcursos y ehrrmdghltms lhchsmrgms pmrm quh jos nochlths sh mctumjgchl phrdmlhlthdhlth, tmdpoco pmrm quh jos hstungmlths nhsmrrojjhl colocgdghltos kísgcos hl cghlcgms. Hstm sgtumcgól em orgbglmno lo sójo ulm brmvh sgtumcgól nh `rmcmso hl jm cmjgnmn hnucmtgvm nh jms cghlcgms, sglo hj nhsglthrçs y rhcemzo nh jos hstungmlths emcgm jm propgm cghlcgm. Jos lgvhjhs kmaos nh mprhlngzmahs

 

colstgtuyhl okstícujos pmrm rhspolnhr m jms hxgbhlcgms nh ulm cujturm cghltä`gcm y thclojóbgcm y m jms nhdmlnms nh codphthlcgms, emkgjgnmnhs y nhstrhzms quh hxgbh hj sgbjo UUG.

Xl glngcmnor nh jms nh`gcghlcgms hl jm hlshýmlzm nh jms cghlcgms, jo colstgtuyh jos rhsujtmnos nhj Yrobrmdm pmrm jm Hvmjumcgól Glthrlmcgolmj nh Hstungmlths (YGSM) quh hvmjñm cumtro ngdhlsgolhs1 colthxto, colocgdghlto, codphthlcgms y mctgtunhs. YGSM tghlh codo okahtgvo colochr hl quç dhngnm jos hstungmlths nh =8 mýos, próxgdos m cujdglmr su hnucmcgól kísgcm, eml nhsmrrojjmno jms codphthlcgms cghltä`gcms, por hahdpjo, jms rh`hrgnms m jos prochsos nh hxpjgcmr `hlódhlos cghltä`gcmdhlth, hvmjumr y ngshýmr glvhstgbmcgolhs cghltä`gcms h glthrprhtmr nmtos y hvgnhlcgms cghltä`gcmdhlth. Hl jm tmkjm sgbughlth sh duhstrm jos rhsujtmnos nh jms pruhkms hl Cghlcgm, YGSM nh jos mýos ;997, ;9=; y ;9=8.

^mkjm =1 P mrgmcgól mrgmcgól nh jos rhsujtmnos nh Cghlcgm pmrm Jmtglomdçrgcm, shbñl dhngnm prodhngo hl jos mýos ;997-;9=8

Ymäs

Ygsm ;997

Ygsm ;9=;

Ygsm ;9=8

Dhngnm prodhngo

Dhngnm prodhngo 

Dhngnm prodhngo 

Cegjh

>>2

>>8

>>2

Costm [gcm

>39

>;7

>;9

Xrubumy

>;2

>=0

>38

Dçxgco

>=0

>9;

>=0

Krmsgj

>98

>9;

>9=

Cojodkgm

>9;

377

>=0

Yhrñ

307

323

372

 Lotm1 Nmtos hxtrmänos nh jm ^mkjm nhj Dglgsthrgo Dglgsthrgo nh Hnucmcgól (;9=2) hl hj jgkro1 jgkro1 Hj Yhrñ hl YGSM ;9=8. Gl`ordh lmcgolmj nh rhsujtmnos. Jgdm1 o`gcglm nh dhngcgól nh jm cmjgnmn nh jos mprhlngzmahs.

Codo sh okshrvm hl jm tmkjm mlthrgor, hj Yhrñ hs ulo nh jos sghth pmäshs nh MJC quh sh em ukgcmno sghdprh hl hj ñjtgdo jubmr. Sg kghl hs cghrto quh cmnm vhz sh glcrhdhltó su  prodhngo m jo jmrbo nh mýos, mñl sgbuh sghlno duy gl`hrgor, por tmlto, urbh suphrmrjo.

 

Hsto gdpjgcmräm gdpjgcmräm ulm `ordmcgól `ordmcgól glgcgmj nh nh nochlths nh cghlcgms quh hxphrgdhlthl donhjos y thlnhlcgms nh `ordmcgól kmao thoräms mctumjhs codo jms coblgtgvms nhj pmrmngbdm colstructgvgstm quh prhthlnhl mshburmr hj jobro nh codphthlcgms y colocgdghltos su`gcghlths. Nh hstm dmlhrm jos nochlths ponríl nhshdphýmrsh col cmjgnmn hl su príctgcm hnucmtgvm porquh emkríl mjcmlzmno ulm mj`mkhtgzmcgól cghltä`gcm y thclojóbgcm sójgnms, msä codo col ehrrmdghltms pmrm nhshdphýmrsh col çxgto y mprhcgmr m jm cghlcgm codo mquhjjm írhm quh jh o`rhch jos colocgdghltos, emkgjgnmnhs y mctgtunhs cghltä`gcms m jm vmlbumrngm nh jms hxgbhlcgms nhj sgbjo UUG.

Sgl hdkmrbo, lmnm nh hsto shrí posgkjh sg jm `ordmcgól nochlth hl jms glstgtucgolhs hnucmtgvms suphrgorhs coltglñm nhsmrrojjílnosh col ul dmrco trmngcgolmj y nh hspmjnms m jms luhvms dhtonojobäms quh propgcgml hj mprhlnhr m mprhlnhr.

Hl hj phr`gj nhj hbrhsmno ;9=>-;9=5 nhj Glstgtuto Yhnmbóbgco Lmcgolmj Dolthrrgco (GYLD), ngdhlsgól Bhstgól hnucmtgvm y codprodgso socgmj, sh shýmjm jm codphthlcgm bjokmj1— Bhstgolm jos prochsos nh mprhlngzmahs hahrcghlno jgnhrmzbo phnmbóbgco trmls`ordmcgolmj hl hj dmrco nhj rhsphto m jm ngvhrsgnmn colsgnhrmlno jos `ulnmdhltos thórgco-dhtonojóbgcos nh jm hnucmcgól, rhspolnghlno nh dmlhrm phrtglhlth m jms cmrmcthrästgcms nh jos hstungmlths y jms nhdmlnms nhj sgbjo UUG. Hl rhjmcgól m hstm codphthlcgm, hj Yrobrmdm nh Hstungo nh jm Hsph Hsphcgmjgnmn cgmjgnmn nh Cghlcgms Lmturmjhs nhj Glstgtuto Yhnmbóbgco Lmcgolmj Dolthrrgco krglnm m sus hstungmlths, jos colocgdghltos cghltä`gcos y  phnmbóbgcos pmrm quh

hstçl hl colngcgolhs nh

prodovhrjos m sus hstungmlths col hj

 propósgto nh dhaormr jm hlshýmlzm nh jms cghlcgms, y hl colshcuhlcgm hj jobro nh emkgjgnmnhs coblgtgvms nhj prochso cghltä`gco, nhlodglmnms por vmrgos mutorhs codo ‚emkgjgnmnhs cghltä`gcms— Cegrglo (;99;) o ‚emkgjgnmnhs hdpjhmnms por jos cghltä`gcos— Emrjhl (;9=3) .

Jos cursos corrhspolnghlths mj codpolhlth currgcujmr @ordmcgól Hsphcä`gcm nhj Yjml nh hstungo nhj Yrobrmdm nh jm Hsphcgmjgnmn nh Cghlcgms Lmturmjhs nhj GYLD (Kgojobäm, @äsgcm, ]uädgcm, Cghlcgms Mdkghltmjhs Mdkghltmjhs y Ngníctgcm nh jms Cghlcgms) tghlhl codo propósgto  krglnmr mj hstungmlth ehrrmdghltms pmrm jm codprhlsgól nh

jms gnhms kísgcms quh

cmrmcthrgzml m jm hlshýmlzm por glnmbmcgól, y phrdgtgrjhs quh dong`gcmrol sus colchpcgolhs sokrh jm mctgvgnmn hxphrgdhltmj codo hstrmthbgm ngníctgcm pmrm hlshýmr jos colthlgnos

 

colchptumjhs y `mvorhchr hj nhsmrrojjo nh emkgjgnmnhs nhj phlsmdghlto cghltä`gco. Nh hsth dono prhthlnh quh nhsmrrojjhl emkgjgnmnhs pmrm prokjhdmtgzmr y pjmlg`gcmr mctgvgnmnhs nh glnmbmcgól. Hl colshcuhlcgm, puhnml mpjgcmr hl sus `uturos hstungmlths nh jm HK[, ulm hlshýmlzm colaultm nh colchptos y prochngdghltos, nhstmcmlno quh jos colchptos cghltä`gcos sh hjmkorml y sh mprhlnhl m trmvçs nh jm glnmbmcgól codo prochso dhtonojóbgco y sh jobrml codphthlcgms cghltä`gcms, hsphcä`gcmdhlth jm quh sh prhcgsm hl hj Curräcujo  Lmcgolmj ;9=01 Glnmbm dhngmlth dçtonos cghltä`gcos pmrm colstrugr colocgdghltos. DGLHNX (;9=0)

Msä, por hahdpjo, hl hj curso nh Kgojobäm G, hj prgdhr jobro nh msgblmturm shýmjm1 Yjmlg`gcm mctgvgnmnhs hxphrgdhltmjhs pmrm nhsmrrojjmr cmpmcgnmnhs nhj írhm nh cghlcgms nhj lgvhj nh Hnucmcgól Shculnmrgm colsgnhrmlno jms cmrmcthrästgcms nh jos hstungmlths, hj  prochso nh glnmbmcgól cghltä`gcm y hj nodglgo nh jos kjoquhs thdítgcos nh Lgvhjhs nh orbmlgzmcgól nh jm dmthrgm, Dojçcujms kgojóbgcms, vgrus y Cçjujms procmrgotm procm rgotm y hucmrgotm.

Ymrm tmj `gl sh nhkh colsgnhrmr jms cmrmcthrästgcms nh jos hstungmlths, hj prochso nh glnmbmcgól cghltä`gcm, hj nodglgo nh colthlgnos nhj írhm y jms kmshs nh jm ngníctgcm nh jms cghlcgms.

Mnhdís, hs lhchsmrgo quh hj nochlth hlcmrbmno nhj curso mpjgquh ulm

dhtonojobäm kmsmnm hl jm Glnmbmcgól cghltä`gcm, jm dgsdm quh sh propolh hl hj Curräcujo  Lmcgolmj ;9=0. Nh hstm dmlhrm, hstmrí cmpmcgtmno hl jm pjmlg`gcmcgól nh hxphrghlcgms nh mprhlngzmahs quh nhsmrrojjhl codphthlcgms cghltä`gcms hl sus `uturos hstungmlths, hsphcgmjdhlth jms quh glvojucrml emkgjgnmnhs pmrm hj trmkmao cghltä`gco, quh sh hxgbh pmrm hj nochlth nh cghlcgms y quh hs dotgvo nh hstm glvhstgbmcgól.  Lo okstmlth, jm tmrhm lo hs h s `ícgj, porquh jos aóvhlhs nh jm hsphcgmjgnmn nh Cghlcgms  Lmturmjhs, quh provghlhl nh glstgtucgolhs hstmtmjhs nh jos ng`hrhlths ngstrgtos nh Jgdm Dhtropojgtmlm, hsphcgmjdhlth nh jos colos Lorth y Sur, shbñl colstm hl jms `gcems nh nmtos y chrtg`gcmnos nh hstungo, vghlhl vghlhl

hl su dmyoräm, col kmams cmjg`gcmcgolhs,

 posgkjhdhlth por hj tgpo nh hlshýmlzm nh jms cghlcgms cghl cgms quh eml rhcgkgno hl su htmpm hscojmr, m`grdmcgól kmsmnm hl jm okshrvmcgól quh rhmjgzmdos jms mshsorms nh príctgcm nochlth m hstms glstgtucgolhs hstmtmjhs. Hl hjjms, sh hvgnhlcgm nh pmrth nh jos nochlths tgtujmrhs, jm mpjgcmcgól nh ulm dhtonojobäm trmngcgolmj, col ulm nh`gcghlth príctgcm hxphrgdhltmj m phsmr nh quh cuhltml col dmthrgmjhs nh jmkormtorgo, jos cumjhs phrdmlhchl hl ducems ocmsgolhs hl

 

mjbñl rglcól nh ul mujm o hdkojsmnos hl ul jmkormtorgo poco hxpjormno por jos nochlths. Hstm rhmjgnmn trmh codo colshcuhlcgm, hstungmlths nh jm hsphcgmjgnmn nh cghlcgms lmturmjhs, col kmaos smkhrhs prhvgos y emkgjgnmnhs cghltä`gcms hl lgvhjhs nh glgcgo, jgdgtmcgolhs quh lo jhs phrdgth jjhvmr m cmko hstungos nh glnmbmcgól cghltä`gcm nolnh nhkhl mpjgcmr jos prochsos nh jm cghlcgm pmrm vhrg`gcmr sus egpóthsgs, hl colshcuhlcgm lo jobrmr hj phr`gj nh hbrhsmno nhj Glstgtuto Yhnmbóbgco Lmcgolmj Dolthrrgco quh sh propolh. Mlth hsth colthxto, hs lhchsmrgo mpjgcmr ul Yrobrmdm quh propgcgh hj nhsmrrojjo nh emkgjgnmnhs cghltä`gcms codo hj prokjhdmtgzmr y ngshýmr ngshým r hstrmthbgms pmrm emchr glnmbmcgolhs, glnmbmcgolh s, hl jos hstungmlths nh jm hsphcgmjgnmn nh Cghlcgms Lmturmjhs nhj Glstgtuto Yhnmbóbgco  Lmcgolmj Dolthrrgco- ;9=5.

[hmjgnmn Yrokjhdítgcm ; Hj Yrobrmdm nh jms Lmcgolhs Xlgnms pmrm hj Nhsmrrojjo  –   YLXN (;9=0) dhlcgoló hl su Okahtgvo >, quh jobrmr ulm hnucmcgól glcjusgvm y nh cmjgnmn pmrm tonos y tonms sh cgdghltm hl jm `grdh colvgccgól nh quh jm hnucmcgól hs ul prglcgpmj y ponhroso dotor pmrm bmrmltgzmr hj nhsmrrojjo sosthlgkjh. Xlm hnucmcgól nh cmjgnmn ‚hs hj lgvhj óptgdo nh `ordmcgól quh nhkhl mjcmlzmr jms phrsolms pmrm hl`rhltmr jos rhtos nhj nhsmrrojjo eudmlo, hahrchr su cgunmnmläm y coltglumr mprhlnghlno nurmlth tonm jm vgnm— (Jhy ;59>>, Mrt. =3), y jobrmrjm glcjuyh hj codprodgso nh tonos jos dghdkros nh jm codulgnmn hnucmtgvm, hltrh hjjos jos ngrhctgvos qughlhs sol jos bhstorhs nh ulm hnucmcgól nh cmjgnmn.

Hj Yjml Kgchlthlmrgo (;9=2), hl jos Jglhmdghltos nh Yojätgcm hl Hnucmcgól nhj Okahtgvo Hstrmtçbgco ;, hstmkjhcgó hj mshburmdghlto nh jm kuhlm cmjgnmn hnucmtgvm y jm mpjgcmcgól nh kuhlms príctgcms phnmbóbgcms6 nh prodovhr hj nhsmrrojjo pro`hsgolmj nochlth, rhvmjormlno su pmphj hl hj dmrco nh ulm cmrrhrm pñkjgcm chltrmnm hl hj rhspolsmkjh y h`hctgvo nhshdphýo nh su `ordmcgól coltglum h glthbrmj. Hsto glcjuyh m jos nochlths quh mcchnghrol m cmrbos nh Ngrhctor y Sukngrhctor nh ulm Glstgtucgól Hnucmtgvm nh Hnucmcgól Kísgcm. Hl tmj shltgno, codo Yojätgcm Hnucmtgvm, hj Yroyhcto Hnucmtgvo Lmcgolmj  –   YHL (;992) hstmkjhcgó jm hvmjumcgól m jos nochlths pmrm su glbrhso y phrdmlhlcgm hl jm cmrrhrm

 

Yñkjgcm Dmbgsthrgmj hl hj Okahtgvo Hstrmtçbgco 3. Hstm hvmjumcgól glcjuyh m jos nochlths Ngrhctorhs y Sukngrhctorhs qughlhs sol jm díxgdm mutorgnmn y rhprhshltmlths jhbmjhs nh jm Glstgtucgól Hnucmtgvm. Col`ordh sh hstmkjhcgó hl hj Mrt. 88¹ nh jm Jhy ;59>> (;993), hj Ngrhctor hs rhspolsmkjh nh jm bhstgól hl jos ídkgtos phnmbóbgco, glstgtucgolmj y mndglgstrmtgvo.

Jm Hvmjumcgól nhj Nhshdphýo hl Cmrbos Ngrhctgvos nh Glstgtucgól Hnucmtgvm nh Hnucmcgól Kísgcm sh nm hl cudpjgdghlto m jm [D L¹;2=-;9=5-DGLHNX cuym `glmjgnmn hs hvmjumr m jos pro`hsorhs quh mcchnghrol m jos cmrbos nh Ngrhctor y Sukngrhctor nh Glstgtucgól Hnucmtgvm m `gl nh codprokmr jm h`gcmcgm y h`gcghlcgm hl hj hahrcgcgo nh ngceos cmrbos, pmrm msä nhthrdglmr su phrdmlhlcgm hl jos dgsdos, shbñl jo ngspuhsto hl hj mrtäcujo 33 nh jm Jhy ;77>>, Jhy nh [h`ordm Dmbgsthrgmj.

[h`ordmr jm hscuhjm gdpjgcm trmls`ordmr jm bhstgól quh nhsmrrojjml jos ngrhctgvos rhsphcto mj jgnhrmzbo phnmbóbgco quh hahrchl hl khlh`gcgo nh jos jobros nh mprhlngzmah nh jos hstungmlths, puhs tghlh ul brmno nh gl`juhlcgm rhmj h gllhbmkjh hl ngceos jobros6 m phsmr quh jm mccgól nh jos ngrhctgvos hs glngrhctm, puhsto quh hs hj nochlth hj quh hahrch ulm mccgól ngrhctm, lo okstmlth jos ídkgtos nh gl`juhlcgm nh jos ngrhctgvos sol cjmvhs pmrm jm dhaorm nh jos mprhlngzmahs quh rhphrcuthl hl jm cmjgnmn nh jm príctgcm nochlth, jms colngcgolhs nh trmkmao y hj `ulcgolmdghlto nh jm hscuhjm. Hl tmj shltgno, ponhdos m`grdmr quh hj roj nhj ngrhctgvo hl jm dhaorm nh jm cmjgnmn nh jm hscuhjm hs rhmjdhlth gdportmlth y  pothlth.

Jm bhstgól ngrhctgvm hl jms hscuhjms, rhcmh rhcmh sojo col príctgcms rutglmrgms, sh okshrvm quh hstí chltrmnm hl jms bhstgolhs glstgtucgolmjhs y mndglgstrmtgvms y ducems vhchs hstí nhsjgbmnm nh jos mprhlngzmahs6 bhlhrmjdhlth jm orbmlgzmcgól hscojmr hs räbgnm hl su hstructurm y mtodgzmnm hl sus `ulcgolhs6 jos glstrudhltos nh bhstgól sojo nh cudpjgdghlto lordmtgvo y poco `ulcgolmjhs6 ulm hscmsm pmrtgcgpmcgól nh jm `mdgjgm y jm codulgnmn sojmdhlth codo provhhnorhs nh rhcursos6 dmj cjgdm glstgtucgolmj por jm prhshlcgm nh ngrhctgvos col príctgcms mutorgtmrgms o phrdgsgvms mj hxgstgr ulm rhjmcgól vhrtgcmj y lo lordmtgvm rdmtgvm nh jm glstgtucgól hnucmtgvm col jms glstmlcgms nh bhstgól nhschltrmjgzmnm.

 

Sh em okshrvmno quh jm hvmjumcgól nhj Nhshdphýo Ngrhctgvo hs hj prochso orghltmno m gnhltg`gcmr hj lgvhj nh nhshdphýo mjcmlzmno por hj phrsolmj ngrhctgvo nh jms glstgtucgolhs hnucmtgvms pñkjgcms hl hahrcgcgo nh sus cmrbos y col hj okahtgvo nh ponhr nhthrdglmr su rmtg`gcmcgól o lo hl hj cmrbo por ul phrgono mngcgolmj, col`ordh m jo ngspuhsto por jm Jhy nh [h`ordm Dmbgsthrgmj, Jhy ;77>> y su [hbjmdhlto.

Jm hvmjumcgól `uh mpjgcmnm m jos Ngrhctgvos hl cudpjgdghlto m jm [D L¹;2=-;9=5DGLHNX por phrsolmj hsphcgmjgstm6 sgl hdkmrbo, hl jm prhshlth glvhstgbmcgól sh prhthlnh rhmjgzmr ulm hvmjumcgól nh ngrhctgvos nhsnh jm phrchpcgól nh jos nochlths nh jms glstgtucgolhs hnucmtgvms m `gl nh ponhr codpmrmr hj lgvhj nh phrchpcgól, sokrh hj Nhshdphýo Ngrhctgvo, quh tghlhl jos nochlths nh jm [hn Hnucmtgvm 9=, XBHJ 98, ;9=5.