Cómo Determinar El Valor de Una Resistencia o Condensador

 

Fökd mhthrkeonr hc vncdr mh uon rhsesthofen d fdomhosnmdr. Hc pdfd hspnfed quh rhprhshotn hc fuhrpd mh uo fdkpdohoth mhsmh sehkprh, hs hc hspnfed fdo hc quh sh hoarhotnrdo pnrn nodtnr hc vncdr mh uo mespdsetevd ho hc fuhrpd mhc keskd, cds an`refnoths mh fdkpdohoths hchftröoefds pnsevds y nftevds hotrh hccds mh rhsesthofens, fdomhosnmdrhs, trnosestdrhs, keoemeps y úcteknkhoth cds prdmuftds VKM, chs cchvö ho hc fnsd mh cns rhsesthofens y fdomhosnmdrhs n nmdptnr uo fömegd mh fdcdrhs quh, mh adrkn aîfec y seguehomd uons shofeccns rhgcns, funcquehrn pumehrn emhoteaefnr hc vncdr quh mefld hchkhotd thoën d shgúo su an`refnoth ln`ën sughremd. Hc fömegd eoefenc ln thoemd ncguons phrd pdfns eofdrpdrnfedohs pnrn nmnptnrcd n cns ohfhsemnmhs quh lno surgemd fdo cns ouhvns hxeghofens ho cds fdkpdohoths y ln pnsnmd mh uteceznrsh trhs arnojns mh fdcdrhs n cns nftunchs mh 8 `nrrns d arnojns. Ho cn aegurn >, sh prhshotn cd quh ccnknkds uon tn`cn mh fdcdrhs. Ho prekhr tårkeod sh kuhstrno hc fuhrpd mh trhs rhsesthofens fdo sus rhsphftevns arnojns mh fdcdrhs, cds funchs fdkd sh puhmh nprhfenr sh lno mespuhstd mh adrkn quh fdeofemno cns khofedonmns arnojns fdo fehrtn pdsefeöo, adrknomd fdcukons, mh hsth kdmd sh puhmh fdkprhomhr khjdr cd quh sh fdkhotnrî.

Aeg. >

 

Ho cn keskn aegurn sh kuhstrn fökd sh fdkpdoh hc vncdr mh uon rhsesthofen, shgúo cds fdcdrhs ekprhsds ho hc fuhrpd, åstds sh mh`ho pdohr fdo hc fdcdr mh cn tdchrnofen n cn mhrhfln, nsë chhrhkds hc vncdr fdmeaefnmd, n kdmd mh hjhkpcd, pnrn uo fdcdr Knrröo ho cn ezquehrmn (prekhrn fearn), ch fdrrhspdomh uo R>[, hc shguomd fdcdr n su mhrhfln Ohgrd  (shguomn fearn), ch fdrrhspdomh hc R9[, hc thrfhr fdcdr n cn mhrhfln mhc nothredr Onrnojn hc R6[ quh fdrrhspdomh nc kuctepcefnmdr d oúkhrd mh fhrds quh thohkds quh nþnmer n cns mds fëarns quh lhkds chëmd noths, d`thoehomd mh hstn adrkn hc vncdr mh >9999 , pdr úctekd, hc fdcdr mh tdchrnofen Drd R¾8%[ d Ycntn R¾ >9%[. D`sårvhsh quh ho cn fdcukon mh cn mhrhfln sh mespdoh mh cn arnojn ccnknmn mh tdchrnofen (]dc), fdo hc fdcdr fdrrhspdomehoth nc pdrfhotnjh, shgúo sh puhmh vhr cn tn`cn-fdcukon mh cn mhrhfln, fdkd sdo: Knrröo R>%[, Pdjd R0%[, Drd R8%[ y Ycntn R>9%[. Hc vncdr rhprhshotnmd pdr hc fdcdr  quh prhshoth hstn fdcukon, fdkd sh ln mefld, shrî hc pdrfhotnjh mh tdchrnofen mh mefln rhsesthofen. Cn seguehoth arnojn (fdcukon) lnfen cn ezquehrmn, fdrrhspdomh nc fdcdr fuyd vncdr (sh ccnkn kuctepcefnmdr) shrî hc oúkhrd mh fhrds quh sh nþnmerîo nc vncdr mhthrkeonmd pdr cns arnojns mh cn ezquehrmn. Ynrn uon khjdr fdkprhoseöo, vhnkds dtrd hjhkpcd prîftefd. >. ]dknr cn rhsesthofen rhsesthofen ho cns cns knods ho ho pdsefeöo pdsefeöo ldrezdotnc ldrezdotnc fdo cns arnojns arnojns mh fdcdr  fdcdr  (]dc) n cn mhrhfln, fdkd sh nprhfen ho cn aegurn >. 0. Nldrn, nodtnr nodtnr ho uo pnphc pnphc hc vncdr vncdr rhprhshotnmd rhprhshotnmd pdr pdr cn prekhrn prekhrn arnojn arnojn mh fdcdr fdcdr mh cn ezquehrmn, pdr hj. hc fdcdr Qhrmh, nodtnr hc oúkhrd 8. 6. Vhguer nodtnomd nodtnomd,, n fdoteounfeöo fdoteounfeöo hc vncdr quh fdrrhspdomn fdrrhspdomn nc fdcdr mh cn shguomn shguomn arnojn, pdr hj. hc Nknreccd, nodtnr hc oúkhrd = nc cnmd mhc oúkhrd nothredr fdo cd quh quhmnrî 8=. =. Nldrn, Nldrn, hc vncdr vncdr mhc mhc thrfhr thrfhr fdcdr fdcdr,, pdr hj. hj. hc Pdjd, fuyd vncdr hs hc 0, quh rhprhshotn hc oúkhrd mh fhrds (9) quh vno mhtrîs mhc vncdr nothredr d shn, hc =. Ho hsth fnsd 0 (mds fhrds), hstd hs: 8=99. 8. Fdo cd quh quh d`th d`thohkd ohkds s hc vncdr vncdr mh mh 8.=99 (Dlkeds) d tnk`eåo 8b= (Dlkeds). 1. ]nk`eåo mnrhkds mnrhkds hc hc vncdr mh cn arnojn arnojn quh fdrrhspdo fdrrhspdomh mh n cn tdchrnofen tdchrnofen (]dc), hs hs mhfer, cn mh kîs n cn mhrhfln, odrknckhoth mh fdcdr Drd d Ycntn, pdr hj. hc fdcdr Drd, quh fdrrhspdomh n uon tdchrnofen mhc ¾8%, se auhrn mh fdcdr Ycntn su tdchrnofen shrën mhc ¾>9%. Od d`stnoth, funomd cn tdchrnofen mh cn rhsesthofen hs mh kîs prhfeseöo fdkd cns mh phcëfucn khtîcefn, sh mespdoh mh cds fdcdrhs Knrröo y Pdjd quh fdkd sh nprhfen ho cn khofedonmn aegurn rhprhshotno hc >% y hc 0%, rhsphftevnkhoth. Funomd hofdotrnkds uon rhsesthofen fdo uon fdk`eonfeöo mh 8 fdcdrhs fdkd KnrröoQhrmh-Ohgrd-Drd-Drd, ods hofdotrnkds noth uo vncdr ncgd kîs hsphfenc hstd quehrh mhfer quh hc vncdr `njd eosphffeöo hs: Knrröo R>[ Qhrmh R8[ Drd R%>9[ Drd R8%[, hstd hs, > pdr hc fdcdr Knrröo, uo 8 pdr hc fdcdr Qhrmh y nmhkîs thohkds uon arnojn Drd ho hsth fnsd segoeaefn mevemer pdr >9, cd quh ods rhprhshotn >'8 Dlkeds y hc 8% mh tdchrnofen pdr hc shguomd fdcdr Drd Rtdc[.

 

Yuhmh mnrsh hc fnsd seguehoth: Knrröo-Qhrmh-Ohgrd-Drd, ho hsth fnsd thomrhkds, hc Knrröo R>[, hc Qhrmh R8[, hstd hs >8 pdr cns mds prekhrns arnojns kîs, Ohgrd uo R9[ sdo 9 fhrds, hstd hs >8 Dlkeds y cn tdchrnofen Drd mhc 8%. Ho hc fuhrpd mh cns rhsesthofens VKM R Kdotnjh Mh Vuphraefeh[, puhmh npnrhfhr uon odtnfeöo fdo oúkhrds ncgd fdkd: =P7 quh rhprhshotn =' 7 Dlkeds, d 81>9= quh fdrrhspdomh n 819.999 Dlkeds d eofcusd hc >90 pnrn cds >.0 - H0= - H=9% 8% >.9 >.92 >.> >.992 >.982 >.>2 >.>8

=.7

2 >.072 >.662 >.02 >.6   >.0>>.=9 2 >.=7 >.82 >.1 >.8=2 >.102 >.152 >.7<   >..512 0.992 >.8 0.02 0.= 0.012 0.672 0.=52 0.1> 0.72 6.9 0.7=2 0.2 6.>1 6.62 6.1 6.602 6.=2 8.61

8.1 1.< .8 >.< 0.0 0.7 6.6 6.5

8.102 8.592 1.>52 1.=5 1.2 7.>82 7.892 7.9->0A). ]hoseöo mh trn`njd : Hs cnmhc kîxekn thoseöomhc quh puhmh ngunotnr fdomhosnmdr seo phradrnrsh y mhphomh tepd y grdsdr mehcåftrefd fdo quhuo hstå an`refnmd.

 

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Ve sh suphrn mefln thoseöo, hc fdomhosnmdr puhmh phradrnrsh (quhmnomd fdrtnmd d ho fdrtdferfuetd), eofcusd hxpcdtnr. Ydr hsth kdtevd lny quh thohr fuemnmd nc hchger uo fdomhosnmdr, mh adrkn quh ho oeogúo fnsd trn`njh n uon thoseöo suphredr n cn kîxekn. ]dchrnofen: Mh egunc adrkn quh ho cns rhsesthofens, sh rhaehrh n cn mhsvenfeöo kîxekn ho kîs d ho khods quh puhmh hxester hotrh cn fnpnfemnm rhnc mhc fdomhosnmdr y cn fnpnfemnm eomefnmn sd`rh su fuhrpd. Ydcnremnm: Cds fdomhosnmdrhs hchftrdcëtefds Rd quëkefds[ y ho ghohrnc cds mh fnpnfemnm suphredr n > ¸A, tehoho pdcnremnm, hs mhfer, sh chs mh`h npcefnr cn thoseöo prhstnomd nthofeöo n cn pdcnremnm mh sus thrkeonchs pdsetevd y ohgntevd. Veo hk`nrgd, ho cds eoahredrhs n >¸A, cds od pdcnreznmds, sh puhmh npcefnr thoseöo ho funcquehr shotemd y nuoquh quh od tehoho pdcnremnm, puhmho hxpcdtnr, ho fnsd mh suphrnr cn thoseöo eomefnmn pdr hc an`refnoth.

Emhoteaefnfeöo mhc vncdr ho fdomhosnmdrhs. Cds mesteotds tepds mh fdomhosnmdrhs fdkd yn sh ln fdkhotnmd puhmho shr: hchftrdcëtefds (pdcnreznmds y ?>¸A), tîotncd d gdtn, pdceåsthr khtnceznmd Rknrfnmd fdkd KB][ mh thosedohs knydr mh 16Q n 6BQ, pdceåsthr pcnods n vhfhs fdo `nomns mh fdcdrhs, mh tu`d fdcdrhs,mh fhrîkefds tepdynchothjn (fnpnfemnmhs hotrh 9,8pdceåsthr pA y =7oA) y cds fdo kîs`nomns vehjds, mh fhrîkefds tu`d ho pA d`sdchtds. Hc vncdr mh cds fdomhosnmdrhs hchftrdcëtefds, odrknckhoth vehoho fcnrnkhoth hxprhsnmd ho kefrdanrnmeds R¸A[ hc prdped fuhrpd, pdr cd quh od vnkds n hotrnr ho mhtnccnrcd, seo hk`nrgd, ho cds od pdcnreznmds cds hofdotrnkds mh vnreds tepd, fdo `nomns mh fdcdrhs y dtrds fdo oukhrnfeöo, su vncdr sehkprh sh hxprhsn ho pA (fdkd 9.966 B 089 KB] d fdkd 9.9=7 J 169). @nsîomdods ho cds fdcdrhs mh cn aegurn > fdkd pcnoteccn, sh puhmh fdoshguer lnccnr hc vncdr mh funcquehr fdomhosnmdr quh utecefh cns `nomns mh fdcdrhs ho su fuhrpd, rhfuårmhsh quh hc vncdr d`thoemd vehoh hxprhsnmd ho pefdanrnmeds. Nsë keskd, nquë mh`njd, sh prhshotn uo rhfunmrd mh fîcfucd quh puhmh nyumnrods n lnccnr mh uon adrkn kîs eotuetevn hc vncdr mhc fdomhosnmdr prdpuhstd.

FNCFXCD MH FDOMHOVNMDPHV MH YDCEÅV]HP FDO @NOMNV MH FDCDP 

>hr Fdcdr: 0º Fdcdr:

(Qncdr)

 

6hr  Fdcdr: ]dchrnofen:

;  

Ydr hj. uo fdomhosnmdr fhrîkefd tehoh cns `nomns mh fdcdrhs: nknreccd-vedchtn-onrnojnohgrd-rdjd, su vncdr hs ;=7999pA;=7oA, hc fdcdr ohgrd hs cn tdchrnofen >9% y hc fdcdr rdjd hsmesfd, cn thoseöo mh 089Q. Dtrd;fnsd kuhstrn, cns `nomns: nknreccd-vedchtn-rdjd sdcd y hs mh su vncdr ; =799pA =,7oA. Dtrd fdomhosnmdr kuhstrn cns segcns: 9,9=7 J169, hc vncdr hxprhsnmd hs: =799pA ; =7oA, cn tdchrnofen RJ[ hs mhc 8% y su thoseöo kîxekn mh trn`njd sdo 169Q. Dtrn ncthrontevn nc fömegd mh fdcdrhs hs hc ccnknmd fömegd '>9>', hc func fdosesth ho uo vncdr hxprhsnmd fdo uon fearns mh trhs mëgetds, fdkd 81=J pnrn rhprhshotnr 819999pA ; 819oA y 8% mh tdchrnofen. Dtrd hjhkpcd mh fdmeaefnfeöo mhc vncdr mh fdomhosnmdrhs fhrîkefds, >9=j pnrn mhsegonr  >99999 pefdanrnmeds d >99 oa y mh egunc adrkn quh hc =7=b pnrn =79999 pefdanrnmeds d =79 oa Rcn b od hs becds[, cn chtrn quh chs seguh fdrrhspdomh n cn thoseöo quh sdpdrtno seo phradrnrsh. NYXO]HV. 

Ho hstn shffeöo, puhmd fdkhotnr quh lh frhnmd uon ouhvn pîgeon pnrn cn fdosuctn merhftn mh cds vncdrhs mh cns rhsesthofens, quh hs `nstnoth eotuetevn y prîftefn, se mhshns prd`nr cn haefnfen mh cd quh megd, pucsn ho hsth hocnfh . Ydr cds quh od thogno kuy fcnrd hstds tepds mh odtnfeöo, rhfdkehomd vesetnr ke pîgeon mhmefnmn n nfcnrnr fökd shguer hstn oukhrnfeöo ho cn: ]n`cn mh su`mevesedohs . Hsphrd quh fdo hstds hjhkpcds lnyn quhmnmd fcnrn cn adrkn mh uteceznr hstn tn`cn, od d`stnoth se ohfhsetns ncguon nfcnrnfeöo, pdoth ho fdotnftd fdo kegd mhsmh hc hocnfh mh n`njd. Ydr dtrn pnrth, y fdkd fdkpchkhotd n fdoteounfeöo pnrn hc quh hstå eothrhsnmd ho uo mhfdmeaefnmdr kîs hcn`drnmd, puhmh `njnrsh uon phquhþn npcefnfeöo (quh hofdotrå ho cn rhm), kuy fdkpchtn pnrn mhfdmeaefnr cds vncdrhs mh cns rhsesthofens kuy aîfec mh uteceznr. Cn pdmåes `njnr mhsmh hsth hocnfh. ¡¡^uh ds servn mh nyumn!!

 

Fdomhosnmdr (d "Fnpnfetdr").

 

hmetnr[[ Eotrdmuffeöo Rhmetnr

Fdomhosnmdr d Fnpnfetdr

Hc fdomhosnmdr d fnpnfetdr hs dtrd fdkpdohoth quh od suhch anctnr ho oeoguo ferfuetd hchftröoefd, ho ncguon mh sus kuflns adrkns d kdmhcds.

]n`cn mh fdothoemds Rhsfdomhr[ hsfdomhr[       

 

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> Eo Eotr trdmu dmuff ffeöo eöo 0 Eo Eotr trdmu dmuff ffeöo eöo 6 Hc fdomhosnm fdomh osnmdr dr ho FF = Hc fdomhosnm fdomh osnmdr dr ho FN 8 Meh Mehchf chftr tref efd d 1 Xo Xoem emnm nmhs hs 7 ]epds mh fdomhosnmd fdomho snmdrhs rhs d 7.> Fdo Fdomhos mhosnmd nmdrhs rhs Fhr Fhrîke îkefds fds Fdomhosnmdrhs mdrhs Hchftrdcëf Hchf trdcëfds ds 7.0 Fdomhosn d 7.6 Fdomh Fdomhosnm osnmdrh drhss mh ]îotncd d 7.= Fdomho Fdomhosnmdrhs snmdrhs mh Ydceåsthr Yd ceåsthr d 7.8 Fdo Fdomhos mhosnmd nmdrhs rhs Qnr Qnren`c en`chs hs d < Odk Odkho hofc fcntu nturn rn 5 Ngr Ngrupnf upnfeöo eöo mh Fdom Fdomhosn hosnmdrh mdrhss Fdomhosnm osnmdrh drhss ho shreh 5.> Fdomh d Fdomhosnmd snmdrhs rhs ho pnr pnrnchc nchcd d 5.0 Fdomho d >9 Nutdr

 

Rhmetnr hmetnr[[ Eotrdmuffeöo Xo fdomhosnmdr fdosesth ho mds pcnfns khtîcefns shpnrnmns pdr uo nescnoth, ccnknmd mehcåftrefd. Hc mehcåftrefd, quh puhmh shr nerh, pnphc, kefn, pcîstefd u dtrd, hs kuy mhcgnmd, mh knohrn quh nk`ns pcnfns fdomuftdrns, n cns quh ccnknrhkds nrknmurns, quhmho cd kns fhrfn pdse`ch uon mh cn dtrn. Hc vncdr mhc fdomhosnmdr, ho tårkeods m fnpnfemnm, sh kemh ho Anrnmeds, y tnotd knydr shrî hstn funomd funom d knydrhs shno cns suphraefehs hoarhotnmns mh cns  pcnfns y khodr hc hsphsdr mhc mehcåftrefd.

Nrknmurns mh uo fdomhosnmdr

Xo fdomhosnmdr mespdoh mh mds thrkeonchs, quh servho pnrn fdohftnrcd n dtrds fdkpdohoths mhc ferfuetd. Fnmn uo mh hccds hstn uoemd hcåftrefnkhoth n uon mh cns nrknmurns.

Rhmetnr hmetnr[[ Hc fdomhosnmdr ho FF Ve fdohftnkds uo fdomhosnmdr n uon auhoth mh fdrrehoth fdoteoun (FF), od ln`rî ferfucnfeöo mh hchftrdohs n trnvås mh åc, mh`emd n cn prhshofen mhc mehcåftrefd, quh fdkd yn vekds hs uo knthrenc nescnoth. Veo hk`nrgd, sh  prdmuferî uon nfukucnfeöo mh fnrgns ho cns nrknmurns, fdofrhtnkhoth mh hchftrdohs ho cn nrknmurn quh hsth fdohftnmn nc ohgntevd mh cn auhoth, y mh luhfds ho cn quh sh fdohfth nc pdsetevd. Hsth hahftd sh fdodfh fdkd  pdcnreznfeðo mhc mehcåftrefd. mehcåftrefd. Ve mhsfdohftnkds cn auhoth mh hohrgën mhc fdomhosnmdr, vhrhkds quh cn nfukucnfeöo mh fnrgns sh knotehoh, mh`emd n quh cns fnrgns mh mesteotd segod quh sh u`efno ho fnmn uon mh cns nrknmurns sh ntrnho hotrh se. Ve uoeårnkds nk`ds thrkeonchs, cns fnrgns ferfucnrëno mh uon nrknmurn n cn dtrn n trnvås mh hsth puhoth, y hc fdomhosnmdr quhmnrën ho cns fdomefedohs eoefenchs.

 

hmetnr[[ Hc fdomhosnmdr ho FN Rhmetnr

Ve ho cugnr mh fdohftnr hc fdomhosnmdr n uon auhoth mh fdrrehoth fdoteoun cd fdohftnkds n uon mh fdrrehoth ncthron, vhrhkds quh cn pdcnreznfeöo mh cns pcnfns mh`h vnrenr nc retkd mhc shotemd mh cn fdrrehoth hotrhgnmn pdr c auhoth. Ho hc shkefefcd hc shkefefcd pdsetevd cns pdsetevd cns nrknmurns sh pdcnreznrno mh uon knohrn, y murnoth hc shkefefcd hc shkefefcd ohgntevd  ohgntevd  mh`hrîo pdcnreznrsh ho adrkn eovhrsn. Hc mehcåftrefd sh vh d`cegnmd n fnk`enr su pdcnreznfeöo pd cnreznfeöo nc keskd retkd, cd quh ghohrn thosedohs ho hc. Ve cn arhfuhofen hs arhfuhofen hs kuy hchvnmn, hc mehcåftrefd shrî eofnpnz mh shguer cds fnk`eds n cn keskn vhcdfemnm, y su pdcnreznfeöo meskeouerî. Mh hstd sh mhmufh quh cn fnpnfemnm mh uo fdomhosnmdr meskeouyh funomd cn arhfuhofen nukhotn.

Rhmetnr hmetnr[[ Mehchftrefd Hc knthrenc hkpchnmd ho hc mehcåftrefd hs uod u od mh cds anftdrhs fcnvhs mh cns ffnrnfthrëstefns nrnfthrëstefns mhc fdomhosnmdr, yn quh shrî hc quh mhthrkeoh cn thoseöo kîxekn mh auofedonkehotd (seo quh cchguh n phradrnrsh), y cn fnpnfemnm, quh ho grno khmemn mhphomh mh quh mhcgnmd sh puhmh fdrtnr mefld knthrenc y mh quh tno `uhod shn pnrn knothohr cns fnrgns mh cns nrknmurns shpnrnmns hotrh se. Dtrd puotd n thohr ho fuhotn hs quh mh`emd n cn pdcnreznfeöo ho uod y dtrd shotemd mhc mehcåftrefd, sh prdmufh uon ferfucnfeöo mh fdrrehoth ho hc ferfuetd, nuoquh hstn ouofn cchguh n ntrnvhsnrcd, cd quh cd lnfh emhnc pnrn shpnrnr fdrrehoths fdoteouns mh ncthrons funomd nk`ns hxestho sekuctîohnkhoth. Mh`hkds rhfdrmnr quh mh`emd n cn hxesthofen mhc mehcåftrefd, sh prdmuferî uo mhsansnjh hotrh cn thoseöo npcefnmn y cn fdrrehoth, mh knohrn quh funom cn fdrrehoth hsth ho su vncdr kîxekd, cn thoseöo shrî fhrd, y vefhvhrsn, setunfeöo q quh uh sh rhphterî n cd cnrgd mhc fefc mh cn fdrrehoth ncthron.

Rhmetnr hmetnr[[ Xoemnmhs Fdkd khofedonkds noths, cn uoemnm ho cn quh sh kemh cn fnpnfemnm mh uo fdomhosnmdr hs hc Anrnmed. Ho cn  prnftefn, cn uoemnm hs mhknsenmd grnomh pnrn usnrcn merhftnkhoth, pdr cd quh sh hkpchno ln`etunckhoth arnffedoh fdkd hc kefrdanrnmed d γA, quh hs cn keccdoåsekn pnrth mh pnrth mh uo anrnmed (9,999.99> A)2 hc onodanrnmed  d oA, cn kecåsekn pnrth kecåsekn  pnrth mhc nothredr (9,999.999.99>A) y hc pefdanrnmed d pA, quh rhprhshotn cn `eccdohsekn `eccdohsekn pnrth  pnrth mh uo anrnmed (9,999.999.999.99> A)

Rhmetnr hmetnr[[ ]epds mh fdomhosnmdrhs

 

]nc fdkd dfurrh fdo cds rhsestdrhs, rhsestdrhs, cds fdomhosnmdrhs sh fdostruyho fdo meahrhoths knthrenchs y fnrnfthrëstefns, m nfuhrmd nc usd nc quh hståo mhsteonmds. Hs fdovhoehoth fdodfhr nc khods cds kns fdkuohs, pnrn pdmhrcds hkpchn mh knohrn nmhfunmn.

Rhmetnr[ hmetnr[ Fdomhosnmdrhs Fhrîkefds

Cds=79  sh an`refno fnpnfemnmhs phquhþns, fdkprhomemns hotrh > pA y fdomhosnmdrhs cds oA (9.=7uA). fhrîkefds Cn tdchrnofen rhsphftd fdo mhc vncdr odkeoncrhcntevnkhoth hs mh nprdxeknmnkhoth uo 0% pnrn cds mh kns  phquhþd vncdr, y mh uo >9% pnrn cds mh knydr mhodkeonfeöo. Aësefnkhoth, sh pnrhfho n uon chothjn fdo cds mds thrkeonchs sncehomd mhsmh uod mh cds `drmhs. Vdo fnpnfhs mh sdpdrtnr thosedohs mh hotrh 89Q y >99Q, mhphomehomd mhc kdmhcd, nuoquh cds lny mh an`refnfeöo hsphfenc quh sdpdrtno lnstn >9.999Q. Vu emhoteaefnfeöo sh rhncezn khmenoth uo fömegd ncanoukårefd. Vh utecezno preofepnckhoth ho ferfuetds quh ohfhsetno uon nctn hstn`ecemnm y `njns pårmemns ho nctns arhfuhofens. Hc  prdfhsd mh an`refnfeöo fdosesth `îsefnkhoth ho cn khtnceznfeöo mh cns mds fnrns mhc knthrenc fhrîkefd, cd quh lnf quh su fdstd shn kuy phquhþd.

Rhmetnr[ hmetnr[ Fdomhosnmdrhs Hchftrdcëtefds

Dtrd tepd mh fdomhosnmdr kuy uteceznmd hs hc mhodkeonmd hchftrdcëtefd, sehomd hc quh knydr fnpnfemnm prhshotn

 

 pnrn uo tnknþd aësefd mhthrkeonmd. Hstîo adrknmds pdr uon `nomn mh ncukeoed rhfu`ehrtn pdr uo dxemd mhc keskd khtnc, quh lnfh cns vhfhs mh mehcåftrefd. Vd`rh hstn cîkeon lny uon mh pnphc, ekprhgonmn ho uo cëquemd fdomuftdr, quh rhfe`h hc odk`rh mh hchftrdcetd, mh mdomh tdkn hc odk`rh hsth kdmhcd mh fdomhosnmdr. Fdkpchtn hstn hsphfeh mh sîomwefl uon shguomn cîkeon mh ncukeoed, quh juotd n cn prekhrn fdoadrkno cns nrknmurns y n cns quh sh uoho hcåftrefnkhoth cds thrkeonchs mh fdohxeöo. ]dmd hc fdojuotd sh hofuhotrn nrrdccnmd sd`rh se keskd h eotrdmufemd ho uo tu`d fhrrnmd lhrkåtefnkhoth, mhc quh nsdkno cds thrkeonchs. Hsth tepd mh fdomhosnmdr hs mh pdcnremnm aejn, hs mhfer, sdcd auofedon fdrrhftnkhoth se sh ch npcefn uon thoseöo hxthredr fdo hc segod pdsetevd nc thrkeonc quh hstn uoemd n cn cnkeon mh ncukeoed fu`ehrtn mh dxemd y hc ohgntevd n cn dtrn. Cns tdchrnofens dsfecno hotrh hc >9% (fdomhosnmdrhs mh lnstn 669uA) y hc 09% pnrn fnpnfemnmhs suphredrh Vu preofepnc npcefnfeöo hstn rhcnfedonmn fdo hc aectrnmd mh fdkpdohoths mh fdrrehoth ncthron ho auhoths mh ncekhotnfeöo, y aectrds mh `njn arhfuhofen. Ve sdkhthkds uo fdomhosnmdr hchftrdcëtefd n uon thoseöo shose`chkhoth knydr n cn quh fdrrhspdomh n su tepd,  puhmh hxpcdtnr. Hstd sh mh`h n quh hc hchftrdcetd pnsn mh hstnmd cëquemd n gnshdsd, y cn prhseöo mhotrd mhc rhfepeho quh fdotehoh cns nrknmurns nukhotn shose`chkhoth, cd quh prdvdfn cn mhstruffeöo mhc fdkpdohoth.

Rhmetnr hmetnr[[ Fdomhosnmdrhs mh ]îotncd Xon vnrenfeöo sd`rh hc kdmhcd nothredr hs hc fdomhosnmdr mh tîotncd, mdomh cns cîkeons mh ncukeoed sdo rhhkpcnznmns pdr ldjns mh nquhc khtnc. Vh utecezn uo hchftrdcetd shfd, y tehoh fdkd fnrnfthrëstefn uo `njësekd ruem hcåftrefd.

hmetnr[[ Fdomhosnmdrhs mh Ydceåsthr Rhmetnr

 

Cds fdomhosnmdrhs mh pdceåsthr sdo nkpcenkhoth uteceznmds, mnmd quh hotrh sus fnrnfthrëstefns kîs ekpdrtnoths s hofuhotrno uon grno rhsesthofen mh nescnkehotd quh ch phrketh fdoshrvnr cn fnrgn pd pdrr cnrgds phredmds mh tehkpd, u vdcukho rhmufemd y uo hxfhchoth fdkpdrtnkehotd arhoth n cn lukhmnm y n cns vnrenfedohs mh thkphrnturn.

Nmefedonckhoth, cn prdpehmnm mh nutdrrhghohrnfeöo phrketh quh ho fnsd mh quh uo hxfhsd mh thoseöo cds phradrh, khtnc sh vnpdrezn ho uon phquhþn zdon rdmhnomd cn phradrnfeöo hvetnomd hc fdrtdferfuetd, cd quh ch phrketh shguer auofedonomd.

Cds knthrenchs kîs uteceznmds sdo: pdcehsterhod (styrdachx), pdcehsthr (kycnr), pdcefnr`dontd (Knfrdadc) y pdcethtrnacudrhtechod (fdodfemd fdkd thacöo). Vh an`refno ho adrkn mh `d`eons d kuctefnpns. Ho ncguods pnëshs d  pu`cefnfedohs sh cds fdodfh fdkd KB . Vh an`refno fdo fnpnfemnmhs mhsmh >oA n >99uA y thosedohs mhsmh 08Q n =999Q. Vh cds mesteoguh pdr sus fnrnfthrëstefds fdcdrhs vevds, ghohrnckhoth rdjd, nknreccd d nzuc.

Rhmetnr[ hmetnr[ Fdomhosnmdrhs Qnren`chs

Ydr uctekd, hxestho fdomhosnmdrhs fdo fnpnfemnm vnren`ch, fdostruemds ghohrnckhoth ho ncukeoed, fdo uo mehcåftrefd quh suhch shr hc nerh, nuoquh tnk`eåo sh utecezno cn kefn d hc pcîstefd. Hstrufturnckhoth fdosestho ho m nrknmurns adrknmns pdr cîkeons pnrnchcns mh khtnc quh sh eotrdmufho uon ho cn dtrn d trn funomd sh nftún sd`rh uo u o hjh. Hstd prdmufh uon kdmeaefnfeöo ho cn suphraefeh mh cns nrknmurns quh quhmno hoarhotnmns, y fdo hccd cn vnrenfeöo mh cn fnpnfemnm. Vh utecezno pdr hjhkpcd pnrn vnrenr cn arhfuhofen ho cn quh trn`njn uo rhfhptdr mh rnmed mh nkpcet kdmucnmn.

 

hmetnr[[ Odkhofcnturn Rhmetnr Vh hkpchno meahrhoths sesthkns pnrn hsfre`er hc vncdr mh cn fnpnfemnm mh cds fdomhosnmdrhs, mhphomehomd mhc tepd mh quh sh trnth. Ho hc fnsd mh cds hchftrdcëtefds, merhftnkhoth sh hxprhsn cn fnpnfemnm fdo oúkhrds, ghohrnckhoth ho uA, pdr cd quh su chfturn od prhshotn prd`chkns. Nfdkpnþn n hsth vncdr cn thoseöo kîxekn pnrn cn quh ln semd meshþnmd, y quh od mh`h suphrnrsh se od quhrhkds thrkeonr fdo cn vemn útec mhc fdkpdohoth. Ho hc fnsd mh cds fdomhosnmdrhs fdo mhosnmdrhs fhrîkefds, sh utecezn uo sesthkn sekecnr nc mh cds rhsestdrhs, phrd ho cugnr mh uteceznr `nomns mh fdcdrhs, sh hxprhsn hc vncdr fdo oúkhrds. Hs ln`etunc hofdotrnr hsfretd sd`rh hc fuhrpd mh hstds fdomhosnmdrhs uo oúkhrd mh 6 fearns, mdomh cns mds prekhrns fdrrhspdomho n cns uoemnmhs y mhfhons, y cn thrfhrn cn fnotemnm mh fhrds. Cn fnpnfemnm sh hofuhotrn ho pefdanrnmeds, pdr cd quh pumh shr ohfhsnred lnfhr cn fdovhrseö se mhshnkds fdodfhr hc vncdr ho dtrn uoemnm. Mh hstn knohrn, se ho hc oukhrd hsfretd hs, pdr hjhkpcd, =7=, = 7=, segoeae quh cn fnpnfemnm hs mh =79.999 pA, d cd quh hs cd keskd, 9.=7 uA. Hsth sesthkn sh fdodfh fdkd Fömegd >9>. Ncguods fdomhosnmdrhs tehoh ekprhsd merhftnkhoth sd`rh hccds hc vncdr mh m h 9.> d 9.9>, cd quh seomefn 9.> uA d 9.9 mh c fdomhosnmdr. uA. Ho hc Fömegd >9> sh utecezn uon chtrn pnrn segoeaefnr cn tdchrnofen mhc



Hjhkpcds mhc Fömegd >9>  >9=L -? segoeafn >9 + = fhrds ; >9,999 pA2 L ; +/- 6% mh tdchrnofen. d =7=J -? segoeafn =7 + = fhrds ; =79,999 pA, J ; +/- 8% mh tdchrnofen. d

(Phfdrmhkds quh =79.999pA ; =79oA ; 9.=7¸A)

Cn chtrn nc aonc mhc vncdr mhc fdomhosnmdr hsphfeafn su tdchrnofen.

Ho hc fnsd mh ncguods fdomhosnmdrhs mh pdceåsthr sh utecezn hc keskd fömegd mh m h fdcdrhs quh ho cns rhsesthofens, mh feofd `nomns, mdomh cds fdcdrhs mh cns mds prekhrns sdo hc vncdr mh cns uoemnmhs y mhfhons, hc thrfhrd cn fnotemnm

 

mh fhrds, hc funrtd fdcdr hs cn tdchrnofen, y hc queotd cn thoseöo kîxekn.

Ho cds fdomhosnmdrhs mh pdceåsthr sh fdmeafno cn fnpnfemnm y thoseöo mh trn`njd khmenoth fdcdrhs.

Rhmetnr hmetnr[[ Ngrupnfeöo mh Fdomhosnmdrhs ]nc fdkd dfurrh fdo cds rhsestdrhs rhsestdrhs,, n pnrter mh uods pdfds vncdrhs mesfrhtds mespdoe`chs fdkhrfenckhoth hs pdse`c d`thohr prîftefnkhoth funcquehr vncdr mh fnpnfemnm quh mhshhkds, sekpchkhoth fdk`eoîomdcds mh n mds d kns. ]nk`eåo lny mds adrkns `îsefns mh lnfhrcd, ho shreh y ho pnrnchcd.

Rhmetnr hmetnr[[ Fdomhosnmdrhs ho shreh

Cn ngrupnfeöo ho shreh fdosesth ho uoer cds fdomhosnmdrhs uod n fdoteounfeöo mhc dtrd, fdkd sh vh ho hc hsquhkn mh cn aegurn. Mh hstn knohrn, cn fdrrehoth E quh cds ntrnvehsn hs cn keskn. Ho regdr, oeoguon o eoguon fdrrehoth (nc khods h hc shotemd mh acujd mh fnrgns hcåftrefns) acuyh n trnvås mh uo fdomhosnmdr. Veo hk`nrgd, mnmd quh cns fnrgns sd`rh cns nrknmurns sdo sehkprh egunchs y dpuhstns, cn fdrrehoth quh eogrhsn n uo thrkeonc sehkprh hs egunc n cn quh hkhrgh pdr hc dtrd, pdr cd quh n aeohs prnftefns sh supdoh uon ferfucnfeöo mh fdrrehoth n trnvås mhc fdomhosnmdr. Mh`emd n cn adrkn ho quh sh fdkpdrtno cns nrknmurns y cns fnrgns nc mespdohs cds fdomhosnmdrhs mh hstn knohrn, cn fnpnfemnm tdtnc mhc nrrhgcd sh fncfucn fdo cn seguehoth adrkucn:

> / F ; >/F> + >/F0 + >/F6 + ….. + >/Fo

 

Cn fnpnfemnm tdtnc mh cds fdomhosnmdrhs ho shreh hs khodr n cn mhc kns phquhþd.

Hstn adrkucn hs shkhjnoth n cn uteceznmn pnrn fncfucnr hc vncdr mh rhsestdrhs ho pnrnchcd. Nc egunc quh qu h ho hc fnsd mh rhsesthofens ho pnrnchcd, lny mds setunfedohs hsphfenchs n thohr ho fuhotn, quh puhmho pu hmho anfecetnr cds fîcfucds:

 

Cn fnpnfemnm hquevnchoth mh sdcd mds fdomhosnmdrhs ho shreh hs F ; (F>xF0) / (F> + F0). Ve tdmds cds fdomhosnmdrhs sdo egunchs, F ; F/o 

Rhmetnr hmetnr[[ Fdomhosnmdrhs ho pnrnchcd Ve fdohftnkds hotrh se fdomhosnmdrhs ho pnrnchcd, cn fnpnfemnm tdtnc shrî egunc n cn sukn mh cns fnpnfemnmhs eomevemunchs. Hstd hs `nstnoth eotuetevd mh hothomhr, mnmd quh ho hstn fdoaegurnfeöo hc tnknþd tdtnc mh cns nrknmurns hoarhotnmns shrî cn sukn mh cds tnknþds mh cns nrknmurns hoarhotnmns.

F ; F> + F0 + F6 +……+ Fo

Fdohftnmds ho pnrnchcd, sh sukno cns fnpnfemnmhs eomevemunchs.

 Ouhvnkhoth, cn adrkucn sh nshkhjn n cn vestn pnrn cns rhsesthofens, rhsesthofens, phrd hstn vhz fdohftnmns ho shreh. ]nk`eåo pdmhkds nsdfenr fdomhosnmdrhs mh knohrns quh shno uon fdk`eonfeöo mh cns mds ngrupnfedohs vestns, y fncfucnr cn fnpnfemnm tdtnc mevemehomd m evemehomd ho pnrths hc prd`chkn, rhsdcvehomd fnmn su`prd`chkn fdo cns adrkucns vestns.