Cómo construir un generador eólico

FD RHYJQDQ (www.dmjns94.ncm)

Nþmc hmphzdr d jlthltdr nclstrujr ul shlnjffc `hlhrdacr hþfjnc pcr Mdluhf Brdlquhsd Rclhsnghl 4 Ílajnh Jltrcaunnjþ Jltrcaunnjþl.................... l................................ ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ............... ... 4 4. Hf shôcr Ihtz, fd hlhr`íd ahf vjhltc y fd pcthlnjd pcthlnjd ah ul dhrc`hlhrdacr ........ 4 9. Rhfcnjada Rhfcnjada ah `jrc ah uld hþfjnd ....................... ................................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ........... 9 >. Xl pcnc ah dhrcajlämjnd................. ......................... ............. ........................ ......................... ......................... ............ > 1. Nclstrunn Nclstrunnjþl jþl ah fd hþfjnd hþfjnd ....................... .................................. ....................... ....................... ....................... ...................... .......... 1 8. Mcfjlc Mcfjlc ah Nrhtd........... Nrhtd ...................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ............. 49

Jltrcaunnjþl ‖[jhlsd `fcidfmhlth, dntÿd fcndfmhlth” Qdrah c thmprdlc, hf ndfhltdmjhltc `fcidf y fd hsndshz ahf phtrþfhc lcs cifj`dräl d iusndr hlhr`íds mäs rhsphtucsds ncl fd ldturdfhzd. Hsth irhvh mdludf th adrä uld jahd ah nþmc sh puhah nclstrujr ul phquhôc dhrc`hlhrdacr ncl mdthrjdfhs shlnjffcs. ¡[hrc coc? ncmc tcad mäqujld quh `jrd, ul dhrc`hlhrdacr hs ul drthbdntc idstdlth phfj`rcsc!

¡Gdy quh utjfjzdr pjhzds MXZ YCIX^QD^! 4. Hf shôcr Ihtz, fd hlhr`íd ahf vjhltc y fd pcthlnjd ah ul dhrc`hlhrdacr  Fd mäxjmd pcthlnjd quh fh pcahmcs ‖sdndr” df vjhltc, yd shd ncl ul mcfjlc ah vjhltc ‖qujocthsnc” c ul dhrc`hlhrdacr ah ÿftjmd `hlhrdnjþl (hl fc sj`ujhlth ‖hþfjnd”), sh ndfnufd ncl fd sj`ujhlth bþrmufd dprcxjmdad, quh tjhlh hl nuhltd tcads fds pêrajads (dhrcajlämjnds, mhnäljnds y hfêntrjnds) ah fd mäqujld? [ = ;,48 ° A9  ° v¾

4

 Dutcr ah ‖Efhjlh ‖Efhjlh Pjlaráahr Pjlaráahr ? Ihrhnglul` Ihrhnglul` u. Eclstruetjcl” Eclstruetjcl” - Pjhsidahl Pjhsidahl 5 Ihrfjl ? Iduvhrfd`, Iduvhrfd`, 4:7:. J^IL >-0298-90;;-7. Hf dutcr puhah shr ncltdntdac víd Bdnhicce.

4

• • •

[ hs fd pcthlnjd hxprhsdad hl vdtjcs UP] A hs hf ajämhtrc ahf rctcr hl mhtrcs Um]  hs fd vhfcnjada ahf vjhltc hl mhtrcs pcr sh`ulac Um/s]. v  hs

Hstd shlnjffd bþrmufd hs brutc ahf shôcr Ihtz, ul sdijc dfhmäl quh hl 4:92 puifjnþ hf prjmhr trdtdac scirh fd thcríd dhrcajlämjnd dpfjndad d fds turijlds hþfjnds. Fc prjmhrc quh lcs ajnh hstd bþrmufd hs quh fd pcthlnjd dumhltd ncl hf nuic ah fd vhfcnjada ahf vjhltc, c, hxprhsdac ah ctrc mcac, ‖d mäs vjhltc, mungd mäs hlhr`íd”.

Hohmpfc? ³Tuê pcthlnjd mäxjmd pcaríd `hlhrdr uld hþfjnd nuyc rctcr tjhlh ul ajämhtrc ah 2 mhtrcs3 ^j hf vjhltc scpfd d 4; m/s (= >2 em/g), fd pcthlnjd ahf mcfjlc shrä [ = ;,48 ° >2 ° 4;¾ = 81;; UP] = 8,1; UeP] (4 eP = 4;;; P) [hrc sj scpfd d 9; m/s = 09 em/g (¡ul vjhltc ‖phfj`rcsc” pdrd uld hþfjnd ndshrd!), fd pcthlnjd shrä [ = ;,48 ° >2 ° 9;¾ = 1>9;; UP] = 1>,9; UeP] Nclnfusjþl? d acifh vhfcnjada ahf vjhltc, fd hþfjnd ahsdrrcffdrä 7 vhnhs mäs pcthlnjd.

9. Rhfcnjada ah `jrc ah uld hþfjnd Fd vhfcnjada ah `jrc ah uld hþfjnd sh puhah ndfnufdr ncl fd sj`ujhlth bþrmufd? l = (2; °  ε ° v) / ( ϋ  ϋ °    ° A) • •

• •

l hs hf lÿmhrc ah rhvcfunjclhs pcr mjlutc Urpm]  ε sh

ffdmd vhfcnjada hsphnjbjnd. Hsth bdntcr ahphlah ahf tjpc ah hþfjnd (räpjad c fhltd). [uhah thlhr ul vdfcr ncmprhlajac hltrh dprcx. 4 y 41. Hl fd hþfjnd quh vdmcs d nclstrujr, hsth bdntcr shrä ah dprcx. 1.  hs fd vhfcnjada ahf vjhltc hl mhtrcs pcr sh`ulac Um/s]. v  hs A hs hf ajämhtrc ah fd hþfjnd hl mhtrcs Um]

[drd gdnhrsh uld jahd? Hl ul dhrc`hlhrdacr mcahrlc ah 9; mhtrcs ah ajämhtrc (fcs quh sh utjfjzdl hl fcs ncltrcvhrtjacs pdrquhs hþfjncs), fd vhfcnjada hsphníbjnd hs ahf crahl ah  ε = 7. Ndfnufhmcs ncl hstd bþrmufd su vhfcnjada ah `jrc idoc ul vjhltc ah 4; m/s (= >2 em/g)? 9

l = (2; ° 7 ° 4;) / ( ϋ ° 9;) = 02,1 rpm Lc pdrhnh mungc, ¡phrc fds pultds ah fds pdfds `jrdl d 977 em/g! Hstc prcaunh idstdlth rujac y hs ul `rdvh phfj`rc pdrd fds dvhs.

Yh`fds `hlhrdfhs? • •

d mäs ajämhtrc, mhlcr vhfcnjada ah `jrc ul mdycr lÿmhrc ah pdfds lc dumhltd lhnhsdrjdmhlth fd vhfcnjada ah `jrc, phrc sí hf rhlajmjhltc ah fd hþfjnd.

>. Xl pcnc ah dhrcajlämjnd Fds pdfds ah ul hþfjnd lc scl ctrd ncsd quh dfds ah dvjþl `jrdlac dfrhahacr ah ul hoh.  Df ahsph`dr, hf mctcr hmpuod hf dvjþl gdnjd gdnjd ahfdlth y fds dfds ncmjhlzdl ncmjhlzdl d ‖ncrtdr” hf djrh. Df hstdr phrbjfdads y fj`hrdmhlth jlnfjldads (äl`ufc ah dtdquh), fd njrnufdnjþl ahf djrh dfrhahacr ah fds dfds nrhd uld scirhprhsjþl hl fd pdrth jlbhrjcr ah fds mjsmds. Hstd prhsjþl ‖hmpuod” fds dfds gdnjd drrjid y, pcr nclsj`ujhlth, hf dvjþl ‖vuhfd”.

Bj`. >.4 D buhrzd D buhrzd ah susthltdnjþl, P buhrzd ah rhsjsthlnjd ahf dfd (Y ( Y rhsuftdlth)

Ncmc tcac jlvhltc gumdlc, fds dfds lc scl jahdfhs? cbrhnhl rhsjsthlnjd df djrh, d ncstd ahf nclsumc ah ncmiustjifh ahf dvjþl. Fd gêfjnh ahf dvjþl tdmijêl tjhlh ulds dfds mäs phquhôds, quh `jrdl dfrhahacr ahf hoh ahf mctcr, ‖hlrcsnälacsh” hl hf djrh ncmc ul sdndncrngcs. Hl hsth nclthxtc gdy quh ahnjr quh fcs dvjclhs d gêfjnh tjhlhl ul mhocr rhlajmjhltc quh fcs dvjclhs d ngcrrc, phrc scl mäs fhltcs. Ahsah hf pultc ah vjstd mhajcdmijhltdf, fcs mctcrhs ah prcpufsjþl d ngcrrc scl mäqujlds prhgjstþrjnds. Fc quh `hlhrd su ahsncmuldf pcthlnjd lc hs ctrd ncsd quh ul ngcrrc ah `dshs ah hsndph mdf quhmdacs, nuyd ncmpcsjnjþl lc sh nclcnh ncl hxdntjtua, quh ahodl hl luhstrd ahf`dad dtmþsbhrd 9 mjfhs ah ijffclhs ah pdrtínufds ah tcacs fcs tdmdôcs t dmdôcs dftdmhlth lcnjvds. 9

 Fd dtmþsbhrd tjhlh uld dfturd hltrh >; y 8; em. ^j ncmpdrdmcs hstd ajstdlnjd ncl fcs dprcx.49;;; em ah ajämhtrc quh tjhlh fd Qjhrrd, fd dtmþsbhrd hs ncmc uld ndpd ah fäthx ah 4,8 mm ah hsphscr dpfjndad d ul idfþl ah bÿticf ah >; nm ah ajämhtrc.

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Fd shnnjþl ah ul dfd mcahrld tjhlh ul phrbjf hl bcrmd ah `ctd dfdr`dad. Hstd bcrmd dumhltd hf hmpuoh y ajsmjluyh fd rhsjsthlnjd. Fds dfds fdr`ds, hstrhngds y ahf`dads tjhlhl ul rhlajmjhltc mungc mäs hfhvdac quh fds ncrtds, dlngds y `ruhsds. Xl iuhl hohmpfc scl fcs dfidtrcs, quh puhahl vcfdr aurdlth aíds sjl dphlds mcvhr fds dfds, c fcs pfdlhdacrhs hl fcs Dfphs sujzcs, quh tjhlhl dfds hxtrhmdadmhlth fdr`ds y hstjfjzdads, `rdnjds d fds nudfhs puhahl phrmdlhnhr hl hf djrh aurdlth gcrds d phsdr ah lc thlhr mctcr. Fd vhltdod ah fds hþfjnds (phquhôds) hs quh `rdnjds d quh hf vjhltc hs (sj`uh sjhlac) `rdtujtc, fds pdfds lc lhnhsjtdl shr tdl scbjstjndads. ¡Fds dspds ah fcs vjhocs mcfjlcs d mhluac hrdl sjmpfhs tdifds jlnfjldads ah mdahrd! Hf mhlcr rhlajmjhltc ah fds pdfds mäs shlnjffds puhah shr ncmphlsdac dumhltdlac dumhltdlac fj`hrdmhlth hf ajämhtrc ahf rctcr.

1. Nclstrunnjþl ah fd hþfjnd 1.4 Ahsnrjpnjþl ah fd mäqujld Rdmcs d nclstrujr uld hþfjnd ah vhfcnjada hsphníbjnd lcmjldf  εa  = 1 y ul rctcr ah 9 mhtrcs ah ajämhtrc. Ncmc `hlhrdacr ah hfhntrjnjada utjfjzdrhmcs ul dfthrldacr ah dutcmþvjf ncl su ncrrhspclajhlth rh`ufdacr. Fds pdfds rhntdl`ufdrhs y fj`hrdmhlth nurvdads (‖bfhngd” = 8% ah fd dlngurd ah fds pdfds) fds gdrhmcs ah ngdpd mhtäfjnd, prhbhrhlthmhlth dfumjljc. Hf `rcscr ah fd ngdpd ahihríd shr dprcx. ul 4,8% ah fd dlngurd ah fds pdfds (vhr mäs didoc).

1

Bj`. 1.4 Jzqujhrad? rctcr hþfjnc ncl pdfds ah ngdpd nurvdad Ahrhngd? uld pcsjijfjada ah bjodr bj odr fds pdfds (pcr rdzclhs dhrcajlämjnds hs jmpcrtdlth quh fd idrrd sh hlnuhltrh hl hf jltrdaþs ah fds pdfds (fd ndrd dtdndad pcr hf vjhltc), ah fc ncltrdrjc su rhlajmjhltc r hlajmjhltc dhrcajlämjnc shrä nclsjahrdifhmhlth jlbhrjcr. Fc mäs ajbínjf shrä hlncltrdr hf ‖nuhrpc” ah fd hþfjnd, hs ahnjr, hf ncojlhth quh trdlsmjtjrä fd rctdnjþl ah fds pdfds df `hlhrdacr (¡hl fcs ahs`udnhs gdy jlbjljada ah pjhzds ah ncngh c ndmjþl quh pcarídl shrvjr!). • •

ahih shr sþfjac ahih thlhr ul hoh, quh hl ul fdac thl`d ul ajsnc c sjmjfdr pdrd b jodr fds pdfds y hl hf ctrc hxtrhmc fd pcsjijfjada ah bjodr fd pcfhd ah trdlsmjsjþl pdrd hf dfthrldacr

 D ncltjludnjþl rhprcaunjmcs rhprcaunjmcs fd pcrtdad ahf hxnhfhlth fjirc ah Ghl`hvhfa, Ghl`hvhfa, Fyshl ht [dufjsshl scirh fd dadptdnjþl ah rctcrhs hþfjncs d `hlhrdacrhs hfêntrjncs ah idod pcthlnjd. Hf ajiuoc hs sumdmhlth jlspjrdacr.

8

Bj`. 1.9 4 rctcr, 9 hoh, > ncojlhth, 1 brhlc ah ajsnc, 8 pcfhds ah trdlsmjsjþl, 2 `hlhrdacr hfêntrjnc (pcr hohmpfc dfthrldacr ah ncngh), 0 mhndljsmc nhltríbu`c pdrd mcajbjndr hf äl`ufc ah ndfdac ah fds pdfds (rh`ufdnjþl ah fd vhfcnjada ah `jrc ahf rctcr), 7 ndifhs, : rh`ufdacr, 4; idthríd, 44 ndifhs gdnjd hf nclsumjacr 

2

1.9 Adtcs mäs jmpcrtdlths ah fd hþfjnd 1.9.4 Dlngurd, äl`ufc y bfhngd ah fds pdfds rhntdl`ufdrhs nurvdads (8%) / `rcscr míljmc ah fd ngdpd Ajämhtrc ahf rctcr Lÿmhrc ah pdfds*  Dlngurd ah fds pdfds  Äl`ufc ah jlnfjldnjþl jlnfjldnjþl ah fds pdfds** Bfhngd ah fds pdfds @rcscr míljmc ah fd ngdpd

9 >4,1 nm 4;¿

> 94 nm 4;¿

9 mhtrcs 1 48,0 4;¿

42 mm 1 mm

44 mm > mm

7mm 9 mm

8 49,2 4;¿

2 4;,8 4;¿

2 mm 9 mm

8 mm 9 mm

* Lctd? nuältds mäs pdfds, mdycr shrä hf rhlajmjhltc ah fd hþfjnd ** Äl`ufc quh fds pdfds bcrmdl ncl hf pfdlc ahf rctcr (phrphlajnufdr d fd ajrhnnjþl ahf vjhltc)

1.9.9 Rhfcnjada þptjmd ah `jrc y pcthlnjd ah fd hþfjnd hl bulnjþl ah fd vhfcnjada ahf vjhltc Rhfcnjada ahf vjhltc Rhfcnjada þptjmd ah `jrc [cthlnjd (dprcx.)

7 m/s >;8 rpm >;; P

4; m/s >7; rpm 2;; P

49 m/s 12; rpm 4;;; P

1.9.> Bdntcr ah muftjpfjndnjþl hltrh hf rctcr hþfjnc y hf dfthrldacr Hs jmpcrtdlth ahnjr quh ul dfthrldacr ah ncngh lc hs fd mhocr hfhnnjþl ( prcidifhmhlth ul pdrd ul dhrc`hlhrdacr  dhrc`hlhrdacr . Qjhlhl ul pêsjmc rhlajmjhltc (prcidifhmhlth hbhntc shnuladrjc ah fcs idocs prhnjcs ahf phtrþfhc ah dltdôc)? rdrdmhlth suphrdrä hf 8;%! ^jl hmidr`c, tjhlhl df`ulds vhltdods? scl muy rciustcs y idrdtcs (ngdtdrrhrcs). ^j lc lhnhsjtdmcs quh luhstrc dhrc`hlhrdacr thl`d ul dftc rhlajmjhltc, pcahmcs hmphzdr trdlqujfdmhlth ncl ul dfthrldacr ah ncngh. Xl dfthrldacr ah ncngh rhqujhrh uld ahthrmjldad vhfcnjada ah `jrc pdrd hmphzdr d sumjljstrdr ncrrjhlth (ncmc míljmc 08; rpm). Qhljhlac hl nuhltd quh hf rctcr hþfjnc `jrd mungc mäs fhltdmhlth, thlarhmcs quh prhvhr ul sjsthmd ah trdlsmjsjþl. Fd scfunjþl mäs sjmpfh hs bjodr df hoh ahf rctcr hþfjnc uld pcfhd `rdlah (pcr hohmpfc fd ffdltd ah uld ruhad ah ijnjnfhtd c fd pcfhd ah trdlsmjsjþl ahf tdmicr ah uld vjhod mäqujld ah fdvdr), quh uljrhmcs d fd pcfhd ahf dfthrldacr mhajdlth uld ncrrhd c sjmjfdr (vhr Bj` 1.9).

0

Bj`. 1.9.> Ndrdnthrístjnd ncrrjhlth / vhfcnjada ah `jrc ah ul típjnc dfthrldacr ah ncngh Rhmcs quh hsth dfthrldacr hmpjhzd d sumjljstrdr ncrrjhlth d dprcx. 08; rpm. D dprcx. 4;;; rpm, fd ncrrjhlth hs ah ulcs 49 dmphrjcs. Fd sj`ujhlth tdifd jlajnd hf bdntcr ah muftjpfjndnjþl hl bulnjþl ah fd vhfcnjada ah `jrc idoc fd nudf hf dfthrldacr quh thl`dmcs d mdlc sumjljstrd uld ncrrjhlth ah ndr`d dnhptdifh (hltrh 48 y >; dmphrjcs)? Rhfcnjada ah `jrc ahf dfthrldacr (rpm) Bdntcr ah muftjpfjndnjþl

4;;;

49;;

41;;

42;;

9,2

>,9

>.0

1,9

Xld vhz ahthrmjldacs hf bdntcr ah muftjpfjndnjþl, hf ajämhtrc ah fd ruhad ah trdlsmjsjþl scfjadrjd df hoh ahf rctcr hþfjnc ahphlahrä ahf ajämhtrc ah fd pcfhd ahf dfthrldacr y ah fd vhfcnjada ah `jrc rhquhrjad pcr êsth?

Rhfcnjada ah `jrc ahf dfthrldacr dft hrldacr 4;;; rpm Ajämhtrc ah fd pcfhd ahf 1 nm 2 nm dfthrldacr Ajämhtrc dprcx. ah fd 4; nm 48 nm ruhad ah trdlsmjsjþl ah fd hþfjnd Rhfcnjada ah `jrc ahf dfthrldacr dft hrldacr 49;; rpm 1 nm 2 nm Ajämhtrc ah fd pcfhd ahf dfthrldacr Ajämhtrc ah fd ruhad ah 49 nm 9; nm trdlsmjsjþl ah fd hþfjnd

7 nm 9; nm

7 nm 4: nm

7

Rhfcnjada ah `jrc ahf dfthrldacr dft hrldacr 41;; rpm Ajämhtrc ah fd pcfhd ahf 1 nm 2 nm dfthrldacr Ajämhtrc ah fd ruhad ah 48 nm 99 nm trdlsmjsjþl ah fd hþfjnd Rhfcnjada ah `jrc ahf dfthrldacr dft hrldacr 42;; rpm Ajämhtrc ah fd pcfhd ahf 1 nm 2 nm dfthrldacr Ajämhtrc ah fd ruhad ah 40 nm 98 nm trdlsmjsjþl ah fd hþfjnd

7 nm >; nm

7 nm >> nm

Hxjsthl pcfhds ah mäqujlds c mctcrhs ah tcacs fcs tdmdôcs. Tujhl iusnd (hl fcs ahs`udnhs) hlnuhltrd.

Cishrvdnjclhs? 4. Ncmc sh ahsprhlah ah hstds tdifds, nclvjhlh utjfjzdr ul dfthrldacr ncl uld pcfhd ah mhlcr ajämhtrc, ah fc ncltrdrjc fd pcfhd `rdlah lhnhsjtdrä thlhr ul ajämhtrc mdycr. Ah tcacs mcacs, hf ajämhtrc jahdf ahihrä hlncltrdrsh prcidlac. Fcs mctcrhs ah fds tdfdardacrds ah scirhmhsd tjhlhl uld pjhzd nþljnd, bcrmdad pcr uld ‖tcrrh” ah pcfhds ah ajbhrhlth ajämhtrc (pcfhd mÿftjpfh). Hstc phrmjth ”hlncltrdr” mäs räpjadmhlth fd vhfcnjada þptjmd ah `jrc (prhvhr ul sjsthmd pdrd pcahr ‖suijr y idodr” y thlsdr hf dfthrldacr ndad vhz quh sh pruhid ctrc ajämhtrc.

 Dfthrldacr ncl pcfhd trjpfh ^cirh hf sjsthmd hfêntrjnc lc ajrhmcs mungc. Nclsuftda ncl ul iuhl mhnäljnc c hfhntrjnjstd ah ncnghs. Hs jmpcrtdlth mcltdr hf dfthrldacr ncl su ncrrhspclajhlth rh`ufdacr, quh jmpjah quh fd thlsjþl suid ahmdsjdac, fjmjtd fd ncrrjhlth ah ndr`d y ahsnclhntd fd idthríd nudlac êstd hstä ffhld.

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9. Nudltc mdycr hf bdntcr ah muftjpfjndnjþl, tdltc mhlcr shrä hf pdr ah drrdlquh ahf ncloultc rctcr hþfjnc-`hlhrdacr, hs ahnjr, d fd hþfjnd fh nuhstd drrdlndr, scirh tcac sj hf `hlhrdacr hstä hxnjtdac. [cr hsth mctjvc hs jmpcrtdlth prhvhr ul sjsthmd ah rh`ufdnjþl (hl df`ulcs ndscs puhah shrvjr hf quh hf `hlhrdacr thlíd hl hf dutcmþvjf (  nclsufdr ncl hf mhnäljnc), quh pcr ul fdac fjmjtd fd ncrrjhlth y pcr hf ctrc mdltjhlh jlthrrumpjad fd ncrrjhlth ah hxnjtdnjþl gdstd quh hf `hlhrdacr gdyd dfndlzdac uld ahthrmjldad vhfcnjada ah `jrc.

1.9.1 Fd ncfd c tjmþl ah fd f d hþfjnd (vhfhtd)

Bj`. 1.9.1 Hf tjmþl ah uld hþfjnd Hf tjmþl sjrvh pdrd crjhltdr fd hþfjnd hl fd ajrhnnjþl ahf vjhltc. Hs uld ngdpd, nuyd bcrmd lc tjhlh ahmdsjdad rhfhvdlnjd (hxnhptc fd hstêtjnd) bjodad d uld idrrd ah uld fcl`jtua ncmprhlajad hltrh hf 2; y hf 4;;% ahf ajämhtrc ah fd hþfjnd. Ahihrä thlhr uld suphrbjnjh míljmd, quh sh jlajnd hl fd sj`ujhlth tdifd? Fcl`jtua ah fd idrrd ah fd ncfd* ^uphrbjnjh míljmd ah fd ngdpd ah fd ncfd

4,9 m

9m

;,1; m¹

;,98 m¹

(pcr hohmpfc (pcr hohmpfc ngdpd rhntdl`ufdr ngdpd rhntdl`ufdr ah ah 7; x 8; nm) 2> x 1; nm)

*Ajstdlnjd hltrh hf hoh ahf mästjf y hf nhltrc ah `rdvhada ah fd ngdpd ah fd ncfd

1.9.8 Mästjf c tcrrh ah fd hþfjnd Ncmc mästjf ah fd hþfjnd puhah shrvjr nudfqujhr tuic fc sþfjac c jlnfusc ul pcsth ah thfêbclcs ah mdahrd rhnjnfdac. Ahihrä dlnfdrsh ahijadmhlth hl hf suhfc (ncl gcrmj`þl) y hvhltudfmhlth dsh`urdrsh ncl trhs ndifhs ah dnhrc tdmijêl dlnfdacs hl hf suhfc. Qhlha hl nuhltd quh hf mästjf lc sþfc ahih d`udltdr hf phsc ah fd hþfjnd, sjlc tdmijêl hf pdr ah `jrc quh `hlhrd fd buhrzd ahf vjhltc scirh fds pdfds hl mcvjmjhltc. Hs ncmc sj ulc hmpuod fd pultd ah ul pdfjffc nfdvdac hl ul 4;

ncrngc? sj hohrnhmcs ahmdsjdad buhrzd, hf pdfjffc sh pdrtjrä pcr fd idsh c nhrnd ah hffd.

1.9.2 ^hlnjffc sjsthmd ah sh`urjada ncltrd fcs vjhltcs hxnhsjvcs Yhnuhrad quh fd hlhr`íd ahf vjhltc „y ncl hffc fds buhrzds- nrhnh ncl hf nuic ah su vhfcnjada. ¡Xld vhltcfhrd puhah ahstrczdr tu hþfjnd hl nuhstjþl ah mjlutcs, ndusdlac `rdvhs adôcs phrscldfhs y/c mdthrjdfhs! ^h puhah mcltdr ul brhlc ah ajsnc (vhr Bj`. 1.9), scirh nuyc sjsthmd ah dntjvdnjþl ahsah hf pjh ahf mästjf thlaräs quh gdnhrth df`ulcs phlsdmjhltcs. Hxjsth ul mêtcac muy ‖prjmjtjvc” pdrd ‖sdndr” fd hþfjnd ah fcs vjhltcs hxnhsjvcs? ^j vjvhs df ‖pjh ahf ndôþl”, hs ahnjr, sj hrhs ul d`rjnuftcr quh  odmäs puhah didlacldr su ndsd d ndusd ah fcs dljmdfhs, puhahs dtdr acs sc`ds d fd ncfd ah fd hþfjnd, quh ahodräs ‖ncf`dlac” ah ul mcac dahnudac nudlac fd hþfjnd trdidod ncl lcrmdfjada. Hl nudltc hf vjhltc hmpjhzd d pclhrsh irdvc, tjrd ah fds sc`ds y ‖sdnd ‖ fd hþfjnd ahf ríc, hs ahnjr, pclfd hl shltjac phrphlajnufdr d fd ajrhnnjþl ahf vjhltc y dtd fcs ndics ah fds sc`ds d shlacs dlnfdohs sþfjacs ajstdlnjdacs hltrh sí. [hrc thl hl nuhltd quh hf vjhltc hs hf prctd`cljstd prjlnjpdf ah tcad tcrmhltd, y quh lc puhahs sdihr pcr dltjnjpdac fd ou`dad quh th tjhlh prhpdrdad. [hrc sj lc vds d hstdr sjhmprh df ‖pjh ahf ndôþl”, puhahs dôdajr d tu hþfjnd ul ajspcsjtjvc mhnäljnc rhfdtjvdmhlth shlnjffc quh cbrhnh njhrtd sh`urjada. Nclsjsth hl bjodr scfjadrjdmhlth d fd ‖ndod” ah fd hþfjnd ul tjmþl trdlsvhrsdf, hs ahnjr, phrphlajnufdr d fd ajrhnnjþl ahf vjhltc. Hl hsth ndsc, hf tjmþl c ncfd prjlnjpdf ahihrä hstdr uljac d fd ‖ndod” d trdvês ah uld ‖ijsd`rd” (quh t hlaräs quh jlvhltdr) y ah ul muhffh (quh thlaräs quh hlncltrdr y prcidr >). Fd Bj`. 1.9.0 muhstrd muy hsquhmätjndmhlth hf prjlnjpjc. Bulnjcldmjhltc? Nudlac hf vjhltc scirhpdsd uld njhrtd vhfcnjada pruahlth, hf tjmþl trdlsvhrsdf hs ‖hmpuodac” gdstd quh hf muhffh nhah, ‖sdndlac” fd hþfjnd ahf vjhltc (fds pdfds ahodl ah `jrdr c fc gdnhl fhltdmhlth).

>

[ruhid ncl ul muhffh ncl uld nclstdlth ah dprcx. 9; L/nm (¡sjl `drdltíd!)

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Bulnjcldmjhltc

tjmþ tjmþl l rjln rjlnjj df mþvj mþvjff

pcsjnjþl lcrmdf

tjmþl trdlsvhrsdf (bjoc)

muhffh

tcrmhltd

tjmþl trdlsvhrsdf (bjoc)

tjmþl prjlnjpdf (mþvjf)

Bj`. 1.9.0 Hþfjnd ncl vhfhtd trdlsvhrsdf

8. Mcfjlc ah Nrhtd Hf rctcr ah hstds dltj`uds hþfjnds hstä nclstrujac ncl vhfds trjdl`ufdrhs (Bj`. 8.4). Fcs ‖mästjfhs” ah hstds vhfds (= rdajcs ahf rctcr) puhahl shr ah mdahrd, dulquh hl fd dntudfjada sh pcarídl utjfjzdr tuics ah dfumjljc. Ndad vhfd hstä uljad df sj`ujhlth rdajc ncl uld nuhrad c ndifh. Qdmijêl sh puhahl utjfjzdr muhffhs pdrd mdlthlhrfds ahijadmhlth thlsdads. Fcs muhffhs tdmijêl tjhlhl fd vhltdod ah quh fds vhfds puhahl ‖nhahr” dlth fd prhsjþl ahf vjhltc, fc nudf ajsmjluyh fd thlsjþl scirh fds mjsmds. Ahijac d quh fds vhfds cbrhnhl uld nclsjahrdifh rhsjsthlnjd df vjhltc, `hlhrdfmhlth hstds hþfjnds tjhlhl hf hoh ahf rctcr prcfcl`dac gdnjd ahfdlth (pdsdlac pcr hf nhltrc ahf iuoh), nuyc hxtrhmc vd uljac d fcs ajbhrhlths rdajcs ncl ndifhs ah dnhrc, quh jmpjahl quh fd prhsjþl ahf vjhltc scirh fds vhfds puhad acifdr fcs rdajcs gdnjd dträs.

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Bj`. 8.4 Mcfjlc ah Nrhtd ah 2 pdfds (d = ;,7°Y5 i = ;,98°Y5 n = ;,18°Y) Hstcs rctcrhs tjhlhl uld vhfcnjada hsphníbjnd lcmjldf  εa = 4,9 ... 4,1, pcr fc quh sus vhfcnjadahs ah `jrc scl idods. [drd prcpufsdr ul dfthrldacr ah ncngh sh prhnjsd ul bdntcr ah muftjpfjndnjþl jmpcrtdlth ( e  <  < 7 pdrd ul rctcr ah A = 9 m (Bj`. 8.9).

4>

Bj`. 8.9 Ndrdnthrístjnds [,l,v  ah  ah ul rctcr ah vhfds (mcfjlc ah Nrhtd) ah 9 mhtrcs ah ajämhtrc y 2 pdfds (vhr Bj`. 8.4), mhajads hl ul tÿlhf ah vjhltc pcr U ^mufahrs ht df.] [cthlnjd mäxjmd ah ul `hlhrdacr hþfjnc nclstrujac ncl hf rctcr rhprhshltdac hl fd Bj`. 8.4 (9 mhtrcs ah ajämhtrc) y ul dfthrldacr ah ncngh ncl ul rhlajmjhltc ah dprcx. 8;%? Rhfcnjada ahf vjhltc Rhfcnjada þptjmd ah `jrc (dprcx.) [cthlnjd (dprcx.)

7 m/s 4;; rpm

4; m/s 498 rpm

49 m/s 411 rpm

4;; P

9;; P

>8; P

Bdntcr ah muftjpfjndnjþl dprcxjmdac hltrh hf rctcr tjpc ‖mcfjlc ah Nrhtd” ah 9 mhtrcs ah ajämhtrc y hf dfthrldacr? Rhfcnjada ah `jrc ahf dfthrldacr (rpm) Bdntcr ah muftjpfjndnjþl

4;;;

49;;

41;;

42;;

7

4;

49

41

41

Nclnfusjþl Ahic damjtjr quh phrscldfmhlth sþfc gh nclstrujac acs ah hstcs `hlhrdacrhs hþfjncs ‖ndshrcs”. Fc quh gh hxpuhstc dquí hs fd qujltdhshlnjd ah mjs mcahstds hxphrjhlnjds.

Bctc? Hlsdydlac luhstrc prctctjpc rhdfjzdac hl fd Xljvhrsjada ah Mdad`dsndr (Ajh`c ^udrhz, 4:71) ^jl hmidr`c, hstcy nclvhlnjac ah quh hsth phquhôc ‖mdludf” puhah shr uld vdfjcsd dyuad pdrd hf prjlnjpjdlth. Hl hf phcr ah fcs ndscs, hs ahnjr, sj vuhstrc `hlhrdacr hþfjnc ndshrc lc sumjljstrdrd subjnjhlth pcthlnjd, thlaêjs quh mhocrdrfc pcr nuhltd prcpjd. Hstc fh ffhvdrä mäs räpjadmhlth d fd thrnhrd fílhd ah hsth vjhoc prcvhrijc ngjlc?

‖Fc quh cj`c, mh cfvjac5 Fc quh vhc, mh dnuhrac5 Fc quh gd`c, hltjhlac.” Cs ahshc sdfua, gumcr y iuhl vjhltc

Mdluhf Brdlquhsd Rclhsnghl, Ndsthffahbhfs, Hspdôd

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^j ahshds prcbulajzdr mäs hl fd thcríd ah fds turijlds hþfjnds, lc auahs hl gdnhr nfjn hl? www.dmjns94.ncm/fdvhrjtdt/jltrcaunnjclSthcrjdSturijldsShcfjnds.pab  Rhr tdmijêl luhstrc ‖mdludf” pdrd nclstrujr ul dhrc`hlhrdacr ‖ndshrc” ncl fds acs mjtdahs ah ul idrrjf ah 9;; fjtrcs (`hlhrdacr ^dvcljus) hl www.dmjns94.ncm/fdvhrjtdt/`hlhrdacrSsdvcljus.pab 

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