Comercio Exterior - Riesgos

July 21, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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O. M`ckomo`cbs kb bct`rc` cbmbsjrojs pjrj bh ïxot` kbh Uhjc Bstrjtïiom` Cjmo`cjh Bxp`rtjk`r jh 7572 •



Bc profbr huijr, hj jphomjmoýc kb bstjs p`hæmjs kbgb sbr m`csostbctb m`c uc sjc` jfgobctb fjmr`bm`cýfom` -rbnbljk` bc uc fjcbl` smjh y f`cbtjro` prukbctb- qub sorvj kb gjsb pjrj hj jtrjmmoýc kb ocvbrso`costjs h`mjhbs y bxtrjclbr`s. Bc sbiuck` tïrfoc`, bstjs p`hæmjs kbgbc sbr kosbújkjs m`c hj kbgokj m``rkocjmoýc, qub pbrfotj jhmjczjr uc m`csbcs` m`c h`s procmopjhbs jmt`rbs ocv`humrjk`s c` s`h` kbh sbmt`r püghom`, soc` tjfgoïc kbh sbmt`r provjk`, ocmhuybck` bh sbmt`r jmjkïfom` y hj s`mobkjk movoh.

Jsæ, bh UBCQ sb aj sustbctjk` bc bh fjctbcofobct` y n`rtjhbmofobct` kb mobrtjs m`ckomo`cbs kb bct`rc` gêsomjs pjrj su ïxot`< •

]ýhok`s uckjfbct`s fjmr`bm`cýfom`s.



Fjrm` lurækom` ocstumo`cjhozjk`, ockbpbckobctb y bmobctb.













M`fpr`fos` bctrb t`kjs hjs ubrzjs p`hæmjs pjrj ocstumo`cjhozjr hj m`fpbvokjk y, pjrmuhjrfbctb, hj pr`f`moýc kb bxp`rtjmo`cbs, qub sb rbnblb bc uc mhjr` jp`y` p`hæm` y cjcmobr` qub `rtjhbzmj ocstumo`cjhfbctb jh UBCQ. U`hæmj m`fbrmojh jgobrtj j hj octbirjmoýc y jh kbsfjctbhjfobct` kb hjs gjrrbrjs jh m`fbrmo`. Ofphbfbctjmoýc kb uc jirbsov` pr`irjfj kb kbsjrr`hh` kb ocrjbstrumturj gêsomj jp`yjkj uckjfbctjhfbctb bc hj ocomojvj provjkj bc m``rkocjmoýc bstrbmaj m`c h`s i`gobrc`s mbctrjh y rbio`cjh. Jirbsovj p`hæmj kb jtrjmmoýc kb ocvbrsoýc bxtrjclbrj, m`fphbfbctjroj y m`csostbctb m`c bh UBCQ. Jk`pmoýc kb ocomojvjs `robctjkjs j fbl`rjr hj m`fpbvokjk bfprbsjrojh m`f` `glbv` uckjfbctjh kb hj p`hæmj bm`cýfomj. Jk`pmoýc kb p`hæmjs `robctjkjs j ucj kbsmbctrjhozjmoýc bbmvj kb hjs `p`rtucokjkbs kb kbsjrr`hh` bfprbsjrojh y bm`cýfom`.

 

OO. Bct`rc` bm`cýfom` y tbckbcmojs ih`gjhbs Bct`rc` Bm`cýfom` Bsmbcjro` fjmr`bm`cýfom` fjmr`bm`cýfom` 755=-75:=

Bc bh pbro`k` 755=-75:=, bh Ubrü fjctuv` uc kbsbfpbú` bm`cýfom` ofp`rtjctb, mrbmobck` bc tïrfoc`s rbjhbs j ucj tjsj pr`fbko` jcujh kb >,;% y jhmjczjck` uc mrbmofobct` jmufuhjk` kb 1>%, m`c h` qub q ub rbiostrý uc` kb h`s fjy`rbs mrbmofobct`s bc hj rbioýc. Bh gubc m`fp`rtjfobct` kb hj bm`c`fæj `gbkbmoý, procmopjhfbctb, j hj bxpjcsoýc kb hj ocvbrsoýc provjkj y kb hjs bxp`rtjmo`cbs kb gobcbs, qub bc bh 75:= rbprbsbctjr`c 75,1% y 7:% k kbh bh UGO, rbspbmvjfbctb .

 

Bh mrbmofobct` bm`cýfom` rbiostrjk` pbrfoý ucj rbkummoýc kb hj ocmokbcmoj kb hj p`grbzj kb 27,=% bc 755= j 7=,?% bc 75:= y uc jufbct` kbh bfphb` j covbh cjmo`cjh kb 7:% (pbro`k` 755=-75:7). Jkomo`cjhfbctb, bh gubc kbsbfpucj fbl`rj kb cubstrj mjhomjmoýc kb irjk` kb ocvbrsoýc, m`cvorbck` jh Ubrü bc uc` kb hh`s `s pjæsbs fês jtrjmv`s pjrj bú` fjmr`bm`cýfom` kbh Ubrü ub uckjfbctjh pjrj qub hjs jibcmojs mjhomjk`rjs kb robsi` rbjhozjrjc hj ocvbrsoýc bxtrjclbrj bc hj rbioýc.

 

Bv`humoýc kbh m`fbrmo` bxtbro`r 755=-75:= M`fbrmo` kb gobcbs

Bc h`s ühf`s kobz jú`s, hjs bxp`rtjmo`cbs pbrujcjs bxpbrofbctjr`c uc mrbmofobct` soicomjv` kb :9% pr`fbko` jcujh, pjsjck` kb R]$ 1 ??2 fohh`cbs bc bh 755= j R]$ ;7 2>; fohh`cbs bc bh 75:=. Jsofosf`, hjs ofp`rtjmo`cbs rbiostrjr`c uc ocmrbfbct` pr`fbko` jcujh kb :1%. Bc bstb pbro`k`, bh Ubrü fjctuv` uc sjhk` m`fbrmojh supbrjvotjro` m`c bh fuck`, j bxmbpmoýc bxmbpmoýc kbh 75:=, jú` bc bh mujh hjs bxp`rtjmo`cbs mjybr`c bc 1% kbgok` j hj kosfocumoýc kosfoc umoýc kb h`s prbmo`s octbrcjmo`cjhbs kbh m`grb y `r` jsæ m`f` j ucj fbc`r kbfjckj kb cubstr`s procmopjhbs s`mo`s s `mo`s m`fbrmojhbs, pr`v`mjkj p`r bh m`ctbxt` kb kbsjmbhbrjmoýc y m`ctrjmmoýc bm`cýfomj bc hjs procmopjhbs bm`c`fæjs kbsjrr`hhjkjs.

 

Bc mujct` j h`s æckombs kb v`hufbc y prbmo` kb hjs bxp`rtjmo`cbs, sb `gsbr `gsbrvj vj qub, j bxmbpmoýc kbh jú` 7551, bh vjh`r kb hjs bxp`rtjmo`cbs aj sok` ofpuhsjk` fjy`rfbctb p`r hj vjrojmoýc kb h`s prbmo`s kb cubstr`s procmopjhbs pr`kumt`s kb bxp`rtjmoýc. U`r blbfph`, bc bh jú` 755? hjs bxp`rtjmo`cbs mjybr`c mjybr`c p`r bbmt` kb ucj vjrojmoýc cbijvj kb :=% bc h`s prbmo`s. U`r `tr` hjk`, bc bh 75:= hj mjækj kb k b hjs bxp`rtjmo`cbs bstuv` js`mojkj tjct` j hj mjækj kb h`s prbmo`s (- 2%) m`f` j hj vjrojmoýc kbh v`hufbc bxp`rtjk` (-;%).

 

Kovbrsonmjmoýc kb fbrmjk`s

Bc h`s ühf`s :5 jú`s, sb aj pr`kumok` ucj kovbrsomjmoýc kb h`s fbrmjk`s kb kbsc` kb hjs bxp`rtjmo`cbs pbrujcjs. Bc bh 755=, c`s koroiæjf`s j :>1 fbrmjk`s, sobck` cubstr` procmopjh kbsc` Bstjk`s Rcok`s, qub m`cmbctrjgjc 79% kb cubstr`s bcvæ`s, sbiuok` kb Wboc` Rcok` (:=%), Maocj (1%), ]uozj (9%) y Maohb (2%). U`r `tr` hjk`, bc bh 75:= hjs bxp`rtjmo`cbs pbrujcjs ocirbsjr`c j :12 pjæsbs, sobck` bh fês ofp`rtjctb Bstjk`s Rcok`s, m`c ucj pjrmopjmoýc kb k b :1% kbh t`tjh bxp`rtjk`, sbiuok` kb Maocj (:9%), ]uozj (9%), Mjcjkê (>%) y Ljpýc (2%). Bc h`s ühf`s jú`s, Maocj sb aj m`cvbrk` bc uc` kb cubstr`s procmopjhbs kbsc`s kb bxp`rtjmoýc, hhbijck` j sbr cubstr` procmopjh s`mo` kurjctb ku rjctb 75:: y 75:7. C` `gstjctb, kbgb kbstjmjrsb qub hj kbfjckj kb Maocj Mao cj sb aj m`cmbctrjk` bc hj m`fprj kb gobcbs trjkomo`cjhbs m`f` m`grb, aobrr` y ph`f`.

 

M`fbrmo` kb sbrvomo`s

Bctrb bh 755= y 75:=, hjs bxp`rtjmo`cbs kb sbrvomo`s sb rvomo`s mrbmobr`c j uc pr`fbko` jcujh k kb b :=%, jhmjczjck` R]$ 2,1 foh fohh`cbs, fobctrjs qub hjs ofp`rtjmo`cbs jufbctjr`c j ucj tjsj kb ::%, jhmjczjck` R]$ 9,> foh fohh`cbs. Bc bstb pbro`k`, hjs bxp`rtjmo`cbs kb sbrvomo`s sb m`cmbctrjr`c bc h`s rugr`s kb vojlbs y trjcsp`rtbs m`c pjrmopjmo`cbs kb 2;% y 77%, rbspbmvjfbctb. Jkomo`cjhfbctb, bs ofp`rtjctb kbstjmjr qub irjmojs jh kbsjrr`hh` kb hj ockustroj ijstr`cýfom ijstr`cýfomj j pbrujcj, hjs rjcquomojs sb ajc m`cvbrk` bc uc fbmjcosf` p`tbcmojh pjrj vbckbr sbrvomo`s jh bxtbro`r .

 

Njmt`rbs bm`cýfom`s qub jbmtjrêc bh m`fbrmo` Mjfgo` kbf`irênm` •

l `vbc bc ucj bm`c`fæj ibcbrj vbctjljs Bcvblbmofobct` kb hj p`ghjmoýc< Hj fjy`r pr`p`rmoýc kb p`ghjmoýc l`vbc m`fpjrjvjs bc pr`kumt`s octbcsov`s bc fjc` `grj. Hj mjækj kb tjsjs kb bmuckokjk bc hjs bm`c`fæjs bfbribctbs prbso`cjrê j ucj m`cvbribcmoj bc hjkb pr`p`rmoýc kb p`ghjmoýc l`vbc qub pbrtbcbmb j hj ubrzj hjg`rjh, jv`rbmobck` jv`rbmobck` bh jufbct` kbh k bh m`fbrmo` octrjockustrojh bc gobc gobcbs bs kb fjy`r s`smjmoýc.



Jufbct` kbh covbh bkumjv` bc bm`c`fæjs bfbribctbs< Bstj tbckbcmoj ibcbrjrê tjfgoïc vbctjljs

m`fpjrjvjs bc hj pr`kummoýc kb gobcbs fês s`smjk`s. •

Fjy`r pjrmopjmoýc kb hj fulbr bc hj nubrzj hjg`rjh< Bst` trjbrê ucj kosfocumoýc bc hjs tjsjs kb bmuckokjk

qub tbckrêc ocmokbcmoj bc bh bcvblbmofobct` kb hj p`ghjmoýc. Jsofosf`, `mjso`cjrê uc ocmrbfbct` kbh cüfbr` kb a`ijrbs bc hj mhjsb fbkoj qub q ub jv`rbmbrê jv`rbmbrê hj kbfjckj p`r gobcbs gobc bs kb m`csuf` (ocmhuokjs ofp`rtjmo`cbs).

 

Ocvbrso`cbs bc ocrjbstrumturj

Hj ocvbrsoýc kb mjpotjh som`, m`f` hj rbk kb mjrrbtbrjs, h`s pubrt`s y hj ocrjbstrumturj kb [OM, ibcbrjrêc ucj rbkummoýc kb h`s m`st`s y, p`r bckb, jufbctjrê hj pjrmopjmoýc kb h`s pjæsbs bc bh m`fbrmo` octbrcjmo`cjh. Kb bstj fjcbrj, hj jmufuhjmoýc kb bstj mhjsb kb mjpotjh ajrê p`soghb hj jpjromoýc kb cubv`s jibctbs bc bh m`fbrmo` octbrcjmo`cjh, h` mujh bs sufjfbctbjvjczjkjs ofp`rtjctb bh m`ctbxt`bckbpjæsbs hjs mjkbcjs kb sufocostr` fuckojhbs, bc hjs qub bfprbsjs rjkomjkjs bm`c`fæjs sbbc kbsh`mjhozjc bfbribctbs jhiucjs kb hjs jmvokjkbs kb jgromjmoýc kb uc gobcbccjh.

Ur`irbs` [bmc`hýiom`

Bc hjs ühfjs kïmjkjs jhiuc`s pjæsbs (s`grb t`k` h`s irbs jsoêm`s y h`s GWOM]) ajc jmbhbrjk` su ocvbrsoýc bc O+K, h`irjck` qub hj mjpjmokjk occ`vjk`rj c` sbj uc jtrogut` bxmhusov` kb hjs bm`c`fæjs kbsjrr`hhjkjs. Wbstrommo`c kb Wbmurs`s cjturjhbs

]biüc pr`ybmmo`cbs kb hj @MKB, hj kbfjckj fuckojh kb jiuj jufbctjrê 22% bctrb 7555 y 7525, kbgok` jh ocmrbfbct` kb hj pr`kummoýc fjcujmturbrj, kb bhbmtromokjk y jh m`csuf` k`fïsm`. Koma` jufbct` tbckrê uc ubrtb ofpjmt` bc bh sur kb Jsoj, k`ckb hj bsmjsbz kbh rbmurs` aækrom` ajrê qub h`s pjæsbs sb vbjc `ghoijk`s j ofp`rtjr jhofbct`s y pr`kumt`s jir`pbmujro`s.

M`st`s kb trjcsp`rtb

]biüc RCM[JK, uc ocmrbfbct` prbvost` kb :>% bc bh prbmo` kbh pbtrýhb` trjbrê m`f` m`csbmubcmoj uc jufbct` kb bctrb 1 y :>% bc h`s m`st`s kb trjcsp`rtb. C` `gstjctb, jmt`rbs m`f` fbl`rj bc ocrjbstrumturj, jmohotjmoýc kb m`fbrmo` y jufbct` kb hj `brtj kb sbrvomo`s h`iæsm`s rbkumorêc h`s m`st`s kb trjcsp`rtb. Bstj rbkummoýc m`fpbcsjræj m`c mrbmbs bh jufbct` mjusjk` p`r h`s prbmo`s kb h`s m`fgusghbs.

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