Manuel Frisancho Aparicio C���������� �� T����� P��������� ��� C����� P������� P����
COMENTARIOS AL TÍTULO PRELIMINAR DEL
CÓDIGO PROCESAL PENAL
Prólogo Dr. Ricardo A. Brousset Salas
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COMENTARIOS AL TÍTULO PRELIMINAR DEL CÓDIGO PROCESAL PENAL © MANUEL FRISANCHO APARICIO © EDITORA Y DISTRIBUIDORA EDICIONES LEGALES E.I.R.L. RUC: 20523085345 Jr. Azángaro 1075, of. 604, 604, Lima-Perú Teléfonos: (511) 427-2076 / 426-2406 E-mail:
[email protected] [email protected] Web: www.edicioneslegales.com.p www.edicioneslegales.com.pee
Diseño de portada: Saúl P. Pacheco Laguna Composición de interiores: Enrique M. Tello Paravecino Primera edición: noviembre 2011 Tiraje: 300 ejemplares Hecho el Depósito Legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú N°: 2011-13093 ISBN: 978-612-4115-04-2 978-612-4115-04-2 Reservados todos los derechos. Ni la totalidad ni parte de este libro puede reproducirse o transmitirse por ningún procedimiento electrónico ni mecánico, incluyendo fotocopia, grabación magnética o cualquier almacenamiento de información información y sistema de recuperación, sin previa autorización escrita del autor y el editor. Impresión: Editorial San Marcos de Aníbal Jesús Paredes Galván Av. Las Lomas Nº. 1600 - S. J. L. RUC: 10090984344
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PRÓLOGO Ser invitado a prologar un libro constituye un especial honor, pero tratándose del libro de un brillante ex alumno nuestro en la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencia Política de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, es una de las más altas satisfacciones que la docencia nos puede brindar; más aún si el abogado Manuel Frisancho Aparicio, quien tiene varias obras ya publicadas, incursiona, con la solvencia y versación que le son propias, en el campo del Derecho Procesal Penal, materia de nuestra cátedra universitaria. Resulta importante que la discusión en materia procesal penal, a propósito de la reforma y su producto, el Código Procesal Penal del 2004, se vea refrescada con el valioso aporte de jóvenes académicos, como Frisancho Aparicio, quien en esta obra nos presenta un acertado y documentado comentario de las normas de su título preliminar, que explicitan el fundamento del nuevo modelo de procesamiento penal; siendo de resaltar, desde mi particular percepción, la visión actual que nos presenta de los principios y garantías que en él se tratan, compatible con los requerimientos de constitucionalización, relegitimación social, ecacia y modernización que motivaron la adopción del
modelo.
Aprovechando la oportunidad tan grata, de prologar esta obra, me tomaré la licencia de efectuar algunas precisiones, que constituyen un humilde esfuerzo por aportar a su contextuali-
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procesal penal latinoamericana, tuvo como principal antecedente y referente estructural al Código Procesal Penal Modelo para Iberoamérica, esfuerzo conjunto que buscó uniformar las legislaciones procesales penales latinoamericanas, bajo un modelo institucional con bases comunes, sin perjuicio de las características particulares que cada legislación nacional pudiere adoptar; tratándose, según reza de su propia exposición de motivos 1, “de una propuesta básica, pero concreta y operativa, de un conjunto de mecanismos aptos para solucionar los conictos sociales de un modo pacíco y a través de las instituciones judiciales, que apunta a solucionar los más graves conictos sociales, captados
por el sistema penal”. No cabe la menor duda entonces de que nuestra reforma subcontinental responde a la necesidad de articular una respuesta latinoamericana propia, mas no original, frente a requerimientos comunes de relegitimación, ecacia y
modernización de las pautas de procesamiento penal, que exigía nuestra realidad social. En segundo término, que nuestra reforma nacional, por razones que no es el caso detallar, fue particularmente accidentada; basta recordar que produjo cuatro códigos, el de 1991 promulgado por Ley; los de 1995 y 1997, que luego de ser aprobados por el Congreso de la República fueron observados denitivamente
por el Ejecutivo; y el de 2004, cuyo comentario parcial es materia de la obra que nos ocupa. En tercer término, que los ejes principales sobre los que gira el modelo del código del 2004 son: la distribución de funciones diferenciadas y exclusivas dentro del proceso, con sujeción a las exigencias constitucionales; constitucionales; la igualdad de armas como expresión del derecho de igualdad entre las partes; el contradictorio transversal a todas las etapas del proceso, lo que aunado a la garantía amplia del derecho de defensa la dan una connotación adversarial 1
“Código Procesal Penal Modelo para Latinoamérica, Exposición de motivos”, 1. Introduc-
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al modelo; la excepcionalidad de la prisión preventiva y la limitación temporal de las demás medidas asegurativas personales, como expresión material de la presunción de inocencia; inocencia ; y la incorporación de fórmulas simplicatorias basadas en el consenso que permiten la denición anticipada del proceso penal.
Por último, en cuarto término, que con respecto a la caracterización o rotulación del modelo, se maneja por un sector importante de los procesalistas nacionales el criterio de adscribirlo al sistema acusatorio, adicionándole rótulos como garantista, formal, democrático, adversarial y contradictorio. Con el profundo respeto, admiración y estima personal que me merecen los insignes profesores que sostienen tal posición, me permito disentir de tales criterios, pues considero que no se puede desconocer, ni relativizar la existencia y autonomía del sistema mixto, frente a los sistemas acusatorio e inquisitivo, sobre la base de los que se estructuró. Ello no es óbice para reconocer que, en los modelos mixtos tradicionales (entre ellos el del Código Procedimientos Penales de 1940) hasta mediados del siglo anterior presentaban una preponderancia de las prácticas inquisitivas, la que gradualmente se fue atenuando con las reformas introducidas; y que el modelo del CPP del 2004 presenta una marcada preponderancia acusatoria, lo que no lo torna exento de características como “la persecución penal pública” y “la búsqueda de la verdad histórica” que aun relativizadas, a decir del profesor Julio B. J. Maier, constituyen dos de las máximas fundamentales del inquisitivo 2. Entonces debemos colegir que nuestra reforma procesal pro-
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M����� F�������� A������� A�������
miento penal en un Estado democrático de derecho; así como a la compleja tarea de “lograr un equilibrio entre las garantías del individuo y la ecacia en la persecución del delito”3. En razón de lo anteriormente expuesto, reitero mi más profundo agradecimiento por el honor concedido y la sincera felicitación al autor, por ofrecer a la comunidad jurídica esta bien lograda obra, que sin duda alguna contribuirá a la mejor comprensión del modelo procesal penal consagrado en el Código del 2004, y lo que resulta más importante aún, a la consecución de su nalidad última: una justicia penal más justa y ecaz.
Lima, septiembre del 2011. Ricardo A. Brousset Brousset Salas Profesor Principal de la Universidad Nacional Mayor Mayor de San Marcos Marcos Juez Superior Titular Titular de Lima
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CÓDIGO PROCESAL PENAL TÍTULO PRELIMINAR
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ARTÍCULO I AL JUICIO JUICIO PREVIO , DERECHO AL CONTRADICTORIO Y CON IGUALDAD DE ARMAS
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CÓDIGO PROCESAL PENAL TÍTULO PRELIMINAR ARTÍCULO I. JUSTICIA PENAL.1. La justicia penal es gratuita, salvo el pago de las costas procesales establecidas conforme a este Código. Se imparte con imparcialidad por los órganos jurisdiccionales competentes y en un plazo razonable. 2. Toda persona persona tiene derecho a un juicio previo, oral, oral, público y contradictorio, desarrollado conforme a las normas de este Código. 3. Las partes intervendrán en el proceso con iguales iguales posiposi-
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M����� F�������� A������� A������� LOPJ: Arts. 6,7,11,24,30,34,41,50,59,192,200,295, y ss. LOMP: Arts. 94 inc.1): CADH: Arts. 8.2. h.10: PIDCP: Arts. 9.5. 14.5. 14.6: JURISPRUDENCIA: ➢
Expediente N° 2008-270-15-1610-JM-PE-01 (La Libertad) “El derecho al recurso tiene como principios básicos el de legalidad y taxatividad, por los que las resoluciones son recurribles en los casos y en el modo previsto por la ley. ley. El artículo 468º del nuevo Código Procesal Penal establece que solo puede ser impugnable, a través del recurso de apelación, la sentencia aprobatoria del acuerdo, razón por la que debe declararse la nulidad del concesorio de la apelación interpuesta por la defensa contra el auto que dispuso desaprobar el acuerdo de terminación anticipada”
[Espinoza Goyena, Julio César: Nueva Jurisprudencia. 2006-2008, Editorial Reforma, Lima, 2009. p. 392.] ➢
Acuerdo Plenario Nº 01-2008 “El requerimiento mixto de sobreseimiento y acusación debe ser debatido y resuelto en una sola audiencia preliminar siguiendo el orden anotado, fnalizando con la expedición del auto de enjuiciamiento”
[Taboada Pilco, Giammpol: Jurisprudencia y buenas prácticas en el nuevo Código, p. 265.]
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su libertad personal violada. Dado que la culpabilidad o inocencia debe ser investigada primero a través del proceso, tiene que conjugar la ley provechosamente la necesidad de una enérgica respuesta frente al posible culpable, con el deber de defender el derecho a la libertad del quizá todavía inocente, en cada estadio de la investigación, a través de una ponderación de los intereses antagonistas. Ello signica que el propio inculpado no estará en
algún momento desasistido jurídicamente frente a las actividades de las autoridades encargadas de perseguir el delito. Puesto que en un Estado de Derecho, bajo ninguna circunstancia, se permite violar la dignidad humana, que tan propia es del delincuente como de cualquier otro ciudadano, tiene el legislador que delimitar qué métodos de investigación son admisibles y cuáles no; no solo formulando claramente las normas del Derecho D erecho Penal, sino también protegerlo frente al Derecho Penal, es decir, brindarle una sólida protección ante cualquier posibilidad de abuso por parte de los órganos encargados de perseguir el delito. El Derecho es antes que nada proceso, antes que nada procedimiento y, por lo tanto, la trascendencia garantista del Derecho en cualquier país se mide por su proceso penal, y por la forma
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Los tres sistemas procesales que han establecido la congura -
ción del proceso penal son los siguientes:
2.1. El sistema inquisitivo El sistema inquisitivo rigió durante la Edad Media e implica que las funciones de acusación y enjuiciamiento se encuentran reunidas en una sola persona, el juez, frente al cual el individuo está en posición de inferioridad 2. El modelo inquisitivo es concordante con las formas absolutistas del poder. En efecto, aquí el príncipe tiene el monopolio de la jurisdicción sin rendir cuentas a nadie más que a su conciencia, puesto que ocupa el centro del poder por voluntad divina. No hay separación de poderes; por tanto, no hay forma de diferenciar los actos de investigación de los que corresponden al juzgamiento. Las características de este sistema son las siguientes 3: 1. “La iniciación iniciación del proceso no no depende depende de un acusador. acusador. Rige el brocardo procedat iudex ex ofcio. 2. El juez determina subjetiva y objetivamente objetivamente la acusación acusación
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En el sistema inquisitivo no se dio la importancia debida al derecho de defensa. Es más, la presunción de inocencia se hallaba por debajo de la presunción de culpabilidad, la misma que solo se desvanecía si el imputado lograba soportar las torturas que se aplicaban para que admitiera la responsabilidad en el delito5. Esta situación llevó a Cesare Beccaria a escribir el magníco libro De los delitos y de las penas en donde fustiga las formas de impartición de justicia penal en el modelo inquisitivo. Sobre todo, reprocha racionalmente la irracionalidad de la tortura como método de interrogación a los reos. Considera que la verdad real o concreta, para determinar la culpabilidad o la inocencia, no podía depender de la
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conocimiento recíproco y personal entre quienes intervienen en el juicio oral. 2.2. El sistema acusatorio Este sistema predominó en todo el mundo antiguo; se desarrolló en Grecia y la república romana, y en la Edad Media hasta el siglo XIII. El principio sobre el cual se sustentaba era el de la preeminencia del individuo y la pasividad del Estado. El enjuiciamiento acusatorio se desarrolla asignando y delimitando claramente las funciones de cada sujeto procesal. Así tenemos que el acusador, y solo él, podía perseguir el delito y ejercer el poder requirente; el imputado
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ÍNDICE GENERAL Dedicatoria ...................... ............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .......................... ... Prólogo...................... ............................................ ............................................. .............................................. .................................. ........... Presentación .................... ........................................... .............................................. .............................................. .......................... ... CÓDIGO PROCESAL PENAL TÍTULO PRELIMINAR
5 7 11
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Artículo 7º Oportunidad de los medios de defensa ....................... .......................... ... Artículo 8º Trámite de los medios de defensa .................... ................................... ............... Artículo 9º Recurso de Apelación ...................... ............................................. .................................. ........... Artículo 10º Indicios de delitos en proceso extra – penal ................
314 315 317 318
SECCIÓN II LA ACCIÓN CIVIL Artículo 11º Ejercicio y contenido ..................... ............................................ .................................. ........... Artículo 12º Ejercicio alternativo y accesoriedad accesoriedad ...................... ............................. ....... Artículo 13º Desistimiento ...................... ............................................. ............................................. ...................... Artículo 14º Transacción ..................... ............................................ .............................................. .......................... ... Artículo 15º Nulidad de transferencias .............................................. ..............................................
319 320 320 321 321
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CAPÍTULO II LA COMPETENCIA OBJETIVA Y FUNCIONAL
Artículo 26º Competencia de la Sala Penal P enal de la Corte Suprema ... Artículo 27º Competencia de las Salas Penales de las Cortes Cortes Superiores ...................... ............................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... Artículo 28º Competencia material y funcional de los Juzgados Penales ...................... ............................................. .............................................. .................................. ........... Artículo 29º Competencia de los Juzgados de la Investigación Preparatoria ....................... .............................................. .............................................. .............................. ....... Artículo 30º Competencia de los Juzgados de Paz Letrados ........... CAPÍTULO III LA COMPETENCIA POR CONEXIÓN
Artículo 31º Conexión procesal
329 330 331 332 332
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CAPÍTULO III LA CONTIENDA DE COMPETENCIA
Artículo 42º Contienda de competencia por requerimiento ............ 341 Artículo 43º Contienda de competencia por inhibición ................... 341 Artículo 44º Consulta del Juez .............................................. ............................................................. ............... 342
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CAPÍTULO I EL MINISTERIO PÚBLICO
Artículo 60º Funciones ..................... ............................................ .............................................. .............................. ....... Artículo 61º Atribuciones y obligaciones ........................................... ........................................... Artículo 62º Exclusión del Fiscal .................... ........................................... ...................................... ............... Artículo 63º Actividad y distribución de funciones
353 354 355 356
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Artículo 81º Compatibilidad del patrocinio ..................... ....................................... .................. Artículo 82º Defensa conjunta ..................... ............................................ ......................................... .................. Artículo 83º Efectos de la noticación ....................... .............................................. .......................... ... Artículo 84º Derechos del Abogado Defensor ............................ ................................... ....... Artículo 85º Reemplazo del Abogado Defensor inasistente ............
372 372 373 373 374
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Artículo 101º Oportunidad de la constitución en actor civil ........... Artículo 102º Trámite de la constitución en actor civil ................... Artículo 103º Recurso de apelación .................................................... .................................................... Artículo 104º Facultades del actor civil ....................... ............................................. ...................... Artículo 105º Facultades adicionales del actor civil ......................... ......................... Artículo 106º Impedimento de acudir a la vía extra - penal ...........
385 386 387 387 387 388
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CAPÍTULO II LAS ACTAS
Artículo 120º Régimen General General .................... ........................................... ...................................... ............... 400 Artículo 121º Invalidez del acta .................... ........................................... ...................................... ............... 401 L D
CAPÍTULO III R
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