Columna Vertebral Anayeli

 

RLHQBZGHM@M MB EKW @LFBEBW •

EHGBLGH@ EHGBL GH@]RZ@ ]RZ@ BL BW]×C@]KEKFH@ BW]×C@]KEKFH@ • @L@]KCH@ NRC@L@

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LKCJZB MBE @ERCL @ERCLK? K? @L@ @L@XBEH XBEH CKEHL@

Z@CKW LKCJZB MBE TZKABWKZ? C@LRBE AEKZBW NBZLÀLMB_

FZRTK?J  

 

GKERCL@ QBZ]BJZ@E

 

• GKERCL@ QBZ]BJZ@E •

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E` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e vbrtbjr`e bst` akrc`Mk pkr nubsk nubsks, s, cusguEks,tblmklbs, lbrvhKW y ktrk tbohmks qub sb b^thblmbl mmbsmb bsmb e` j`gb mbe gràlbk gbrg` mbe gkchblzk mb e` cèmue` bsphl`e `e@ `etur` mbe gehvuW n`st` be gkgghx . E`s vèrtbjr`s (nubsks mb e` gkeucl`) akrc`l E` rbfh÷l Gbrvhg`e ,e` rbfh÷l tkràghg`,e` rbfhKl eucj`r, e` rbfh÷l s`gZ`, y be gkgghx. Bltrb g`m` vbrtbjr@ n`y Rl mhsgk qub e`s sbp`r` mb e` shfuhbltb. sh fuhbltb. E`s vèrtbjr`s rkmb`l y prktbfbl e` Cbmue` Bsphl`E . E` cèmue` bsphl`e sb mhvhmb bl sbfcbltks y g`m` sbfcbl]hblbtk ]hblb ]hblb ul p`r mb lbrvhks r`quhmbks qub blvã`l cbls`obs bltrb beBlgèa`ek y be rbstk mbe gubrpk .

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BL EKW WBZBW NRC@LKW X K]ZKW NKCHLKHMBW E@ GKERCL@ QBZ]BJZ@E BW BE GKLORL]K MB NRBWKW WH]R@MKW BL E@ T@Z]B CBMH@ X TKW]BZHKZ MBE ]ZKLGK X Q@ MBWMB E@ G@JB_@ T@W@LMK TKZ BE GRBEEK X E@ BWT@EM@ , N@W]@ E@ TBeEQHW MB E@ GR@E MB M@ WKTKZ]B . E@ GKERCL@ QBZ]BJZ@E BW E@ BW]ZRG]RZ@ TZHLGHT@E MB WKTKZ]B MBE BWPRBEB]K PRB TZK]BFB E@ CBMRE@ BWTHL@E X TBZCH]B @E WBZ NRC@LK MBWTE@_@ZWB BL TKWHGH×L MB THB WHL TBZMBZ BE BPRHEHJZHK.

 

KW]BKEKFH@? G@Z@G]BZHW]HG@W MB E@W THB_@W KWB@W MBE Z@PRHW

• vèrtbjr`s gbrvhg`ebs E`s vèrtbjr`s Gbrvhg`ebs prbgblt`l gubrpk pbqubðk, `fuobrk vbrtbjr`e fr`lmb y mb akrc` trh`lfue`r, prkgbsk bsphlksk gkrtk y mhaurg`mk, g`r`s @rthgue`rbs mb eks prkgbsks `rthgue`rbs blt`m`s bl pe`lk kjehguk y Trkgbsks ]r`lsvbrsks qub bs e` g`r`gtbrãsthg` rbfhkl`e mhsthlthv`. E` gkeucl` gbrvhg`e y tkràghg` akrc`l be bsqubebtk `xh`e mbe gubrpk y be mkrsk . Bltrb sus aulghklbs bstàl? prktbfbr e` cèmue` bsphl`e y e`s r`ãgbs lbrvhks`s qub bcbrfbl mb bee` Wkstblbr be pbsk mbe gubrpk. Wkl e`s qub sb shtÿ`l bl be gubeek pbrchthblmk su ckvhehm`m bltrb be gràlbk gkl be gu`e skpkrt` su pbsk y e`s vèrtbjr`s tkràghg`s bl nuc`lks sb mhspklbl bl lÿcbrk mb sbhs y sb mblkchl`l G0,G:,G7,G=,G2,G1,G6. Eks lbrvhks gbrvhg`ebs t`cjhèl sb mbrhv`l mbsmb G0 n`st` G>.

 

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• QÈZ]BJZ@W QÈZ]BJZ@W ]KZÀGHG@W  ]KZÀGHG@W    E`s vbrtbjr`s tkràghg`s skl ul frupk mb mkgb nubsks pbqubðks qub akrc`l e` gkeucl` tkràghg` . E`s vbrtbjr`s tkràghg`s skl ulhg`s bltrb eks nubsks mb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e pkrqub skl e`s ÿlhg`s vèrtbjr`s qub sksthblbl e`s gksthee`s y thblbl prkgbsks bsphlksks supbrpubstks.

  e`s vbrtbjr`s tkràghg`s k vèrtbjr`s mkrs`ebs skl e`s mkgb vèrtbjr`s vèrtbjr`s mb e` p`rtb gbltr`e mb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e. Bstàl ` gklthlu`gh÷l mb e`s gbrvhg`ebs y skl càs frubs`s y cblks c÷vhebs qub bstàs.

 

 

•QÈZ]BJZ@W •QÈZ ]BJZ@W ERCJ@ZBW E`s Qbrtbjr`s Qbrtbjr`s eucj`rbs skl eks sbfcbltks càs c`ghzks mb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e, t`ltk càs vkeuchlks`s skl bl gu`ltk càs `j`ok bstb shtu`m` bl e` gkeucl` eucj`r. eucj`r. Be mhsgk hltbrvbrtbjr`e bs bspbsk, kgup`lmk ul tbrghk tbrgh k mbe gubrpk vbrtbjr`e. E` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e eucj`r thblb trbs aulghklbs prhckrmh`ebs? skstblbr brfuhmk be gubrpk? c`ltblbr y tr`lschthr be pbsk mb e` g`jbz`, bxtrbchm`mbs supbrhkrbs y trklgk n`gh` e`s phbrl`s. Trktbfbr e` cèmue` bsphl`e, qub mhsgurrb  pkr be `fuobrk qub e`s vbrtbjr`s thblbl bl su gbltrk ? be g`l`e cbmue`r. cbmue`r.

 

E` gkeucl` eucj`r thblb 2 sbfcbltks hltbrvbrtbjr`ebs, eks qub sb mblkchl`l sbfcbltks eucj`rbs mbe 0 `e 2 gkck E0, E:, E7, E= y E2 g`m` sbfcbltk mb e` gkeucl` eucj`r sb gkcpklb mb? mks vèrtbjr`s t`ebs gkck E= y E2, `phe`m`s vbrthg`ecbltb gkl ul mhsgk hltbrvbrtbjr`e bltrb bee`s.

 

 

• W@GZK

 Be s`grk bs ul` bstrugtur` ksb` bl b l akrc` mb bsgumk qub bstà ekg`ehz`m` bl e`  j`sb mb e`s vbrtbjr`s eucj`rbs. Bstà gklbgt`mk ` e` pbevhs, akrc` e` p`rbm  pèevhg` pkstbrhkr y akrt`ebgb y bst`jhehz` e` pbevhs. Gkltrhjuyb akrc`r gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e y e` pbevhs. Wu aulgh÷l prhlghp`e bs tr`lschthr be`pbsk mbee`gubrpk `e` ghltur` pèevhg`. Be krhahghk vbrtbjr`e mbe s`grk vbrtbjr`e mbe s`grk sb mblkchl` gklmugtk s`grk.

 

 

•GK^HW

Be gkgghx bs e` p`rtb càs j`o` mb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e. Zbprbsblt` ul` gke` vbsthf`e ( mb `nã be tèrchlk gkcÿl ―r`j`mhee`–) y gklst` mb trbs k càs nubsks  pbqubðks Aughkl`mks. Bltrb Bltrb trbs y ghlgk vèrtbjr`s sbp`r`m`s k aughkl`m`s gklsthtuybl be gkgghx.

 

@rtrkekfh`? `rthgue`ghklbs

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mbe r`quhs

 

@Z]ZKEKFH@? @Z]HGRE@GHKLBW MBE Z@PRHW •@rthgue`ghklbs gkculbs `e` c`ykrã` mb e`s vèrtbjr`s Tbrtbjbgbl ` e`s `rthgue`ghklbs g`rthe`fhlks`s, sujfrupk mb e`s shlahshs hltbrvbrtbjr`ebs supbrahghbs `rthgue`rbs? akrc`m`s pkr e`s g`r`s supbrhkr b hlabrhkr mb eks gubrpks vbrtbjr`ebs. Cbmhks mb ulh÷l rbprbsblt`mks pkr tkmks eks mhsgks hltbrvbrtbjr`ebs y pkr ul bstugnb ahjrksk. Zbakrz`mks pkr mbe`ltb y pkr mbtràs pkr ehf`cbltks eklfhtumhl`ebs `ltbrhkr y pkstbrhkr.

 

• @Z]HGRE@GHKLBW MB EKW E KW TZKGBWKW @Z @Z]HGRE@ZBW ]HGRE@ZBW E`s `rthgue`ghklbs mb eks prkgbsks `rthgue`rbs (hltbra`gt`rh`) ? skl pe`l`s bl e`s rbfhklbs gbrvhg`ebs y tkràghg` y phvktb bl e`s gbrvhg`ebs, càs ahrcb y gkcp`gt` bl e` t`r`gkg`s y rbghstbltb bl e`s eucj`rbs. Trbgblt`l ehf`cbltks mkrs`ebs.

 

• RLH×L MB E@W EÀCHL@W EÀC HL@W QBZ QBZ]BJZ@EBW ]BJZ@EBW E` Rlhkl Mb e`s e`chl`s Qbrtbjr`ebs. Qbrtbjr`ebs. Bstks ehf`cbltks skl cuy rbghstbltbs y cuy beàsthgks. Wu g`r` `ltbrhkr gkrrbspklmb `e gklmugtk vbrtbjr`e k bsp`ghk bphmur`e su g`r` pkstbrhkr bstà kguet` pkr e` eàchl` supr` y`gbltb X pkr pkr eks cÿsgueks brbgtkrbs mb e` gkeucl` rb`ehz`m` pkr eks ehf`cbltks e hf`cbltks hltbrtr`lsvbrsks.E` eàchl` vèrtbjr`e bs ul tèrchlk `l`t÷chgk us`mk p`r` e`s  pkrghklbs pkstbrk - e`tbr`e mb g`m` vbrtbjr@ ksb` mb `lhc`ebs vbrtbjr`mh÷s . Gkl e` p`rtb pkstbrhkr pkstbrhkr Mbe gubrpk mb e` vbrtbjr` Wb ghbrr` `e `fuobrk r`qu r`quãmbk ãmbk euf`r pkr mklmb p`r` e` cèmue` bsphl`e

 

  •RLH×L MB EKW TZKGBWKW BWTHLKWKW •

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E`s `pkahshs bsphlks`s ( kmb prkgbsks skl ksb`s k  prkybgghklbs qub surfbl surfbl e` p`rtbbsphlksks) pkrtbrhkr mb e`sprkchlblgh`s eàchl`s mb e`s vèrtbjr`s. Trktbfbl be g`l`e cbmue`r qub `ejbrf` e` cèmue` bsphl`e, qub bs `ltbrhkr y ` `cjks e`mks sb hlsbrt`l pktbltbs cÿsgueks mbe trklgk. Mb `gubrmk `e` `l`t÷ch` mb e`s vbrtbjr`s eks prkgbsks bsphlksks, bstàl ekg`ehz`mks bl e`s vèrtbjr`s mb e` gkeucl` ( gbrvhg`e, mkrs`e, eucj`r) y skl `qubee`s bxgrbgblgh`s qub s`ebl mb e`s mks eàchl`s mb e`s vèrtbjr`s.

 

• RLH×L MB EKW TZKGBWKW ]Z@LWQBZWKW Eks prkgbsks tr`lsvbrsks bstàl hcpe`lt`mks ` g`m` e`mk mbe gubrpk, thblbl e`jr`mk ul g`l`e bl su g`r` supbrhkr, skl jhtujbrgueks`s y bl su j`sb bxhstb ul `fuobrk mblkchl`mk akr`cbl tr`lsvbrsk pkr be qub mhsgurrbl eks v`sks vbrtbjr`ebs. E` `pkahshs tr`lsvbrs`, t`cjhèl gklkghm` gkck `pkahshs tr`lsvbrs`e bs ul` bxgrbgblgh` (p`rtb s`ehbltb) mb ul` vèrtbjr` qub sb mhrhfb e`tbr`ecbltb.

 

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G@Z@G]BZBW ZBFHKL@EBW MB E@W @Z]HGRE@GHKLBW QBZ]BJZ@EBW   • @rthgue`ghklbs mb e`s vèrtbjr`s gbrvhg`ebs.

 Bxhstbl mks `rthgue`ghklbs gràlbk vbrtbjr`ebs (shlkvh`ebs) ahrc`m`s bltrb be gràlbk y e`s vèrtbjr`s `tãphg`s mb e` gkeucl` gbrvhg`e? `te`ltk-kgghpht`e y `te`ltk-`xh`e. E`s `rthgue`ghklbs `te`ltkkgghpht`ebs bstàl akrc`m`s pkr e`s c`s`s e`tbr`ebs mbe `te`s ( G0) y eks gklmheks kgghpht`ebs mbe gràlbk. Bstks skl sbhs nubsks mbe gubeek, ee`c`mks vèrtbjr`s gbrvhg`ebs. Be prhcbr nubsk qub sb ulb e` g`jbz` `e gubeek sb eb ee`c` `te`s y be sbfÿlmk nubsk ee`c`mk `xhs rkt`l e` g`jbz` y be `te`s.

 

•@Z]HGRE@GHKLBW MB E@W QBZ]BJZ@W ]KZÀGHG@W E`s `rthgue`ghklbs mb e`s vèrtbjr` ]kr`xhg`s y gksthee`s t`ltk e` `rthgue`gh÷l bltrb be gubrpk vbrtbjr`e y e` g`jbz` mb e` gksthee` (`rhgue`ghkl gkstkvbrtbjr`e) gkck bltrb be prkgbsk tr`lsvbrsk y e` tujbrkshm`m mb e` gksthee` gksth ee` (`rthgue`ghkl gkstktr`lsvbrs`) Gkrrbspklmb ` mh`rtrkghs Mb thpk @rtrkmh`. e`s Qbrtbjr`s Qbrtbjr`s tkràghg`s skl càs fr`lmbs qub e`s vèrtbjr`s gbrvhg`ebs thblbl gkck g`r`gtbrãsthg` ÿlhg` qub be gubrpk g ubrpk bs bl akrc` mb Gkr`zkl sb blgubltr` bl be gubrpk mb bstàs vèrtbjr`s ul` k mks aksht`s gkst`ebs, e`s qub sb `rt `rthgue`l hgue`l gkl e`s gksthee`s p`r` gklahrc`r e` `rthgue`gh÷l gkstkvbrtbjr`e.

•@Z]HGRE@GH×LBW MB E@W QBZ]BJZ@W ERCJ@ZBW

 

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E`s vbrtbjr`s eucj`rbs sb vhlgue`l Tkr mks cbmhks? e`s `rthgue`ghklbs `rth gue`ghklbs `ltbrhkrbs ( mb eks gubrpks vbrtbjr`ebs) y e`s `rthgue`ghklbs ` rthgue`ghklbs pkstbrhkrbs ( mb eks `rgks pkstbrhkrbs). E`s `rthgue`ghklbs hltbrskc`thg`s k `ltbrhkrbs gkcprblmbl eks mhsgks hltbrvbrtbjr`ebs y eks ehf`cbltks eklfhtumhl`ebs .g`m` mhsgk ulb e` g`r` hlabrhkr mb e` vèrtbjr` supr`y`gbltb gkl e` sÿpbrhkr mb e` sujy`gbltb.

 

  • @Z]HGRE@GH×LBW MBE W@GZK X MBE GKGGH^

Be gkgghx sb `rthgue` gkl be s`grk ` tr`vès mbe mhsgk Be vbsthf`e y t`cjhèl sb gklbgt` `e s`grk gkl ehf`cbltks. ckvhchbltk bltrb be gkgghx y be s`grk bs cuy Ehcht`mk. E`s @rthgue`gh÷lbs s`grkhehg`s sb bst`jhehz`l pkr cbmhk mb aubrtbs ehf`cbltks. E` `rthgue`gh÷l s`grkhehg` (@WH) bs e` gklbxh÷l heh`gk. qub tblbcks bltrb be nubsk s`grk y be nubsk

 

 

•@Z]HGRE@GHKL •@Z]HGRE@GHKL ERCJKW@GZ@

E` `rthgue`gh÷l eucjks`gr` gklsthtuyb be `shbltk mb ul` sbrhb mb bstrugtur`s qub sb gkcjhl` p`r` prkpkrghkl`r t`ltk ul` j`sb s÷ehm` y bst`jeb p`r` e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e `sã gkck ul` `rthgue`gh÷l cuethaulghkl`e Pub pbrchtb `e tkrsk tkrsbrgb y mkje`rsb bl tkm`s e`s mhrbgghklbs. E` j`sb mb e` gkeucl` bstà gkcpubst` pkr be hltrhlg`mk sbfcbltk vbrtbjr`e E2W0 t`cjhèl ee`c`mk ee `c`mk @rthgue`gh÷l eucjks`gr`.

 

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•@Z]HGRE@GHKL •@Z]HGRE@GHKL W@GZKGKGGHFB@

E` `rthgue`gh÷l s`grkgkgghfb` bs ul` ulh÷l qub sb bst`jebgb bltrb e`s vbrtbjr`s mbe s`grk y be gkgghx gkl be ahl mb gklsbfuhr jubl` ulh÷l rbshstbltb y qub pkstbrhkrcbltb bstà oultk gkl e` sãltbshs mbe pujhs akrcbl p`rtb mb e`  pbevhs. E` `rthgue`ghkl s`grkhehg` bs e` gklbxh÷l qub tblbcks bltrè be nubsk s`grk y be nubsk heh`gk.

 

CHKEKFH@? cusgueks mb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e

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• CHKEKFH@? CRWGREKW MB E@ GKERCL@

 

QBZ]BJZ@E •

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Wkl trbs thpks mb cÿsgueks mb e` bsp`em` qub `yum`l ` yum`l ` qub aulghklbl e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e skl eks bxtblskrbs, aebxkrbs y kjehguks. Eks cÿsgueks bstàlp`r`mks ulhmks `y e` p`rtb pkstbrhkr vbrtbjr`e y lksbxtblskrbs pbrchtbl bst`r ebv`lt`r kjobtks. mb e` gkeucl`

 

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•CRWGREKW B^]ZÃLWBGKW

Eks cÿsgueks bxtrãlsbgks supbrahgh`ebs mb e` bsp`em` skl? tr`pbghk, mkrs`e `lgnk, rkcjkhmbs c`ykr, rkcjkhmbs rkcjkhmbs cblkr y beb bebv`mkr v`mkr mb e` bsg`pue`. Cÿsgueks bxtrãlsbgks hltbrcbmhks mb e` bsp`em`? sbrr`tk pkstbrhkr supbrhkr y sbrr`tk pkstbrhkr hlabrhkr hlabrhkr..

 

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• WRTBZAHGH@EBW MBE MKZWK

Wkl cusgueks bchfr`mks mb e` bxtrbchm`m sÿpbrhkr pkr ek qub su `ggh÷l  prhlghp`e lk e` mbs`rrkee`l bl be mkrsk shlk bl e` bxtrbchm`m supbrhkr supbrhkr.. Eks cÿsgueks supbrahgh`ebs mb e` bsp`em` hlgeuybl eks cÿsgueks sujkgghpht`ebs, be tr`pbghk, be mkrs`e mbrbgnk, eks bebv`mkrbs mb e` bspàtue`, rkcjkhmbs y sbrr`tk  pkstbrhkr..  pkstbrhkr

 

 

•CRWGREK ]Z@TBGHK

Be tr`pbghk bs ulk mb eks cÿsgueks mb e` bsp`em` supbrhkr supbrhkr.. Bs ul cÿsguek trh`lfue`r fr`lmb qub v` mbsmb be nubsk kgghpht`e bl be gràlbk n`st` be ahl`e mb e` gkeucl` tkràghg` bl e` bsp`em`. Wb bxthblmb ` ek `lgnk mb eks nkcjrks. Be cÿsguek sb mhvhmb bl trbs sbgghklbs? supbrhkr, cbmh` b hlabrhkr h labrhkr.. Wb krhfhl` bl e`  prkchlblgh` kgghpht`e bl e` g`jbz`, bl be ehf`cbltk gbrvhg`e pkstbrhkr, bl e`s `pkahshs Bsphlks`s mb e` ÿethc` gbrvhg`e, bl tkm`s e`s vbrtbjr`s mkrs`ebs y ahl`ecbltb bl eks ehf`cbltks hltbrbsphlksks. Rjhg`mk bl e` rbfh÷l pk pkstbrhkr stbrhkr mb e` Bsp`em` be cÿsguek tr`pbghk @j`rg` e` rbfh÷l gbrvhg`e y mkrs`e.

• CRWGREKW C RWGREKW MKZW@E @LGNK

 

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Be `lgnk bs sus ul cÿsguek e`rfk y `mbcàs `lgnk. Bs ul cÿsguek cÿsguek mkrs`e bl be qub tkm`s ahjr`s sklcuy `sgblmbltbs. Bl ul`cuy eãlb` gklthlu` bl tkm`s e`s `pkahshs Bsphlks`s mbsmb e` 6´ vbrtbjr` mkrs`e n`st` e` grbst` mbe s`grk, `sã gkck bl eks ehf`cbltks hkkucj`rbs y bl e` zkl` sÿpbrhkr mb e` grbst` mbe s`grk. Wus prhlghp`ebs aulghklbs skl e` `prkxhc`gh÷l, bxtblsh÷l, rkt`gh÷l hltbrl` mbe jr`zk, `sã gkck e` pktbltb mbprbsh÷l mb e` ghltur` bsg`pue`r tkc`lmk gkck pultk ahok e` `pklburkshs tkr`gkeucj`r tkr`gkeucj`r..

• CRWGREK ZKCJKHMBW C@XKZ 

 

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Be rkcjkhmbs c`ykr bs gklshmbr`mk ul cÿsguek supbrahgh`e mb e` bsp`em`. Bstà pkr `j`ok mbe tr`pbghk y bstà shtu`mk mbj`ok mbe cÿsguek rkcjkhmbs cblkr.  Be cÿsguek rkcjkhmbs c`ykr surfb bl e`s `pkahshs bsphlks`s mb e`s vbrtbjr`s tkràghg`s ]: ` ]2, `sã gkck mbe ehf`cbltk supr`bsphlksk. Wb hlsbrt` bl be  jkrmb mb e` bsg`pue`, `prkxhc`m`cbltb bl be lhvbe mb e` bsphl` mkrs`e mb e` bsg`pue`. Bstb cÿsguek thblb akrc` mb mh`c`ltb. Bs gklshmbrk ul cÿsguek supbrahgh`e mb e` bsp`em` bstà pkr mbj`ok mbe tr`pbghk y bstà shtu`mk mbj`ok mbe cÿsguek rkcjkhmbs cblkr.

• CRWGREK ZKCJKHMBW CBLKZ 

 

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Be rkcjkhmbs mb e` p`rtb hlabrhkr ehf`cbltk jug`e y mb cÿsguek e`s `pkahshs bsphlks`scblkr Mb e`surfb sèpthc` vbrtbjr` gbrvhg`embe y e` prhcbr` vbrtbjr` tkràghg`. Wb hlsbrt`l bl eks jkrmbs mb e`s vbrtbjr`s, gbrg` mbe pultk m÷lmb sb ulb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e gkl e` bsg`pue`. Krhfbl? `pkahshs Bsphlks`s mb G 16. Hlsbrgh÷l? jkrmb cbmh`e mb e` bsg`pue` pkr `rrhj` mb e` bsphl` mbe bsg`pue`. Hlbrv`ghkl ? lbrvhk mkrs`e mb e` bsg`pue` @ggh÷l ? thr` mb e` bsg`pue` n`gh` gr`lb`e y cbmh`e chbltr`s cubvb be àlfuek hlabrhkr bl mhrbggh÷l cbmh`e.

CRWGREK BEBQ@MKZ MB E@ BWG@TRE@

 

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Be `lfue`r mbe kckpe`tk ] ]`cjhèl `cjhèl gklkghmk gkck bebv`mkr mb e` bspàtue`, bs ul cÿsguek qub sb blgubltr` bl e` p`rtb hlabrhkr mb e` lug` bs p`r y thblb akrc` trh`lfue`r. trh`lfue`r. Be lbrvhk mkrs`e mb e` bsg`pue` bs g`pue` ( G= ‗ G2 ) hlbrv` be cÿsguek bebv`mkr mb e` bsg`pue` y be rkcjkhmbs. Wb krhfhl` cbmh`ltb gu`trk mhfht`ghklbs bl be tujbrguek pkstbrhkr mb e` `pkahshs ` pkahshs tr`lsvbs`s mb e`s vbrtbjr`s gbrvhg`ebs G0- G= be cÿsguek bebv`mkr mb e` bsg`pue` bstà hltbrvblhmk pkr be lbrvhk mkrs`e mb e` bsg`pue` (G=- G2 ).

 

•HL]BZCBMHKW MB E@ BWT@EM@ Cusgueks hltbrcbmhks skl `qubeeks cusgueks mb e` bsp`em` shtu`mks bl e` g`o` g`o ` tkràghg`. Eks hltbrcbmhks sb mhvhmbl ` sh vbz bl? sbrr`tk pkstbrhkr hlabrhkr, sbrr`tk pkstbrhkr sÿpbrhkr, sÿpbrhkr, hehkgkst`e, eklfhshck k bsphl`e tkràghgk. t kràghgk. Bstks cÿsgueks skl eks blg`rf`mks mb e` bebv`gh÷l y mbprbgh`gh÷l mb e`s gksthee`s.

 

• CßWGREK WBZZ@]K TKW]BZHKZ WRTBZHKZ  Be cÿsguek sbrr`tk pkstbrhkr supbrhkr bs ul cÿsguek pe`lk guyk krhfbl skl e`s `pkahshs Bsphlks`s vèrtbjr`s gbrvhg`ebs G1 y g6 y mb e`s trbs t rbs prhcbr`s vèrtbjr`s tkr`xhg`s y sb hlsbrt`l bl e`s g`r`s pkstbrhke`tbr`ebs mb e` :´,7´,=´y 2´ gksthee`s. Bstà shtu`mk bl e` p`rtb supbrhkr mbe mkrsk. Wb bxthblmb bxthb lmb mbsmb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e ` e`s prhcbr`s gksthee`s.  

CßWGREK WBZZ@]K T×W]BZHKZ HLABZHKZ 

 

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Be cÿsguek sbrr`tk cblkr pkstbrhkr hlabrhkr bs ul cÿsguek shtu`mk bl e` p`rtb hlabrhkr mbe mkrsk. Wb bxthblmb mbsmb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e ` e`s gu`trk ÿethc`s gksthee`s. ]hblb rbe`ghkl gkl be cusguek sbrr`tk p÷stbrhkr supbrhkr bl guàe sb blgubltr` bl e` p`rtb supbrhkr mb be. Wb krhfhl` bl e` `pkahshs Bsphlks` mb e`s mks ÿethc`s vbrtbjr`s tkràghg`s y mb e`s mks prhcbr`s eucj`rbs y bl eks ehf`cbltks hltbrbsphlksks. @j`tb e`s gu`trk ÿethc`s gksthee`s gksthee `s pkr ek qub bs ul cusguek bsphr`mkr. bsphr`mkr. Trktbfb e`s gksthee`s akrc`lmk ul` c`s`.

 

CRWGREK GR@MZ@MK ERCJ@Z  •

Be gu`mr`mk eucj`r bs ul cÿsguek qub v` mbsmb e` ÿethc` gksthee` y e` gkeucl` eucj`r n`st` be jkrmb mbe nubsk heh`gk ( nubsk mb e` g`mbr` ). Wh aulgh÷l bs e`brbgt`. mb aebxhkl`r gkeucl` n`gh` bxn`e`gh÷l eks e`tbr`ebs, e` tbr`ebs, bxtblmbre` e` pkshgh÷l ]`cjhèl `yum` `lle` akrz`m` ( tks yy c`ltblbr bstkrlumks).

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Wb blgubltr` bl e` g`r` p÷stbr mbe `jmkcbl.

• CRWGREKW HL]ZÃLWBGKW ( TZKTHKW MBE MKZWK)

 

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Eks cÿsgueks prkaulmks k hltrãlsbgks mbe mkrsk skl cÿsgueks mbe trklgk qub sb bxthblmbl mbsmb e` pbevhs `e gràlbk y rb`ehz`l su `ggh÷l skjrb be mkrsk k trklgk, shblmk e` prhlghp`e be c`ltblhchbltk mb e` pkshgh÷l brbgt`. G`p`s supbrgh`e b hltbrcbmh` mb eks cÿsgueks hltrãlsbgks mbe mkrsk? bspeblhk y brbgtkr mb e` gkeucl`. Eks cÿsgueks bstbrlkgebhmkc`stkhmbk y bebv`mkr mb e` bsgàpue` sb n`l `p`rt`mk p`r` ckstr`r eks cÿsgueks bspeblhk mb e` g`jbz` y bspeblhk gbrvhg`e.

 

• TE@LK WRTBZAHGH@E ( MHQBZFBL]B )? CRWGREKW BTEBLHMKW •

Be bspeblhk bs ul cÿsguek `lgnk y mbef`mk qub kgup` tkm` e` `etur` mb e` lug` y e` p`rtb supbrhkr mbe mkrsk, shtu`mk mbj`ok mbe tr`pbghk y mbe bstbrlkgebhmkc`stkhmbk.  bstbrlkgebhmkc`stkhmbk. Be bspeblhk bs be lkcjrb qub sb uthehz` bl `l`tkcã` p`r` mbsgrhjhr ` eks mks cÿsgueks mb e` rbfh÷l gbrvhg`e, qub `ulqub thblbl pkshghklbs shche`rbs ulk cubvb be gubeek y be ktrk e` g`jbz`. Tkr bsk sb gklkgbl gkck bspeblhk mb e` g`jbz` y bspeblhk mbe gubeek.

 

  •CRWGREK BWTEBLHK MB E@ G@JB_@ •

Cusguek bspeblhk mb e` g`jbz`. Wb blgubltr` oultk `e bspeblhk mbe gubeek, màlmkeb ` e` zkl` ul `spbgtk mb ―Q–. Bl e` 0/: hlabrhkr mbe ehf`cbltk mb e` lug` y bl e`s `p÷shs bsphlks`s mb e` 6ª vèrtbjr` gbrvhg`e y e`s 7 ÷ = prhcbr`s vèrtbjr`s mkrs`ebs. Mbsmb `nã sb mhrhfb n`gh` `rrhj` y `aubr`.]hblb ul` aulgh÷l ulhe`tbr`e y ktr` jhe`tbr`e9 e` prhcbr` bs mb hlgehl`gh÷l y rkt`gh÷l mb e` g`jbz` n`gh` be chsck ch sck e`mk y e` sbfulm` bs mb bxtblsh÷l k nhpbrbxtblsh÷l mbe gràlbk y be gubeek.

 

CRWGREK BWTEBLHK MBE GRBEEK •

Cusguek bspeblhk mbe gubeek. Wb tr`t` mb ul` `lgn` eàchl` cusgue`r qub sb mhrhfb n`gh` `rrhj` y `aubr` bl e` gkeucl` gbrvhg`e. Wb blgubltr` t`p`lmk ` e` p`rtb gbrvhg`e mbe cÿsguek mkrs`e e`rfk. Bl e`s `p÷shs bsphlks`s mb M0-M ]hblb ul` aulgh÷l ulhe`tbr`e y ktr` jhe`tbr`e9 e` prhcbr` bs mb hlgehl`gh÷l y rkt`gh÷l mb e` g`jbz` n`gh` be chsck e`mk y e` sbfulm` bs mb bxtblsh÷l k nhpbrbxtblsh÷l mbe gràlbk y be gubeek.

•TE@LK HL]BZCBMHK ( EKLFH]RMHL@E )? WHW]BC@ BZBG]K MB E@ GKERCL@

 

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Gkl be lkcjrb mb cÿsguek brbgtkr mb e` gkeucl` sb blfekj` ` ul frupk mb cÿsgueks prkphks mb e` bsp`em` qub sb gkcjhl`l y sb sb bxthblmbl càs càs k cblks vbrthg`ecbltb vbrthg`ecbltb bl eks surgks e`tbr`ebs mb mb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e vbrtbjr`e bltrb e`s `p÷ahshs bsphlks`s y tr`lsvbrs`s tr`lsvbrs`s mb e`s vèrtbjr`s mb e` gkeucl` gbrvhg`e bl e` lug` bxhstbl gkcpklbltbs mb bstb cÿsguek gkck skl be hehkgkst`e gbrvhg`e e` gkeucl` mkrs`e k tkràghg` oultk ktrks cÿsgueks mb e` cÿsgueks mb e` p`rbm p`rbm tkràghg` tkràghg` pkstbrhkr bl be pe`lk prkaulmk prkaulmk , y e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e eucj`r . Bst` fr`l c`s` c`s` cusgue`r y tblmhlks` v`rã` bl t`c`ðk y bstrugtur` bl e`s mhabrbltbs p`rtbs mb e` gkeucl` vbrt  vbrtbjr`e bjr`e pumhèlmksb mhsthlfuhr ` e` `etur` mb e` hltbreãlb` ]0:-E0 trbs gkeucl`s, e`s gu`ebs mhschluyb mhschluybll fr`mu`ecbltb mb t`c`ðk ` cbmhm` qub `sghblmbl `e hlsbrt`rsb hlsbrt`rsb bl e`s vèrtbjr`s vèrtbjr`s y e`s gksthee`s.Be gksthee`s.Be cÿsguek cÿsguek hehkgkst`e ,Be cÿsguek cÿsguek eklfãshck,Be cÿsguek bsphlksk

CRWGREK WBCHBWTHLKWK

 

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Be cÿsguek sbchbsphlksk mb e` g`jbz` bs ul cÿsguek `lgnk qub kgup` tkm` e` rbfh÷l mb e` lug` ` `cjks e`mks mb e` eãlb` cbmh`l` y qub pbrtblbgb `e frupk mb eks cÿsgueks mb e` rbfh÷l pkstbrhkr mbe gubeek bl be pe`lk cbmhk . Be sbchbsphlksk gbrvhg`e thblmb ` bvht`r e` g`ãm` mbe gràlbk b hlgeusk prkmugbl e` bxtblsh÷l mbe gràlbk skjrb be gubeek.

• CRWGREK EKLFHWHCK

 

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Be cÿsguek eklfãshck bs ul cÿsguek mbe gkcpebxk cblkr qub sb krhfhl` bl e`s `p÷ahshs tr`lsvbrs`s y `p÷ahshs `rthgue`rbs mb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e, bltrb e` vèrtbjr` gbrvhg`e G= y e` vèrtbjr` tkràghg` ]0, akrc`lmk ul vhbltrb `pe`l`mk qub `sghblmb e`tbr`e `e cÿsguek sbchbsphlksk ( gkcpebxk c`ykr)  p`r` hlsbrt`rsb bl be vèrthgb y jkrmb pkstbrhkr mb e` `p÷ahshs c`stkhmbs bl be gràlbk.

 

• CRWGREK BWTHLKWK Be cÿsguek bsphlksk bs ul` pkrgh÷l mbe cÿsguek brbgtkr mb e` gkeucl`9 gkcpubstk pkr ul gkloultk mb cÿsgueks y tblmklbs, bstb sb n`ee` bl e` zkl` càs gbrg`l` ` e` gkeucl`. ... Bstà mhvhmhmk bl trbs pkrghklbs. Cÿsguek mb e` rbfh÷l pkstbrhkr mbe trklgk qub pbrtblbgb pbr tblbgb `e frupk mb eks cÿsgueks bsphl`ebs. Bs ul cÿsguek aushakrcb aush akrcb y `e`rf`mk, shtu`mk bl e` g`r` e`tbr`e mb e` `p÷shs bsphlks` mb e` gkeucl` mkrs`e.

• TE@LK TZKARLMK ( GKLQBLHBL]B) CßWGREKW ]Z@LWQBWKBWTHLKWKW

 

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Be cÿsguek tr`lsvbrsk mbe `jmkcbl bs ul cÿsguek qub sb blgubltr` bl e` p`rtb `ltbrhkr y e`tbr`e mbe `jmkcbl, ` càs prkaulmhm`m qub be cÿsguek kjehguk hltbrlk. Bs p`r p`r,, `lgnk, gu`mrheàtbrk. Bs be càs prkaulmk mb eks cÿsgueks `lgnks mbe `jmkcbl, shblmk g`rlksk bl su p`rtb cbmh` y cbcjr`lksk bl sus mks bxtrbchm`mbs.

 

• CRWGREK WBCHBWTHLKWK •

Be cÿsguek sbchbsphlksk sbchbsphlksk mbe gubeek bs ul cÿsguek pbrtblbghbltb `e frupk mb eks cÿsgueks mb e` rbfh÷l pkstbrhkr mbe gubeek bl be pe`lk prkaulmk . Zbprbsblt` bl e` lug` `e frupk mb cÿsguek sbchbsphlksk, be gu`e akrc` p`rtb mb eks cÿsgueks tr`lsvbrskbsphl`ebs tr`lsvbrskbsphl`ebs k tr`lsvbrskbsphlksks tr`lsvbrskbsphl ksks mb e` bsp`em`.Wus ahjr`s cusgue`rbs thblbl thblbl ul` mhrbggh÷l kjehgu` kjehgu` `sgblmbltb y

gklvbrfbltb , bltrb e`s `p÷ahshs tr`lsv gklvbrfbltb tr`lsvbrs`s brs`s mb e`s prhcbr`s vvèrtbjr`s èrtbjr`s tkràghg`s y ee`s `s bsphlks`s mb e`s vèrtbjr`s gbrvhg`ebs.Gujrb gbrvhg`ebs.Gujrb `e cÿsguek cuethahmk gbrvhg`e sb krhfhl` Bl e`s `p÷ahshs tr`lsvbrs`s mb e`s 1 prhcbr`s vèrtbjr`s tkràghg`s. Wb hlsbrt` bl be @p÷ahshs @p÷ahshs bsphlks` mb vèrtbjr`s gbrvhg`ebs G: ` G6.

• CRWGREK CRE]HAHG@MK

 

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Be cÿsguek cuetãmk bs ul gkloultk mb jrksks a`sgãgueks cusgue`rbs, eks gu`ebs rbeebl`l e`s r`lur`s bl `cjks e`mks mb eks prkgbsksn`st` bsphlksks mbbstb e`s vèrtbjr`s, p`rthblmk mbsmb...beZbfh÷l s`grk, y eebf`lmk be `xhs9 cÿsguek bs cuy mbef`mk. gbrvhg`e? Mbsmb e`s `p÷shs `rthgue`r mb e` gu`rt` vèrtbjr` hlabrhkr.

 

•CRWGREKW ZK]@MKZBW •

Be c`lfuhtk rkt`mkr bs ul frupk mb cÿsgueks y tblmklbs qub suobt`l e` `rthgue`gh÷l `rthgue `gh÷l mbe nkcjrk y tb pbrchtbl ckvbr be jr`zk y be nkcjrk. Wb prbsblt`l prkjebc`s gu`lmk p`rtb mbe c`lfuhtk sb hrrht` k sb m`ð`. Bstk pubmb g`us`r mkekr, mbjhehm`m, y ul` `cpehtum mb ckvhchbltk rbmughm`.

• CRWGREKW GKZ]KW TZKARLMKW? CRWGREKW

 

WBFCBL]@ZHKW

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Eks cÿsgueks prkaulmks k hltrãlsbgks mbe mkrsk skl cÿsgueks mbe trklgk qub sb bxthblmbl mbsmb e` pbevhs `e gràlbk y rb`ehz`l su `ggh÷l skjrb be mkrsk k trklgk, shblmk e` prhlghp`e be c`ltblhchbltk mb e` pkshgh÷l brbgt`.

• CRWGREKW HL]BZBWTHLKWKW

 

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Eks cÿsgueks hltbrbsphlksks skl pbqubðks a`sgãgueks cusgue`rbs shtu`mks bl eks bsp`ghks hltbrbsphlksks mb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e, vbr tbjr`e, ulhblmk e`s `p÷shs bsphlks`s. Bl lÿcbrk mb mks bl g`m` bsp`ghk bl be g`sk mb eks hltbrbsphlksks gbrvhg`ebs `e sbr e`s `p÷shs bsphlks`s jhtujbrks`s.

 

• CRWGREKW HL]BZ]Z@LWQBZWKW HL]BZ]Z@LWQBZWKW •

Eks cÿsgueks hltbrtr`lsvbrsks skl cÿsgueks prkphks mb e` bsp`em` qub sb shtÿ`l bltrb e`s `p÷shs tr`lsvbrs`s mb ul bsp`ghk hltbrtr`lsvbrsk ` e`rfk mb tkm` e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e.

• CRWGREKW BEBQ@MKZBW MB E@W GKW]HEE@W

 

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Eks cÿsgueks supr`gkst`ebs (Y]@S? cusgueh ebv`tkrbs gkst`ruc) k bebv`mkrbs mb e`s gksthee`s skl 0: cÿsgueks bl akrc` mb `j`lhgk qub bebv`l e`s gksthee`s, `ulqub su p`pbe bl e` hlsphr`gh÷l lkrc`e, sh thblbl `efulk, lk bstà ge`rk. Tubmb p`rthghp`r bl be ckvhchbltk vbrtbjr`e y/k e` prkphkgbpgh÷l.

 

• CRWGREKW WRJGGHTH]@EBW •

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Eks cÿsgueks sujkgghpht`ebs skl ul frupk mb cÿsgueks cÿsgue ks qub sb blgubltr`l pkstbrhkrbs b hlabrhkrbs `e kgghpht`e, su p`tkekfã` m` mkekr mb gubeek y g`jbz`. ... -Zbgtk pkstbrhkr c`ykr mb e` g`jbz`? sb krhfhl` bl e` `p÷shs bsphlks` mbe @xhs (G:) y sb hlsbrt` bl e` eãlb` lug`e hlabrhkr bl e` p`rtb càs e`tbr`e.

 

• CRWGREKW ZBG]K T×W]BZHKZ C@XKZ MB E@ G@JB_@ Be cÿsguek rbgtk pkstbrhkr c`ykr mb e` g`jbz` (cusgueus rbgtus •

g`phths pkstbrhkr c`okr) surfb mbsmb ul mbef`mk tblm÷l mbsmb e` `p÷shs bsphlks` mbe `xhs, bls`lgnàlmksb chbltr`s `sghblmb, n`st` hlsbrt`rsb bl e` p`rtb e`tbr`e mb e` eãlb` lug`e hlabrhkr mbe nubsk kgghpht`e y e` supbrghb mb bstb nubsk hlcbmh`t`cbltb .

 

• CRWGREKW E@ G@JB_@ ZBG]K T×W]BZHKZ CBLKZ MB  . Be cÿsguek rbgtk pkstbrhkr cblkr mb e` g`jbz` (cusgueus rbgtus g`phths pkstbrhkr chlkr) surfb mbsmb ul bstrbgnk tblm÷l prkvblhbltb mbe tujèrguek pkstbrhkr mbe `rgk pkstbrhkr mbe `te`s, y gkchblz` ` bls`lgn`rsb chbltr`s sujb, hlsbrtàlmksb bl e` zkl` cbmh`e mb e` eãlb` lug`e hlabrhkr mbe nubsk kgghpht`e, y mb e` .

• CRWGREK KJEHGRK WRTBZHKZ MB E@ G@JB_@

 

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Be cÿsguek kjehguk supbrhkr mb e` g`jbz` u ' (Cusgueus kjehquus g`phths supbrhkr) surfb mbsmb e` c`s` e`tbr`e mbe nubsk `te`s. Bstb cÿsguek p`s` supbrhkr y pkstbrhkrcbltb ` e` cht`m e`tbr`e mb e` eãlb` lug`e hlabrhkr mbe nubsk kgghpht`e. kgghph t`e. Bs hlbrv`mk pkr be lbrvhk sujkgghpht`e, e` r`c` mkrs`e mbe prhcbr lbrvhk bsphl`e.

• CRWGREK KJEHGRK K JEHGRK HLABZHKZ MB E@ G@JB_@

 

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 Be cÿsguek kjehguk cblkr mb e` g`jbz` (Cusgueus kjehquus g`phths hlabrhkr) bs ul cÿsguek qub sb blgubltr` bl e` p`rtb prkaulm`, akrc` p`rtb mbe trhàlfuek sujkgghpht`e, sujkgghph t`e, y bs rkmb`mk pkr be lbrvhk kgghpht`e c`ykr. ... Bstb bs p`rtb mbe eãchtb hlabrhkr mbe trhàlfuek sujkgghpht`e mbe gubeek.

 

v`sgue`rhz`ghkl b

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hlbrv`ghkl? `rtbrã`s vbl`s y lbrvhks mb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e

 

•Q@WGRE@ZH_@GHKL B HLBZQ@GHKL? @Z]BZÃ@W @Z ]BZÃ@W QBL@W X LBZ LBZQHKW MB E@ GKERCL@ GKERCL @ QBZ]BJZ@E QBZ]BJZ@E •

Bl gkloultk, e`s vbl`s, `rtbrh`s y lbrvhks mbahlbl e` v`sgue`rhz`gh÷l b hlbrv`gh÷l.

 

• @Z]BZÃ@W QBZ]BJZ@EBW, GBZQHG@EBW GBZ QHG@EBW @WGBLMBL]BW, KGGHTH]@EBW, TKW]BZHKZBW,HL]BZGKW]@EBW WRJGKW] WRJGKW]@EBW, @EBW, ERCJ@ZBW, W@GZ@W E@]BZ@EBW, E@]BZ@EBW, GBZQHG@EBW GBZ QHG@EBW TZKARLM@W.

•@Z]BZH@W QBZ]BJZ@EBW

 

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E` `rtbrh` vbrtbjr`e sb krhfhl` bl e` `rtbrh` sujge`vh` sb mbs`rrkee` bl mks  pkrghklbs bxtr`gr`lb`e b hltr`gr`lb`e. Bl su pkrgh÷l hltr`gr`lb`e mhst`e, sb ulb ` su gkltr`e`tbr`e p`r` m`r krhfbl `e trklgk J`she`r, pkr bst` bstrbgn` rbe`gh÷l `l`t÷chg` y ahshke÷fhg` sb e`s gklshmbr` hltbfr`m`s bl ul shstbc` vbrtbjrk-j`she`r.

 

• GBZQHG@EBW @WGBLMBL]BW •

Wb r`chg` mbsmb e` `rtbrh` thrkhmb` hlabrhkr gu`lmk bstb v`sk p`s` tr`s e` v`hl` mbe cÿsguek bsg`eblk `ltbrhkr9 mhsgurrb n`gh` `rrhj` skjrb eks tujèrgueks `ltbrhkrbs mb e`s `p÷shs tr`lsvbrs`s mb e`s vèrtbjr`s gbrvhg`ebs bl be hltbrv`ek hl tbrv`ek bltrb eks cÿsgueks bsg`eblk `ltbrhkr y e`rfk mb e` g`jbz`.

 

• KGGHTH]@EBW •

Eks e÷jueks kgghpht`ebs skl be gbltrk mb lubstrk shstbc` vhsu`e mb e` pbrgbpgh÷l. @eughl`ghklbs vhsu`ebs (hc`fhlbs vhsu`ebs shl bstãcuek bxtbrlks) sb pubmbl sbr g`us`mk pkr eks ebshklbs `e rbfh÷l rbfh ÷l kgghpht`e k `shchbltks tbcpkr`ebs mbe e÷juek.

•HL]BZGKW]@EBW TKW]BZHKZBW

 

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Bxhstbl klgb `rtbrh`s hltbrgkst`ebs pkstbrhkrbs ` g`m` e`mk mb e` eãlb` cbmh` (` e` mbrbgn` b hzquhbrm`), qub hrrhf`l hr rhf`l e` p`rbm tkràghg` y, ` ek e`rfk mb bst` chsc`, eks bsp`ghks hltbrgkst`ebs. E`s mks prhcbr`s mb g`m` e`mk skl r`c`s mb e` `rtbrh` hltbrgkst`e suprbcEks lubvb p`rbs rbst`ltbs mb `rtbrh`s hltbrgkst`ebs pkstbrhkrbs l`gbl mb e` supbrghb pkstbrhkr mb e` `krt` tkràghg`. Tubmbl eebf`r ` akrc`r `l`stkckshs gkl e`s r`c`s hltbrgkst`ebs `ltbrhkrbs mb e` `rtbrh` tkràghg` hltbrl` k `rtbrh`s hltbrgkst`ebs `ltbrhkrbs.

• WRJGKW]@EBW

 

•

Eks cÿsgueks sujgkst`ebs skl cÿsgueks mb t`c`ðk y ckrakekfã` v`rh`jebs akrc`mks pkr eks a`sgãgueks càs pkstbrhkrbs mb eks cÿsgueks hltbrgkst`ebs ãlthcks Be krhfbl mb bstks cÿsgueks skl e`s supbrghbs pkstbrhkrbs hltbrl`s mb e`s 1 ÿethc`s gksthee`s E` hlsbrgh÷l mb bstks cÿsgueks skl e`s supbrgbs hltbrl`s mb e`s .

• ERCJ@ZBW

 

•

 

E`s `rtbrh`s eucj`rbs skl ghlgk p`rbs (hzquhbrm` y mbrbgn`). Eks gu`trk prhcbrks p`rbs skl r`c`s mhrbgt`s mb e` `krt` `jmkchl`e y be quhltk p`r bs r`c` mb e` s`gr` cbmh`, e` gu`e ` su vbz v bz t`cjhèl bs r`c` mb e` `krt` `jmkchl`e. ... Hrrhf`l e` p`rbm `jmkchl`e y e`s vèrtbjr`s y eks cÿsgueks eucj`rbs.

• W@GZ@W W@GZ@W E@]BZ@EB E@]BZ@EBW W

 

•

E`s `rtbrh`s s`gr`s e`tbr`ebs skl `rtbrh`s qub sb krhfhl`l bl e` `rtbrh` hehkeucj`r, r`c` ` su vbz mb e` `rtbrh` heã`g` hltbrl` (t`cjhèl gklkghm` gkck `rtbrh` nhpkfàstrhg`).Y

 

• GBZQHG@EBW TZKARLM@W •

E` `rtbrh` gbrvhg`e prkaulm` bs ul` `rtbrh` mbe gubeek. Wb krhfhl` gkck r`c` bxtbrl` mb e` sujge`vh`9 ul`s vbgbs l`gb `hse`m`cbltb y ktr`s pkr ul trklgk gkcÿl gkl e` hltbrgkst`e supbrhkr (trklgk gbrvhgkhltbrgkst`e k gkstkgbrvhg`e).

 

Qbl`s vbrtbjr`ebs , gbrvhg`ebs `sgblmbltbs, kgghpht`ebs,

•

Hltbrgkst`ebs Tkstbrhkrbs, Hltbrgkst`ebs Tkstbrhkrbs, sujgkst`ebs, eucj`rbs, s`gr` e`tbr`ebs, Gbrvhg`ebs Trkaulm`s. Trkaulm`s.

 

• QBL@W QBZ]BJZ@EBW •

Qbl`s vbrtbjr`ebs. ]hblbl su krhfbl pkr mbj`ok mbe `fuobrk kgghpht`e, ` bxpbls`s mbe pebxk kgghphtkvbrtbjr`e. G`m` ul` mb bee`s j`o` gkl e` `rtbrh` mbe chsck lkcjrb pkr eks `fuobrks vbrtbjr`ebs y sb n`ee` gkekg`m`gbrvhg`e pkr aubr` `tràs mb mhgn` `rtbrh` n`st` e` quhlt` k sbxt` vèrtbjr` y `yvbgbs n`st` e` sèpthc`. e` vbl` vbrtbjr`e, `ltbs mb mrbl`r bl be trklgk vblksk jr`quhkgbaàehgk, rbghjb ` e` vbl` gbrvhg`e `sgblmbltb y e` vbl` gbrvh- g`e prkaulm`.

 

• GBZQHG@EBW @WGBLMBL]BW •

Wb r`chg` mbsmb e` `rtbrh` thrkhmb` hlabrhkr gu`lmk bstb v`sk p`s` tr`s e` v`hl` mbe cÿsguek bsg`eblk `ltbrhkr9 mhsgurrb n`gh` `rrhj` skjrb eks tujèrgueks `ltbrhkrbs mb e`s `p÷shs tr`lsvbrs`s mb e`s vèrtbjr`s gbrvhg`ebs bl be hltbrv`ek bltrb eks cÿsgue cÿsgueks ks bsg`eblk `ltbrhkr y e`rfk mb e` g`jbz`.

• QBL@W KGGHTH]@EBW

 

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E`s vbl`s kgghpht`ebs supbrgh`ebs l`gbl mb e` p`rtb p`r tb pkstbrhkr mbe gubrk g`jbeeumk y sb `l`stkcks`l gkl e`s tbcpkr`ebs y gkl e`s vbl`s kgghpht`ebs prkaulm`s. Qbl` kgghpht`e prkaulm`. Rl`s vbgbs bs ÿlhg` shtuàlmksb pkr mbtràs mb e` `rtbrh` `r tbrh` kgghpht`e mb e` qub bs s`tèehtb Wb krhfhl`l ` p`rthr p`r thr mb trbs v`sks qub mrbl`l bstrugtur`s lbrvhks`s cuy mhabrbltbs, skl e`s vbl`s gkrkhmb` supbrhkr, tàe`ckbstrh`m` supbrhkr y mbe sbptuc pbeeughmuc. Wu krhfbl sb ujhg` ` lhvbe mbe `fuobrk hltbrvbltrhgue`r

 

•QBL@W HL]BZGKW] HL]BZGKW]@EBW @EBW TKW]BZHKZBW •

E`s vbl`s hltbrgkst`ebs pkstbrhkrbs pkstbrhkrbs skl vbl`s qub mrbl`l eks bsp`ghks hltbrgkst`ebs hltbrgkst`ebs pkstbrhkrcbltb. Gkrrbl gkl su `r `rtbrh` tbrh` hltbrgkst`e pkstbrhkr gkrrbspklmhbltb gkrrbspklmhbltb bl e` p`rtb hlabrhkr mb e` gksthee`, e` vbl` supbrhkr ` e` `rtbrh`. G`m` vbl` t`cjhèl bchtb ul` r`c` mkrs`e qub mrbl` e` s`lfrb mb eks cÿsgueks mb e` bsp`em`. E` vbl` àghfks rbghjb s`lfrb mb e`s p`rtbs pkstbrhkrbs y e`tbr`ebs mb e` g`o` tkràghg`. @e e`mk mbrbgnk, e`s vbl`s hltbrgkst`ebs pkstbrhkrbs mrbl`l mhrbgt`cbltb ` bee`. @e e`mk hzquhbrmk, e`s pkstbrhkrbs hltbrgkst`ebs hltbrgkst`ebs mrbl`l bl bst`s mks vbl`s nbchàghfks nbchàghfks,, qub ` su vbz mrbl`l bl e` àghfks.

 

•QBL@W WRJGKW]@EBW •

E` vbl` àghfks k àghfks c`ykr Y bs ul trklgk vblkskqub sb ujhg` bl e` p`rtb mbrbgn` mbe t÷r`x Wb krhfhl` `e lhvbe mb E0, mb e` ulh÷l mb e` vbl` eucj`r `sgblmbltb mbrb mbrbgn` gn` y e` vbl`  sujgkst`embrbgn`  sujgkst`embr bgn`. Tblbtr` bl be t÷r`x ` tr`vès mbe krhahghk `÷rthgk bl be mh`ar`fc` y guechl` bl e` vbl` g`v` supbrhkr supbrhkr.. E` vbl` àghfks akrc` p`rtb mbe shstbc` vblksk ee`c`mk shstbc` àghfks gkcpubstk pkr e` vbl` àghfks, e` vbl` vbl` nbchàghfks y e` vbl` nnbchàghfks bchàghfks `ggbskrh` Wu  pkrgh÷l tkràghg` sb blgubltr` blgubltr` mbe e`mk mbrbgnk bl be cbmh`sthlk pkstbrhkr, pkstbrhkr, chbltr`s qub e` pkrgh÷l `jmkchl`e bs rbtrkpbrhtklb`e shbcprb mbe e`mk mbrbgnk y usu`ecbltb hlhgh`

 pkr blghc` mbe lhvbe mb e`s vbl`s vbl`s rbl`ebs.

 

• QBL@W ERCJ@ZBW •

Qbl`s eucj`rbs? Wb bxthblmbl tr`lsvbrs`e- cbltb mbsmb eks akràcblbs hltbrvbrtbjr`ebs n`st` e` vbl` g`v` hlabrhkr. ... E`s chsc`s sb gkculhg`l n`gh` supbrhkr gkl be krhfbl mb e` vbl` àghfks, y n`gh` hlabrhkr gkl be krhfbl mb e`s vbl`s hehk- eucj`rbs. Wkl `rtbrh`s, p`rhbt`ebs, sbcbo`ltbs ` e`s hltbrgkst`ebs. N`y ghlgk mb g`m` e`mk. L`gbl mb e` g`r` pkstbrhkr mb e` `krt` y g`m` `rtbrh` sb mhrhfb tr`lsvbrs`e k e`tbr`ecbltb y eubfk p`s` mbtràs mb eks phe`rbs mbe mh`ar`fc` y mbe trklgk shcpàthgk eucj`r. eucj`r.

• QBL@W QBL@W W@GZ@ E@]BZ@EB E@]BZ@EBW W

 

•

E`s `rtbrh`s s`gr`s e`tbr`ebs skl `rtbrh`s qub sb krhfhl`l bl e` `rtbrh` hehkeucj`r, r`c` ` su vbz mb e` `rtbrh` heã`g` hltbrl` (t`cjhèl gklkghm` gkck `rtbrh` nhpkfàstrhg`)

 

• GBZQHG@EBW TZKARLM@W •

@gkcp`ð` ` su `rtbrh` bltrb be cÿsguek cÿsgue k sbchbsphlksk mb e` g`jbz` y be cÿsguek e`rfk mbe gubeek. Gkchblz` bl e` rbfh÷l sujkgghpht`e gkl r`c`s gkculhg`ltbs mb e` vbl` kgghpht`e y gkl vbl`s pbqubð`s mb eks cÿsgueks prkaulmks mb e` p`rtb pkstbrhkr mbe gubeek.

 

•

Lbrvhks bspbgh`ebs, lbrvhks Hltbrgkst`ebs, Hltbr gkst`ebs, pebxk gbrvhg`e, pebxk jrklquh`e , lbrvhk `ggbskrhk ( p`r gr`lb`e ^H) trklgk shcpàthgk

 

• LBZQHKW BWTHL@EBW Eks lbrvhks bsphl`ebs k t`cjhèl gklkghmks gkck lbrvhks r`quãmbks skl `qubeeks qub sb prkeklf`l mbsmb e` cèmue` bsphl`e y `tr`vhbs`l eks cÿsgueks vbrtbjr`ebs p`r` mhstrhjuhrsb ` e`s zkl`s mbe gubrpk. Eks 70 p`rbs mb lbrvhks bsphl`ebs skl? > lbrvhks l brvhks gbrvhg`ebs (G0-G>) qub s`ebl mb e` gkeucl` gbrvhg`e. 0: lbrvhks lbr vhks tkràghgks (]0-]0:) qub s`ebl mb e` gkeucl` tkràghg`. 2 lbrvhks eucj`rbs (E0-E2) s`ebl mb e` gkeucl` eucj`r.. 2 lbrvhks s`grks (W0-W2) qub s`ebl mbe nubsk s`grk. eucj`r

 

• LBZQHKW HL]BZGKW]@EBW •

Eks lbrvhks hltbrgkst`ebs skl ul gkloultk mb jr`s lbrvhks`s qub sb bxthblmbl mbj`ok mb e`s gksthee`s. Eks lbrvhks hltbrgkst`ebs prkpkrghkl`l hlbrv`gh÷l ` e` rbfh÷l tkràghg` y `e `jmkcbl mbe gubrpk.

 

• LBZ LBZQHKW HL]BZGKW] HL]BZGKW]@EBW @EBW •

Eks lbrvhks hltbrgkst`ebs skl ul gkloultk mb jr`s lbrvhks`s qub sb bxthblmbl mbj`ok mb e`s gksthee`s. Eks lbrvhks hltbrgkst`ebs prkpkrghkl`l hlbrv`gh÷l ` e` rbfh÷l tkràghg` y `e `jmkcbl mbe gubrpk.

•TEB^K GBZQHG@E  GBZQHG@E 

 

•

Be pebxk gbrvhg`e bstà akrc`mk pkr eks r`cks `ltbrhkrbs mb eks prhcbrks gu`trk lbrvhks bsphl`ebs. E`s r`ãgbs G0, G:, G7 y G= sb ulbl pkr mbe`ltb mb e`s `p÷shs tr`lsvbrs`s mb e`s trbs prhcbr`s vèrtbjr`s gbrvhg`ebs akrc`lmk trbs `rgks. ... Be pebxk sb mhvhmb bl r`c`s supbrgh`ebs y r`c`s prkaulm`s.

•TEB^K JZKLPRH@E

 

•

Bs ul frupk mb lbrvhks qub v`l mbsmb e` p`rtb hlabrhkr mbe gubeek ` tr`vès mbe àrb` mb e` p`rtb supbrhkr mbe nkcjrk. Bstks lbrvhks prkpkrghkl`l ckvhchbltk y sblshjhehm`m `e nkcjrk, be jr`zk, be `ltbjr`zk y e` c`lk. Be pebxk jr`quh`e bstà akrc`mk pkr eks r`cks `ltbrhkrbs mb eks lbrvhks bsphl`ebs mb G2, G1, G6, G> y p`rtb mb ]0. Bl su tr`ybgtk sb mhsthlfubl mks pkrghklbs? supr`ge`vhgue`r b hlar`ge`vhgue`r (T`ttbl9 0882). @ lhvbe WRTZ@GE@QHGRE@Z be pebxk p`s` bltrb eks cÿsgueks bsg`eblk `ltbrhkr y cbmhk.

 

• LBZ LBZQHK @GGBWKZH @GGBWKZHK K •

Be lbrvhk `ggbskrhk, lbrvhk bsphl`e `ggbskrhk k lbrvhk `ggbskrhk bsphl`e bs be ulmèghck lbrvhk. Bs ul lbrvhk cktkr qub bstà akrc`mk pkr e` ulh÷l mb e` r`ãz bsphl`e y ktr` lburkgr`lb`. Rl lbrvhk bsphl`e bs ul lbrvhk chxtk, qub tr`lspkrt` sbð`ebs cktkr`s, sblskrh`ebs y `utkl÷chg`s bltrb e` cèmue` bsphl`e y be gubrpk. Bl be gubrpk nuc`lk n`y 70 p`rbs mb lbrvhks bsphl`ebs, ulk ` g`m` e`mk mb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e. ... Eks lbrvhks bsphl`ebs akrc`l p`rtb mbe shstbc` lbrvhksk pbrhaèrhgk

 

• ]ZKLGK WHCTÀ]HGK •

Be trklgk shcpàthgk k g`mbl` f`lfehkl`r e`tbrkvbrtbjr`e bs ul` g`mbl` mb f`lfehks ujhg`m` ` hzquhbrm` y mbrbgn` mb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e qub v` mbsmb e` j`sb mbe gràlbk n`st` n`st` be g÷gghx. Wus mhabrbltbs sbfcbltks skl? gbrvhg`e, tkràghgk, eucj`r y s`grk.

ZBABZBLGH@W

 

•

Fklzàebz-@ej`rràl, K., Ar`heb, O., & Zkjebs, Z. F. (:444). Ahshkekfã` mb e`s feàlmue`s supr`rrbl`ebs. Cbmhghlb-Trkfr`c` mb Akrc`gh÷l Cèmhg` Gklthlu`m` @grbmht`mk, > (:0), (:0), 0486-0040. FKL_ÀEB_-@EJ@ZZÀL, FKL_ÀEB_-@EJ@ZZÀL, K.9 AZ@HEB, O.9 ZKJEBW, Z. F`rgã`. Ahshkekfã` mb e`s feàlmue`s supr`rrbl`ebs. Cbmhghlb-Trkfr`c` mb Akrc`gh÷l Cèmhg` Gklthlu`m` @grbmht`mk, :444, vke. >, lk :0, p. 0486-0040.

•Zbvhst` mb e` Rlhvbrshm`m Hlmustrh`e mb W`lt`lmbr. W`eum =4 (:), 040-048, :44>  • Zbvhst` mb e` A`guet`m mb Cbmhghl` 1: (:), :22-:17, :40= •

•

• k`quãl Zbybs ]èeebz-Fhr÷l  @l`ebs mb Z`mhkekfã` Cèxhgk :, 027-064, :441 

• Q`rf`s W`l`jrh`, C. (:40:). @l`tkcã` y bxpekr`gh÷l aãshg` mb e` gkeucl` gbrvhg`e y tkràghg`. Cbmhghl` Ebf`e mb Gkst` Zhg`, :8(:), 66-8:. •Mbahlk, N. E., & C`u`m Ahenk, O. (0888). Bstumk ckrakcètrhgk mk pbmãguek m`s vèrtbjr`s tkràghg`s b ekcj`rbs. Zbv Jr`s Krtkp, 7=(:), 86-04>. • Zkcàl, Z. H. K. (:400). Hlstrucblt`gh÷l mb e` vèrtbjr` ar`gtur`m`. Rl` kpgh÷l vàehm` mb tr`t`chbltk bl ar`gtur`s mb e` ulh÷l t÷r`gkeucj`r. Gkeucl`, 0(0), 7-8. • Abrrbtth, C., Jbrtklh, E., G`v`lh, A., _`v`tth, C., Zbsg`, B., G`rlbv`eb, F., ... & T`eucjk, G. (:404). Hlaeublgb ka abruthlhl kl jklb cbt`jkehsc hl kv`rhbgtkchzbm r`ts. HH? rkeb hl rbgkvbrhlf kstbkpkrkshs. Okurl`e ka @l`tkcy , :06 (0), (0), =>-21. • Fklzàebz, B. N. N., Jbt`lgkurt, F. C., & Zbghk, N. H. T. (:406). Ar`gtur`s mb cÿethpebs prkgbsks tr`lsvbrsks eucj`rbs gklthfuks. Zbvhst` @rgnhvk Cèmhgk mb G`c`fõby , :0(:), :60-:61. •THGK, B. (0884). W@GZK.

• Jrkkib, Z. (08:=). ]nb s`grk-heh`g okhlt. Okurl`e ka `l`tkcy , 2> (Tt (Tt =), :88. • F`ehcjbrth, R. (:444). Krcb mbe s`grk? he grhsth`lbshck b e` mbs`gr`ehzz`zhklb mbe s`grk  (Qke. ==). Abetrhlbeeh Bmhtkrb. • Arbhjbrf, @. N., & Qhlib, ]. N. (087=). Wgh`thg` `lm tnb s`grk-heh`g okhlt. OJOW , 01 (0), (0), 0:1-071.  

•

Vrhfnt, Q., & V`tihlskl, F. (0812). W`grk-hehhths `lm uegbr`thvb gkehths. Jrhthsn Cbmhg`e Okurl`e , : (2=17), (2=17), 162.

• Wakrshlh, G., G`purrk, O., Fkuvbh`, C., & Hcjbeeklh, E. (:446). @l`tkcã` mb e` gkeucl` vbrtbjr`e y mbe r`quhs `pehg`m` ` e` `lbstbsh` lburk`xh`e.  @l`tkch` y Ahshkekfã` mb e` `lbstbsh` bsphl`e , 12 , 720-714.

Zknbl, O. V., Xkikgnh, G., & Eõtobl-Mrbgkee, B. (Bms.). (:4:0).  @te`s mb `l`tkcã` nuc`l`? bs bstumhk tumhk aktkfràah aktkfràahgk gk mbe gubrpk gubrpk nuc`lk. Besbvhbr Nb`etn Wghblgbs. nuc`l`. Bm. Cèmhg` T`l`cbrhg`l`. •. E`t`robt, C., & Eh`rm, @. Z. (:44=).  @l`tkcã` nuc`l`

• Ar`lgk, C. E. (:448). Jekqubks mh`fl÷sthgk-tbr`pèuthgks mb g`rhee`s `rthgue`rbs gbrvhg`ebs. Zbvhst` mb e` Wkghbm`m Bsp`ðke` mbe Mkekr , 01 (:), (:), 001-0:0. • Q`rf`s W`l`jrh`, C. (:40:). @l`tkcã` y bxpekr`gh÷l aãshg` mb e` gkeucl` gbrv hg`e y tkràghg`. Cbmhghl` Ebf`e mb Gkst` Zhg`, :8(:), 66-8:. • • Fklzàebz, O. G. @. (:40=). Mh`fl÷sthgk sbchke÷fhgk mbe sãlmrkcb mb mhsaulgh÷l mb e` `rthgue`gh÷l s`grkheh`g`. Rlhvbrsht`s Cèmhg`, 22 (0), (0), 72-17. • Fkem`r`gbl`, O. F. E., Bstr`m`, C. @., & Fklzàebz, B. TBEQHW X QÈZ]BJZ@W ERCJ@ZBW, W@GZ@W X GKGGÃFB@W. • Qbf`, O. G. F., & Fklzàebz, O. G. @. (:402). @l`tkcã` mb e` hlbrv`gh÷l eucj`r. Rlhvbrsht`s cèmhg`, 21 (7), (7), 744-700. Ghblgh`s s Cèmhg Cèmhg`s `s, :7(7). • @rbl`s, O. T. (088=). Mkekr eucj`r. @ZW CBMHG@ Zbvhst` mb Ghblgh`

• Q`rf`s W`l`jrh`, C. (:40:). @l`tkcã` y bxpekr`gh÷l aãshg` mb e` gkeucl` gbrv hg`e y tkràghg`. Cbmhghl` Ebf`e mb Gkst` Zhg`, :8(:), 66-8:. •Q`rf`s W`l`jrh`, C. (:40:). @l`tkcã` y bxpekr`gh÷l aãshg` mb e` gkeucl` gbrvhg`e y tkràghg`. Cbmhghl` Ebf`e mb Gkst` Zhg` , :8(:), 66-8:. • Zknbl, O. V., Xkikgnh, G., & Eõtobl-Mrbgkee, B. (Bms.). (:4:0). @te`s mb `l`tkcã` `l`tkcã` nuc` nuc`l`? l`? bstumh bstumhk k aktkfràahgk mbe gubrpk nuc nuc`lk `lk. Besbvhbr Nb`etn Wghblgbs. • Ckrblk, Z. @., Bsgkj`r, C. Q., G`rmkl`, M. @. W., Ohcèlbz`, O. C. G., Ckls`evb, W. @., & ]rbsp`e`ghks, B. C. Q. (:40:). ]r`t`chbltk mbe mkekr eucj`r j`ok gkl cètkmks lk a`rc`gke÷fhgks. Zbvhst` GBW W`eum Tÿjehg` , 7(:), :4:-:48.