Colloquial Russian 2.pdf

2

Colloquial Russian

The Colloquial 2 Series Series Adviser: Gary King

2

The following languages are available in the Colloquial 2 series: French Italian Russian Spanish

Accompanying cassettes and CDs are available for the above titles. They can be ordered through your bookseller, or send payment with order to Taylor & Francis/ Routledge Ltd, ITPS, Cheriton House, North Way, Andover, Hants SP10 5BE, UK, or to Routledge Inc, 29 West 35th Street, New York NY 10001, USA.

2

Colloquial Russian The next step in language learning Svetlana le Fleming and Susan E. Kay

First published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.

“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2003 Svetlana le Fleming and Susan E. Kay Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Le Fleming, Svetlana. Colloquial Russian 2: the next step in language learning / Svetlana le Fleming and Susan E. Kay. p. cm. – (The colloquial 2 series) Includes indexes. ISBN 0-415-26116-3 1. Russian language – Conversation and phrase books – English. 2. Russian language – Textbooks for foreign speakers – English. 3. Russian language – Spoken Russian. I. Title: Colloquial Russian two. II. Kay, Susan E., 1947– III. Title. IV. Series. PG2121.L364 2003 491.783′421–dc21 2002152412 ISBN 0-203-38052-5 (Master e-book ISBN)

ISBN 0-203-38670-1 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–26116–3 (book) ISBN 0–415–26117–1 (cassettes) ISBN 0–415–30250–1 (audio CD) ISBN 0–415–26118–X (pack)

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4111 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

Contents

Acknowledgements How to use this book Unit 1

Rossiq i russkij qzyk

vii viii 1

Russia and the Russian language Unit 2

Transport

39

Transport Unit 3

Turizm

57

Tourism Unit 4

Migraciq

75

Migration Unit 5

Sport

92

Sport Unit 6

Kul;turnaq 'izn; v Rossii

111

Cultural life in Russia Unit 7

Sredstva massovoj informacii (CMI)

128

The mass media Unit 8

Rynok truda

146

The labour market Unit 9

Demografiq

163

Demography Unit 10

Obrazovanie

180

Education Unit 11

Rossijskoe Ob]estvo Russian society

198

vi

|

Unit 12

Contents

Zdravooxranenie

216

The health service Unit 13

Vybory v Dumu

234

Elections to the Duma Unit 14

Internet

250

The Internet Grammar reference Key to exercises English–Russian vocabulary Russian–English vocabulary Grammar index Russian index

270 288 308 318 342 344

1111 2111 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

Acknowledgements

The Authors and Publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce material in this book: Argumenty i fakty, Delovye lyudi, Itogi, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Literaturnaya gazeta, Moskovskie novosti, Nezavisimaya gazeta, Novoe vremya, Priglashaem na rabotu, Salon krasoty, Stolichnoe obrazovanie, Vash dosug, Versiya, Vremya novostei. Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge ownership of copyright. The publishers will be glad to hear from any copyright holders whom it has not been possible to contact.

How to use this book

Colloquial Russian 2 is intended for students who, working on their own or with a teacher, have already completed a first-level course in Russian and want to continue their study. The book starts with a revision unit which covers all the basic structures, including cases and aspects, so it is not a problem if you are a bit rusty. The book is thematically based and draws on sources from newspapers and magazines. The aim is to provide interesting information about Russia at the same time as introducing new vocabulary and language points. It addresses some of the particular problems of learning Russian, such as memorising vocabulary, stressing words correctly and choosing the right preposition. Each unit contains a brief section in English on its theme, a dialogue, a text, usually based on a newspaper article, as well as various other written materials encountered in everyday life: advertisements, tables and graphs, questionnaires and forms to complete. The text is also illustrated by photographs. There are a variety of exercises, designed to test comprehension and practise the new language points. In the sections on word building, guidance is given on how to increase your Russian vocabulary. Key new vocabulary is given in each unit and there is a cumulative Russian–English vocabulary, including all key words, at the end of the book. The English–Russian vocabulary contains all the words needed for the English–Russian translation exercises. At the end of the book there is also a key to exercises, quick reference grammatical tables and an index of the language points covered in the course. On the accompanying tapes and CDs you will find not only the dialogues but also comprehension exercises and exercises to practise the new language points in each unit. The exercises on stress are a particular feature. And don’t forget, there’s a website to support the Colloquials course. At you will find extra exercises as well as links to sites that build on the material in the units.

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

1 ROSSIQ I RUSSKIJ QZYK

In this unit you will ◗ learn some facts about the history of Russia ◗ revise the basic structures of Russian grammar including cases and aspects

When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985 he recognised the need for fundamental economic reform. His policy of perestrojka (economic restructuring) had very little impact, but his other famous introduction, glasnost;, an element of freedom of speech and political freedom, ultimately led to the collapse of the USSR. Reformist politicians were successful in the elections of 1989, revolutions took place in the Soviet Union’s East European satellites during 1989–90, and the republics of the Soviet Union also started to demand independence. The final blow was the unsuccessful coup by conservative elements in August 1991, which eroded Gorbachev’s position and brought Boris Yeltsin, President of Russia, to the fore. The Soviet Union was finally dissolved in December 1991. The collapse of the Soviet Union was also the birth of a new Russia. Since then Russia’s history has not been smooth, characterised by such notable events as Yeltsin’s violent clash with parliament in October 1993, ending in the siege of the Russian ‘White House’, and the financial collapse of September 1998. Despite its problems, Russia is a country with a rich culture, huge resources, both human and physical, and its capital Moscow is now a vibrant and exciting city.

2

|

Russia and the Russian language

Language revision ♦ Rules of spelling These rules apply throughout Russian and impact on all the other language points described below. 1 2 3 4

After After After After

g, k, x, ', h, w, ] replace y by i. ', h, w, ], c replace unstressed o by e. g, k, x, ', h, w, ], c replace q by a. g, k, x, ', h, w, ], c replace [ by u.

Cases Understanding of the case system is fundamental to a grasp of Russian. Cases hardly feature in English: there is only some differentiation in the use of pronouns. Contrast ‘I like her’ with ‘She likes me’. The forms ‘I’ and ‘she’ are used when they are the subject of the verb, or nominative case, and ‘her’ and ‘me’ when they are the object, or accusative case. In Russian, not just pronouns, but nouns and adjectives proclaim their role in the sentence by changing their ending, and the number of cases extends beyond nominative and accusative to six in total. Comprehensive tables of the endings of nouns, adjectives and pronouns are at the back of the book.

The nominative case Uses of the nominative case 1 The nominative is the case of the subject of the verb: Moskva´ procveta´ et. Moscow flourishes. 2 It is also used as the complement of (i.e. following) the nonexistent present tense of the verb ‘to be’ and after \´ to ‘it is’ and vot ‘here is’: Moskva´ – stoli´ca. Moscow is the capital. Vot Moskva´. |to stoli´ca. Here is Moscow. It is the capital.

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

3

The nominative may also be found after the past tense of byt;, where the permanence of a state is being emphasized: Pu´wkin byl veli´kij po\´t. Pushkin was a great poet.

Endings in the nominative case Singular nouns Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

cns.

prezide´ nt president

-a

gaze´ ta newspaper

-o

vino´ wine

-j

tramva´ j tram

-q

revol[´ ciq revolution

-e

zda´ nie building

-;

kreml; kremlin

-;

vozmo´'nost; opportunity

-mq

vre´ mq time

Note: There are three genders of nouns in Russian and, in most instances, the gender is indicated by the letter a noun ends with in the nominative singular. When a noun ending in -a or -q clearly refers to someone of male gender, the word is masculine: mu'hi´na ‘man’; dq´dq ‘uncle’. In practice, this means that it changes its endings like a feminine noun but adjectives and verbs agreeing with it have masculine endings.

Plural nouns Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Singular Plural

prezide´ nt

prezide´ nty

gaze´ ta

gaze´ ty

vino´

vi´na

tramva´ j

tramva´ i

revol[´ ciq

revol[´ cii

zda´ nie

zda´ niq

kreml;

kremli´

vozmo´'nost;

vozmo´'nosti

vre´ mq

vremena´

4

|

Russia and the Russian language

Notes: 1 The spelling rule may require a change from -y to -i: kni´ga – kni´ gi ‘books’. 2 Some masculine nouns have a nominative plural in -a´ : be´reg – berega´ ‘banks’; ve´ her – vehera´ ‘evenings’; dom – doma´ ‘houses’; go´rod – goroda´ ‘towns’. 3 Nouns in -anin end in -ane: angliha´ nin – angliha´ ne ‘Englishmen’ but gospodi´n – gospoda´ ‘gentlemen’. 4 Other exceptions: uhi´tel; – uhitelq´ ‘teachers’; brat – bra´ t;q ‘brothers’; stul – stu´l;q ‘chairs’; drug – druz;q´ ‘friends’; syn – synov;q´ ‘sons’; de´ revo – dere´ v;q ‘trees’; rebe¨ nok – de´ ti ‘children’; helove´ k – l[´ di ‘people’; mat; – ma´ teri ‘mothers’; doh; – do´heri ‘daughters’. (Note that all forms of mat; and doh;, apart from the nominative and accusative singular, have -er- before the ending). 5 Some nouns, generally of foreign origin, are indeclinable. They never change their endings and do not even have a plural. Adjectives describing them will decline in the usual way, however. Their gender can generally be determined by their ending, as with declinable nouns, but note taksi´ – neuter.

Adjectives There are two basic sets of adjective endings: hard and soft. Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Plural

Hard

intere´ snyj interesting

intere´ snaq

intere´ snoe

intere´ snye

Soft

dre´ vnij ancient

dre´ vnqq

dre´ vnee

dre´ vnie

Notes: 1 Adjectives with stressed endings have the masculine ending -o´j: kruto´j, kruta´ q, kruto´e, kruty´ e ‘steep’. 2 Endings may be altered by the spelling rules: ru´sskij, ru´sskaq, ru´sskoe, ru´sskie ‘Russian’; xoro´wij, xoro´waq, xoro´wee, xoro´wie ‘good’; bol;wo´j, bol;wa´ q, bol;wo´e, bol;wi´e ‘big’.

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

5

Pronouns Singular

Plural

q

I

my

we

ty

you (singular and familiar)

vy

you (plural and polite)

on

he, it (masculine)

oni´

they (all genders)

ona´

she, it (feminine)

ono´

it (neuter)

kto

who

hto

what

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Plural

moj

my

moq´

moe¨

moi´

tvoj

your (singular and familiar)

tvoq´

tvoe¨

tvoi´

naw

our

na´ wa

na´ we

na´ wi

vaw

your (plural and polite)

va´ wa

va´ we

va´ wi

ves;

all

vsq

vse¨

vse

hej

whose

h;q

h;e¨

h;i

\´ tot

this/these

\´ ta

\´ to

\´ ti

tot

that/those

ta

to

te

Note: The third person forms are indeclinable and remain the same whatever the case gender or number of the noun they describe: ego´ ee¨ ix

his, its (m and n); her, its (f ); their

6

|

Russia and the Russian language

Exercise 1 Pick out the nouns, adjectives and pronouns in the nominative case from the following passage. Moskva´ – Moscow Pe´rvoe letopi´snoe upomina´ nie o Moskve´ otno´sitsq k 1147 godu´. Osnova´tel; Moskvy´ byl su´zdal;skij knqz; {rij Vladi´mirovih Dolgoru´kij. |to on vy´ bral me´sto dlq stroi´tel;stva go´roda. Go´rod ros by´ stro i u'e´ v 14-om ve´ke stal ce´ntrom ru´sskix zeme´l;. Moskva´ ostava´ las; stoli´cej vplot; do 1713 go´da kogda´ Pe¨ tr Pe´rvyj perene¨ s stoli´cu v no´vyj go´rod – Peterbu´rg. To´l;ko v 1918 godu´ u'e´ po´sle Revol[´ cii Moskva´ sno´va sta´ la stoli´cej, snaha´ la Sove´tskogo So[´ za, a poto´m Rossi´i.

For information on dates and other uses of ordinal numerals see Unit 4.

Vocabulary ♦ vy´ brat; knqz; (m) letopi´snoe upomina´ nie osnova´ tel; (m) ostava´ t;sq otnosi´t;sq k perenesti´ rasti´ stroi´tel;stvo

to choose prince chronicle reference founder to remain to date from to transfer to grow construction

Exercise 2 Answer the questions in Russian. One word answers will suffice. 1 2 3 4 5

Kako´j go´rod stoli´ca Rossi´i? Kto osnova´ l Moskvu´? Kako´j go´rod stal stoli´cej v 1713g? Kto perene¨ s stoli´cu tuda´ ? Kako´j go´rod stal stoli´cej v 1918g?

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

7

The Moscow Kremlin

Exercise 3 Put these phrases in the plural. intere´snyj mosko´vskij muze´j; dre´vnij ru´sskij kreml;; stra´ wnoe istori´heskoe soby´ tie; slo´'naq \konomi´heskaq proble´ma; naw znameni´tyj isto´rik.

The accusative case Uses of the accusative case 1 The accusative is the case of the direct object of the verb: {rij Dolgoru´kij osnova´ l Moskvu´. Yuriy Dolgorukiy founded Moscow. 2 It is also used after certain prepositions: v / vo ‘to, into’ (motion), ‘during’ (time); za ‘beyond, behind ‘(motion), for; na ‘to, on to’ (motion), ‘for’ (time); o / ob / obo ‘against’; po ‘up to, each’; pod ‘under’ (motion); pro ‘about’; spustq´ ‘after, later’; he´ rez ‘across, through, in (after a period of time)’.

8

|

Russia and the Russian language

More detailed information is given about most of these prepositions in later units: Unit 2 – na; Units 4 and 6 – v; Unit 8 – za; Unit 6 – o / ob / obo, pro; Unit 10 – po. Stoli´cu perenesli´ v Moskvu´. They moved the capital to Moscow. The accusative is also used without a preposition to denote duration in time or space: My tam 'i´ li vs[ zi´mu. We lived there all winter. Vs[ doro´gu domo´j ona´ molha´ la. She was silent the whole way home.

Endings in the accusative case Singular nouns Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Acc.

Nom.

Acc.

inanimate

as nom.

gaze´ ta

gaze´ tu

animate

as gen. (see below)

revol[´ ciq

revol[´ ci[

vozmo´'nost;

vozmo´'nost;

Acc. all nouns

as nom.

Plural nouns Masculine

Feminine Acc.

Neuter Acc.

inanimate

as nom.

inanimate

as nom.

animate

as gen. (see below)

animate

as gen.

Acc. all nouns

as nom.

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

9

Adjectives and pronouns Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

inanimate as nom.

inanimate as nom.

intere´ snu[

inanimate as nom.

as nom.

as nom.

animate as gen.

animate as gen.

dre´ vn[[

animate as gen.

mo[´ , tvo[´ na´ wu, va´ wu vs[, h;[ \´tu, tu

Singular

Plural

q

menq´

my

nas

ty

tebq´

vy

vas

on / ono´

ego´

oni´

ix

ona´

ee¨

kto

kogo´

hto

hto

Note: Ego´, ee¨ and ix are preceded by n- after a preposition, as they are in all cases other than the nominative: poxo´' na nego´ ‘like him’.

Exercise 4 Put the words in brackets into the accusative case. 1 Q zna´ [ (\´ta moloda´ q ru´sskaq 'e´n]ina). 2 My e´dem v (ma´ len;kaq primo´rskaq dere´vnq). 3 Vy xoti´te idti´ na (sovreme´nnaq angli´jskaq p;e´sa) i´li (klassi´heskaq ru´sskaq o´pera)? 4 (Vsq nede´lq) my ego´ ne vi´deli. 5 My e´zdili vo (Fra´ nciq) na (me´sqc). 6 My vstre´tili

10

|

Russia and the Russian language

The Russian White House, home of the parliament or Duma. Photo: N. Kay

(va´ wa sestra´ ) u vxo´da v (tea´ tr). 7 Le´nin perene¨ s (ru´sskaq stoli´ca) v (Moskva´ ). 8 (Kto) vy vi´deli? 9 My o´hen; xorowo´ (on) zna´ em.

The genitive case Uses of the genitive case 1 The genitive is the only case ending which English retains on nouns. It is the -’s ending used to denote possession. Similarly, in Russian, the genitive indicates possession or translates ‘of ’. Pu´tin – prezide´ nt Rossi´ i. Putin is the President of Russia. Rol; prezide´ nta o´hen; slo´'naq. The President’s role (role of the President) is very complex. 2 The genitive is also used after a very large number of prepositions: bez ‘without’; vdol; ‘along’; vne ‘outside’; vnutri´ ‘inside’; vperedi´ ‘in front of, before’; vme´ sto ‘instead of’; vo vre´ mq ‘during’ (named events in history); vo´zle ‘by, near’, vokru´g ‘around’; v tehe´ nie ‘during’ (with words such as nede´ lq ‘week’

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

11

or god ‘year’, indicating periods of time); dlq ‘for (the sake of)’; ‘do ‘up to, until’ (time or place); iz ‘from, out of’; iz-za ‘because of, from behind’; iz-pod ‘from under’; kro´me ‘except’; mi´mo ‘past; napro´tiv ‘opposite’; o´kolo ‘around, near’; ot ‘from’; po´sle ‘after’; pro´tiv ‘against’; ra´ di ‘for the sake of’; s / so ‘from’; sredi´ ‘among; u ‘by, near, chez’: vo vre´ mq perevoro´ta during the coup pro´tiv prezide´ nta against, opposed to the President ra´ di Bo´ga for God’s sake do raspa´ da Sove´ tskogo So[´za until the collapse of the Soviet Union by´ li ta´ nki vokru´g Be´ logo do´ma there were tanks round the White House More detailed information is given about iz-za in Unit 7, about the differences between iz, ot and s in Unit 5 and between s and so in Unit 12. The preposition u + genitive ‘in the possession of’ is used to translate ‘to have’ into Russian: U prezide´ nta byla´ bol;wa´ q vlast;. The President had great power. Note that bol;wa´ q vlast; is the subject of this sentence; literally ‘Great power was in the possession of President’. 3 The genitive singular is used after o´ba / o´be ‘both’ and the numerals dva / dve ‘two’; tri ‘three’; hety´ re ‘four’ and compounds ending in those numerals. The genitive plural is used after all other numerals, except for odi´n / odna´ / odno´ / odni´ ‘one’, which is an adjective agreeing with the noun it describes. dva´ dcat; tri hle´ na Du´my twenty three members of the Duma pqtna´ dcat; hle´ nov Du´my fifteen members of the Duma There is much more detailed treatment of cardinal numerals in Unit 9.

12

|

Russia and the Russian language

4 The genitive is used after expressions of quantity such as mno´go ‘a lot’; ma´ lo / nemno´go ‘a little, few’; ne´ skol;ko ‘several’, sko´l;ko ‘how many’; bol;winstvo´ ‘the majority’, and on its own as a partitive genitive, to indicate part of a substance or ‘some’: Poli´tika vyzyva´ et ma´ lo intere´ sa v Rossi´i. Politics arouses little interest in Russia. My vy´ pili vina´ We drank some wine contrast: My vy´ pili vino´ We drank the wine 5 The genitive is found in several negative constructions: after net / ne´ bylo / ne bu´det ‘there is not / was not, will not be’: U Gorbahe¨ va ne´ bylo kompete´ ntnyx sove´ tnikov. Gorbachev did not have competent advisers. V tako´j situa´ cii net drugo´go vy´ xoda. In such a situation there is no other way out. after ne vi´dno / ne sly´ wno / ne zame´ tno ‘cannot be seen / heard / discerned’: Be´ logo do´ma ne vi´dno ots[´da. The White House cannot be seen from here. as the direct object of negative verbs: Gorbahe¨ v ne ime´ l podde´ r'ki sredi´ naro´da. Gorbachev did not have support among the people. However, when the object is more concrete, the accusative is preferred: Q ne vi´'u ego avtomobi´l;. I don’t see his car. There is much more detail about the negative in Unit 13.

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

13

6 The genitive is also used as the direct object of certain verbs: 'ela´ t; (po-) ‘to wish’; dostiga´ t; / dosti´ gnut; ‘to achieve’. Expressions such as shastli´vogo puti´ ‘bon voyage’ are in the genitive because the verb 'ela´ t; is understood. Some other verbs take either the genitive or the accusative: boq´t;sq ‘to fear’; 'dat; ‘to wait for’; iska´ t; / po- ‘to seek, look for’; o'ida´ t; ‘to expect’; prosi´t; (po-) ‘to ask for’; tre´ bovat; (po-) ‘to demand’; xote´ t; (za-) ‘to want’. Generally the genitive is used if the object is abstract and the accusative if it is a concrete object or a person: iska´ t; po´mo]i ‘to seek for help’; iska´ t; dom ‘to look for a house’. There are more examples in Unit 11.

Endings in the genitive case Singular nouns Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Nom.

Gen.

Nom.

Gen.

Nom.

Gen.

prezide´ nt

prezide´ nta

gaze´ ta

gaze´ ty

vino´

vi´na

tramva´ j

tramva´ q

revol[´ ciq

revol[´ cii

zda´ nie

zda´ niq

kreml;

kremlq´

vozmo´'nost;

vozmo´'nosti

vre´ mq

vre´ meni

Notes: 1 Never forget the effect the spelling rules have on endings: kni´ga – kni´gi. 2 Remember that the accusative of masculine animate nouns is the same as the genitive: My za sy´ na i pro´tiv otca´. We are for the son and against the father. 3 Some masculine nouns also have alternative genitive endings in -u or -[. They are most commonly found in the sense of ‘some’: Kupi´ ha´ [ ‘Buy some tea’. Note also the expression mno´go naro´du ‘a lot of people’.

14

|

Russia and the Russian language

Plural Masculine

Feminine

Nom.

Gen. plural

prezide´ nt

Nom.

Neuter Gen. plural

Nom.

Gen. plural

prezide´ ntov gaze´ ta

gaze´ t

vino´

vin

tramva´ j

tramva´ ev

nede´ lq week

nede´ l;

mo´re sea

more´ j

kreml;

kremle´ j

revol[´ ciq

revol[´ cij

zda´ nie

zda´ nij

vozmo´'nost;

vozmo´'nostej

vre´ mq

vreme¨ n

Notes: 1 Masculine nouns: me´ sqc – me´ sqcev ‘months’ (because of the spelling rule); moskvi´h – moskvihe´ j ‘Muscovites’ (also nouns ending in -', -w and -]); sloj – sloe¨ v ‘layers’ (because of the stressed ending); angliha´ nin – angliha´ n; brat – bra´ t;ev; stul – stu´l;ev; drug – druze´ j; syn – synove´ j; rebe¨ nok – dete´ j; helove´ k – l[de´ j. 2 Feminine nouns: ide´ q – ide´ j ‘ideas’; sem;q´ – seme´ j ‘families’. Sometimes a vowel (-o-, -e- or -e¨ -) is inserted between the last two consonants of nouns ending in -a: stude´ ntka – stude´ ntok ‘female students’; de´ vuwka – de´ vuwek ‘girls’; nouns ending in nq generally do not have a -;: pe´ snq – pe´ sen ‘songs’, but there are exceptions: dere´ vnq – dereve´ n; ‘villages’; ku´xnq – ku´xon; ‘kitchens’. 3 Neuter nouns: de´ revo – dere´ v;ev ‘trees’. Sometimes a vowel is inserted between the last two consonants of nouns ending in -o: okno´ – o´kon ‘windows’; pis;mo´ – pi´ sem ‘letters’; kre´ slo – kre´ sel ‘armchairs’.

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

15

Adjectives and pronouns Masculine and Neuter

Feminine

Neuter

intere´ snogo

intere´ snoj

intere´ snyx

dre´ vnego

dre´ vnej

dre´ vnix

moego´

moe´ j

moi´x

tvoego´

tvoe´ j

tvoi´x

na´ wego

na´wej

na´wix

va´ wego

va´ wej

va´ wix

\´togo

\´toj

\´tix

togo´

toj

tex

vsego´

vsej

vsex

h;ego´

h;ej

h;ix

Notes: 1 Remember that the accusative plural of masculine and feminine animate nouns is the same as the genitive and that adjectives or pronouns agreeing with them will also take endings like the genitive: Q zna´ [ \´tix ru´sskix 'e´ n]in i ix mu'e´ j. I know these Russian women and their husbands. 2 The genitive of personal pronouns and kto is the same as the accusative. The genitive of hto is hego´.

Exercise 5 Put the words in brackets into the genitive. Perevoro´t 19 a´ vgusta 1991 go´da – ne´ skol;ko (zameha´ niq) Pe´rvaq popy´ tka (perevoro´t) v Ro´ssii proizowla´ v a´ vguste 1991 go´da, kogda´ ne´skol;ko (hlen) (by´ vwee Politb[ro´) organizova´ li za´ govor i vy´ stupili pro´tiv (no´vaq demokra´ tiq i Gorbahe¨ v). (Gorbahe¨ v) ne´ bylo v Moskve´ vo vre´mq (za´ govor), i zagovo´r]iki by´ li uve´reny v uspe´xe (svoi´ de´jstviq). Oni´ zna´ li, hto u (Gorbahe¨ v) net (bol;wa´ q

16

|

Russia and the Russian language

politi´heskaq vlast;) i (podde´r'ka) (naro´d). Odno´ iz (soby´ tiq), koto´roe stimuli´rovalo popy´ tku (gosuda´ rstvennyj perevoro´t) byla´ nacionaliza´ ciq Rossi´ej (ga´ zovaq i neftqna´ q promy´ wlennost;) i povywe´nie (vnu´trennie ce´ny) na neft;. Odna´ ko popy´ tka (perevoro´t) provali´las;. No´voe pravi´tel;stvo (El;cin i ego´ sora´ tniki) rewi´tel;no potre´bovali (are´st) (organiza´ tory) (puth). Tepe´r; u'e´ ni u (kto) net (somne´niq), hto popy´ tka (perevoro´t) v a´ vguste 1991 go´da – odna´ iz (prihi´ny) (raspa´ d) (Sove´tskij So[´ z).

Vocabulary ♦ by´ vwij vnu´trennij vy´ stupit; pro´tiv ga´ zovaq i nefqna´ q promy´ wlennost; gosuda´ rstvennyj de´ jstvie za´ govor / zagovo´r]ik

former domestic to act, come out, against gas and oil industry state action plot / plotter

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

povywe´ nie podde´ r'ka popy´ tka pravi´tel;stvo prihi´na provali´t;sq proizojti´ raspa´ d rewi´tel;no soby´ tie somne´ nie sora´ tnik uve´ reny v uspe´ xe hlen Politb[ro´

|

17

increase support attempt government reason to fail to happen, take place collapse resolutely event doubt comrade-in-arms confident of the success member of the Politburo (political bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party)

Exercise 6 Answer the questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5

Who were the instigators of the coup? Why did they feel that Gorbachev was vulnerable? Which economic policy helped provoke the coup? What was the Yeltsin government’s response to the failed coup? In what significant historical event was the failure of the coup an important factor?

Dative case Uses of the dative case 1 The dative is the case of the indirect object of the verb: Gorbahe¨ v pereda´ l vlast; El;cinu v dekabre´ 1991g. Gorbachev handed over power to Yeltsin in December 1991. 2 The dative is also used after certain verbs that take a direct object in English: ve´ rit; (po-) ‘to believe’; pomoga´ t; / pomo´h; ‘to help’; sle´ dovat; (po) ‘to follow’ (orders etc.); sove´ tovat; (po-) ‘to advise’; ugro'a´ t;, grozi´ t; ‘to threaten’:

18

|

Russia and the Russian language

Rossi´i grozi´ t perevoro´t. A coup threatens Russia. There is further information on verbs with the dative in Unit 5. Note the constructions with uhi´ t; ‘to teach / learn’ and uhi´t;sq ‘to learn’: Q uhu´ ego´ ru´sskomu qzyku´. I teach him Russian. Q uhu´s; ru´sskomu qzyku´. I am learning / studying Russian. But note: Q uhu´ ru´sskij qzy´ k. I am learning Russian. There is more information on verbs of teaching and learning in Unit 10. 3 The dative is used with the prepositions k ‘towards (place), by (time)’ and po ‘according to, along, through, by’: k ve´ heru ‘by evening’; k do´mu ‘towards the house’; po po´hte ‘by post’; po u´lice ‘along the street’. There is more information on the use of po in Unit 10. 4 The dative is used with a large number of impersonal expressions: nam intere´ sno ‘it is interesting for us’; Prezide´ ntu na´ do rewi´t; ‘the President has to decide’. These expressions are dealt with in detail in Unit 12. Note also On nam izve´ sten ‘He is known to us’. 5 Note this use of the dative with the infinitive: Hto mne de´ lat;? What am I to do? 6 The dative may also be combined with certain reflexive verbs: Li´deru prixo´ditsq rewa´ t;. The leader has to decide.

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

19

Emu´ xote´ los; uvi´det; prezide´ nta. He wanted to see the President. These expressions are also covered in Unit 12. Note the construction with the reflexive verb nra´ vit;sq (po-) ‘to like’: Im ne nra´ vilas; poli´tika Gorbahe¨ va. They did not like Gorbachev’s policy – literally Gorbachev’s policy was not pleasing to them. 7 The dative is also used with the short adjective nu´'en / nu'na´ / nu´'no / nu'ny´ to translate ‘to need’: Emu´ nu'na´ byla´ po´mo];. He needed help. There are further examples of this construction in Unit 12.

Endings in the dative case Nouns Masculine

Feminine

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

prezide´ ntu

prezide´ ntam

gaze´ te

gaze´ tam

tramva´ [

tramva´ qm

nede´ le

nede´ lqm

kreml[´

kremlq´m

revol[´ cii

revol[´ ciqm

vozmo´'nosti

vozmo´'nostqm

Neuter Singular

Plural

vinu´

vi´nam

zda´ ni[

zda´ niqm

vre´ meni

vremena´ m

20

|

Russia and the Russian language

Adjectives and pronouns Masculine and Neuter

Feminine

Plural

intere´ snomu

intere´ snoj

intere´ snym

dre´ vnemu

dre´ vnej

dre´ vnim

moemu´

moe´ j

moi´m

tvoemu´

tvoe´ j

tvoi´m

na´ wemu

na´ wej

na´ wim

va´ wemu

va´ wej

va´ wim

\´tomu

\´toj

\´tim

tomu´

toj

tem

vsemu´

vsej

vsem

h;emu´

h;ej

h;im

Singular

Plural

q

mne

my

nam

ty

tebe´

vy

vam

on / ono´

emu´

oni´

im

ona´

ej

kto

komu´

hto

hemu´

Exercise 7 Put the words in brackets into the dative. Iz zapi´sok 'urnali´ sta Te¨ ploe a´ vgustovskoe u´tro 1991 go´da. My e´dem po (Sado´voe kol;co´) k (Be´lyj dom). My u'e´ sly´ wali iz pereda´ h po (ra´ dio), i po (televi´denie) o popy´ tke perevoro´ta. Esli sudi´t; po (posle´dnie soob]e´niq) po (ra´ dio), (solda´ ty) ni´kto ne prika´ zyval strelq´t; po (tolpa´ ). Vopro´s v tom, pomo´'et li a´ rmiq (puthi´sty) ili

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

21

prisoedi´nitsq k (demokra´ ty i El;cin), posle´du[t li solda´ ty (prika´ zy) iz Kremlq´? V golove´ prono´sqtsq ra´ znye my´ sli. Pohemu´ \´to proizowlo´? Kto vinova´ t? Neu'e´li, Gorbahe¨ v? (Puthi´sty) ne nra´ vilas; poli´tika Gorbahe¨ va? (Gorbahe¨ v) na´ do by´ lo de´jstvovat; rewi´tel;nee? Sejha´ s (on) nu'na´ podde´r'ka vsex l[de´j. Tepe´r; (vse demokra´ ty i El;cin) ugro'a´ et are´st? Vokru´g Be´logo do´ma – to´lpy naro´da. (My) pohti´ nevozmo´'no projti´ bli´'e k (zda´ nie) Be´logo do´ma, no (my) tak xo´hetsq usly´ wat; El;cina. On stoi´t na ta´ nke i obra]a´ etsq k (naro´d). Vse polny´ \ntuzia´ zma pomo´h; (on i ego´ sora´ tniki). K (obe´d) powe¨ l do'd;, no nikto´ ne xote´l uxodi´t;. (Vse) xote´los; byt; ha´ st;[ isto´rii.

Vocabulary ♦ v golove´ prono´sqtsq my´ sli vinova´ t de´ jstvovat; neu'e´ li obra]a´ t;sq k pereda´ ha po televi´deni[ posle´ dnee soob]e´ nie prika´ z / prika´ zyvat; prisoedini´t;sq k strelq´t; sudi´t; po hast;

thoughts run through (my) mind guilty, to blame to act really? is it possible? to address television broadcast latest report order / to order to join to shoot to judge by part

Exercise 8 Answer the questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5 6

What was the weather like on the nineteenth of August? How had the writer heard about the attempted coup? What reasons for the coup are suggested? Was it clear which side the army was on? Where did the crowds congregate? Who addressed them and from where?

22

|

Russia and the Russian language

Instrumental case Uses of the instrumental case 1 The instrumental case is used to translate ‘by’ or ‘with’ referring to the instrument with which an action is performed: pisa´ t; karandawo´m ‘to write with a pencil’; okru'a´ t; ta´nkami ‘to encircle with tanks’. Note its use after certain verbs indicating movement of parts of the body: maxa´ t; ruko´j ‘to wave (with) one’s hand’; kiva´ t; / kivnu´t; golovo´j ‘to shake one’s head’; po'ima´ t; pleha´mi ‘to shrug one’s shoulders’. There is further information on how the instrumental is used to translate ‘by’ in Unit 10. 2 It is also used after certain prepositions: za me´ 'du nad pe´ red pod s

behind, beyond, for (to fetch) between over in front of, before under (place) with (accompanied by)

There is more information on the uses of za in Unit 8 and on s in Units 5 and 6. 3 The instrumental is frequently used as the complement of byt; ‘to be’ when this verb is in the past or future tense or the infinitive: On xote´ l byt; prezide´ ntom ‘He wanted to be president’. 4 The instrumental case is used after several verbs: zanima´ t;sq / zanq´t;sq interesova´ t;sq (za-) oka´ zyvat;sq / okaza´ t;sq ostava´ t;sq / osta´ t;sq po´l;zovat;sq (vos-) stanovi´t;sq / stat; uvleka´ t;sq / uvle´ h;sq upravlq´t; qvlq´t;sq

to be engaged in, occupied with to be interested in to turn out to be to remain as to use, enjoy to become to be keen on control, manage, govern to seem, be

There is information on these and other verbs with the instrumental in Unit 6.

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

23

5 The instrumental occurs in certain adverbial expressions of time: u´trom in the morning ve´ herom in the evening vesno´j in spring o´sen;[ in autumn ce´ lymi dnq´mi for days on end

dne¨ m in the daytime no´h;[ at night le´ tom in summer zimo´j in winter

and in some expressions of manner: we¨ potom in a whisper

bego´m at a run

Note also the phrases taki´ m o´brazom ‘in that way, thus’; and drugi´mi slova´ mi ‘in other words’. 6 The instrumental is also used in defining dimensions: vysoto´j in height ro´stom tall

dlino´j in length wirino´j in width

reka´ wirino´j v de´ sqt; me´ trov a river ten metres wide

Endings in the instrumental case Nouns Masculine

Feminine

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

prezide´ ntom

prezide´ ntami

gaze´ toj

gaze´ tami

tramva´ em

tramva´ qmi

nede´ lej

nede´ lqmi

roq´lem

roq´lqmi

revol[´ ciej

revol[´ ciqmi

kremle¨ m

kremlq´mi

vozmo´'nost;[

vozmo´'nostqmi

Neuter Singular

Plural

vino´m

vi´nami

zda´ niem

zda´ niqmi

vre´ menem

vremena´ mi

24

|

Russia and the Russian language

Notes: 1 Do not forget the possible impact of the spelling rule: vrah – vraho´m ‘doctor’; tova´ ri] – tova´ ri]em ‘comrade’; gosti´nica – gosti´nicej ‘hotel’. 2 If the ending is stressed, -em and -ej are replaced by -e¨ m or -e¨ j: zemlq´ – zemle¨ j ‘earth’. 3 The instrumental of masculine surnames ending in -ov, -e¨ v, -in, -yn is ym: El;cin – El;cinym. Otherwise they decline like nouns. For the complete declension, including feminine and plural surnames, see the tables at the back of the book.

Adjectives and pronouns Masculine and Neuter

Feminine

Plural

intere´ snym

intere´ snoj

intere´ snymi

dre´ vnim

dre´ vnej

dre´ vnimi

moi´m

moe´ j

moi´mi

tvoi´m

tvoe´ j

tvoi´mi

na´ wim

na´ wej

na´ wimi

va´ wim

va´ wej

va´ wimi

\´tim

\´toj

\´timi

tem

toj

te´ mi

vsem

vsej

vse´ mi

h;im

h;ej

h;i´mi

Singular

Plural

q

mnoj

my

na´ mi

ty

tobo´j

vy

va´ mi

on / ono´

im

oni´

i´mi

ona´

ej

kto

kem

hto

hem

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

25

Exercise 9 Put the words in brackets into the instrumental. (Utro) 20 a´ vgusta situa´ ciq sta´ la bo´lee (qsnaq). V \´tot den; El;cin stal (si´mvol) demokra´ tii: pod (ego´ rukovo´dstvo) ode´r'ana pobe´da nad (kommunisti´heskaq nomenklatu´ra). Gorbahe¨ v bo´l;we ne po´l;zuetsq (populq´rnost;) sredi rossi´jskix demokra´ tov. Nerewi´tel;nost; Gorbahe¨ va qvi´las; (glavnaq prihi´na) kri´zisa ego´ poli´tiki. (Tako´j o´braz) El;cin s (ego´ xarizmati´heskij avtorite´t i tve¨ rdaq uve´rennost;) stal (gla´ vnaq politi´heskaq sila´ ) v Rossi´i.

Vocabulary ♦ nerewi´tel;nost; ode´ r'ana pobe´ da rukovo´dstvo tve¨ rdaq uve´ rennost;

indecision victory was achieved leadership unshakeable confidence

Prepositional case Uses of the prepositional case The prepositional case is used after certain prepositions: v ‘in’ (place); na ‘on, at’ (place); o / ob / obo ‘about, concerning’; pri ‘at the time of, in the presence of, adjoining’. More information about v may be found in Units 4 and 12, about na in Unit 2 and about o / ob / obo in Unit 6.

Endings in the prepositional case Nouns Masculine

Feminine

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

prezide´ nte

prezide´ ntax

gaze´ te

gaze´ tax

tramva´ e

tramva´ qx

nede´ le

nede´ lqx

kremle´

kremlq´x

revol[´ cii

revol[´ ciqx

vozmo´'nosti

vozmo´'nostqx

26

|

Russia and the Russian language

Neuter Singular

Plural

vine´

vi´nax

mo´re

morq´x

zda´ nii

zda´ niqx

vre´ meni

vremena´ x

Note: Certain masculine nouns take the ending -u´ after the prepositions v and na, though not after other prepositions taking the prepositional case. These nouns include: les – v lesu´ ‘in the forest’; be´ reg – na beregu´ ‘on the bank’; pol – na polu´ ‘on the floor’; sad – v sadu´ ‘in the garden’; ugol – v uglu´ ‘in the corner’; god – v pro´wlom godu´ ‘last year’; wkaf – v wkafu´ ‘in the cupboard’; Krym – v Krymu´ ‘in the Crimea’.

Adjectives and pronouns Masculine and Neuter

Feminine

Plural

intere´ snom

intere´ snoj

intere´ snyx

dre´ vnem

dre´ vnej

dre´ vnix

moe¨ m

moe´ j

moi´x

tvoe¨ m

tvoe´ j

tvoi´x

na´ wem

na´ wej

na´ wix

va´ wem

va´ wej

va´ wix

\´tom

\´toj

\´tix

tom

toj

tex

vse¨ m

vsej

vsex

h;e¨ m

h;ej

h;ix

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

Singular

|

27

Plural

q

mne

my

nas

ty on / ono´

tebe´

vy

vas

ne¨ m

oni´

nix

ona´

nej

kto

kom

hto

he¨ m

Exercise 10 Put the words in brackets into the prepositional case. 1 Be´lyj dom naxo´ditsq v (centr) Moskvy´ na (Krasnopre´snenskaq na´ ber'naq). 2 Vo vre´mq perevoro´ta Gorbahe¨ v byl v (Krym) na (be´reg) mo´rq. 3 V (zda´ nie) Be´logo do´ma zaseda´ et parla´ ment Rossi´i. 4 Intere´sno sly´ wat; ob (\´ti soby´ tiq) v (va´ wa strana´ ). 5 Mili´ciq byla´ na (plo´]ad;) o´kolo Be´logo do´ma. 6 O (kto) ide¨ t reh;? O (li´dery) perevoro´ta? Q nihego´ ne zna´ [ o (oni´). 7 El;cin byl v (Be´lyj dom) a organiza´ tory perevoro´ta by´ li v (Kreml;).

Vocabulary ♦ zaseda´ t;

to sit (of parliament)

Exercise 11 Answer the questions in Russian. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Gde Gde Gde Gde Gde Gde Gde

naxo´ditsq Be´lyj dom? byl Gorbahe¨ v vo vre´mq perevoro´ta? naxo´ditsq Krym? zaseda´ et parla´ ment? byla´ mili´ciq? byl El;cin? by´ li organiza´ tory perevoro´ta?

28

|

Russia and the Russian language

Reflexive pronouns In addition to the personal pronouns and possessive pronouns referred to above, there is the reflexive pronoun sebq´ and the reflexive possessive pronoun svoj. Sebq´ means myself, yourself, himself etc. referring back to the subject of the verb. In consequence, it has no nominative. The other forms, common to all genders, singular and plural are: acc. / gen. sebq´; dat. sebe´ ; instr. sobo´j; prep. sebe´ : Ona du´maet to´l;ko o sebe´ . She thinks only of herself. The endings of svoj are the same as those of moj and tvoj. It translates any possessive – ‘my’, ‘your’, ‘his’ etc., provided it refers back to ownership by the subject of the verb. On l[´ bit svo[´ rabo´tu. He loves his work. To use ego´ in this sentence would mean it was someone else’s work. In sentences with a first or second person subject svoj may be used as an alternative to the first or second person possessive: My l[´ bim na´ wu / svo[´ rabo´tu. We love our work.

Sam Sam is the emphatic pronoun ‘self’: Ona´ sama´ sde´ lala. She did it herself. The full declension is in the grammar summary.

Short form adjectives The adjectives referred to earlier are all long or attributive adjectives. There are also short or predicative adjectives. They are used only in the predicate of the sentence, separated from the noun or pronoun they describe by the verb ‘to be’: Kni´ ga byla´ intere´ sna. The book was interesting. To form a short adjective remove the -yj or -ij from the long adjective. This gives you the masculine. For the feminine add -a, for the

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

29

neuter -o, and the plural -y: zdoro´vyj ‘healthy’ – zdoro´v, zdoro´va, zdoro´vo, zdoro´vy. If the masculine form ends in two consonants a vowel is sometimes inserted between them; intere´ snyj – intere´ sen. Some adjectives, including those ending in -skij, have no short form.

Adverbs Adverbs are formed in the same way as neuter short form adjectives. By´ stryj ‘quick’ – by´ stro ‘quickly’: on ide¨ t by´ stro ‘he is walking quickly’.

Verbs Compared with English, Russian has very few tenses: one present, two future and two past. Verbs fall mostly into two conjugations, or patterns of endings: first and second. First conjugation verbs may often be recognised by their infinitive ending in -at; or -qt;: de´ lat; ‘to do, make’; terq´t; ‘to lose’. Second conjugation verbs more often end in -it; or -et;: govori´ t; ‘to speak’; smotre´ t; ‘to look at’. However, there are a small number of second conjugation verbs ending in -at; and -qt; and irregular first conjugation verbs ending in -it;, -et;, -ti. Note that tables of the endings on verbs are given at the back of the book.

Formation of the present tense – first conjugation Regular first conjugation verbs ending in -at; or -qt; – remove the -t; from the infinitive and add: -[, -ew; -et, -em -ete, -[t:

de´ lat; q de´ la[,

my de´ laem

ty de´ laew;,

vy de´ laete

on / ona´ / ono´ de´ laet

oni´ de´ la[t

Remember that, as there is only one present tense in Russian, q de´ la[ may translate as either ‘I do’ or ‘I am doing’, dependent on the context.

30

|

Russia and the Russian language

In addition to regular first conjugation verbs there are also verbs which take regular first conjugation endings, but their present tense stem is different from the infinitive stem, so it has to be learnt. Where the present tense stem ends in a vowel, the endings are the same as on de´ lat; and, where it ends in a consonant, the endings are -u, -ew;, -et, -em, -ete, -ut. If the ending is stressed, e is replaced by e¨ : myt; ‘to wash’ q mo´[ ty mo´ew; on / ona´ / ono´ mo´et

my mo´em vy mo´ete oni´ mo´[t

pisa´ t; ‘to write’ q piwu´ ty pi´ wew; on / ona´ / ono´ pi´wet

my pi´wem vy pi´ wete oni´ pi´wut

idti´ ‘to go’ q idu´ ty ide¨ w; on / ona´ / ono´ ide¨ t

my ide¨ m vy ide¨ te oni´ idu´t

Much more about the stress of present tense of verbs may be found in Unit 10. Verbs with infinitives ending in -avat; drop the syllable -av- in the present tense; verbs ending in -ovat; replace the -ov- by -u- and those ending in -evat; replace the -ev- by -[-: dava´ t; ‘to give’ q da[´ ty dae¨ w; on / ona´ / ono´ dae¨ t

my dae¨ m vy dae¨ te oni´ da[´ t

sove´ tovat; ‘to advise’ q sove´ tu[ ty sove´ tuew; on / ona´ / ono´ sove´ tuet

my sove´ tuem vy sove´ tuete oni sove´ tu[t

voeva´ t; ‘to wage war’ q vo[´ [ ty vo[´ ew; on / ona´ / ono´ vo[´ et

my vo[´ em vy vo[´ ete oni vo[´ [t

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

31

Watch out for the effect of the spelling rules on such verbs: tanceva´ t; ‘to dance’: tancu´[, tancu´ew;, tancu´et, tancu´em, tancu´ete, tancu´[t.

Second conjugation Remove the last three letters from the infinitive and add the endings: -[, -iw;, -it, -im, -ite, -qt. Some second conjugation verbs are also affected by the spelling rules: govori´t; ‘to speak’ q govor[´ ty govori´w; on / ona´ / ono´ govori´ t

my govori´m vy govori´ te oni´ govorq´t

der'a´ t; ‘to hold’ q der'u´ ty de´ r'iw; on / ona´ / ono´ de´ r'it

my de´ r'im vy de´ r'ite oni de´ r'at

If the stem of a second conjugation verb ends in the consonants -d, -t, -s, -z, -st, that consonant will change in the first person singular (q form) only. Other forms are regular. If the stem ends in -b, -v, -p, -f, and -m an -l- is inserted between the stem and the ending in the first person singular only: vodi´t; to lead plati´ t; to pay prosi´ t; to ask vozi´ t; to convey sviste´ t; to whistle l[bi´t; to love

q q q q q q

vo'u´ plahu´ prowu´ vo'u´ svi]u´ l[bl[´

ty ty ty ty ty ty

vo´diw; pla´ tiw; pro´siw; vo´ziw; svisti´w; l[´ biw;

Irregular verbs There are a small number of irregular verbs in Russian: moh; ‘to be able’

mogu´ mo´'ew; mo´'et

mo´'em mo´'ete mo´gut

be'a´ t; ‘to run’

begu´ be'i´w; be'i´t

be'i´ m be'i´ te begu´t

32

|

Russia and the Russian language

xote´ t; ‘to want’

xohu´ xo´hew; xo´het

xoti´m xoti´te xotq´t

est; ‘to eat’

em ew; est

edi´m edi´te edq´t

Reflexive verbs Add -sq after a consonant or -; and -s; after a vowel: vstreha´ t;sq ‘to meet’

vstreha´ [s; vstreha´ ew;sq vstreha´ etsq

vstreha´ emsq vstreha´ etes; vstreha´ [tsq

There is much more information about reflexive verbs in Unit 4.

The verb ‘to be’ Byt; has no present tense. For alternative ways of translating ‘to be’ see Unit 6.

Use of the present tense In addition to a straight translation for one of the English present tenses, Russian uses the present tense in some additional circumstances. Actions which started in the past and are continuing in the present are conveyed in Russian by the use of the present tense: Q u'e´ hety´ re go´da zanima´ [s; ru´sskim qzyko´m. I have been studying Russian for four years already. In indirect speech or questions Russian uses the tense in which the original statement or question was made. This frequently means that Russian uses the present tense where English uses the past: Q sprosi´ la ego´, zanima´ etsq li on ru´sskim qzyko´m. I asked him whether he was studying Russian. On skaza´ l, hto on zanima´ etsq ru´sskim qzyko´m. He said that he was studying Russian. Verbs of motion have two different present tenses, which have some similarities to the two present tenses in English. This is explained fully in Unit 2.

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

33

Exercise 12 Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the present tense. Sove´tskij So[´ z bo´l;we ne (su]estvova´ t;). By´ vwie respu´bliki tepe´r; (qvlq´t;sq) nezavi´simymi gosuda´ rstvami. Okolo dvadcati´ respu´blik (vxodi´t;) v sosta´ v Rossi´jskoj Federa´ cii. Parla´ ment RF (nazyva´ t;sq) Du´ma. On (sostoq´t;) iz dvux pala´ t. @urnali´sty ha´ sto (pisa´ t;), hto rossiq´ne ne (interesova´ t;sq) poli´tikoj. Oni´ bo´l;we ne (doverq´t;) poli´tikam. Q (shita´ t;), hto oni´ pravy´ . A Vy? Kak Vy (du´mat;)? Net, my ne (moh;) soglasi´t;sq! My (podde´r'ivat;) prezide´nta i vo vse¨ m (soglawa´ t;sq) s nim!

Aspects There are, in the overwhelming number of cases, two Russian verb infinitives for every English one. For example ‘to do’ may be de´ lat; or sde´ lat;. The first of these is the imperfective infinitive, or infinitive of the imperfective aspect and the second is the perfective infinitive or infinitive of the imperfective aspect. The present tense is formed from the imperfective infinitive. There are both imperfective and perfective past and future tenses formed from the respective infinitives.

Formation of the imperfective future The imperfective future is formed from the future tense of byt; ‘to be’ + the imperfective infinitive: q bu´du de´ lat; ty bu´dew; de´ lat; on / ona´ / ono´ bu´det de´ lat;

my bu´dem de´ lat; vy bu´dete de´ lat; oni´ bu´dut de´ lat;

The formation is exactly the same for the second conjugation and for irregular verbs: q bu´du govori´ t;, etc; q bu´du est;, etc.

34

|

Russia and the Russian language

Formation of the perfective future The perfective future is formed in the same way as the present tense, but using the perfective infinitive. Note the irregular perfective dat;: sde´ lat; ‘to do’

sde´ la[ sde´ laew; sde´ laet

sde´ laem sde´ laete sde´ la[t

dat; ‘to give’

dam daw; dast

dadi´m dadi´te dadu´t

Formation of the imperfective and perfective past Both the imperfective and perfective past are formed in the same way, but from their respective infinitives. Where the infinitive of a Russian verb ends in -t; the past tense is generally formed by removing the -t; and replacing it by: -l (masculine singular), -la (feminine singular), -lo (neuter singular), -li (plural all genders): de´ lat; sde´ lat;

– –

de´ lal de´ lala de´ lalo de´ lali sde´ lal sde´ lala sde´ lalo sde´ lali

Note, however, the following exceptions: – Verbs ending in -ere´ t;: umere´ t; ‘to die’ u´mer umerla´

u´merlo

u´merli

– Some verbs ending in -nut; drop the -nut; in the masculine: privy´ knut; ‘to get used to’ privy´ k privy´ kla

privy´ klo

privy´ kli

vozni´ knut; ‘to arise’ vozni´ k vozni´kla

vozni´klo

vozni´kli

kri´knut; ‘to shout’ kri´knul kri´knula

kri´knulo

kri´ knuli

pry´ gnut; ‘to jump’ pry´ gnul pry´ gnula

pry´ gnulo

pry´ gnuli

but note

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

35

– Verbs ending in -st; remove the -st; before adding the past tense endings: past; ‘to fall’ est;

pa´ la e´ la

pal e´ l

pa´ lo e´ lo

pa´ li e´ li

– Verbs ending in -ti: idti´ nesti´ to carry vesti´ to lead rasti´ to grow

we¨ l, wla, wlo, wli ne¨ s, nesla´ , neslo´, nesli´ ve¨ l, vela´ , velo´, veli´ ros, rosla´ , roslo´, rosli´

– Verbs ending in -h;: teh; to flow leh; to lie down moh; dosti´h; to achieve

te¨ k, tekla´ , teklo´, tekli´ le¨ g, legla´ , leglo´, legli´ mog, mogla´ , moglo´, mogli´ dosti´g, dosti´gla, dosti´ glo, dosti´gli

Imperfective and perfective pairs The perfective is often differentiated from the imperfective by the addition of a prefix. Common prefixes include: vy-, za-, na-, o-, ot-, pere-, po-, pod-, pri-, pro-, s-, u-: pit; / vy´ pit; to drink hita´ t; / prohita´ t; to read pisa´ t; / napisa´ t; de´ lat; / sde´ lat; Other pairs are differentiated by a suffix: rewa´ t; / rewi´t; to decide pose]a´ t; / poseti´t; to visit vstava´ t; / vstat; dava´ t; / dat; sobira´ t; / sobra´ t; to collect nadeva´ t; / nade´ t; to put on or by the presence of the infix -yv- or -iv- in the imperfective: podpi´ syvat; / podpisa´ t; ‘to sign’. For more about verbs of this type see Unit 14. Govori´t; has two perfectives: skaza´ t; ‘to say, tell’ and pogovori´ t; ‘to talk, speak’. Some other unusual perfective pairs include: brat; / vzqt; ‘to take’; pokupa´ t; / kupi´t; ‘to buy’; stanovi´t;sq / stat; ‘to become’.

36

|

Russia and the Russian language

Difference in usage between the imperfective and perfective aspects Imperfective aspect 1 Unfinished or continuous actions: On ce´ lyj den; smotre´ l televi´zor. He was watching / watched television all day. Za´ vtra q bu´du rabo´tat; v sadu´. Tomorrow I will work in the garden. 2 Habitual or repeated actions: My ha´ sto igra´ li v te´ nnis \´ tim le´ tom. We often played / used to play tennis that summer. Oni´ bu´dut pla´ vat; v mo´re ka´ 'dyj den;. They will be swimming / will swim in the sea every day. 3 Emphasis on the process of the verb: Q l[bl[´ kata´ t;sq na ly´ 'ax. I love skiing. 4 After the verbs nahina´ t; / naha´ t; and stat; ‘to begin’; konha´ t; / ko´nhit; ‘to finish’; prodol'a´ t; ‘to continue’ and some other verbs with similar meanings, the imperfective infinitive is always used: Q to´l;ko hto ko´nhila rabo´tat; nad \´toj kni´goj. I have only just finished working on this book. For other verbs meaning ‘to stop’ see Unit 14.

Perfective aspect 1 Emphasis on completion or result. This may be a single action: On ko´nhil rabo´tu. He finished the work. Vy dol'ny´ prohita´ t; \´ tu kni´gu sego´dnq. You must read (finish reading) that book today. or a series of actions, each one completed before the next one starts: Q vsta´ nu, primu´ duw i ode´ nus;. I will get up, take a shower and get dressed.

Rossiq i Russkij Qzyk

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

37

2 Some perfectives with the prefix po- imply that the action is performed for a short time only: My poside´ li v sadu´ i powli´ domo´j. We sat in the garden for a while and went home. For aspects in relation to verbs of motion see Unit 2.

Subjunctive In addition to the five tenses described above Russian also has a subjunctive, formed by using the particle by with the past tense: Q sde´ lala by ‘I would have done it’. Fuller information on the subjunctive is given in Unit 11.

Imperative The third person imperative may be formed from either the imperfective or perfective verb: de´ laj(te), sde´ laj(te) ‘do!’. For fuller information on this imperative see Unit 2. Dava´ j / dava´ jte, imperative of dava´ t;, is used with the first person plural (my form) of the future perfective to form a first person imperative: Dava´ jte sde´ laem ‘Let’s do it’.

Exercise 13 Choose the appropriate verb form from the alternatives in brackets. Raspa´ d SSSR Pe´rvyj konfli´kt v Sove´tskom So[´ ze (sluhi´tsq / sluhi´lsq) e]e¨ v 1986g v Alma Ate´. Zate´m v 1989g (nahina´ lsq / nahalsq´) konfli´kt me´'du Arme´niej i Azerbajd'a´ nom po po´vodu Nago´rnogo Karaba´ xa. A s 1989 konfli´kty sta´ li (voznika´ t; / vozni´knut;) prakti´heski povs[´ du: na Ukrai´ne i Kavka´ ze, v Molda´ vii i Priba´ ltike. Sove´tskoe rukovo´dstvo snaha´ la ne (ponima´ lo / po´nqlo) isto´kov \´tix konfli´ktov. Odna´ ko primene´nie si´ly v Ri´ge i Vi´l;n[se v qnvare´ 1991g uspe´xa ne (prinosi´lo / prineslo´). (Nahina´ lis; / nahali´s;) peregovo´ry o no´vom so[´ znom dogovo´re. Konfederati´vnyj xara´ kter predlo'e´nij (vyzyva´ l / vy´ zval) nedovo´l;stvo so storony´ konserva´ torov i (voznika´ la / vozni´kla) ide´q perevoro´ta pro´tiv refo´rm voob]e´. Pobe´da nad puthi´stami (privodi´la / privela´ ) k nekontroli´ruemomu raspa´ du SSSR. V dekabre´ 1991g prezide´nty

38

|

Russia and the Russian language

Rossi´i, Ukrai´ny i Beloru´ssii (podpi´syvali / podpisa´ li) soglawe´nie o likvida´ cii SSSR i sozda´ nii Sodru´'estva Nezavi´simyx Gosuda´ rstv.

Vocabulary ♦ voznika´ t; / vozni´knut; dogovo´r isto´k nedovo´l;stvo peregovo´ry po po´vodu povs[´ du podpi´syvat; / podpisa´ t; soglawe´ nie predlo'e´ nie primene´ nie si´ly prinosi´t; / prinesti´ uspe´ x sluhi´t;sq sozda´ nie Sodru´'estvo Nezavi´simyx Gosuda´ rstv

to arise treaty source dissatisfaction negotiations on the subject of everywhere to sign an agreement proposal use of force to bring success to happen creation Commonwealth of Independent States

Exercise 14 Answer the questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5

Where did the first conflict break out in the Soviet Union? What did Armenia and Azerbaidjan fall out about? Where did conflicts break out in 1989? How did the leadership try to subdue the Baltic States in 1991? What was it about the proposals for a new Union treaty which upset the conservative faction in government? 6 Who signed the agreement to abolish the Soviet Union? 7 What was its substance?

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

2 TRANSPORT

In this unit you will learn: ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗

about the transport system in Russia to use the imperative how to form the comparative more about the preposition na

Because of Russia’s immense size, rail and air are the most important modes of transport. Travel by rail is still reliable and cheap, as it was in Soviet times. Although more investment is needed for construction and track maintenance, especially in the remote regions where climatic conditions are very difficult, there have been considerable recent improvements. Compared with Soviet times domestic air travel is expensive and the number of internal flights has been reduced. Although dozens of private airlines were set up after the break-up of the Soviet state airline, Aeroflot, they do not offer the same comprehensive service to provincial towns. Road transport is slow as there is no motorway system and roads are not well-maintained outside major cities.

40

|

Transport

Dialogue 1 A conversation between a passenger and a booking clerk at Moscow’s International Airport Sheremet'evo 2 P ASSA@I´ R

K ASSI´ R P ASSA@I´ R K ASSI´ R

P ASSA@I´ R K ASSI´ R P ASSA@I´ R K ASSI´ R

P ASSA@I´ R K ASSI´ R P ASSA@I´ R K ASSI´ R

P ASSA@I´ R K ASSI´ R

Ska'i´te, po'a´ lujsta, zdes; proda[´ tsq bile´ty na samole¨ t? Q to´l;ko hto prilete´l iz Lo´ndona. Mne nu´'no lete´t; v Irku´tsk. Da, kone´hno. A kako´j kompa´ niej Vy xoti´te lete´t;? U nas sejha´ s mno´go aviakompa´ nij. A kaka´ q kompa´ niq dewe´vle? Dewe´vle lete´t; Transa\´ro, A\roflo´tom nemno´go doro´'e. No vam udo´bnee lete´t; A\roflo´tom. Samole¨ ty A\roflo´ta otpravlq´[tsq s termina´ la Wereme´t;evo odi´n, |to nedaleko´ ots[´ da. Xorowo´, polehu´ A\roflo´tom. Kogda´ vyleta´ et samole¨ t? Est; dva re´jsa. Odi´n – he´rez 2 hasa´ , a drugo´j – nohno´j rejs. Po'a´ luj, polehu´ pe´rvym re´jsom. A sko´l;ko sto´it bile´t? Sto´imost; bile´ta tuda´ i obra´ tno vmeste s nalo´gom – 250 do´llarov. |to e´sli Vy leti´te \konomi´heskim kla´ ssom. Kak Vy bu´dete plati´t;? Nali´hnymi i´li kredi´tnoj ka´ rtoj? Kredi´tnoj ka´ rtoj. A kak dobra´ t;sq do Wereme´t;evo odi´n? Mo´'no dobra´ t;sq re´jsovym avto´busom i´li marwru´tnym taksi´. Lu´hwe poez'a´ jte marwru´tnym taksi´. Tak bystre´e. A gde ostana´ vlivaetsq taksi´? Stoq´nka tut rq´dom. Idi´te prq´mo po korido´ru, poverni´te napra´ vo, i prq´mo u vy´ xoda iz a\ropo´rta Vy uvi´dite marwru´tnye taksi´. A q ne opozda´ [ na registra´ ci[? Kone´hno, ne opozda´ ete. He´rez 10 minu´t Vy bu´dete v Wereme´t;evo odi´n. To´l;ko prigoto´v;te zara´ nee bile´t, pa´ sport, vse Va´ wi dokume´nty. Ne zabu´d;te baga´ '! I vse¨ bu´det v porq´dke!

Vocabulary ♦ dobra´ t;sq do zara´ nee

to get to in advance

Transport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

marwru´tnoe taksi´ me'dunaro´dnyj nalo´g nohno´j rejs opozda´ t; na (+ acc) otpravlq´t;sq povernu´t; po'a´ luj re´ jsovyj avto´bus sto´imost; (f ) stoq´nka to´l;ko hto

|

41

minibus international tax night flight to be late for to set off, depart to turn perhaps regular bus cost (taxi) rank, stop just

N.B. bile´ t tuda´ i obra´ tno – return ticket; plati´t; nali´hnymi – to pay cash; vse¨ bu´det v porq´dke – everything will be OK

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5

What airlines operate within Russia? What are the methods of payment for an air ticket? What does a ticket to Irkutsk cost? How do you get to Sheremet'evo Terminal 1 from Terminal 2? What do you need to check-in?

Language points ♦ Imperatives In the above dialogue there are several examples of the second person imperative: Ska'i´ te po'a´ lujsta Idi´te prq´mo

tell (me ) please go straight on

Imperatives can be formed from either imperfective or perfective verbs. Remove the last two letters from the third person plural (oni´ form) of the present or future perfective to find the stem of the verb. Add -i if the stem ends in a consonant or -j if it ends in a vowel: idti´ – idu´t – id – idi´ ‘go!’; hita´ t; – hita´ [t – hita – hita´ j ‘read!’.

42

|

Transport

Verbs with their stem ending in a single consonant that are stressed on the stem throughout their conjugation take the imperative ending -;: zaby´ t; – zabu´dut – zabud – zabu´d; ‘forget’. For the plural or polite form add -te: idi´te, hita´ jte, zabu´d;te. The reflexive ending is -sq after -j or -; and -s; after -i or -te: odeva´ jsq, odeva´ jtes;; ode´ n;sq, ode´ n;tes; ‘dress’. Verbs ending in -avat; form their imperative irregularly: dava´ t; ´ t – dava´ j(te) ‘give’; vstava´ t; – vsta[´ t – vstava´ j(te) ‘stand’. – da[ Note also est; – ew;(te) ‘eat’ and pit; – pej(te) ‘drink’. Stress is on the same syllable in the imperative as in the first person singular (q form): pisa´ t; – piwu´ – piwi´ (te) ‘write’. The imperative of poe´ xat; is poez'a´ j(te). Generally the imperfective imperative is used to express general injunctions to perform or refrain from actions. It is often found in negative sentences: Ne terq´jte bilet!

Do not lose your ticket!

A perfective imperative relates to one particular occasion: Poverni´ te napra´ vo!

Turn right!

Exercise 2 Put the verb in brackets into the imperative to complete the sentence. Example: (Bro´sit;) mu´sor v korzi´nu. – Bro´s;te mu´sor v korzi´nu! 1 (Ostanovi´t;) mawi´nu. 2 (Zakaza´ t;) gosti´nicu. 3 (Porekomendova´ t;) xoro´wij bank. 4 (Kupi´t;) aviabile´t. 5 (Zakry´ t;) dver;. 6 (Postro´it;) no´vu[ doro´gu. 7 (Poe´xat;) do Peterbu´rga. 8 (Oplati´t;) poe´zdku. 9 (Provodi´t;) passa'i´ra k po´ezdu. 10 (Prigoto´vit;sq) k pole¨ tu.

Exercise 3 Examine the special offer from Transaero Airline (shown on p. 43). Answer the questions in English. 1 What flights does Transaero have? 2 What planes does the company use?

Transport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

43

TRANSA|RO aviakompaniq SPECIAL:NOE PREDLO@ENIE: XITROU – MOSKVA ot £199 (+nalog £26.10) Rossijskaq aviakompaniq TRANSA|RO su]estvuet na rynke bolee 8 let i vypolnqet regulqrnye rejsy iz Moskvy (Domodedovo) v Sankt-Peterburg, Vladivostok, Omsk, Noril;sk, Krasnoqrsk, Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Orel, Ni'nevartovsk, Almaty, Astanu, Karagandu, Tawkent, Kiev, Odessu, London, Frankfurt, Tel;-Aviv, |jlat (Izrail;), Pafos (Kipr). ●

●

●

●

Rejsy me'du Londonom i Moskvoj vypolnq[tsq na novyx sovremennyx samoletax Boing 737–700. Dlq passa'irov, pribyva[]ix v Moskvu rejsom iz Londona, predostavlqetsq besplatnyj transport ot a\roporta do centra Moskvy. Na bortu samoleta passa'iram predlagaetsq novoe uluhwennoe men[. K uslugam passa'irov biznesklassa – komfortabel;nye biznes-zaly v a\roportax Xitrou i Domodedovo.

XITROU (Terminal-2) – MOSKVA (Domodedovo) e'ednevno Nomer rejsa

Vylet

Prilet

Tip samoleta

UN 344

22.05

05.10

Boing 737–700

MOSKVA (Domodedovo) – XITROU (Terminal-2) e'ednevno Nomer rejsa

Vylet

Prilet

Tip samoleta

UN 344

13.20

14.25

Boing 737–700

Zabronirovat; i priobresti bilety mo'no v ofise v Londone

N.B. su]estvova´ t; – to exist; predlaga´ t;sq – to be offered; predostavlq´t;sq – to be offered; vypolnq´t; rejs – to fly; ulu´hwennoe men[´ – improved menu; e'edne´ vno – daily; zabroni´rovat; – to book; priobresti´ – to acquire

44

3 4 5 6

|

Transport

From which airports does the company fly? What additional services does the company offer? What is the cost of a flight from London to Moscow? What time does the flight arrive in London?

Text 1 @ele´ znye doro´gi Rossi´ i

@ele´znye doro´gi – nade¨ 'nyj i dewe¨ vyj vid rossi´jskogo tra´ nsporta. V evrope´jskoj ha´ sti Rossi´i ix struktu´ra napomina´ et giga´ ntskoe koleso´. Ego´ centr – Moskva´ . Ot nee¨ v ra´ znye sto´rony idu´t ra´ diusy – magistra´ li. No hem vosto´hnee, tem magistra´ lej me´n;we. Po\´tomu stroi´tel;stvo no´vyx 'ele´znyx doro´g ostae¨ tsq va´ 'noj zada´ hej. No stro´it; doro´gi v Rossi´i s ka´ 'dym go´dom stano´vitsq vse¨ doro´'e i trudne´e. Ved; stroi´tel;stvo ide¨ t v bo´lee tq'e¨ lyx klimati´heskix uslo´viqx. Sto´imost; materia´ lov, oboru´dovaniq, truda´ rabo´hix tepe´r; vy´ we. No´voe napravle´nie v stroi´tel;stve 'ele´znyx doro´g – sozda´ nie vysokoskorostny´ x magistra´ lej, koto´rye u'e´ ime´[tsq vo mno´gix stra´ nax mi´ra. Pe´rvu[ taku´[ doro´gu v Rossi´i plani´ru[t postro´it; me´'du Moskvo´j i Sankt-Peterbu´rgom. Poezda´ smo´gut dvi´gat;sq po nej gora´ zdo bystre´e. Odna´ ko \ko´logi vse¨ ha´ ]e

Transport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

pro´tiv stroi´tel;stva taki´x magistra´ lej. Ix argume´nty: v rezul;ta´ te stroi´tel;stva unihto'a´ etsq mno´go zeme´l;, vyruba´ [tsq lesa´ . No s drugo´j storony´ , 'eleznodoro´'nyj tra´ nsport \kologi´heski vse¨ e]e¨ hi´]e drugi´x. On vybra´ syvaet v vo´zdux v 20 raz me´n;we vre´dnyx ve]e´stv, hem avtomobi´l;nyj. Sredi´ 'eleznodoro´'nyx magistra´ lej Mosko´vskaq 'ele´znaq doro´ga zanima´ et oso´boe me´sto. Bu´duhi stoli´hnoj magistra´ l;[ ona´ menq´etsq bystre´e drugi´x. De´vqt; mosko´vskix vokza´ lov – vizi´tnaq ka´ rtohka stoli´cy. Za posle´dnie go´dy u´roven; obslu´'ivaniq na vokza´ lax stal namno´go vy´ we, uslu´g dlq passa'i´rov sta´ lo bo´l;we. Organizu´etsq dvi'e´nie skorostny´ x \lektropoezdo´v s bo´lee vyso´kim komfo´rtom. Oni´ sego´dnq kursi´ru[t do Tu´ly, Rqza´ ni, Vladi´mira, Orla´ , Kalu´gi, Qrosla´ vlq. V taki´x poezda´ x v pe´rvom i vtoro´m kla´ sse dvuxme´stnye mq´gkie kre´sla, rabo´taet bufe´t, vi´deo. Ka´ 'dyj vago´n obslu´'ivaetsq provodniko´m. I, kone´hno, sa´ moe gla´ vnoe – sko´rost; \lektri´hki. Vre´mq v puti´ sta´ lo namno´go koro´he. Naprime´r, do Tu´ly oby´ hnaq \lektri´hka ide¨ t 3 hasa´ 44 minu´ty, a na has me´n;we – 2 hasa´ 33 minu´ty.

Po materia´ lam Nezavi´simoj gaze´ty, 2000

Vocabulary ♦ bu´duhi ved; (emphatic particle) vizi´tnaq ka´ rtohka vre´ dnoe ve]estvo´ vybra´ syvat; vyruba´ t;sq vysokoskorostna´ q magistra´ l; dvi´gat;sq dvi'e´ nie poezdo´v dvuxme´ stnye kre´ sla 'ele´ znaq doro´ga zemlq´

being you see; after all visiting card harmful substance to emit to be cut down high-speed railway to move rail traffic double seats railway land

45

46

|

Transport

koleso´ koro´he kursi´rovat; mq´gkij nade¨ 'nyj napomina´ t; napravle´ nie oboru´dovanie obslu´'ivat;sq ostava´ t;sq zada´ hej provodni´k sko´rost; (f ) skorostno´j \lektropo´ezd sozda´ nie sto´imost; (f ) proe´ zda stoli´hnyj stroi´tel;stvo trud rabo´hix unihto'a´ t;sq u´roven; (m) obslu´'ivaniq uslu´ga hi´]e \lektri´hka

wheel shorter to run soft reliable to resemble trend equipment to be served to remain the task train attendant speed express train creation cost of the journey capital construction labour to be destroyed standard of service service cleaner local (electric) train

N.B. s drugo´j storony´ – on the other hand; vse¨ e]e¨ – still; vre´ mq v puti´ – travel time; sa´ moe gla´ vnoe – the most important thing

Exercise 4 Answer the following questions in English. 1 What does the layout of the railways in European Russia resemble? 2 Why is it ever more difficult to build railways in Russia? 3 What is the new trend in railway construction? 4 Where will the first high-speed rail link run? 5 Why are ecologists opposed to the construction of high-speed railways? 6 What type of transport is ecologically cleanest? 7 What changes are taking place in the Moscow rail network?

Transport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

47

Exercise 5 True or false? 1 Lete´t; A\roflo´tom (doro´'e, dewe´vle, udo´bnee)? 2 Samole¨ t v Irku´tsk vyleta´ et iz a\ropo´rta (Wereme´t;evo odi´n, Wereme´t;evo dva, Domode´dovo)? 3 Putewe´stvovat; na samole¨ te (doro´'e, dewe´vle, nade¨ 'nee), hem na po´ezde? 4 Vysokoskorostny´ e magistra´ li u'e ime´[tsq (v Rossi´i, v za´ padnyx stra´ nax, v Ukrai´ne)? 5 @eleznodoro´'nyj tra´ nsport (grqzne´e, hi´]e, opa´ snee) avtomobi´l;nogo tra´ nsporta? 6 Uroven; obslu´'ivaniq na vokza´ lax stal (lu´hwe, xu´'e, bystre´e)? 7 Ka´ 'dyj vago´n obslu´'ivaetsq (provodniko´m, oficia´ ntom, nosi´l;]ikom)?

Language points ♦ Comparatives Long (attributive) comparatives Almost all Russian adjectives can be turned into comparatives by putting the words bo´lee ‘more’ or me´ nee ‘less’ before the long form. Bo´lee and me´ nee never alter, whatever the case or number of the adjective: bo´lee by´ strye poezda´ na me´ nee by´ stryx poezda´ x

faster trains on less fast trains

‘Than’ is translated by hem, preceded by a comma: Lu´hwe e´ zdit; na bo´lee by´ stryx no´vyx poezda´ x, hem na sta´ ryx. It is better to travel on faster new trains than on old. Four adjectives have a one-word declinable comparative, used instead of adjective + bo´lee: bol;wo´j ma´ len;kij

bo´l;wij me´ n;wij

bigger, greater smaller, lesser

Transport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

ploxo´j xoro´wij

xu´dwij lu´hwij

|

49

worse better

lu´hwie poezda ‘better trains’; bo´l;wij vy´ bor ‘greater choice’. Four more adjectives have a one-word declinable comparative in addition to the bo´lee form. The form used depends on the context: molodo´j sta´ ryj vyso´kij ni´zkij

bo´lee molodo´j mla´ dwij bo´lee sta´ ryj sta´ rwij bo´lee vyso´kij vy´ swij bo´lee ni´zkij ni´zwij

younger (things) younger, junior (people) older (things) elder, senior (people) higher, taller (literal) higher, superior (figurative) lower (literal) lower, inferior (figurative)

bo´lee sta´ rye poezda´ ‘older trains’; sta´ rwie bra´ t;q ‘elder brothers’; bo´lee vyso´kie go´ry ‘higher mountains’; vy´ swee obrazova´ nie ‘higher education’.

Exercise 6 Put the adjective in brackets into the appropriate form of the long comparative. 1 Turisti´heskoe age´nstvo predlaga´ et (intere´snyj) poe´zdki v Rossi´[. 2 @ele´znye doro´gi sta´ li (nade¨ 'nyj) vi´dom tra´ nsporta. 3 Ezdit; na (by´ stryj) skorostny´ x poezda´ x – odno´ udovo´l;stvie. 4 Priq´tno 'it; v (sta´ ryj) go´rode. 5 Dlq poe´zdki v Rossi´[ nu'na´ (bol;wo´j) su´mma de´neg. 6 Bile´ty v tea´ tr proda[´ tsq po (ni´zkij) ce´nam. 7 (Vyso´kij) obrazova´ nie ispy´ tyvaet kri´zis. 8 Legko´ rabo´tat; s (ma´ len;kij) hislo´m stude´ntov. 9 (Boga´ tye) predpohita´ [t e´zdit; (udo´bnyj) pe´rvym kla´ ssom. 10 U menq´ odi´n (molodo´j) brat i dve (sta´ rye) sestry´ .

Short (predicative) comparatives The short comparative is formed by adding -ee (alternative ending -ej) to the stem of the adjective. The ending is the same for all genders and for the plural. It is better to use the short form to translate sentences where the verb ‘to be’ comes between noun / pronoun and the

50

|

Transport

comparative. Otherwise, use the long, bo´lee form. The short comparative also renders sentences beginning ‘It is / was / will be . . . er’: No´vye poezda´ bystre´ e New trains are faster. Skorostny´ e poezda´ bu´dut udo´bnee Express trains will be more convenient. Lu´hwe lete´ t; A\roflo´tom It is better to fly by Aeroflot. Contrast: My e´ dem na bo´lee no´vom po´ezde ‘We are going on a newer train’. Short comparatives of some adjectives end in -e: bli´zkij vyso´kij gro´mkij dewe¨ vyj 'a´ rkij kre´ pkij mq´gkij ploxo´j ra´ nnij sla´ dkij stro´gij u´zkij ha´ styj wiro´kij ma´ len;kij

bli´'e vy´ we gro´mhe dewe´ vle 'a´ rhe kre´ phe mq´ghe xu´'e ra´ n;we sla´ ]e stro´'e u´'e ha´ ]e wi´re me´ n;we

closer higher louder cheaper hotter stronger softer worse earlier sweeter stricter narrower more often wider smaller

boga´ tyj glubo´kij dale¨ kij dorogo´j koro´tkij molodo´j ni´zkij prosto´j re´ dkij sta´ ryj ti´xij xoro´wij hi´styj bol;wo´j

boga´ he glu´b'e da´ l;we doro´'e koro´he molo´'e ni´'e pro´]e re´ 'e sta´ rwe ti´we lu´hwe hi´]e bo´l;we

richer deeper further dearer shorter younger lower simpler rarer older quieter better cleaner bigger

N.B. bo´l;we also means ‘more’ and me´ n;we ‘less’. Po´zdnij has two alternative forms – pozdne´ e / po´z'e ‘later’. Some adjectives do not have a short comparative, e.g. adjectives ending in -skij. When a comparative is required, use the bo´lee form.

Exercise 7 Complete the following sentences using a word meaning the opposite of the first comparative.

Transport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

51

1 Q sta´ rwe bra´ ta, brat . . . menq´ na 5 let. 2 Rasstoq´nie do Lo´ndona koro´he, do Moskvy´ . . . 3 Lete´t; samole¨ tom bystre´e, e´xat; po´ezdom . . . 4 V Moskve´ obslu´'ivanie lu´hwe, v provi´ncii . . . 5 Ru´sskij qzy´ k trudne´e, francu´zskij . . . 6 Aviacio´nnyj tra´ nsport grqzne´e, 'eleznodoro´'nyj . . . 7 Sto´imost; proe´zda v pe´rvom kla´ sse vy´ we, vo vtoro´m . . . 8 Ha´ ]e l[´ di smo´trqt vi´deo, . . . xo´dqt v kino´. 9 Ra´ n;we vse e´zdili na po´ezde, . . . sta´ li leta´ t; na samole¨ te. 10 Sejha´ s bo´l;we smo´trqt televi´zor, . . . slu´wa[t ra´ dio. 11 Exat; na avto´buse dewe´vle, na po´ezde . . .

After a short comparative, ‘than’ is usually rendered by putting the object of comparison into the genitive: Avto´bus udo´bnee po´ezda. The bus is more convenient than the train. The genitive cannot be used to translate ‘than’ if the object of comparison is not in the nominative: Bystre´ e e´ xat; na po´ezde, hem na avto´buse. It is faster to go by train than bus. or not a noun or pronoun: Lu´hwe v Rossi´ i, hem zdes;. It is better in Russia than here. or ‘his’, ‘hers’, ‘its’ or ‘theirs’: Naw tur intere´ snee, hem ix. Our tour is more interesting than theirs.

Exercise 8 Change the adjectives to short comparatives and put the words in brackets into the genitive. 1 Hemoda´ n tq'e¨ lyj (su´mka). 2 Moskva´ sta´ raq (Peterbu´rg). 3 Ote´c sta´ ryj (mat;). 4 Sestra´ moloda´ q (brat). 5 Vo´lga wiro´kaq (Te´mza). 6 Me´sqc fevra´ l; koro´tkij (mart). 7 Po´ezd dewe¨ vyj (samole¨ t). 8 Ozero Bajka´ l glubo´koe (o´zero Ness). 9 Mosko´vskoe metro´ hi´stoe (lo´ndonskoe metro´).

52

|

Transport

Constructions with the comparative Kak mo´'no as . . . as possible Kak mo´'no dewe´ vle as cheap as possible Hem . . . tem the . . . er, the . . . er Hem dewe´ vle, tem lu´hwe the cheaper the better Note: Tem lu´hwe ‘So much the better’. Gora´ zdo / namno´go / kuda´ much . . . er Po´ezd gora´ zdo / namno´go dewe´ vle samole¨ ta the train is much cheaper than the plane Vse¨ ever . . . er Stro´it; doro´gi stano´vitsq vse¨ doro´'e (i doro´'e). Building roads is becoming ever more expensive / more and more expensive. Note also the use of v and na in measuring difference: na has me´ n;we v dva ra´ za bo´l;we

an hour less twice as big

Exercise 9 Use the construction hem . . . tem to form sentences. Example: Prosta´ q zada´ ha – ona´ le¨ gkaq. – Hem pro´]e zada´ ha, tem ona´ le´ ghe. 1 Avto´bus me´dlennyj – on dewe¨ vyj. 2 Sobo´r sta´ ryj – on intere´snyj. 3 Ozero glubo´koe – ono´ opa´ snoe. 4 Helove´k sta´ ryj – on u´mnyj. 5 Doro´ga daleko´ – ee¨ tru´dno stro´it;. 6 Vo´zdux hi´styj – \´to xorowo´ dlq zdoro´v;q. 7 Marwru´t prosto´j – on le¨ gkij. 8 Po´ezd by´ stryj – putewe´stvie koro´tkoe. 9 Kre´slo mq´gkoe – ono´ udo´bnoe. 10 Helove´k boga´ tyj, on – ploxo´j.

Transport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

53

Comparative of adverbs The comparative of the adverb takes the same form as the short comparative of the adjective: Poezda´ xo´dqt bystre´ e. Trains travel more quickly.

Preposition corner ♦ Prepositions are among the most difficult words to translate. A preposition rarely, if ever, has a direct equivalent in another language which covers all its uses. This regular section will help your knowledge of how Russian prepositions are used.

Na + accusative Note the variety of uses of na + accusative and the different ways in which it may be translated into English.

Expressions of place – ‘to, onto’ denoting motion towards Points of the compass: na se´ ver, [g, vosto´k, za´ pad to the north, south, east, west places which, in origin, were not single buildings: na vokza´ l, stadio´n, sta´ nci[, po´htu to the (mainline)station, stadium, station, post office Open spaces: na u´licu, plo´wad;, dvor onto the street, square, yard rivers, islands and some mountain ranges: na Vo´lgu, Kipr, Ura´ l, Kavka´ z to the Volga, to Cyprus, to the Urals, to the Caucasus activities or places which denote activity: na konce´ rt, le´ kci[, uro´k, rabo´tu, fakul;te´ t to the concert, lecture, lesson, to work, to the faculty

54

|

Transport

Expressions of time na Ro'destvo´ na drugo´j den; tur na 5 dnej

at / for Christmas on the next day 5-day tour

noh; na 20-oe ma´ q night of the 19th to 20th May On poe´ xal tuda´ na dva go´da He has gone there for two years

Other useful expressions using na + accusative bile´ t na po´ezd vid na re´ ku na vid na dvoi´x spros na poxo´'ij na

train ticket view over the river in appearance for two demand for like

After verbs: vliq´t; na 'a´ lovat;sq / po- na nade´ qt;sq na naznaha´ t; / nazna´ hit; na opa´ zdyvat; / opozda´ t; na otveha´ t; / otve´ tit; na polaga´ t;sq / polo'i´ t;sq na poxodi´t; na soglawa´ t;sq / soglasi´t;sq na tra´ tit; / po- na

to to to to to to to to to to

influence complain hope for, rely on appoint to be late for reply to rely on resemble agree to spend on

Na + prepositional Expressions of place – ‘on, at’ indicating location Used with all the same nouns as na + accusative meaning ‘to’: na se´ vere, [´ ge, vosto´ke, za´ pade in the north, south, east, west na vokza´ le, stadio´ne, sta´ ncii, po´hte at the (mainline)station, stadium, station, post office

Transport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

na u´lice, plo´wadi, dvore´ on the street (outside), square, in the yard (outside) na Vo´lge, Ki´ pre, Ura´ le, Kavka´ ze on the Volga, in Cyprus, in the Urals, in the Caucasus na konce´ rte, le´ kcii, uro´ke, rabo´te, fakul;te´ te at the concert, lecture, lesson, at work, in the faculty Means of transport: na metro´, na avto´buse, na taksi´, po´ezde, teploxo´de, velosipe´ de by metro, bus, taxi, train, boat, bicycle na noga´ x na svoe´ j so´vesti

on one’s feet on one’s conscience

Expressions of time na \´ toj, pro´wloj, bu´du]ej nede´ le this, last, next week na dnqx na protq'e´ nii na moe¨ m veku´

the other day over the course of in my lifetime

Note also: na ru´sskom qzyke´ in Russian but perevodi´ t; / perevesti´ na ru´sskij qzy´ k to translate into Russian After verbs: igra´ t; na (musical instruments) gita´ re to play the guitar 'eni´ t;sq na to marry (for a man) nasta´ ivat; / nastoq´t; na to insist on

|

55

56

|

Transport

ska´ zyvat;sq / skaza´ t;sq na to tell on, have an effect on sosredoto´hivat;sq / sosredoto´hit;sq na to concentrate on

Exercise 10 Put the words in brackets into the appropriate case, accusative or prepositional. 1 My vy´ wli na (u´lica). 2 Ne vse stude´nty regulq´rno xo´dqt na (le´kcii). 3 Menq´ ne bu´det na (bu´du]aq nede´lq). 4 My e´dem tuda´ na (po´ezd). 5 Na (drugo´j den;) powe¨ l do'd;. 6 Xolodne´e na (se´ver). 7 Kni´gi na (ru´sskij qzy´ k) ohen; dorogi´e. 8 On xorowo´ igra´ et na (roq´l;). 9 On pereve¨ l vse p;e´sy Wekspi´ra na (francu´zskij qzy´ k). 10 Moj drug 'eni´lsq na (ru´sskaq). 11 On otve´til na (vse vopro´sy) pra´ vil;no. 12 Ona poxo´dit na (mat;), a on na (ote´c). 13 Ne opozda´ j na (po´ezd)!

Exercise 11 Translate into Russian. 1 You can pay for your ticket either by cash or credit card. I prefer to pay by cash. 2 Help me please to find the taxi rank. I have a lot of luggage. 3 A rail ticket is three times cheaper than an air ticket. 4 The most important thing is speed. Express trains are much faster now, and travel time is shorter. 5 Ecologically rail transport is still cleaner than other kinds of transport. 6 The faster the trains, the better it will be for all travellers. 7 Travelling by a faster and more comfortable train is a pleasure.

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

3 TURIZM

In this unit you will learn: ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗

about tourism in Russia how to use verbs of motion about prefixes on verbs of motion how to differentiate between tak'e / to'e words with the root -xod-

In Soviet times the State Tourist company, ‘Intourist’, had a monopoly. Its chief activity was organising travel for foreign tourists within the USSR. Although many tourists travelling to Russia still prefer to go on organised tours, there is now a much greater variety of holidays on offer and much more scope for arranging travel yourself. Travel agencies proliferate on the streets of major Russian towns, offering everything from cruises on the Volga to fishing trips to the Kola peninsula. Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, foreign travel opportunities for Soviet citizens were very limited, generally restricted to countries within the Soviet sphere of influence. Most Russians holidayed in their own country. Trade Unions issued pute¨ vki ‘holiday vouchers’, which entitled their members to holidays in Soviet resorts, such as those on the Black Sea. But now Russians themselves have become enthusiastic travellers, at home and abroad, fuelling the boom in tourism.

58

|

Tourism

Dialogue 1 A conversation between a traveller and a travel agent P UTEWESTVENNIK Menq´ interesu´et poe´zdka po . Hto Vy mo´'ete predlo'i´t;? T URAGENT A sko´l;ko u Vas vre´meni? P UTEWESTVENNIK Vre´meni u menq´ to´l;ko 2 nede´li. TURAGENT V nastoq´]ij mome´nt u nas bol;wo´j vy´ bor. Est; avto´busnye, a ta´ k'e teploxo´dnye tu´ry. P UTEWESTVENNIK Mo´'et byt;, lu´hwe poe´xat; na po´ezde? Q sly´ wal, hto v Rossi´i est; skorostny´ e poezda´ , bo´lee by´ strye, hem sta´ rye? Oby´ hno po turi´sty e´zdqt na T URAGENT avto´buse i´li na teploxo´de. |to pro´]e, udo´bnee i dewe´vle. Na po´ezde slo'ne´e. P UTEWESTVENNIK A sko´l;ko vre´meni zajme¨ t taka´ q poe´zdka? T URAGENT Vse¨ zavi´sit ot togo´, sko´l;ko gorodo´v Vy xoti´te poseti´t;. Vot, naprime´r, est; xoro´wij avto´busnyj tur na vse goroda´ . |to semidne´vnyj tur. Est; teploxo´dnyj tur, to´'e na 7 dnej. K so'ale´ni[, ne na vse goroda´ . Vy uvi´dite Uglih, Kostromu´, Qrosla´ vl;. P UTEWESTVENNIK A na kaki´e tu´ry u Vas est; svobo´dnye mesta´ ? T URAGENT Poka´ est; mesta´ na vse tu´ry. Ka´ 'dyj hetve´rg v 10 haso´v utra´ ide¨ t avto´bus, a ka´ 'du[ pq´tnicu v 5 hasov ve´hera s rehno´go vokza´ la otpravlq´etsq teploxo´d. P UTEWESTVENNIK Po'a´ luj, poe´du na teploxo´de. Govorq´t, pejza´ 'i na Vo´lge potrqsa´ []ie, sve´'ij vo´zdux! Mo´'no xorowo´ otdoxnu´t;! T URAGENT Da, v \´to vre´mq go´da putewe´stvovat; na teploxo´de – odno´ udovo´l;stvie! Shastli´vogo puti´! P UTEWESTVENNIK Bol;wo´e spasi´bo!

Turizm

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

59

Vocabulary ♦ predlo'i´t; poka´ potrqsa´ []ij semidne´ vnyj tur teploxo´d

to offer for a while stunning, fantastic seven-day tour boat

N.B. – Golden Ring (the route on which many ancient Russian towns are situated); poe´ zdka zajme¨ t – the trip will take; v nastoq´]ij mome´ nt – at the present moment; odno´ udovo´l;stvie – pure pleasure; shastli´vogo puti´! – have a good trip!

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

What trip does the traveller want to go on? What does the agent recommend? What is the ‘Golden Ring’? Why is it better to travel round the ‘Golden Ring’ by bus? What tours can the agency offer? How long does a bus tour round the ‘Golden Ring’ take? Why does the traveller decide to go by boat?

Exercise 2 Select holidays which answer the following criteria. 1 2 3 4 5

Must have high quality accommodation. Of award-winning quality. Include a boat trip. Seaside and city combination. Opportunity to see as many of the Golden Ring towns as possible. 6 Includes a visit to an outdoor museum.

60

|

Tourism

Belye nohi Sankt-Peterburga (3 i 5 dnej: klassiheskie letnie tury, vkl[ha[]ie |rmita', nohnu[ \kskursi[ , , Carskoe selo, Pavlovsk i mnogoe drugoe)

Serdce Rusi severnoj (6 dnej: Velikij Ust[gVologda-KirillovFerapontovo, s pose]eniem velikix severnyx monastyrej: KirilloBelozerskogo, Ferapontova, Spas-Priluckogo, a tak'e znamenitogo Velikogo Ust[ga)

Belye nohi Sankt-Peterburga (3 i 5 dnej) + otdyx na Finskom zalive (7 dnej: pansionaty v kurortnom poselke Repino v 40 km ot S-Peterburga na beregu Baltijskogo morq)

Soloveckie ostrova! (7 dnej: legendarnye Solovki na Belom more po pravu nazyva[t )

Sem; gorodov Zolotogo kol;ca (5 dnej: Sergiev Posad– Aleksandrov–Suzdal;– Vladimir–Gus;-Xrustal;nyj– {r;ev-Pol;skij–Pereslavl;Zalesskij)

Ki'i + Valaam + Solovki! (9 dnej: legendarnaq programma, s 1999 g, vpervye v odnom kombinirovannom ture pose]enie trex 'emhu'in Rossii. Diplom 1 stepeni v konkurse . 11 \kskursij)

Zolotoe kol;co + otdyx na Volge (11 dnej: Rostov Velikij– Qroslavl;–Kostroma–Ples + otdyx v pansionate – belly dancing; boevy´ e isku´sstva – martial arts; progra´ mma dlq bere´ mennyx – programme for pregnant women; novoro´'dennyj – new born; ski´dka – discount; podvo´dnoe pla´ vanie – underwater swimming

Text 1 |kstrema´l;nyj sport v Moskve´. Moskva´ \kstri´mom. Xotq´, na pe´rvyj vzglqd, go´rod ne podxo´dit dlq \kstrema´ l;nyx razvlehe´nij. Pobli´zosti net okea´ na s giga´ ntskimi vo´lnami, na koto´ryx mo´'no zanima´ t;sq se´rfingom, net gor, s koto´ryx mo´'no pry´ gat; na ly´ 'ax, snoubo´rdax i´li go´rnyx velosipe´dax. No stoli´hnyx \kstrema´ l;]ikov \´to ne puga´ et.

96

|

Sport

Potomu´ hto \kstri´m dlq nix – stil; 'i´zni. Mo´dnye v go´rode \kstrema´ l;nye tuso´vki, koto´rye ha´ sto proisxo´dqt na kra[´ opa´ snosti, stano´vqtsq vse¨ populq´rnee. Prito´k adrenali´na, koto´ryj ispy´ tyvaew; pri \´tom, prino´sit kolossa´ l;nejwee udovo´l;stvie, sro´dni narko´tiku: \´to xo´hetsq pere'i´t; sno´va. I hem bo´l;we adrenali´na, tem bo´l;we kajf, i tem le´ghe zabyva´ ew; obo vse¨ m na sve´te. Ba´ jkery (go´rnye velosipedi´sty) – sa´ maq mnogohi´slennaq tuso´vka, koto´raq ob#edinq´et do tridcati´ ty´ sqh helove´k. V osnovno´m, \´to mo´dnye rebq´ta dvadcati´-tridcati´ let, sredi´ koto´ryx est; stude´nty, komp;[´ ter]iki, ba´ nkovskie slu´'a]ie. V go´rode davno´ u'e´ est; ne´skol;ko bajk-regio´nov, ce´ntry koto´ryx ha´ ]e vsego´ raspolo´'eny v pa´ rkax, taki´x, kak Izma´ jlovskij, File¨ vskij, Nesku´hnyj sad i, kone´hno, Vorob;e¨ vy go´ry s ix isku´sstvennym gornoly´ 'nym sklo´nom (ba´ jkery i ly´ 'niki nazyva´ [t \´to me´sto ). V , koto´ryj prodol'a´ etsq s apre´lq po oktq´br;, ma´ ssovye proisxo´dqt ka´ 'dye vyxodny´ e. Sobira´ etsq, kak pra´ vilo, do pqti´desqti helove´k, I tuso´vka pomi´mo go´nok predstavlq´et e]e¨ i intere´snejwee wou, vo vre´mq koto´rogo, ba´ jkery p;[t pi´vo i demonstri´ru[t drug dru´gu nove´jwie velosipe´dnye tr[´ ki. Mno´gie stoli´hnye ba´ jkery ne sleza´ [t s velosipe´dov kru´glyj god. Ne´kotorye utver'da´ [t, hto sa´ myj bol;wo´j kajf dlq velosipedi´sta – lete´t; po kruto´mu ly´ 'nomu sklo´nu. |kstrema´ l;]iki ve´rqt, hto bu´du]ee spo´rta prinadle'i´t im i nere´dko 'a´ lu[tsq na gorodski´x vlaste´j, koto´rye, po ix mne´ni[, ne vosprinima´ [t ix vser;e¨ z. Ba´ jkeram, naprime´r, ne razrewa´ [t ustra´ ivat; sorevnova´ niq v pa´ rkax, shita´ etsq, hto velosipe´dy po´rtqt grunt.

Po materia´ lam gaze´ty , 2000

Sport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

97

Vocabulary ♦ ba´ nkovskij slu´'a]ij volna´ vosprinima´ t; vser;e¨ z go´nki (pl) gornoly´ 'nyj sklon go´rnyj velosipe´ d grunt 'a´ lovat;sq na (+ acc) isku´sstvennyj ispy´ tyvat; prito´k adrenali´na kajf kru´glyj god kruto´j sklon ly´ 'a, ly´ 'nik mnogohi´slennyj ob#edinq´t; pere'i´t; pobli´zosti pomi´mo (+ gen) po´rtit; potreblq´t; narko´tiki predstavlq´t; pry´ gat; puga´ t; razvlehe´ nie razrewa´ t; (+ dat) raspolo´'en sleza´ t; s (+ gen) sro´dni (+ dat) s#ezd tr[k tuso´vka ustra´ ivat; sorevnova´ niq utver'da´ t;

bank employee wave to take seriously race ski slope mountain bike soil, ground to complain about artificial to experience an adrenaline surge kicks, high all-year-round steep slope ski, skier numerous to unite to experience nearby apart from to damage to use drugs to represent to jump to frighten entertainment to allow situated to get (climb) down from akin to congress; convention stunt get-together to hold competitions to claim

N.B. na pe´ rvyj vzglqd – at first glance; na sve´ te – in the world; na kra[´ opa´ snosti – on the brink of danger, on the edge; v sezo´n – during the high season; shita´ etsq – it is considered

98

|

Sport

Exercise 3 Answer the following questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Why have extreme sports become popular? Is Moscow a suitable venue for extreme sports? What kind of people go mountain biking? When is the ‘high season’ and what takes place? Why do the local authorities not like bikers? What do bikers say in their own defence?

Exercise 4 True or false? 1 Sredi´ ba´ jkerov mno´go (po'ily´ x l[de´j, mo´dnyx rebq´t, podro´stkov)? 2 Na Vorob;e¨ vyx gora´ x est; (gornoly´ 'nyj sklon, bol;wo´e o´zero, sporti´vnyj klub)? 3 prodol'a´ etsq (s noqbrq´ po mart, s apre´lq po oktq´br;, kru´glyj god)? 4 |kstrema´ l;]iki 'a´ lu[tsq, hto gorodski´e vla´ sti (ne prinima´ [t ix vser;e¨ z, udelq´[t im mno´go vnima´ niq, ne puska´ [t ix v pa´ rki)? 5 Akvaa\ro´bika podxo´dit dlq (professiona´ l;nyx sportsme´nov, l[de´j l[bo´go vo´zrasta, molode¨ 'i)?

Language points ♦ Genitive of cardinal numbers There are some examples in the text of numerals in the genitive, either after prepositions or to translate ‘of’: do tridcati´ ty´ sqh helove´ k ‘up to 30 thousand people’; rebq´ta dvadcati´ -tridcati´ let ‘guys of 20 to 30’; do pqti´desqti helove´ k ‘up to fifty people’. Note the change of ending on the numeral and the fact that the noun following is in the genitive plural. Cardinal numerals will be dealt with in greater detail in Unit 9.

Sport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

99

Kotoryj There are a large number of examples in the text, |kstrema´ l;nyj sport, of the way in which koto´ryj is used. Meaning ‘which, that, who / whom’, koto´ryj is a relative pronoun used to introduce adjectival clauses. It declines like a hard adjective. The number and gender of koto´ryj are determined by the noun to which it refers and the case by its role in the adjectival clause: V vyso´kij sezo´n, koto´ryj prodol'a´ etsq s apre´ lq . . . In the high season, which lasts from April . . . In this example koto´ryj is masculine singular to agree with sezo´n and nominative because it is the subject of prodol'a´ etsq. Net gor, s koto´ryx mo´'no pry´ gat;. There are no mountains from which to jump. Here koto´ryx is feminine plural to agree with go´ry and genitive after s. Note that adjectival clauses are introduced by kto ‘who / whom’ or hto ‘which, that’, not koto´ryj, if they refer back to a pronoun: te, o kom ide¨ t reh; vse¨ , hto zna´ [

those of whom we speak everything that I know

Exercise 5 Insert the relative pronoun koto´ryj in the correct form. 1 V Moskve´ mno´go l[de´j, . . . zanima´ [tsq pla´ vaniem. 2 On 'ive¨ t v ma´ len;kom go´rode, . . . net da´ 'e na ka´ rte. 3 Po´sle ma´ tha my powli´ k druz;q´m, . . . ne´ bylo sego´dnq na stadio´ne. 4 Mno´gie tuso´vki, . . . q poseti´la, proisxodi´li na Arba´ te. 5 Vorob;e¨ vy gory, na . . . est; ly´ 'nyj sklon, populq´rny sredi´ ba´ jkerov. 6 V Moskve´ est; mno´go sporti´vnyx klubov, v . . . mo´'no zanima´ t;sq spo´rtom. 7 Sego´dnq na festiva´ le vystupa´ [t sportsme´ny, s . . . my xoti´m poznako´mit;sq. 8 Sport – luhwee sre´dstvo pro´tiv stre´ssa, o . . . mno´go govorq´t v o´b]estve. 9 Grinvej-klub, . . . to´l;ko 3 go´da, o´hen; populq´ren sredi´ molode¨ 'i.

100

|

Sport

Language points ♦ Superlatives Extreme sport lends itself to description as the fastest, most dangerous, newest, etc. The most straightforward way of expressing such superlatives in Russian is by putting sa´ myj before the adjective. Sa´ myj, which is a hard adjective, is in exactly the same number, gender and case as the adjective it describes: zanima´ t;sq sa´ mymi opa´ snymi vi´dami spo´rta ‘to engage in the most dangerous sports’. The eight adjectives with one-word comparatives, referred to in unit 2, form their superlatives variously: Comparative

Superlative

bol;wo´j ma´ len;kij ploxo´j

bo´l;wij me´ n;wij xu´dwij

xoro´wij

lu´hwij

vyso´kij

bo´lee vyso´kij vy´ swij bo´lee ni´ zkij ni´ zwij bo´lee molodo´j mla´ dwij

sa´ myj bol;woj sa´ myj ma´ len;kij sa´ myj xu´dwij or xu´dwij sa´ myj lu´hwij or lu´hwij sa´ myj vyso´kij vy´ swij (figurative use) sa´ myj ni´zkij ni´zwij (figurative use) sa´ myj molodo´j (things) sa´ myj mla´ dwij or mla´ dwij (people only) sa´ myj sta´ ryj (things) sa´ myj sta´ rwij or sta´ rwij (people only)

ni´zkij molodo´j sta´ ryj

bo´lee sta´ ryj sta´ rwij

Exercise 6 Put the adjectives in brackets into the superlative in the appropriate case. 1 V klu´be est; zal s (no´vaq) sporti´vnoj te´xnikoj. 2 Tam mo´'no pla´ vat; v (zameha´ tel;nyj) basse´jne. 3 Klub ne to´l;ko prinima´ et (sporti´vnyj) l[de´j. 4 Zanima´ t;sq spo´rtom (xoro´wij) spo´sob snqt; stress. 5 (Bol;wo´j) kajf dlq \kstrema´ l;]ikov 'it; na kra[´ opa´ snosti.

Sport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

101

The dialogue and the text contain examples of an alternative type of superlative: trena'e¨ rnye za´ ly s nove´ jwej sporti´vnoj te´ xnikoj gyms with the latest sports technology predstavlq´et intere´ snejwee wou puts on a most interesting show These superlatives are formed by replacing the adjective ending with -ejwij, and decline like xoro´wij: staryj – stare´ jwij. Their meaning is less literally superlative than the variant with samyj, more a way of giving added emphasis. Adjectives with stems ending in g, k, x change those consonants to ', h, w and take the ending -ajwij: veli´kij – veliha´ jwij vyso´kij – vysoha´ jwij glubo´kij – gluboha´ jwij koro´tkij / kra´ tkij – kratha´ jwij le¨ gkij – legha´ jwij stro´gij – stro'a´ jwij ti´xij – tiwa´ jwij wiro´kij – wiroha´ jwij Note also bli´zkij – bli'a´ jwij.

Exercise 7 Rewrite the following phrases using the construction odi´ n / odna´ / odno´ iz followed by the ejwij / ajwij superlative. Example: do´bryj helove´ k – odi´n iz dobre´ jwix l[de´ j Sta´ roe zda´ nie; no´vaq texnolo´giq; glubo´koe o´zero; prosto´j vopro´s; wiro´kaq reka´ ; krasi´voe i´mq; va´ 'naq zada´ ha; hi´styj vid tra´ nsporta; ser;e¨ znyj slu´haj; slo´'naq proble´ma; opa´ snaq bole´zn;; veli´kij pisa´ tel;.

Superlative of adverbs and short superlative The superlative of the adverb is formed by adding vsego´ ‘of anything / everything’ or vsex ‘of anyone / everyone / all’ after the comparative: On pry´ gaet vy´ we vsex. He jumps highest (higher than anyone).

102

|

Sport

Mne nra´ vitsq \´ta rabo´ta bo´l;we vsego´. I like this work best (better than anything). This same construction may also be used as the superlative of the short form adjective: |ta kni´ ga intere´ snee vsex. This book is the most interesting.

Exercise 8 Examine the advertisement (shown on page 103) for the stuntsmen’s festival and answer the questions in English. 1 2 3 4 5

Where does the stuntmen’s festival take place? Which teams are taking part in the show? Why are Russian stuntmen the strongest in the world? Who will appear as well as the stuntmen? How will the show end?

Language points ♦ Preposition corner S, ot and iz ‘from’ S + genitive In expressions of place s is the opposite of na and means ‘from’. Use it to translate ‘from’ with those categories of nouns which use na to mean ‘to’ or ‘at, on’: s s s s s s s s

se´ vera vokza´ la u´licy Ura´ la konce´ rta rabo´ty po´ezda velosipe´ da

from from from from from from from off a

the north the station the street the Urals the concert work the train bike

Sport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

После своего выступления каскадеры споют вместе со звездами рока.

N.B. kaskade¨ r – stunt man; smerte´ l;no opa´ snyj – deadly dangerous; ste´ pen; ri´ska – level of risk; zaverwa´ t; – to finish; meropriq´tie – event; zvezda´ ro´ka – rock star; ubedi´t;sq – to be convinced

103

104

|

Sport

S is commonly used to translate ‘from, since’ in expressions of time: s s s s

apre´ lq tre¨ x haso´v utra´ le´ ta

since since since since

April 3 o’clock morning summer

S may also translate ‘from’ in the sense of cause: s go´rq so sku´ki

from grief from boredom

However, ot is a safer choice in this type of context, as it is less colloquial: ot ra´ dosti ‘from joy’. Note that nahina´ t; / naha´ t; s + genitive means ‘to begin with’ as well as ‘begin from’: naha´ t; s bu´kvy A naha´ t; s naha´ la

begin with the letter A begin from the beginning

C + genitive combines with storona´ ‘side’ in several expressions: s odno´j storony´ . . . s drugo´j storony´ on one hand . . . on the other hand s moe´ j storony´ on my part s le´ voj storony´ ot + genitive to the left of C is used with sda´ ha ‘change’: sda´ ha s rublq´ change from a rouble C + instrumental means ‘with, together with, accompanied by’: My s mu´'em poe´ xali tuda´ My husband and I went there Ona´ ponima´ et s trudo´m She understands with difficulty haj s moloko´m tea with milk govori´t; s ru´sskim akce´ ntom to speak with a Russian accent

Sport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

105

This use of s should not be confused with the use of the instrumental without a preposition to mean ‘with’ in the sense of ‘by means of’: re´ zat; no'o´m to cut with a knife Note also: S Ro'destvo´m S dne¨ m ro'de´ niq

Merry Christmas Happy Birthday

Ot + genitive In expressions of place ot is used to mean ‘from a person’: Q poluhi´la pis;mo´ ot nego´ I received a letter from him On uwe¨ l ot 'eny´ He left his wife It also means ‘away from’, often after verbs prefixed with ot-: Teploxo´d otply´ l ot pri´ stani The boat moved away from the quay Note some other expressions of place using ot: daleko´ ot go´roda far from the town v desqti´ kilome´ trax ot go´roda ten miles from the town In expressions of time s + genitive . . . do + genitive is used to mean ‘from . . . to . . .’: s pe´ rvogo fevralq´ do pe´ rvogo ma´ rta from 1st February to 1st March s dvux do pqti´ from two o’clock till five o’clock S . . . po . . . + accusative has the slightly different meaning of up to (and including): s pe´ rvogo fevralq´ po pe´ rvoe ma´ rta from 1st February to 1st March inclusive

106

|

Sport

Ot . . . do . . . ‘from . . . to’ is used to express distance: rasstoq´nie ot Moskvy´ do Peterbu´rga the distance from Moscow to St Petersburg Note some other expressions of time using ot: vre´ mq ot vre´ meni den; oto dnq

from time to time from day to day

In expressions of cause ot means ‘from’ and can refer to both physical and emotional reasons: My umira´ em ot go´loda We are dying from hunger Oni zasmeq´lis; ot ra´ dosti They burst out laughing from joy Note also the following expressions: bez uma´ ot \´ toj de´ vuwki crazy about this girl v vosto´rge ot poda´ rka delighted at the present Note the expression ot i´meni ‘on behalf of ’: ot i´meni otca´ ‘on behalf of my father’. Some verbs followed by ot: zavi´ set; ot za]i]a´ t; / za]iti´t; ot osvobo'da´ t;sq / osvobodi´t;sq ot otka´ zyvat;sq / otkaza´ t;sq ot otliha´ t;sq ot otstava´ t; / otsta´ t; ot

to to to to to to

depend on defend from free oneself from refuse be different from lag behind

Iz + genitive In expressions of place iz is the opposite of v and means ‘from’. Use it to translate ‘from’ with those categories of nouns which use v to mean ‘to’, ‘into’, ‘in’: iz Ame´ riki ‘from America’; iz pusty´ ni ‘from the desert’; iz wko´ly ‘from school’; iz buty´ lki ‘from the bottle’; iz q´]ika ‘from a drawer’.

Sport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

107

Iz may also be used to indicate source or material: uzna´ t; iz gaze´ ty ‘to find out from the newspaper’; sde´ lat; iz sta´ li ‘to make from steel’. It can also be used to indicate cause: iz ne´ navisti ‘out of hatred’; iz blagoda´ rnosti ‘from gratitude’. Note also: izo vsex sil ‘with all one’s might’; odi´n iz nix ‘one of them’.

Exercise 9 Complete the following sentences by selecting s, ot or iz, as appropriate. 1 My prie´xali (s / ot / iz) [´ ga. 2 Oni ne sleza´ [t (s / ot / iz) velosipe´dov kruglyj god. 3 Stol sde´lan (s / ot / iz) de´reva. 4 De´ti pri´wli (s / ot / iz u´licy). 5 My poluhi´li \´tu informa´ ci[ (s / ot / iz) dire´ktora. 6 To´l;ko odna´ (s / ot / iz) vas sdala´ \kza´ men. 7 (S / Ot / Iz) desq´togo po dvadca´ toe i[´ nq. 8 Ona´ (s / ot / iz) Fra´ ncii. 9 (S / Ot / Iz) kako´j storony´ ? 10 Po´ezd otxo´dit (s / ot / iz) vokza´ la v 18.00

Verbs with the dative There are some verbs in this unit which are followed by the dative case: ne razrewa´ [t ba´ jkeram they do not permit the bikers Other verbs taking the dative include: ve´ rit; (po-) grozi´ t;, ugro'a´ t; doverq´t; zavi´dovat; mewa´ t; (po) podxodi´ t; / podojti´ pozvolq´t; / pozvoli´ t; pomoga´ t; / pomo´h; prika´ zyvat; / prikaza´ t;

to to to to to to to to to

believe threaten trust envy stop, hinder suit permit help order

108

|

Sport

ra´ dovat;sq (ob-) sle´ dovat; (po-) sove´ tovat; (po-) sohu´vstvovat; (po-) udivlq´t;sq / udivi´ t;sq

to to to to to

be pleased follow advise sympathise with be surprised

Idti´ can be used with the dative in the expression: Vam ide¨ t

it suits you

Note how the verb prinadle'a´ t; ‘to belong’ is used: bu´du]ee prinadle'i´t im ‘the future belongs to them’. But when membership of a group or club is referred to, the verb is followed by k + dative: Oni prinadle'a´ t k klu´bu ba´ jkerov ‘They belong to a bikers club’.

Exercise 10 Use the words in brackets in the correct form. 1 Ba´ jkery ne (ve´rit;) (gorodski´e vla´ sti), hto go´rnye velosipe´dy po´rtqt grunt. 2 K so'ale´ni[, \tot rejs ne (podxodi´t;) (my). 3 |ta wlq´pa o´hen; (idti´) (moj ote´c). 4 Vrah (sove´tovat;) (bol;no´j) zanq´t;sq spo´rtom. 5 Ona ne (razrewa´ t;) (svoi´ de´ti) igra´ t; na doro´ge. 6 Kak mo´'no (doverq´t;) (tako´j helove´k)? 7 On (ra´ dovat;sq) (vozmo´'nost;) uha´ stvovat; v sorevnova´ niqx. 8 Q (udivlq´t;sq) (tvoj vy´ bor). 9 On vsegda´ (pomoga´ t;) (mat;). 10 Q tak (sohu´vstvovat;) (be´'ency). 11 Mne ka´ 'etsq, (Rossi´q) ne (grozi´t;) ute´hka mozgo´v. 12 Q (zavi´dovat;) (sovreme´nnaq molode¨ ';): bu´du]ee (prinadle'a´ t;) (oni´). 13 My vsegda´ (sle´dovat;) (sove´ty) instru´ktora.

Language points ♦ Stress One of the greatest problems that Russian gives to the foreign speaker is identifying the stressed syllable of each word. There is a considerable difference in the pronunciation of stressed and unstressed vowels. For example, in xorowo´ each ‘o’ is pronounced quite differently. The

Sport

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

|

109

first is ‘e’ as in father, the second is ‘a’ and only the final, stressed ‘o’ is pronounced as an ‘o’. To misplace the stress renders words unintelligible to a Russian listener. The situation is further complicated by the fact that stress on words alters when their case or ending changes. This is the first of a series of guides to common stress patterns on different parts of speech in Russian.

Masculine nouns Fixed stress – stress remains on the same syllable throughout the declension, singular and plural: avto´bus ‘bus’; velosipe´ d ‘bicycle’; universite´ t ‘university’. This groups contains a large number of nouns with three or more syllables, but also some one and two syllable nouns: vid, a´ vtor. Fixed final stress – the stress moves from the final syllable in the nominative singular to the ending in all other cases: stol ‘table’ (gen. sing. stola´ ; nom. pl. stoly´ ; gen. pl. stolo´v); no' ‘knife’; um ‘mind, intelligence’. This group includes several nouns with suffixes i´k, i´ c, o´k, a´ ', a´ r;: gruzovi´ k ‘lorry’; dvore´ c ‘palace’ (dvorca´ , dvorcy´ , dvorco´v); kone´ c ‘end’ (konca´ , koncy´ , konco´v); kuso´k ‘piece’ (kuska´ , kuski´, kusko´v); baga´ ' ‘luggage’; slova´ r; ‘dictionary’. Mobile stress – there are three different patterns of mobile stress on masculine nouns. Type 1 – stress on the stem in the singular and on the ending in the plural: krug ‘circle’ (sing. kru´ga, etc; pl. krugi´, krugo´v, etc.); drug ‘friend’ (dru´ga, druz;q´, druze´ j); most ‘bridge’ (mo´sta, mosty´ , mosto´v). Many masuline nouns with their nominative plural in -a´ follow this pattern: go´rod ‘town’ (go´roda, goroda´ , gorodo´v); a´ dres ‘address’; po´ezd ‘train’; dom ‘house’. Type 2 – stress on the stem in the singular and nominative plural (and accusative plural if it takes the same form as the nominative), on the ending in all other plurals: volk ‘wolf’ (vo´lka, vo´lki, volko´v); u´xo ‘ear’ (u´xa, u´wi, uwe´ j); zub ‘tooth’ (zu´ba, zu´by, zubo´v). Type 3 – a very small number of masculine nouns have the stress on the ending, except in the nominative plural: kon; ‘steed’ (konq´, ko´ni, kone´ j); gvozd; ‘nail’ (gvozdq´, gvo´zdi, gvozde´ j).

110

|

Sport

Exercise 11 Translate into Russian. 1 I was advised by my doctor to take up sport and join a sports club. He says that sport will help me to relieve stress. 2 Can you recommend sports classes that will suit me? 3 When you are young, you are ready to risk everything. You do not think about danger. 4 He became a stuntman when he was twenty, and, even at the age of forty, he still performs the most dangerous stunts. 5 There are no high mountains around Moscow from which one can parachute. 6 The city authorities have a lot of problems with Moscow bikers who damage the soil in city parks.

1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 421111

6 KUL:TURNAQ @IZN: V ROSSII

In this unit you will learn: ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗ ◗

about film and theatre in Russia alternative ways of translating ‘to be’ about verbs with the instrumental how to form and use active participles more about the prepositions o and pro about stress on feminine nouns

Theatre, together with opera, ballet and cinema, has always played a very important role in Russian cultural life. Despite censorship in Soviet times, the standard was high, art subsidies were generous and tickets cheap. With the arrival of the market economy things have changed; theatre and cinema have lost state subsidies and the route to survival has been to produce plays and films that appeal to mass audiences and guarantee a full house. But not every Russian artist was prepared to sacrifice his integrity; some have preferred to leave the commercial theatre and have formed small companies where they are free to experiment. A few, however, like the director of the Maly Theatre in St Petersburg, Lev Dodin, have managed to achieve success in changed circumstances.

112

|

Cultural life in Russia

Dialogue 1 The General Director of the Moscow International Non-Competitive Film Festival, MOFEST, B.V. Volodin, answers questions from a journalist. @ URNALI´ ST

V OLO´ DIN

@ URNALI´ ST V OLO´ DIN

@ URNALI´ ST V OLO´ DIN @ URNALI´ ST V OLO´ DIN

@ URNALI´ ST V OLO´ DIN @ URNALI´ ST V OLO´ DIN

Bori´s Vladi´mirovih, ne mno´go li kinofestiva´ lej v na´ wej strane´? U nas u'e´ est; .

MIXAIL LEONT:EV,

vedu]ij avtorskoj

programmy na ORT .

OLEG DOBRODEEV,

predsedatel;

Teleradiokomiteta )? rekomenda´ ciej, s diplo´mom,