COLD WAR

COLD WAR

Pot s dam andt heCol dWa War T hefinalWor t we e n l dWarI Iconf er encebe al l i e dl e ade r st r ans i t i o ne dt hevi c t o r si nt oa ne w mo r ede a dl ye r at hatwasc al l e dt heCo l d War . 

War t i mea l l i anc e swe r eno wr e p l ac e dwi t h andani ast henat i o nso ft he s uspi ci on  mos i t y  wo r l dwi t ne s s e dacompet i t i onf orproxys t at es ands   i nt hegl t we en at el l i t es obalconfli ctbe Li ber aldemo mocr acyandCommuni s m.

CAUSESOFTHE COLD WAR 

TheSo v i e tUni o nwant e dt os p r e a di t si de o l o g yo f c o mmuni s m wo r l dwi de, whi c hal ar me dt heAme r i c ans whof ol l o we d[ LI BERAL]demo c r ac y .

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Theac q ui s i t i o no fat o mi cwe a po nsb yAme r i c ac aus e df e a r a mo ngt heSo v i e t s .

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Bo t hc o unt r i e sf e ar e danat t ac kf r o me ac ho t he r .

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TheSo v i e tUni o n’ sac t i o no ft aki ngc o nt r o lo v e rEas t e r n Eur o pewasama j o rf ac t o rf o rUSs us pi c i o ns .

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TheUSPr e s i de nthadape r s o naldi s l i keo ft heSo v i e t l e ade rJo s e fSt al i n.

  A me r i c awasanno y e dbyt heSo vi e tUni o n’ sac t i o nsi nt he pa r to fGe r ma nyi tha do c c upi e d . 

TheSo v i e t sf e a r e dt ha tAme r i c awo ul dus eWe s t e r n Eur o peasabas et oat t ac ki t .

BACKGROUND 

n d Ev e nbe f o r et hee ndo ft he2   Wo r l dWa r ,t he So v i e tUni o nhadgr adual l ye x t e nde dhe r i nflue nc ei nEur o pe .

Byt hef al lo f1944,t heRe dAr myhadl i be r at e d andc o nt r o l l e dal ar g epar to fe as t e r nEur o pe .

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 Y t aConf er ence,t By1945,att h e al heSo vi e t Uni o no b t ai ne dt heCur ashe rne w zonLi ne  bo undar yl i newi t hPo l andandal s ot hec o nt r o l o ft hee a s t e r nz o neo fGe r many .   A st hewarwasdr a wi ngt oac l o s ei nMa y1945, t heSo vi e tUni o nqui c kl yc o ns o l i dat e dhe rc o nt r o l o fe as t e r nEur o pe . 

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De s pi t et hei nc r e as i ngRus s i ani nflue nc e i ne a s t e r nandc e nt r alEur o pe ,many po l i t i c i ansi nt heUni t e dSt at e swe r e abo utt hec hanc e so fc o opt i mi s t i c  o pe r at i o nwi t ht heSo v i e tUni o naf t e r t hewaranddi dno tadv o c at es t r o ng r e s i s t anc eagai ns tRus s i ane x pans i o n.

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Butf r o m May1945o nwar ds ,t he s i t uat i o nwasc hange d.

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t r ong TheU. S.g o v e r nme ntf a v o r e dapo l i c yo fs res i s t anceagai ns tRus s i a.   firs treas on  The wast hatPr e s i de ntRo o s e v e l tdi e d

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o nApr i l1 2,1 94 5.Hewa ss uc c e e de db yHa r r yS. Tr uman. Pr e s i de ntRo o s e v e l twasa no p t i mi s t i cma n.He

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s e e me dt oha v ebe l i e v e dt hatal t ho ughe as t e r n Eur o pehadf al l e nunde rt hei nflue nc eo fRus s i a,t he Rus s i a nswo ul dno ne t he l e s ske e phe rpr o mi s e( ma de

e t t i ngupf r eel yel ec t ed atYal t a)bys parl i ament aryg o v e r nme nt si nt hea r e a. SoRo o s e v e l tdi dno tadv o c at es t r o ngr e s i s t anc e

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ag ai ns tRus s i ane x pans i o n.

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Thes econdr eas on  wast hatj us tbe f o r e t hePo t s dam Co nf e r e nc ewa st ot a ke pl ac e ,t heUni t e dSt at e shads uc c e s s f ul l y e x pl o de dhe rat o mi cbo mb. Pr e s i de ntTr umant ho ug htt hats i nc e

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t heUni t e dSt at e sa l o nepo s s e s s e dt he at o mi cbo mb,s hec o ul dado ptas t i ff at t i t udet o war dsRus s i ane x pans i o ni n Eur o pe .

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hi rdreas on  Thet wast hatPr e s i dentTr uman wasdi s g us t e datt henoncooperat i veat t i t ude

s dam Conf er ence. o ft heRus s i ansa tt hePot Rus s i awa sd e t e r mi ne dt oe x ac the a v y

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r e p ar at i o nsf r o m Ge r many . Rus s i aal s oa c c us e dt heBr i t i s ho fupho l di nga

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r e a c t i o na r ymo nar c hyi nGr e e c eands uppo r t i ng anI t al i anFas c i s tr e gi mei nTr i e s t e . St al i nal s obl o c ke dTr uman' spr o po s a lo nt he

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o fal lpr i nc i pal i nt er nat i onal i z at i on  wat e r way s .

DETERI ORATI ON OFRELATI ONS 

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Thede t e r i o r at i ngr e l at i o nsb e t we e nt heSo v i e tUni o n andt heUni t e dSt at e swe r er e fle c t e di nt womi nor i nc i de nt si nt heye ar . sa br upt l yt e r mi nat e db y LandLeas ePr ogr am wa t heUni t e dSt a t e sand  D ur i ngt heSe c o ndWo r l dWar ,t heU. S.s uppl i e d muc hwarmat e r i alt ot heAl l i e dnat i o nst hr o ug h aLe ndandLe as epr o gr am.   Ast heLe ndandLe as epr o g r am wass udde nl y  s t o ppe d,t hewar r av ag e dSo v i e tUni o nc o ul dno t o bt ai nAme r i c anmat e r i als uppo r tt ohe l phe r  po s t ware c o no mi cr e c o ns t r uc t i o n. 1 .

TheRus s i a nr e q ue s tf o rAme r i c ane c o no mi ca i df o rt he pur p os e so fpo s t warr e c o ns t r uc t i o nwasi b yt he gnored  g o v e r nme nto ft heUni t e dSt a t e s .

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Thep o o rr e l at i o nsbe t we e nt heEas tandWe s t we r eal s or e fle c t e di nas pe e c hb yWi ns t o n Chur c hi l l . I nMa r c h1 94 6,Chur c hi l lmadeas pe e c ha t Ful t o n,Mi s s o ur ii nwhi c hhes ai d,

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" Fr o m St e t t i ni nt heBal t i ct oTr i e s t ei n t heAdri at i c,ani r oncurt ai nhas de s c e nde dac r os st hec ont i ne nt. . . .  Be hi ndt hatl i nel i eal lt hecapi t al sof t hec e nt r alande as t e rnEur ope-al lar e s ubj e cti nonef orm oranot he rnotonl y t oSovi e ti nfluencebutal s ot oaver y hi ghandi ncr e as i ngcont r olf r om  Mos cow. "

TRUMAN DOCTRI NE 

OnMar c h12,1947 ,Pr e s i de ntTr umane nunc i at edt he Tr umanDo c t r i ne .

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Thee s s e nc eo ft heDo c t r i newast hat" i tmus tbet he pol i cyoft heUni t edSt at est os upportf r eepeopl es whoar eres i s t i ngat t empt eds ubj ugat i onby armedmi nori t i esorbyout s i depr es s ur e. " 

Thi swasc l e ar l yanant   do c t r i ne . i communi s t

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Thi sa mo unt e dt oa nAme r i c a nde c l a r a t i o no fwa r uponCo mmuni s tRus s i a.

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Pr e s i de ntTr uma nf o l l o we dhi ss pe e c hwi t h mas s i v emi l i t ar yande c o no mi cai dt oGr e e c e a ndTur ke y .

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( Thec o mmuni s tg ue r i l l aswe r ede f e a t e db y t heAme r i c a nt r o o psi n19 48i nb o t hGr e e c e andTur ke y . )

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Wi t ht hep r o c l a ma t i o no ft heTr uma nDo c t r i ne o fMa r c h1 94 7a ndt hel a unc hi ngo ft he heUni t e dSt at e swasc l e ar l y Mars hal lPl an,t l e adi ngt hewe s t e r nnat i o nst or e s i s tRus s i an Co mmuni s te x pans i o ni s tac t i v i t i e si nEur o pe .

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Co l dWart husbegun.

ThePot s dam Conf er enceandt heCol dWar TheFi nalMeet i ngofAl l i edLeader si nWW I IBegan aNew Er aofWar s 

Jul y17 , 1945wo ul dbet hel as tt i met he“ Bi gThr e e ”– Wi ns t o nChur c hi l l ,Jo s e fSt al i n,andHar r yTr uman, wo ul de v e rme e t .

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Tr umanhadr e pl ac e dFr ankl i nRo o s e v e l te ar l i e rt hat y e arwhe nFDRdi e d.

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Chur c hi l lhi ms e l fwo ul dber e pl ac e dbe f o r et he c o nf e r e nc eende d,ha vi ngl o s tpar l i ame nt ar yel e c t i o nsi n Br i t ai n.

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Thene w PM,Cl e me ntAt t l e e ,wo ul dbei nc o ns e q ue nt i al , s y mbo l i cpe r hapso ft heBr i t i s hEmpi r ei t s e l f .

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ThePo t s da m Co nf e r e nc ewo ul dr e p r e s e ntt hefir s t c r uc i als t e pi nt heo r i gi nso ft heCo l dWar

Fi rs tSi gnsoft hePendi ngCol dWar 

Hi s t o r ywr i t e rDo ug l asBo t t i ngwr i t e st hat , “ ThePot s dam conf er encewasdes t i nedt o be…nots omucht hefinal et oapas t confli ctast heovert ur et oanew one– t hewor l dwi det r emoroft heCol d War …”

  A l t ho ughr e par at i o nsi s s ue swe r es e t t l e datt he

c o nf e r e nc e ,mo r eo mi no usr e s ul t si nv o l v e da Sovi et l edPol and,recreated  att hee x pe ns e o fGe r many’ se as t e r nf r o nt i e r .

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Th e meri n  A canat omi cbombt es ti Ne w Me x i c ot o o kpl ac et heda ybe f o r et he Po t s dam Conf er e nc ebegan.

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I two ul dbet hes ubt l ebar gai ni ngc hi p Tr umanwo ul dho l do v e rSt al i n,no t kno wi ngt hatt heSo v i e t swe r eal r e ady wo r ki ngo nt he i ro wnbo mb,af e a tt hat e nde dwi t has uc c e s s f ult e s tf o ury e ar s l at e r .

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Thebomb,t ho ughus e dt oe ndt hewarwi t h Japan,wo ul dul t i mat e l ybede e me das t e r i l e we apo ni nt hef ac eo fSo vi e tdi vi s i o nspar ke d ac r o s st heEur o pe andi vi de .

 e  Y tat o mi cbo mbpr o duc t i o nwo ul dl e adt ot he

hydr o ge nbo mb,I CBMs ,andadeadl yarms

racec har ac t e r i s t i c  oft heCo l dWarand pr o duc i ngs uc hpo l i c i e sas“ mut ual l yas s ur e d de s t r uc t i o n. ”

BUILDING OF ALLIANCES   A l t ho ught heSo vi e tUni o nandChi nas t ar t e do ffasal l i e si n1949

t he r ee me r g e dane s t r a ng e me ntb e t we e nt he m,whi c hwa sc l e v e r l y e x pl o i t e db yt heAme r i c ans . 

TheUSf o r me dana l l i a nc ewi t hChi nai n1 97 1t oc o nt a i nt heSo v i e t Uni o n.

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TheSo v i e tUni o ni nv a de dAf g ha ni s t ani n19 80,whi c hl e dt ot he Uni t e dSt at e sa ndi t sa l l i e sb o y c o t t i ngt he1980Ol y mpi cg ame si n Mo s c o w.

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I nr e t al i at i o n,t heSo vi e tUni o nandi t sal l i e sbo y c o t t e dt he1984 Ol ympi cgamesi nLosAngel es ,USA.

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TheUSfina nc e da ndar me dt heAf g ha ng ue r r i l l a st ofi ghta g ai ns tt he So vi e tt r o ops .

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TheAf ghanWarwasamaj orf ac t ori nbankrupt t heSo v i e tUni o n. i ng 

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I nt he' 80sPr e s i de ntRo nal dRe ag ano ft he USdubbedt heSo vi e tUni o nasa n evi  " l e di c t e dt hati two ul dbe empi r e"andpr c o ns i gne dt ot heas hhe apo fhi s t o r y .

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Heanno unc e damaj o rwe aponsbui l dupand t heSDI( s o St r at egi cDef ens eI ni t i at i ve)al dubbe d St  " arWar s " .

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TheSo v i e tUni o nwast o oe c o no mi c al l y e nf e ebl e dt or e pl yi nki nd.

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khai lGor bachevbe I n1985Mi c amet hel e ade ro ft he So v i e tUni o n.

Heado pt e dac o nc i l i at o r yat t i t udet o war dst he  Ame r i c ansandmanyar msr e duc t i o npac t swe r e s i gne d. 

I n1 989t he r ewasaSo v i e twi t hdr a wa lf r o m  Af ghani s t anandi n1990t heSo vi e t sagr e e dt ot he r e uni fic at i o no fGe r ma ny . 

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Mo ve ment sagai ns tc o mmuni s tgo ve r nment si nEas t e r n Eur o pef o l l o we dt heBe r l i ne v e nt .

  A st hede c adec amet oane nd,muc ho ft heEas t e r nBl o cbe gant o c r umbl e .

TheHungar o o kdo wnt heb ar b e dwi r eo ni t sb o r de r i angovernmentt wi t hAus t r i aandt heWe s t .TheSo v i e tUni o ndi dno t hi ngi nr e s po ns e .  Al t ho ught r a v e lwass t i l lno tc o mpl e t e l yf r e e ,t heI r o nCur t ai nwas s t ar t i ngt ounr a ve l .

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OnNovember10,1989 ,o neo ft hemo s tf a mo uss y mb o l so ft heCo l d Warc amedown:t heBer l i nWal l .

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Byt hee ndo ft hey e ar ,l e a de r so fe v e r yEa s t e r nEur o pe a nna t i o ne x c e p t Bul g ar i aha db e e no us t e db ypo p ul a rupr i s i ng s .

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Bymi d199 0,ma nyo ft heSo v i e tr e publ i c sha dde c l a r e dt he i r i nde pe nde nc e .

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Tur mo i li nt heSo v i e tUni o nc o nt i nue d,ast he r ewe r es e v e r a lat t e mp t s a to v e r t hr o wi ngGo r b ac he v .

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OnDe c e mb e r8 ,1 99 1,t heSo v i e tUni o nc e a s e dt oe x i s t .

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Bo r i sYe l t s i n,pr e s i de nto ft heRus s i anRe publ i c , f o r me dt he Co mmo nwe a l t ho fI nde pe nde ntSt at e s( C. I . S. ) .

 Af t e r45y e ar s ,t heCo l dWarwaso v e r .

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EFFECTSOFTHE COLD WAR 

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Bo t ht heUni t e dSt a t e so fAme r i c aa ndt heSo v i e tUni o nb ui l tup hug ear s e nal so fat o mi cwe apo nsa ndbal l i s t i cmi s s i l e s . Themi l i t ar ybl o c sNATO andTheWar s awPac twe r ef o r me d 

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TheWars aw Pac ti st henamec ommonl ygi ve nt ot het r eat ybet weenAl bani a, Bul g a r i a ,Cz e c ho s l o v a ki a ,Ea s tGe r ma ny ,Hung a r y ,Po l a nd ,Ro ma ni a ,a ndt he So v i e tUni o n,whi c hwa ss i g ne di nPo l a ndi n1 95 5a ndwa so ffic i a l l yc a l l e d' The Treat yofFri ends hi p,Cooperat i onandMut ualAss i s t ance' .

I tl e dt ode s t r uc t i v ec o nfli c t sl i ket heVi e t nam Warandt heKo r e an War . TheSo v i e tUni o nc o l l a ps e dduet oe c o no mi cwe a kne s s e s . TheBer l i nWal lwasdemol i s hedandt het woGer mannat i onswer e uni fied. TheWa r s a w Pa c tdi s i nt e g r a t e d . 

TheWa r s a w Pa c twa so ffic i a l l ydi s s o l v e di nPr a guei n1 99 1, af t e rs uc c e s s i v ego v e r nme nt swi t hdr e wt he i rs uppo r to ft he t r e a t y .

TheBal t i cSt at e sands o mef o r me rSo v i e tr e publ i c sac hi e v e d i nde p e nde nc e .   Ame r i c abe c amet hes o l es upe r po we r[ He ge mo ny]o ft hewo r l d.  C o mmuni s mc o l l aps e di nmo s tpar to ft hewo r l d,e s pe c i a l l yi n Eas t er nEur ope . 