COLA- 051935_ DAD _COM065.docx

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Unit 33 –  33 –  Data  Data Analysis and Design

Database Solution for Stafford University Assignment No (DAD-16-001-V2)

By Vagish Kirubaharan COL/A-051935

Vagish Kirubaharan Data Analysis and Design (DAD-16-001-V2 )

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Task 1

1.1 The Data Model The examination of information protests that are utilized as a part of a business or other setting and the recognizable proof of the connections among information objects are call ed Data Modeling. Information displaying is the initial phase in doing object s ituated  programming. An information model can be thought of as an outline or flowchart that deli neates the connections between information.

1.2 Advantages

Disadvantages

Clients can comprehend this model effortlessly

Consistent information model might be hard to adjust and on the grounds that other elated data connected to them. Logical data models help the users to identify Spotting errors within logical data model can the activities of the business  become difficult at times as they are not easy to identify When constructing logical data model itself, Attributes are not described properly and it is very easy and all information is does not have fine details transferred into diagram with less words

Relational Data Base Advantages

Disadvantages

The social information show keeps away Relational information show is costly from multifaceted nature. Information are information framework sorted out normally inside the model, streamlining the improvement and utilization of the database Information honesty is a fundamental If the quantity of tables between which element of the social model. Information connections to be set up are vast and the trustworthiness guarantees exactness and tables themselves impact the execution in reacting to the sql questions consistency of the data. The social information show is normally If the information is normally sorted out in a adaptable and extensible, giving an adaptable  progressive way and put away all things structure to meet changing necessities and considered, the various leveled approach may expanding measures of data give brisk significance for that information A database configuration is by and large Database frameworks utilizing objectconsidered standardized when it meets the situated information models have been touted  prerequisites of the third typical form. as the developing structure for the up and coming age of the frameworks Vagish Kirubaharan Data Analysis and Design (DAD-16-001-V2 )

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Hierarchical Data Model Advantages

Disadvantages

Utilizing a progressive information display sets up clear specialist for work and departments Associations can't adjust to new market requests or propelling advancements Hierarchical display experience the embed erase and refresh inconsistencies, additionally recovery operation is entirely hard. It is really perplexing to incorporate in spite of the fact that it is sans inconvenience and simple to plan

Hierarchical information structures have a tendency to adjust gradually to evolving e volving needs The various leveled structure makes clear lines of correspondence and gives correspondence direction. The progressive system is that it doesn't urge individuals to team up and share data over the announcing structure. The underlying database demonstrates that  proposed the information security was Hierarchical model that is given by the DBMS.

 Network Data Model Advantages The system show is reasonable straightforwardness and simple to design. All the records are kept up utilizing utili zing pointers and subsequently the entire database structure turns out to be extremely intricate That mean numerous connections can be handled

The system display does not enable a part to exist without a proprietor. This guarantees the information integrity The various leveled display was the nonaccessibility of widespread norms for database plan and demonstrating.

Vagish Kirubaharan Data Analysis and Design (DAD-16-001-V2 )

Disadvantages The system demonstrate is can deal with the one to numerous and many to numerous connections

Since the information get to strategy in the system database display is a navigational framework, rolling out basic improvements to the database is extremely troublesome much of the time and inconceivable now and again Making auxiliary alterations to the database is extremely troublesome in the system database show as the information get to technique is navigational

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Entity Relationship Data Model Advantages

Disadvantages

Having planned an E-R graph for a database application, the social portrayal of the database display turns out to be generally straightforward Transformation from E-R chart to a system or progressive information demonstrate can• effectively be accomplished

Physical configuration got from E-R Model may have some measure of ambiguities or irregularity Popular for abnormal state outline The E-R information display is especially well known for abnormal state

Object Oriented Data Model

Advantages Protest situated advancement is the confirmation that the framework will appreciate a more drawn out life while having far littler upkeep costs. There is a general absence of benchmarks of OODBMSs Protest situated framework tend to demonstrate this present reality in a more entire manner than do conventional methods This .detriment is viewed as a critical downside, and is practically identical to presocial frameworks In contrast with RDBMSs the utilization of OODBMS is still generally constrained

Disadvantages We have just specified that there isn't generally concurred information demonstrate. Essentially, there is no standard protest arranged question dialect

There is no all-around concurred information show for an OODBMS, and most models do not have a hypothetical establishment At the point when another protest is made, it will consequently acquire the information qualities and attributes of the class from which it was brought forth. This implies we don't yet have the level of experience that we have with customary frameworks

The essential information demonstrates which is utilized generally around the globe for information stockpiling and handling is called Relational Data Model.

Yi-Shin-Chen clarifies that Relational information show speaks to the database as an accumulation of tables, named relations, each with a one of a kind name. Vagish Kirubaharan Data Analysis and Design (DAD-16-001-V2 )

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There are no different records changes required additionally there is more stockpiling  productive, points of interest can be erased basically or adjusted and all records in different tables having a connection to that passage will de monstrate the change. That mean information is just put away once. And furthermore complex questions can be done. At the  point when the individual logs on with their client name and watchword, the framework would then be able to restrict get to just to those tables whose records they are approved to view thus that it is better security. And furthermore it is less demanding to change and information arrange.

Social information demonstrates is more adaptable than progressive and system database models are additionally convenience.

1.2

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There are two methodologies for building up any database, the best down approach and base up approach. All these methodologies are distinctive they share the shared objective of  joining a framework by depicting the greater part of the communication between the  procedures. The database configuration process plans to make database structures that will effectively store and oversee information.

Database configuration has frequently been depicted as a crafts manship as opposed to science Traditionally, it has been completed on a speciall y appointed premise by a "database plan master" who acquire data about a client's information needs through talking, analyzing existing reports and frameworks.

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Top down Method A best down approach is basically the separating of a framework to pick up knowledge into its compositional sub-frameworks. In a best down approach an outline of the framework is defined, determining however not enumerating any first-level subsystems.

The procedure includes the distinguishing proof of various substance sorts and the meaning of each of the element's characteristics. Top-down methodologies stretch an underlying spotlight on learning of larger amount builds, for example, ID of populaces and accumulations of things and element sorts, participation guidelines, and connections between such populaces. On the off chance that you have a major iss ue to tackle, this technique is extremely compelling. Top down outline is a choice to make new parts inside gathering. All things considered, imperatives are the current geometry components from different part s inside get together: lines, planes, surfaces, focuses, vertices.

The primary preferred standpoint of the best down approach is the representation of the framework which can be utilized for discourses with t he client and for advance following

How about we think about preferences of best down approach:-

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The association understands an engaged utilization of assets from the individual

oversaw application.

• The main usage turns into a feature for the character administration arrangement.

• When the stages are finished for the overseen application, you have actualized a more  profound more develop execution of the character administration arrangement.

• Operation and upkeep assets are not at first affected as seriously as with the base up approach.

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Inconveniences of best down approach:-

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The arrangement gives restricted scope in the principal stages.

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A insignificant level of client accounts is overseen in the principal stages.

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You may need to create custom connectors at a beginning period.

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The support and general business won't understand the advantage of the arrangement as quickly.

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The execution cost is probably going to be higher

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Base up plan strategy The base up approach starts with the particular points of interest and climbs to the general. To start a base up plan, the framework expert will investigate every one of the interfaces that the framework has, checking reports, screens, and structures. The expert will work in reverse through the framework to figure out what information ought to be put away in the database. Base up approaches see database configuration as continuing from an underlying investigation of lower-level theoretical units, for example, characteristics and useful conditions, and after that moving towards a worthy consistent information show through intelligent groupings of related properties. Base up configuration is the favored strate gy for  beforehand developed, off-the-rack parts, or standard segments like equipment, pulleys, engines, and so on. These parts don't change their shape and size in light of your outline unless you pick an alternate segment. In this approach the individual base components of the framework are first determined in incredible detail. These components are then connected together to frame bigger subsystems, which at that point thusl y are connected, now and again in many levels, until the point that a total best level framework is shaped.

With base up plan, a structure graph is important to decide the request of execution, and the improvement of drivers is important to finish the base up approach

Preferences of Bottom-up Approach: -

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User and business consciousness of the item. Advantages are acknowledged in the early stages.

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You can supplant numerous manual procedures with early mechanization.

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You can actualize watchword administration for an expansive number of clients.

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You don't need to create custom connectors in the early stages.

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Your association expands personality administration aptitudes and comprehension amid the principal stage.

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Tivoli Identity Manager is acquainted with your business with less interruption to your operations.

Impediments of Top-down Approach: -

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The hierarchical structure you build up might need to be changed in a later take off stage.

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Because of the prompt changes to store proprietors and the client populace, the takeoff will have a higher effect prior and require more noteworthy participation.

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This system is driven by the current foundation rather than the business forms.

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Task 2

2.1

2.2 Assumption A Student is referred by only Course Section and Professor in University. All the different types of Courses were recorded in a single profile per a student Each time the register enters the details of a new student A student will receive only the report once he finishes the exam

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2: 3 When all is said in done every substance will be changed over specifically into the connection. The credited of the substance turn into the properties of the connection. The identifier of the element turns into the key of the social outline. Connections will be mapped as 'outside keys' of the element

Doctor (doctor No, name, address, phone Number, qualifications, fees per call, specialization ….) Patient (patient Number, name, age, sex, address, city, referred Doctor, department) Operation (operation Number, patient Number , date of Admission, date of Operation, name of Doctor, operation Theater Number , type of Operation … ) Discharge (Discharge Number, patient Number, test Charges, operation Charges, Doctor (Charges, balance Charges, treatment given, treatment Advice, payment Made, mode of payment…)  paperwork(Balance charges , Test charges , Operation charges , Blood charges , Doctors ‘charges , Patient number , Treatment given , Treatment advice , Payment made , Mode of  payment, Date of discharge... ) Room (room type, status, room number... ) Treatment (Innu, treatment, treatment advice ...) Department (name, location, facilities...)

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Task 3

Dave Carlson (2015) clarifies that, "A database inquiry is a bit of code (a question) that is sent to a database keeping in mind the end goal to get data once more from the database. It is utilized as the method for retrieving the data from database."

In the above framework the connections and custom outlines which will be helpful in day by day operations can be actualize utilizing question instruments. The structure of SQL inquiry is simpler to catch than numerous other database question dialects in the business. SQL can  be utilized with a few free and open source database frameworks

How about we consider session the benefits of SQL questions:-

SQL inquiries can be utilized to recover a lot of records from a database rapidly and  proficiently.

SQL databases utilize since a long time ago settled standard, which is being received  by ANSI and ISO. Non-SQL databases don't hold fast to any reasonable standard.

Databases enable you to interface diverse wellsprings of data together so you can see imperative things about your business you may never have taken note.

Using standard SQL it is less demanding to oversee database frameworks without writing significant measure of code.

SQL for the most part comprises of English explanations and it is anything but difficult to learn and comprehend a SQL inquiry.

QL can do both the employments of being a programming and an intelligent dialect in the meantime.

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SQL is utilized to make databases, oversee security of a database. It can likewise be utilized for refreshing, recovering and offering information to clients.

SQL is the database dialect which is utilized by organizations and undertakings all through the globe.

Utilizing remote key devices there are 6 sorts of connections can be actualized.

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One-to-one non-recognizing relationship

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One-to-numerous non-recognizing relationship

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One-to-one recognizing relationship

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One-to-many recognizing relationship

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Many-to-many recognizing relationship

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Place a Relationship Using Existing Columns

Likewise somebody can choose numerous connections by holding down the CONTROL key as you click an association. This can be helpful for featuring particular connections on an EER chart.

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While making an information display set of exercises can be found on the workbench wizard.

EER Diagrams

Physical Schemata

Schema Privileges

SQL Scripts

Model Notes

MySQL Workbench gives DBAs and designers and incorporated devices condition for: -

Database Design and Modeling

SQL Development

Database Administration

Database Migration

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3.3 Inquiry programming apparatuses used to build up and execute inquiries from the regular database administration systems (DBMS). We can utilize the accompanying apparatuses to access and change information in occasions of SQL Server.

SQL Server Management Studio

sulcmd utility

 bcp utility

sqlps utility

Inquiry plan by utilizing database particular question dialects, f or example, SQL or OQL ends up being awkward or even outlandish when end-clients need to posture inquiries to expansive database plans. This is because of the challenges which emerge out of the wrong or outlandish understandings of capacity models and the absence of instruments to implant application space semantics inside inquiry dialects.

Utilizing inquiry instruments the proficient of the database question process can be upgrade. Database question apparatuses permits to oversee scope of information in a database and gives broad offices to working specifically with SQL code. Before working specifically with a live server, an association must be made. After an association is built up, it is conceivable to execute SQL code specifically on the server and control the server utilizing SQL code.

Information is important in the event that we have some approach to follow up on it. Else, we are negligible observers. This is a standout amongst the most tricky parts of the present fixation of information representation, which seems to regard information as a certain legitimization for itself, instead of as an intermediary for things that we really need to comprehend or test.

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Significant, information should first be:-

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Available

Accessibility starts with great plan, It implies keeping frameworks up and recoverable, and upgrading forms like information extraction and change

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Accurate

To be precise, total portrayal of information.

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Actionable

Information dependably recounts a story. In any case, the story needs to go someplace. Important information drives activity to comprehend its customer's objectives and power significant decisions.

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There are three sorts of information extractions that the MDE can create:

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�Snapshot inquiry: Resource property (metadata) extraction for a set point in time

• �Raw time arrangement inquiry: Raw information extraction between a begin and end time

• �Aggregated time arrangement question: Aggregated information extraction between a begin and end time

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3.1 Provide reasonable experiments and tests intend to test the database.

A put away strategy is a gathering of Transact -SQL proclamations accumulated into a solitary execution design.

SQL Server put away methods return information in four ways:

Output parameters, which can return either information, (for example, a whole number or character esteem) or a cursor variable (cursors are result sets that can be recovered one column at once).

Return codes, which are dependably a whole number esteem.

A result set for each SELECT articulation contained in the put away method or some other put away techniques called by the put away strate gy.

A worldwide cursor that can be referenced outside the put away method.

 Normally you approve by running a type of test on the information.

There are distinctive layers through which information passes and there are diverse sorts of tests.

In the event that you consider the accompanying framework layers:-

User interface/customer layer

Application layer Vagish Kirubaharan Data Analysis and Design (DAD-16-001-V2 )

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Database layer

You can do information approval at any of these layers, with following contrasts

Validation in the database layer is favored in light of the fact that you can have diverse applications associating with a similar database and keeping in mind that this is something to be thankful for, the approval in those applications isn't reall y the same, and consequently approval that is actualized on the database la yer is better as far as information trustworthiness

at a similar time approval in the database layer ought to be speediest in light of the fact that the database layer is nearest to the (information does not have to go through different layers to be handled, for this situation approved)

the special case is if the approval manage is static and does not rely upon other information from the database (for instance testing if the info is an even positive number), at that point the customer can approve the information before the database and maintain a strategic distance from superfluously entrusting application la yer or potentially database layer. (in the meantime you need to actualize approval at the database layer likewise, just on the off chance that there is a bug or different applications will interface with the database). same rule applies to application la yer - if there is an approval that application layer can  perform without hitting the database server it ought to do it, however the same ought to be done (ensured) in the database layer.

You can view following as approval tests (approval sorts):-

Type approval (illustrations: is the information that is embedded a whole number?). This can be checked at database layer by announcing legitimate sort on the section.)

Domain approval (illustration: is the information a positive whole number?) . This can  be checked at the database layer utilizing CHECK requirement Vagish Kirubaharan Data Analysis and Design (DAD-16-001-V2 )

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Relationship approval (case: for the record you are including is there as of now a record in another table). This can be checked at the database layer by appropriate utilization of FOREIGN KEYS

 business rules approval (these can be intricate, for instance 'if the esteem you are attempting to record is > 100 at that point ensure t hat you can record IP of the client, generally wipe out exchange; if not don't trouble'.) these sort of approvals s hould be possible through triggers and put away systems. in certifiable business rules approval are frequently executed at the application layer (for different reasons - from relative non-viability and nonversatility of PL/SQL, which is normally the dialect you should compose triggers in, to the way that actualizing muddled triggers can decrease execution lastly make the framework exceptionally intricate)

MySQL Fabric is worked around an extensible and open source system for overseeing ranches of MySQL Servers. MySQL Workbench is a graphical apparatus for working with MySQL Servers and databases. MySQL Workbench completely bolsters MySQL Server variants 5.1 or more. It is good with MySQL Server 5.0, however only one out of every odd component of 5.0 might be bolstered. It doesn't bolster MySQL Server adaptations 4.x.

Fundamental themes which are secured by My SQL Workbench: -

SQL Development : MySQL Workbench gives the capacity to execute SQL questions on the database associations utilizing the inherent SQL Editor.

Data Modeling : The Table Editor gives offices to altering Tables, Columns, Indexes, Triggers, Partitioning, Options, Inserts and Privileges, Routines and Views.

Server Administration: MySQL server examples by regulating clients, performing reinforcement and recuperation, reviewing review information, seeing database wellbein g, and observing the MySQL server execution.

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Data Migration : MySQL server occasions by controlling clients, performing reinforcement and recuperation, assessing review information, seeing database wellbeing, and checking the MySQL server execution.

MySQL Enterprise Support: Support for Enterprise items. (Ex: MySQL Enterprise Backup, MySQL Audit)

MySQL presented another Migration Wizard module as a major aspect of MySQL Workbench 5.2.41. The Migration Wizard enables you to effortlessly and rapidly relocate databases from Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL, Sybase ASE, and most ODBC-fit RDBMSs to MySQL.

Planning a Microsoft® SQL Server™ application for ideal execution can appear an overwhelming test. Devices, for example, dialect compilers or mediators, debuggers, and runtime sending stages regularly limit the advancement show decisions. One of the capacities of SQL is its capacity to channel information at the server with the goal that exclusive the base information required is come back to the customer.

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Task 4

Security Policies

Security notice extend from expecting reinforcements to be done frequently and put away off-site. Since which incorporate guaranteeing that unapproved access to delicate information.

Eg, for example, representative compensations,

System Security Policy.

Security agenda.

Data Security Policy.

User Security Policy.

Password Management strategy.

Framework Security Policy

Security strategy, and contains these points: Database User Management

Operating System Security.

User Authentication. Vagish Kirubaharan Data Analysis and Design (DAD-16-001-V2 )

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Every database has at least one heads who are in charge of keeping up the security arrangement: the security chairmen, if the database framework is huge, at that point a unique individual or gathering of individuals may have duties constrained to those of a security overseer..

Database User Management

 Number of executives with freedom to oversee database client’s regardless, just trusted  people ought to have the intense freedom to direct database clients.

Client Authentication

Database clients can be checked by utilizing database passwords, the host working framework. To be checked utilizing system validation administrations or SSL requires.

Working System Security

Database overseers must have the working framework freedom to make and erase documents.

Typical database clients ought not have the working framework freedom to make or erase documents identified with the database.

If the working framework recognizes database parts for clients, at that point the security managers must have the working framework freedom to alter the security area of working framework accounts.

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Information Security Policy

Information security incorporates the systems that control the entrance to and utilization of the database .information security strategy figures out which clients approach a particular mapping object, and the particular sorts of activities took into consideration every client on the protest.

Principally, the levels of security you need to build up for the information in your database decides your information security arrangement concede get to freedom for t heir articles to some other client of the framework.

General information security ought to be founded on the affectability of inf ormation. On the off chance that data isn't touchy, at that point the information security approach can be more careless. Be that as it may, if information is delicate, at that point a security strategy ought to  be created to keep up tight control over access to objects.

Perspectives can likewise execute information security in light of the fact that their definition can limit access to table information. They can bar segments containing delicate information.

Client Security Policy Client security arrangement, and contains the accompanying points: General User Security.

Application Developer Security.

End User Security.

Administrator Security.

Application Administrator security. Vagish Kirubaharan Data Analysis and Design (DAD-16-001-V2 )

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General User Security

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Password Security.

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Privilege Management

Secret word Security

In the event that client confirmation is overseen by the database, at that point security managers ought to build up a secret word security strate gy to keep up database get to security. For instance, database clients ought to be required to change their passwords at general interims, and obviously, when their passwords are uncovered to others. By driving a client to alter passwords in such circumstances, unapproved database access can be lessened.

Passwords are utilizing the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) calculation, before sending them over the system.

Benefit Management

Security directors ought to consider issues identified with benefit administration for a wide range of clients. For instance, in a database with numerous client names, it might be advantageous to utilize parts (named gatherings of related f reedom that you give to clients or different parts) to deal with the freedom accessible to clients. Then again, in a database with a modest bunch of client names, it might be simpler to give freedom unequivocally to clients and maintain a strategic distance from the utilization of parts.

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End-User Security Security directors must characterize an approach for end-client security. On the off chance that a database has numerous clients, at that point the security overseer can choose which gatherings of clients can be ordered into client gatherings, and after that make client parts for these gatherings. At that point security head can concede the i mportant freedom.

Overseer Security Security overseers ought to likewise have an arrangement tending to database executive security. For instance, when the database is vast and there are a few sorts of database heads, the security executive may choose to bunch related regulator y freedom into a few managerial  parts. The regulatory parts would then be able to be allowed to suitable chairman clients. On the other hand, when the database is little and has just a couple of managers, it might be more advantageous to make one regulatory part and concede it to all overseers.

Application Developer Security Security executives must characterize an extraordinary security approach for the application designers utilizing a database. A security executive could allow the freedom to make essential articles to application engineers. On the other hand, the freedom to make articles could be allowed just to a database overseer, who at that point gets demands for question creation from engineers.

Application Administrator Security

In extensive database frameworks with numerous database applicati ons, An application manager is in charge of the accompanying sorts of errands:

Creating parts for an application and dealing with the freedom of every application  part

Creating and dealing with the items utilized by a database application

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Secret word Management Policy

Database security frameworks that are subject to passwords require that passwords be kept mystery consistently. Since passwords are powerless against robbery, imitation, and abuse, Oracle Database utilizes a watchword administration arrangement. DBAs and security officers control this approach through client profiles, empowering more prominent control over database security.

Account Locking

Password History.

Password Complexity

Password alters.

Record Locking

At the point when a specific client surpasses an assigned number of fizzled login endeavors

Secret key change

Utilize the CREATE PROFILE proclamation to determine a most extreme lifetime for  passwords.

Secret key History

The accompanying two parameters control client capacity to reuse an old secret key: Vagish Kirubaharan Data Analysis and Design (DAD-16-001-V2 )

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Secret key Complexity

Prophet test secret key multifaceted nature check routine can be indicated utilizing a SQL content which sets the default profile parameters.

The secret word unpredictability check routine guarantees that the watchword meets the accompanying prerequisites:

Is no less than four characters in length

Differs from the client name

Has no less than one alpha, one numeric, and one accentuation stamp chara cter

Is not straightforward or self-evident, for example, welcome, record, database, or client

Differs from the past secret word by no less than 3 characters

A DBA with ALTER ANY USER benefit can adjust any client secret ke y without providing the old one.

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Conclusion I have clearly explained the entire task that I have given to me and I have given some knowledge about the Data Analysis and Design which I have learnt

Here I have explained about database and shown ER Diagram for the scenario and also described query tools with some instructions. So I think this assi gnment will give clear view, image about this system and how databases are used.

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Gant Chart

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References

Margaret Rouse. (2005-2015). data modeling. Available:http://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/definition/data-modeling. Last accessed 12th January 2015 at 5.25A.M. Tutorials point. (2014). DBMS Data Models. Available:http://www.tutorialspoint.com/dbms/dbms_data_models.htm. Last accessed 12th January 2015 at 5.35A.M. Learn DataModeling.com. (). Why to build or create a data model?. Available:http://www.learndatamodeling.com/dm_overview2.php. Last accessed 12th January 2015 at 6.10A.M CA. (2011). Benefits of Data Modeling. Available:http://support.ca.com/cadocs/0/CA%20ERwin%20Data%20Modeler%20r8ENU/Bookshelf_Files/HTML/Methods/index.htm?toc.htm?254455.html. Last accessed 12th January 2015 at 6.20A.M. Tutorials point. (2014). Relational Data Model. Available:http://www.tutorialspoint.com/dbms/relational_data_model.htm. Last accessed 13th January 2015 at 6.25A.M. Teach -ICT.com. (). Advantage of Relational Data Base Available:- http://www.teachict.com/as_as_computing/ocr/H447/F453/3_3_9/database_design/miniweb/pg8.htm. Last accessed 13th January 2015 at 6.45A.M. Eskimo. (). Advantages & Dis advantages of Logical Data Modeling? Available:https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090524074401AAsqig7. Last accessed 17th January 2015 at 8.00P.M. Deborah Lee Soltesz. (1999-2015). What are the Advantages of a Relational Database Model?. Available:- http://www.ehow.com/list_6328507_advantages-relational-databasemodel_.html. Last accessed 17th January 2015 at 8.30P.M. Azhar. (). What are the advantages and disadvantages of using relational models in a database?. Available: https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091005032104AAFwMmT. Last accessed 18th January 2015 at 6.30A.M. Sophie Johnson. (2015). What Are the Advantages & Disadvantages of Hierarchical Structure?. Available:- http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantageshierarchical-structure-66002.html. Last accessed 18th January 2015 at 7.09A.M.

Vagish Kirubaharan Data Analysis and Design (DAD-16-001-V2 )