Cognizant E-learning Modules

E-LEARNING MODULES NOTES

Contents Contents ...................................................................................................................................................... 0 HTML............................................................................................................................................................ 9 Introduction to HTML ................................................................................................................................. 9 HTML Structures and Elements ............................................................................................................. 15 Creating a Web Page .............................................................................................................................. 29 Hyperlinks, Tables, and Forms .............................................................................................................. 35 Image Maps and Style Sheets ............................................................................................................... 54 Enhancing Web Pages ............................................................................................................................ 64 Client-side and Server-side Scripts ....................................................................................................... 74 Advanced Markup Languages ............................................................................................................... 81 Managing and Connecting to Databases ............................................................................................. 89 Understanding Advanced Web Techniques......................................................................................... 96

EXCEL ..................................................................................................................................................... 101 Opening an Excel 2010 Workbook ...................................................................................................... 101 Introducing the Excel 2010 Interface................................................................................................... 109 Creating a New Excel 2010 Workbook and Entering Data .............................................................. 122 Opening Workbooks and Entering Data in Excel 2010 .................................................................... 134 Formatting Text and Cells in Excel 2010 ............................................................................................ 137 Aligning data in Excel 2010 .................................................................................................................. 148 Formatting Numbers in Excel 2010 ..................................................................................................... 154 Formatting Data in Excel 2010 ............................................................................................................. 167 Introducing Formulas and References in Excel 2010 ....................................................................... 170 Inserting Formulas in Excel 2010 ........................................................................................................ 179 Editing and Correcting Common Formula Errors .............................................................................. 192 Entering a Formula and Using References in Excel 2010 ............................................................... 202 Using Tables and Applying Table Styles in Excel 2010 ................................................................... 205 Applying Conditional Formats in Excel 2010 ..................................................................................... 217 Using Sparklines in Excel 2010 ........................................................................................................... 226 Using Tables, Conditional Formatting, and Sparklines .................................................................... 239

Operating Systems................................................................................................................................. 242 1

UNIX Philosophy and History ............................................................................................................... 242 UNIX Portability and Standards ........................................................................................................... 248 UNIX Distributions .................................................................................................................................. 255 Choosing a UNIX Distribution............................................................................................................... 261 UNIX Implementations........................................................................................................................... 266 The Basics of Using UNIX .................................................................................................................... 273 Getting Started with a UNIX System ................................................................................................... 284 Understanding UNIX Shell Scripts ....................................................................................................... 288 Choosing UNIX Shells ........................................................................................................................... 302 Creating and Running an Executable File in UNIX ........................................................................... 308 Choosing UNIX Shells and Running Scripts ...................................................................................... 320 UNIX Command Execution ................................................................................................................... 326 Redirection in UNIX ............................................................................................................................... 334 Substitution and Patterns in UNIX ....................................................................................................... 345 Using UNIX Commands in a Script ..................................................................................................... 353 UNIX Files and Directories ................................................................................................................... 359 The UNIX File System ........................................................................................................................... 366 File Creation, Deletion, and Permissions in UNIX ............................................................................ 383 Using the UNIX File System ................................................................................................................. 393 Searching UNIX Files with Patterns .................................................................................................... 398 Working with UNIX directories ............................................................................................................. 417 Searching and Organizing a UNIX File System ................................................................................ 433 Introduction to Windows 7..................................................................................................................... 443 The Windows 7 Desktop ....................................................................................................................... 451 The Windows 7 Start Menu and Taskbar ........................................................................................... 458 Getting Around the Windows 7 Interface ............................................................................................ 469 Using Windows Explorer ....................................................................................................................... 471 Searching for Files and Folders ........................................................................................................... 485 Navigating Windows and Searching for Files .................................................................................... 491 Installing and Removing Programs...................................................................................................... 494 Installing and Using Printers ................................................................................................................. 501 Working with Programs, Printers, and the Control Panel................................................................. 513 System Maintenance ............................................................................................................................. 516 2

Windows 7 Security ............................................................................................................................... 530 Backing up and Restoring Folders and Files ..................................................................................... 540 Performing Maintenance and Security Tasks .................................................................................... 554 Customizing the Windows 7 Desktop.................................................................................................. 558 Customizing the Start Menu ................................................................................................................. 568 Customizing the Taskbar ...................................................................................................................... 576 Customizing the Windows 7 Interface................................................................................................. 584 DBMS ....................................................................................................................................................... 587 Overview of Databases and DBMSs ................................................................................................... 587 The Database Architectures and Models ........................................................................................... 597 Identifying Database Systems .............................................................................................................. 612 Relational Database Concepts............................................................................................................. 620 The Relational Database Schema ....................................................................................................... 630 Database Normalization ........................................................................................................................ 639 Identifying the Relational Database Concepts and Schema ........................................................... 646 Designing a relational database........................................................................................................... 652 The database design life cycle ............................................................................................................. 659 Database design requirements analysis ............................................................................................. 665 Interviewing for business requirements gathering ............................................................................ 669 Developing the conceptual database design ..................................................................................... 679 Creating a conceptual database design ............................................................................................. 686 Database design using Entity-Relationship modeling ...................................................................... 691 Designing a database using Entity-Relationship modeling .............................................................. 701 Normalizing the database design ........................................................................................................ 707 Modeling complex relationships in the database design.................................................................. 714 A database design Entity-Relationship model ................................................................................... 721 Completing the logical database design ............................................................................................. 723 Implementing the database design...................................................................................................... 732 Creating a physical database design .................................................................................................. 741 Databases v. Database Management Systems ................................................................................ 747 Database requirements ......................................................................................................................... 755 A sample database system................................................................................................................... 757 Database models ................................................................................................................................... 760 3

Database architectures ......................................................................................................................... 769 Designing a database architecture ...................................................................................................... 779 OLTP databases v. data warehousing ................................................................................................ 781 Oracle RDBMS and ORDBMS ............................................................................................................. 783 The Oracle9i database server .............................................................................................................. 786 Relational Database Concepts............................................................................................................. 796 Relational database characteristics..................................................................................................... 803 The relational database schema .......................................................................................................... 806 Relational database integrity ................................................................................................................ 813 Operations in a relational database..................................................................................................... 815 Formulating algebraic operations in a database ............................................................................... 824 Using SQL in a relational database ..................................................................................................... 829 Writing basic SQL statements .............................................................................................................. 840 Manipulating data in Oracle9i databases ........................................................................................... 844 Using DML statements in an Oracle9i database ............................................................................... 855 Database transactions and concurrency problems ........................................................................... 861 Resolving concurrency problems in a database................................................................................ 867 Database security................................................................................................................................... 874 Oracle9i database users ....................................................................................................................... 880 Privileges in an Oracle9i database ...................................................................................................... 885 Programming languages ....................................................................................................................... 889 The Evolution of Computers and Software Programming ............................................................... 889 Software Development Life Cycle ....................................................................................................... 900 Programming Basics.............................................................................................................................. 908 Program Development Tools ................................................................................................................ 914 Understanding Programming Basics ................................................................................................... 921 Algorithms Explained ............................................................................................................................. 929 Creating an Algorithm ............................................................................................................................ 946 Structuring an Algorithm ........................................................................................................................ 952 IF Statements.......................................................................................................................................... 963 CASE Statements .................................................................................................................................. 976 Solving a Problem using Branching Statements ............................................................................... 986 Completing Selection Statements...................................................................................................... 1001 4

FOR Loops ............................................................................................................................................ 1007 WHILE Loops ........................................................................................................................................ 1016 Solving a Repetition Problem ............................................................................................................. 1028 Using Loops .......................................................................................................................................... 1044 The history of computers..................................................................................................................... 1050 Programming princples ....................................................................................................................... 1059 Software life cycle phases .................................................................................................................. 1070 Program development ......................................................................................................................... 1075 Defining algorithms .............................................................................................................................. 1083 Construction an algorithm ................................................................................................................... 1093 Creating an algorithm .......................................................................................................................... 1102 Variables, constants, and data types ................................................................................................ 1107 Expressions and statements .............................................................................................................. 1114 Building expressions ............................................................................................................................ 1122 Variables, Constants, and Data Types ............................................................................................. 1131 Expressions and Statements .............................................................................................................. 1140 Building Expressions ........................................................................................................................... 1153 Arrays ..................................................................................................................................................... 1159 Procedures and Functions .................................................................................................................. 1170 Using Arrays and Procedures ............................................................................................................ 1186 Software Engineering concepts ......................................................................................................... 1193 Analyzing Requirements Using Models SkillBriefs ......................................................................... 1193 SkillBrief ................................................................................................................................................. 1194 Use Case Modeling .............................................................................................................................. 1194 Usage Modeling Techniques .............................................................................................................. 1199 Usage Modeling Techniques .............................................................................................................. 1203 Data and Behavior Modeling Techniques ........................................................................................ 1207 Class Diagrams .................................................................................................................................... 1210 Solution Development Methodologies .............................................................................................. 1212 Business Rules ..................................................................................................................................... 1215 Data Flow Diagrams ............................................................................................................................ 1218 Data Flow Diagrams ............................................................................................................................ 1221 Activity Diagrams.................................................................................................................................. 1225 5

Refining and Documenting Requirements SkillBriefs .................................................................... 1228 Functional Requirements .................................................................................................................... 1229 Quality of Service Requirements ....................................................................................................... 1231 Decomposing Requirements .............................................................................................................. 1233 Constraints and Assumptions............................................................................................................. 1235 Requirements Attributes ...................................................................................................................... 1237 Types of Requirements Documents .................................................................................................. 1239 Validating and Verifying Requirements............................................................................................. 1241 Software testing .................................................................................................................................... 1244 The Necessity of Software Testing .................................................................................................... 1244 What is Software Testing? .................................................................................................................. 1251 Meeting Software Test Objectives ..................................................................................................... 1255 General Software Testing Principles ................................................................................................. 1261 Applied Software Testing Principles .................................................................................................. 1265 The Importance of Software Testing and Mitigating Harm ............................................................ 1272 The Fundamental Software Test Process ........................................................................................ 1278 Exit Criteria and Test Closure Activities............................................................................................ 1286 The Psychology of Software Testing................................................................................................. 1291 Contrasting Software Testers and Developers ................................................................................ 1298 Organizing Testers and the Software Test Process ....................................................................... 1302 Software Development Models .......................................................................................................... 1307 Component and Integration Testing .................................................................................................. 1314 System and Acceptance Testing ....................................................................................................... 1320 Testing to Reveal Defects ................................................................................................................... 1328 Functional and Non-functional Software Testing ............................................................................ 1333 Structural and Changed-based Software Testing ........................................................................... 1341 Maintenance Software Testing........................................................................................................... 1350 Models of Software Testing and Development ................................................................................ 1356 ENGLISH ............................................................................................................................................... 1360 SkillBrief ................................................................................................................................................. 1361 End Punctuation Marks ....................................................................................................................... 1361 Using the Comma Correctly ............................................................................................................... 1363 Using Connectors and Separators .................................................................................................... 1364 6

Using Other Punctuation Marks ......................................................................................................... 1366 Business Grammar: Sentence Construction SkillBriefs ................................................................. 1369 Sentence Parts, Phrases, and Clauses ............................................................................................ 1369 The Rules of Subject-Verb Agreement ............................................................................................. 1371 Rules of Agreement for Pronouns and Antecedents ...................................................................... 1373 Sentence Fragments, Comma Splices, and Modifiers ................................................................... 1375 Business Grammar: Common Usage Errors SkillBriefs ................................................................. 1378 Recognizing Commonly Confused Word Pairs ............................................................................... 1378 Using Prepositions Idiomatically ........................................................................................................ 1380 Recognizing Commonly Misused Verbs and Other Words ........................................................... 1382 Business Grammar: Parts of Speech SkillBriefs ............................................................................. 1384 Recognizing the Eight Parts of Speech ............................................................................................ 1384 Using Verbs Correctly .......................................................................................................................... 1386 Using Adverbs and Adjectives ........................................................................................................... 1388 Using Nouns Correctly......................................................................................................................... 1390 Rules for Constructing Prefixes and Suffixes .................................................................................. 1393 Rules for Forming Plurals ................................................................................................................... 1395 Rules for Forming Possessives ......................................................................................................... 1396 Basic Spelling Rules ............................................................................................................................ 1398 Business Grammar: The Mechanics of Writing SkillBriefs............................................................. 1400 The Correct Use of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... 1400 The Correct Methods of Capitalization.............................................................................................. 1402 Writing Numbers ................................................................................................................................... 1405 Interpersonal Communication: Communicating with Confidence SkillBriefs .............................. 1408 The Essential Elements of Confident Communication ................................................................... 1408 The Use and Impact of Confident Communication Behaviors ...................................................... 1410 Trust, Credibility, Rapport, and Confidence ..................................................................................... 1412 Business Writing: How to Write Clearly and Concisely SkillBriefs ............................................... 1415 Techniques for Writing Clearly ........................................................................................................... 1415 Applying the Techniques of Concise Writing ................................................................................... 1417 Organizing Content to Increase Understanding .............................................................................. 1420 Developing an Effective VOICE ......................................................................................................... 1436 Methods for Improving Your Voice .................................................................................................... 1437 7

The Benefits of a Well-placed Pause ................................................................................................ 1440 Understanding the Seven Levels of Listening ................................................................................. 1441 The Most Common Obstacles to Listening ...................................................................................... 1443 Overcoming Self-made Barriers to Listening ................................................................................... 1445 Recognizing Non-verbal Messages................................................................................................... 1446 Interpreting Four Modes of Non-verbal Expression ........................................................................ 1448 Responding Appropriately to Body Language ................................................................................. 1450 Workplace Communication Skills SkillBriefs .................................................................................... 1451 Three Interpersonal Communication Styles ..................................................................................... 1452 Four Types of Assertive Responses ................................................................................................. 1454 Assertive Interpersonal Negotiation Techniques ............................................................................. 1456 Using Constructive Criticism and Feedback .................................................................................... 1457 Criteria for Giving Constructive Criticism .......................................................................................... 1458 Accepting Criticism in a Positive Manner ......................................................................................... 1460 Using Open and Closed Questions ................................................................................................... 1461 How to Use Exploratory Questions.................................................................................................... 1462 Using Leading Questions to Persuade ............................................................................................. 1463 Listening Basics SkillBriefs ................................................................................................................. 1464 The Seven Components of Communication .................................................................................... 1465 The Seven Components of Communication .................................................................................... 1466 How People Communicate Simultaneously ..................................................................................... 1467 How You Receive Information ............................................................................................................ 1468 Three Types of Attention Problems ................................................................................................... 1470 Common Causes of Misinterpreted Messages................................................................................ 1471 Strategies for Improving Your Listening Skills ................................................................................. 1472 Factors That Influence Your Listening Attitudes.............................................................................. 1473

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HTML Introduction to HTML Learning Objectives

After completing this topic, you should be able to 

identify the current HTML standards



recognize what HTML is



identify common HTML editing applications and their functions 1. Introduction to HTML Hypertext Markup Language, or HTML for short, is the authoring language used to create web documents. It was developed from Standard Generalized Markup Language, or SGML which is a more complicated markup language. HTML has evolved since its beginnings in 1989. The current release of HTML is HTML 4.01, which has been available since late 1999. A working draft of the HTML 5.0 specification is available since 2008 but has not yet been finalized. Hypertext is a method of preparing and publishing text that enables you to link documents to each other. HTML consists of descriptive symbols and codes, called markup, which tell a browser how to display a web page's content for a user. Each piece of markup code is referred to as an element. Markup languages aren't the same as programming languages. Programming languages, such as Java, are used to generate tasks for the computer to complete. Markup languages, such as HTML, simply describe how a browser should display information. HTML code can be written using a text editor, such as Notepad, or more sophisticated applications, such as Microsoft Expression Web and Adobe Dreamweaver. Expression Web and Dreamweaver are called WYSIWYG editors. WYSIWYG is short for what you see is what you get. These editors display the web page as it will look in the browser. All HTML web pages are saved with the .htm or .html file extension.

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Question Identify the characteristics of HTML. Options: 1. It's a markup language 2. It's an SGML 3. It can be written using a text editor 4. It's a programming language 5. It can be written using a WYSIWYG editor

Answer Option 1: Correct. HTML uses descriptive elements to tell a browser how to display the content contained in the web page. Option 2: Incorrect. HTML is a simplified version of SGML. Option 3: Correct. HTML can be generated using a simple text editor, such as Notepad. It can also be generated in a WYSIWYG editor. Option 4: Incorrect. HTML can't be used to ask the computer to perform tasks, as programming languages do. It simply describes how content will appear in a browser. Option 5: Correct. HTML can be written in WYSIWYG editors and text editors. WYSIWYG editors display the web page as it would appear in a web browser. Correct answer(s): 1. It's a markup language 3. It can be written using a text editor 5. It can be written using a WYSIWYG editor

2. HTML standards The World Wide Web Consortium, or W3C, is the international organization responsible for setting the standards for HTML and other web development languages. It was established in 1994. HTML 2.0, developed in 1995, was the basis for the core HTML features that are used today. In 1996, the W3C approved HTML version 3.2, which added support for tables and text flow around images. Version 3.2 was backward compatible with version 2.0.

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HTML 4.0 was released in 1998. It added support for new scripting languages, multimedia options, style sheets, and improved printing. HTML 4.01 was released in 1999 to repair some bugs that were present in version 4.0. There are three varieties of HTML 4.01. HTML 4.01 Strict HTML 4.01 Strict is a trimmed-down version of HTML 4.01 that emphasizes structure over presentation. You can use Cascading Style Sheets, or CSS, with HTML 4.01 Strict. It enables you to achieve accessible, structurally rich documents that easily adapt to style sheets and different browsing situations. Some older browsers may not be able to support HTML Strict. You shouldn't use deprecated tags – those that will become obsolete in a later version of HTML – in HTML Strict documents. HTML 4.01 Transitional HTML 4.01 Frameset Web pages that contain frames must use HTML 4.01 Frameset, which is a variation of HTML 4.01 Transitional. HTML 4.01 Frameset can contain deprecated tags and is supported by more browsers than HTML 4.01 Strict. XHTML was released in 2001. It combines the strengths of HTML and Extensible Markup Language, or XML, by defining HTML as an XML application. Their release creates a language compatible with a wide range of browsers. They're also simpler, and therefore easier to use.

Note The current release of XHTML is 1.1.There is a working draft for the XTML 2.0 standard but it has not been finalized as a standard. XHTML is far more precise than previous versions of HTML. XHTML, for instance, is case sensitive, so all its elements must be written in lower case. HTML on the other hand is far less strict. Its elements can be written in upper case, lower case, or a mixture of the two. To create a well formatted and executed document, XHTML requires that tags and attributes follow one of three XML document type definitions: XHTML Strict XHTML Strict is used when you want to create clean, clear markup. Unlike XHTML Transitional and Frameset, XHTML Strict is restrictive. It doesn't support the use of any deprecated elements

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or attributes. Deprecated elements and attributes are HTML tags that have been replaced by newer, more functional adaptations. It also doesn't support the use of frames. XHTML Transitional, and XHTML Transitional is compatible with a wide range of browsers, as it supports the use of presentational features and deprecating elements and attributes. XHTML Frameset Although modern browsers all support XHTML to a certain extent, HTML 2.0 is still the most widely supported version – it's supported by almost every browser today.

Question Which XHTML document type definition enables you to use deprecated elements and attributes? Options: 1. XHTML Transitional 2. XHTML Frameset 3. XHTML Strict

Answer Option 1: Correct. XHTML Transitional is compatible with most browsers. It supports the use of deprecated elements and attributes. Option 2: Incorrect. XHTML Frameset is specifically designed for use on web pages that use frames. Option 3: Incorrect. XHTML Strict doesn't support the use deprecated elements and attributes. It also doesn't support the use of framesets. Correct answer(s): 1. XHTML Transitional

3. HTML editors There are two types of HTML editors: GUI editors and Graphical User Interface, or GUI, editors are used to create web pages without having to write HTML code. By using various menu and toolbar commands, you design your web page while the program automatically enters the appropriate HTML code. For this reason, GUI editors are often

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referred to as WYSIWYG editors. This helps you to determine how your page will be displayed and formatted as you create it. As a result, they can greatly speed up the process of web page creation. text editors If you use a text editor to create your web page, you must enter all the code manually. Text editors give you complete control over the content and the "look and feel" of your web page. Using a text editor is more time consuming than using a GUI editor. Common text editors include Notepad and SimpleText. Microsoft Word can also be used to create HTML files but isn't recommended, as it creates a lot of unnecessary HTML code. GUI editors enable you to manually edit the HTML code. Examples of common GUI editors are Microsoft Expression Web and Adobe Dreamweaver. GUI editors also include some advanced functions, such as enabling you to see what your web page will look like in different browsers, File Transfer Protocol, or FTP, access, link checking, and code validation. Being able to perform all these tasks in one application greatly speeds up the production process.

Question Identify the applications that can be used as WYSIWYG HTML editors. Options: 1. Adobe Dreamweaver 2. Microsoft Expression Web 3. Notepad 4. Microsoft Word

Answer Option 1: Correct. Adobe Dreamweaver enables you to create your web pages without having to type any HTML code. It also enables you to edit the HTML code manually. Option 2: Correct. Microsoft Expression Web is a WYSIWYG editor, which uses a GUI interface to enable you to create web pages by using various menu and toolbar commands. The HTML code is automatically generated. Option 3: Incorrect. Notepad is a text editor. It has no GUI interface so all HTML code has to be manually entered.

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Option 4: Incorrect. Microsoft Word can be used as a text editor, but it has no GUI interface, so it isn't a WYSIWYG editor. As a text editor, Word creates unnecessary HTML code, so it isn't recommended. Correct answer(s): 1. Adobe Dreamweaver 2. Microsoft Expression Web

Summary HTML is the authoring language used to create web documents. It was first developed in 1989, and it evolved from SGML. Hypertext refers to HTML's ability to navigate between linked documents. Markup consists of descriptive elements, which tell a browser how to display a web page's content to a user. The W3C is the international organization responsible for setting the standards for HTML. It was formed in 1994 and since then it has overseen the development of HTML from version 2.0 to the current version XHTML 1.0 and HTML 4.02. Varieties of XHTML are XHTML Strict, XHTML Transitional, and XHTML Frameset. There are two types of HTML editors – text and GUI. With a text editor, you enter the HTML code manually. This allows a great degree of control over the web page structure. GUI HTML editors use menus and toolbar options to build the web page. The HTML code is generated automatically. GUI editors also provide extra functionality, such as browser previews, FTP access, link checking, and code validation.

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HTML Structures and Elements Learning Objectives

After completing this topic, you should be able to 

recognize the tags that define the structure in an HTML document



recognize the basic elements of an HTML document 1. HTML tag components HTML documents consist of text and tags. Tags, also known as elements, are used to tell the browser how to display the text and any other content you want to include in your web page. Tags consist of a text command inside angle brackets, known as wickets.

Graphic An example of a tag is .

Code EarthFarm Welcome to the EarthFarm web site There are two types of tags:

Code

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EarthFarm Welcome to the EarthFarm web site container tags and Container tags enclose the text inside an opening and a closing tag. The opening tag starts the instruction, and the closing tag ends it. Only the text within the tags will be displayed on the web page. The closing tag is always the same as the opening tag. The only difference is that the closing tag has a forward slash after the first angle bracket and before the start of the name of the tag. An example is the paragraph tag, which has as the opening tag and as the closing tag. empty tags Empty tags are opening tags that don't have a closing tag. Some examples include the list , horizontal line , and the line break tags. If you need to make HTML code XHTMLcompliant, you should include a forward slash in empty HTML tags. For example should be written as . Common formatting techniques can be performed in html documents by enclosing the text inside some simple tags. To format the text in bold, you place the tag before and the tag after the text you want formatted. Placing on either side of some text will underline the enclosed text. The tags will italicize the enclosed text.

Code

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EarthFarm Welcome to the EarthFarm web site Tags can also be nested or contained inside other tags. The tags enclose all the content visible in the document window of the browser. This content is enclosed by many other tags to format the content for display.

Code EarthFarm Welcome to the EarthFarm web site Tags often include attributes. An attribute identifies a specific characteristic relating to the tag, and a value defines this characteristic. The structure of the tag, attribute, and value is displayed. The order is the tag name first and then the attribute name, followed by an equals sign and the value included in quotation marks. In the code, font is a tag, face is the attribute, and Arial is the value.

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Code EarthFarm Welcome to the EarthFarm web site

Syntax

Question You want to format the text "Welcome to the EarthFarm web site" in italics. Enter the necessary tags and text. Code EarthFarm INSERT THE MISSING CODE

Answer

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To format "Welcome to EarthFarm web site" in italics you type Welcome to the EarthFarm web site. Correct answer(s): 1. Welcome to the EarthFarm web site

Question In the HTML code , match each individual component with the correct description. Options: A. B.

font

C.

size

2

Targets: 1. Attribute 2. Tag 3. Value

Answer The size attribute tells the browser to display the text enclosed within the tags at a specified size. The tags tell the browser to format the enclosed text in a particular way. The value of 2, combined with the tags and the attribute, size, tells the browser that this portion of the text should be displayed at size 2. Correct answer(s): Target 1 = Option C Target 2 = Option B Target 3 = Option A

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2. Structural HTML tags Every HTML page has common structural tags that are needed to build the page.

Code

There are several common structural tags needed in each HTML page:

Code



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The tags define your document as an HTML page for the browser. It encloses all the other tags and the content in your HTML document. The opening tag can have attributes such as lang, which is used to specify the language that the HTML document is written in. For example, you can specify English as the language: , and The tags are used to provide information about the page. The tags contain other tag elements such as the tags and tags. The text you enter in the tags is displayed in the Title bar of your browser. Meta tags are used to provide information about your web site. The content placed inside the meta tag varies widely depending upon the value that is set within the name and content attributes of the tag. Common values for the name attribute include keywords which is used to associate keywords with the site and description. These keywords provide a description of the site for display in search engine results: The tags enclose all the information that will be visible to the users on your web pages. The opening tag can have several attributes. For example, if you want to specify the background color for your web page, you add the bgcolor attribute and specify a hexadecimal color value. For example, you can change the background color of your web page to red: The Document Type Definition, or DTD, describes the markup language used to create the document. It states whether the page was created using HTML 4.01 Strict, HTML 4.01 Transitional, or HTML 4.01 Frameset. The example shows that this web page was created using HTML 4.01 Transitional. The absence of this tag may restrict the use of advanced browser features.

Graphic The DTD is .

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Question You are starting to build your first web page, and you have entered the structural tags that are needed for the basic structure of the page. You now want to add the title "EarthFarm" to your web page. Enter the title with the appropriate tags. Code INSERT THE MISSING CODE



Answer

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To give your web page the title "EarthFarm" you enter EarthFarm inside the tags. Correct answer(s): 1. EarthFarm 2. EarthFarm 3. EarthFarm 4. EarthFarm

Question Which set of tags can be used, with the relevant attributes, to relay keywords associated with the site to search engines? Options: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Answer Option 1: Incorrect. The tags enclose all the information that the user views onscreen. Option 2: Incorrect. The tags define your document as an HTML page for the browser. They enclose all the other tags and the content in the HTML document. Option 3: Correct. You use tags, along with the name attribute set to keywords and the content attribute containing the relevant keywords, to enable search engines to index your web site correctly. Option 4: Incorrect. The tags are used to display the title of your web page in the browser Title bar. Correct answer(s): 3.

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3. Elements of an HTML document The tags contain all the contents of the document, such as the text and images, that will be visible in the document window of the browser. Different tags are used to format the text and display the images.

Code EarthFarm Welcome to EarthFarm Here at EarthFarm, we base our farming techniques on the development of biological diversity and the maintenance and replenishment of soil fertility. We grow vegetables, crops, flowers, and herbs in a completely organic environment. We specialise in: Organic food Organic vegetables Organic fruit Organic meat Flowers and herbs The most common tags used in the body of the HTML document are

Code EarthFarm Welcome to EarthFarm Here at EarthFarm, we base our farming techniques on the development of biological diversity and the maintenance and replenishment of soil fertility. We grow vegetables, crops, flowers, and herbs in a completely

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organic environment. We specialise in: Organic food Organic vegetables Organic fruit Organic meat Flowers and herbs The tags are heading tags. In HTML you can have up to six different heading sizes. The tag defines the largest header and defines the smallest header. Paragraph breaks occur automatically at the end of each heading element. The tags are used to format text in paragraphs. In HTML documents you can't separate blocks of text into paragraphs by pressing the Enter key because white space is not recognized. You have to enclose the text inside the tags. The tag creates a single line break in text wherever it is inserted. The tag has no closing tag. The tag creates a horizontal rule. This is a straight line which extends across a page. This can be used to divide the content into sections. The tag has no closing tag. , and The tag defines an image and attaches it to your web page. This tag requires the src attribute for a graphic to load correctly. The src attribute specifies the name of the graphic file and the location of the file on the computer: Different types of graphic files can be displayed such as JPEG, gif, and PNG files. Other attributes such as the height and width of the image can be specified. The tag has no closing tag. The tags are used to format text. The face attribute enables you to set the font type: Text

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The size attribute specifies the size of the text and the color attribute enables you to set the color. You may want to display some content in bulleted or numbered lists. There are different tags used for each of these lists. For a bulleted list, the tags are used. The tag stands for unordered list, which is a bulleted list. It doesn't display the list items numerically or alphabetically. To create an ordered, numerical list, you use the tags. In both types of list, the list items must be preceded by the list item tag. There is no closing tag.

Code EarthFarm Welcome to EarthFarm Here at Earthfarm, we base our farming techniques on the development of biological diversity and the maintenance and replenishment of soil fertility. We grow vegetables, crops, flowers, and herbs in a completely organic environment. Our livestock are fed a carefully prepared organic diet and are allowed to roam free across our parkland. We specialise in: Organic food Organic vegetables Organic fruit Organic meat Flowers and herbs

Question

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You want to format the text "Welcome to EarthFarm" in Arial font face. Without adding unnecessary spaces to the code, enter the appropriate tags and text. Code EarthFarm INSERT THE MISSING CODE

Answer To display the text "Welcome to EarthFarm" in Arial, you type Welcome to EarthFarm. Correct answer(s): 1. Welcome to EarthFarm

Question Match the tags with their descriptions. Options:

A. B.



C.



D.



Targets: 1. Embeds a graphic in a web page 2. Creates a straight line which extends across the page 3. Formats text size and type 4. Groups text into paragraphs

Answer The tag uses the src attribute to specify the graphic file to embed and the location of the file. The tag creates a horizontal rule, which can be used to divide content into sections.

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The tags enable you to specify the font face and size by using the face and size attributes. The tags organize blocks of text into paragraphs. Correct answer(s): Target 1 = Option A Target 2 = Option B Target 3 = Option C Target 4 = Option D

Summary HTML tags, also referred to as elements, tell the browser how to display content. Tags consist of a text command inside angled brackets. There are two types of tags – container tags and empty tags. Container tags have opening and closing tags and empty tags only have opening tags. Tags have attributes and values. There are several key structural tags that are common to every HTML page. These include the tag, which defines the document as an HTML page, the tag, which contains information about the page, and the tag, which contains the information that will be visible to the user. The DTD describes the markup language used to create the document. Because the body of the HTML document contains the visible content, the tag contains many other nested tags. Some of the most common ones are those for attaching an image , creating a paragraph , creating a horizontal rule , and formatting text .

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Creating a Web Page Learning Objective

After completing this topic, you should be able to 

create a basic web page Exercise overview In this exercise, you're required to create a basic web page displaying product information. This involves creating a web page. You work for a company called EarthFarm, which sells organic foodstuffs and herbs. You want to create a web page containing some basic information about the company products.

Task 1: Creating a web page You are starting to build the Produce page of the site. So far, you've entered the structural tags. You now want to build up the rest of the page.

Code



Question You have given the title "EarthFarm Produce" to your web page. Add the closing tag for the title of your web page. Code EarthFarm ProduceINSERT THE MISSING CODE

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Answer The closing tag has the same name tag as the opening tag. It also has a forward slash (/) after the first angle bracket and before the start of the name tag. To close the title tag, you add the closing tag. Correct answer(s): 1.

Question You want to change the background color of your web page from the default white color to a yellow color. Enter the attribute to change the background color to a shade of yellow. The hexadecimal color value is #FFFFCC. Code EarthFarm Produce



Answer To change the color of your web page to a shade of yellow, you enter the body tag attribute bgcolor="#FFFFCC". Correct answer(s):

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1. bgcolor="#FFFFCC"

Question You want the main heading on the page to be "About our produce". Enter the code to create the main heading. Code EarthFarm Produce INSERT THE MISSING CODE



Answer The tags are heading tags. To display "About our produce" as the main heading, you type About our produce. The tag defines the largest header. Correct answer(s): 1. About our produce

Question You have entered the text for your first paragraph and now you want to add an extra line break after the word "wreaths". Enter the tag to do this. Code EarthFarm Produce About our produce

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Here at EarthFarm, we grow a wide variety of vegetables, crops, and fruit, including tomatoes, pumpkins, wheat, asparagus, peppers, squash, apples, and strawberries. We also rear cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens, and we produce organic honey from our beehive. We also grow flowers and herbs, which we sell to order or in ready-tied bouquets and wreaths. INSERT THE MISSING CODE



Answer The tag creates a single line break in text wherever it is inserted. The tag has no closing tag. Correct answer(s): 1.

Question You have created the structure of an unordered list and now you need to enter the list items. Add the text "Pumpkins" as your first list item. Code EarthFarm Produce About our produce Here at EarthFarm, we grow a wide variety of vegetables, crops, and fruit, including tomatoes, pumpkins, wheat, asparagus, peppers, squash, apples, and strawberries. We also rear cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens, and we produce organic honey from our beehive. We also grow flowers and herbs, which we sell to order or in ready-tied bouquets and wreaths.

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Organic Vegetables INSERT THE MISSING CODE



Answer List items must be preceded by the list item tag. There is no closing tag. To create a list item called "Pumpkins", you type Pumpkins. Correct answer(s): 1. Pumpkins

Question After you complete the bulleted list, you want to add the text "We sell only organic produce." and format it in Arial font face. Add the appropriate code to your HTML file. Code Here at EarthFarm, we grow a wide variety of vegetables, crops, and fruit, including tomatoes, pumpkins, wheat, asparagus, peppers, squash, apples, and strawberries. We also rear cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens, and we produce organic honey from our beehive. We also grow flowers and herbs, which we sell to order or in ready-tied bouquets and wreaths. Organic Vegetables Pumpkins Tomatoes Potatoes Celery Beans Peppers Onions Garlic

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INSERT THE MISSING CODE

Answer The tags are used to format text. You can also add an attribute, such as a font face or size. To display the text "We sell only organic produce." in Arial, you enter We sell only organic produce.. Correct answer(s): 1. We sell only organic produce.

Finally, you preview the web page in your browser.

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Hyperlinks, Tables, and Forms Learning Objectives

After completing this topic, you should be able to 

insert hyperlinks into a web page



recognize tags used to create a table in HTML



recognize the tags that are used to create forms in HTML 1. Hyperlinks Hyperlinks provide a clickable link between web pages on the Internet. You can create a hyperlink that's linked to another page within the same site, to a page on another site, or to a section of the current page. A hyperlink can be represented by text or an image.

Graphic The product.htm web page contains the following text: "At EarthFarm we sell only organic produce in our farm shop. You can see our complete product list here." The word "here" is a hyperlink. An external hyperlink links two web pages.

Try It You want to view the HTML for the external hyperlink. To complete the task 1. Select View - Source Using keyboard: The keyboard alternative is Alt+V, C.

The HTML for the external hyperlink displays. The HTML for the link is displayed. You scroll through it to view the link at the bottom of the page.

Graphic This code is highlighted: here

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Code approach to farming means that in addition to making vegetables, fruit, meat, and honey available to you, we can offer dairy products including goats cheese and yogurt and also preserves and relishes made in our farm kitchen. At EarthFarm we sell only organic produce in our farm shop. You can see our complete produce list here.   In HTML, you should have the following elements within an external link:

Code here anchor tags The anchor tags surround the text or image that represents the link on the web page. hypertext reference attribute The hypertext reference attribute, or href attribute, identifies the file or Uniform Resource Locator, also known as URL, that the anchor text or image links to. You place the href attribute within the first anchor tag followed by the equals sign and the page that you want to link to. file or URL, and

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You can link to a file, a fully qualified URL, or a partial URL. You can also link to another anchor on the current page. In this case, you link to a page in the same folder as the page with the anchor called "produce_list.htm". text for the link The text for this link is the word "here." On the EarthFarm web page, it's underlined and in a different color to the rest of the text. When you move your mouse over it, the pointer changes to a hand so you know it can be clicked. You can also create hyperlinks using an image as the clickable anchor. The file that the image links to is homepage.htm. The image is held in the assets folder of the web site and is called "ef_workers.jpg".

Graphic The sample image-based hyperlink is

Code Visit our recipes page Details about our Farm

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You select File - Exit to close the Notepad file that shows the HTML.

Try It You want to view the hyperlink's target page. To complete the task 1. Click the here hyperlink

The hyperlink's target page downloads. The produce_list.htm page contains a number of internal links. You use internal links to jump to other parts of the same document without having to scroll.

Graphic There are a number of headings at the top of the page that are also hyperlinks. They are "Organic Food", "Organic Vegetables", "Organic Fruit", "Organic Meat", and "Flowers and Herbs".

Try It You want to move to other parts of the HTML document without having to scroll. To complete the task 1. Click the Organic Vegetables link

The Organic Vegetables section of the page displays. You select View - Source to view the HTML code for the produce_list.htm page.

Keyboard Sequence The keyboard alternative is Alt+V, C. You scroll through the source and locate the link for Organic Vegetables in the HTML.

Code

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Organic Food   Organic Vegetables   Organic Fruit   Organic Meat   Flowers and Herbs In this case, you first create a named anchor for the Organic Vegetables area.

Code Organic Vegetables Then you create the link used to jump to the anchor you just created. Within the link's code, the first instance of the words represents the newly-created anchor name, and the second instance represents the link text used to access the target.

Code Organic Food   Organic Vegetables   Organic Fruit   Organic Meat   Flowers and Herbs The value for the href attribute includes the hash (#) symbol before the target text. The hash symbol tells the browser to search for the text within the page. If you omit the symbol, the link doesn't work.

Code

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Organic Food   Organic Vegetables   Organic Fruit   Organic Meat   Flowers and Herbs

Question Type the opening anchor tag and attributes for the link to a page called frameset.htm. Code INSERT THE MISSING CODE

Answer You type to create the opening tag and attributes. Correct answer(s): 1.

2. Tables Tables have a number of functions. They can display tabular data and you can use them to align text and images on a web page.

Graphic The table lists a number of foodstuffs and their prices at given quantities. The table does not display any borders. To view the HTML code for the Organic Food table, you select View - Source.

Keyboard Sequence 40

The keyboard alternative is Alt+V, C. Some of the HTML tags used to create a table are

Code Organic Food Food Quantity Price Flour 2 lbs $3 Soft Cheese 1 lb $3 Sugar 1 lb $8 The container tags are the main tags for a table, and all other tags are contained within them. These tags are required elements. The tags are used to signify the start and end of a table row. , and Table data tags define the beginning and end of each cell in a row.

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The tags define the table heading and mark the beginning and the end of the heading text. Heading text is usually placed in the top row or the first column as it defines the data that comes after it. This tag is not mandatory because not all tables require heading text.

Question Which table elements define the beginning and end of each row in a table? Options: 1. 2. 3.

Answer Option 1: Incorrect. The tags mark the beginning and end of the entire table. Option 2: Incorrect. The tags mark the beginning and end of each cell within a row. Option 3: Correct. The tags are used to define the beginning and end of each row in a table. Correct answer(s): 3. Your web browser doesn't show table borders unless specified in the HTML. It makes decisions on how to show other table elements such as text alignment and table width. You can also specify how your table looks in a browser by manipulating the HTML.

Graphic The table lists a number of foodstuffs and their prices at given quantities. The table includes a border.

Note Tables with the same settings may not look identical in different browsers. You view the HTML code for the Organic Food table with borders.

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Graphic The View menu is open, with Source selected. The HTML code of the Organic Food table with borders is displayed.

Code Organic Vegetables Food Quantity Price Honey 1 jar $8 Eggs 6 $2 Flour 2 lbs You can change the appearance of rows, columns, or the entire table using the following basic attributes:

Code

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Organic Vegetables Food Quantity Price Honey 1 jar $8 Eggs 6 $2 Flour 2 lbs width The width attribute describes the intended table width, either in pixels, or as a percentage of screen width. For example, you use this code to specify that the table takes up 80% of the screen. Specifying the table width in pixels may result in the table being wider than the screen. This attribute can also be applied to cells in a table. border Table borders are not displayed in browser windows unless specified. To show borders around all cells within tables, you use the border attribute. To draw a border of 5 pixels around all the cells in the table, you use this code. bgcolor You use the bgcolor attribute to specify the background color for the table. The attribute goes in the tag, in the tag, in the tag, or in the tag depending on the table element you wish to color. In this case, the background color is in the tag and specified as white. height The height attribute works in the same way as the width attribute except it is used to specify the height of a table, row, or cell. cellpadding and cellspacing, and

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You control the white space between the border and the text in the cell using the cellpadding attribute. To prescribe a space of 10 pixels between the cell border and its contents, you use this code. The white space between cells can be controlled using the cellspacing attribute. To ensure there is a one pixel space between cells in a table, you use this code. rowspan and colspan The attributes rowspan and colspan – when placed within the or tags – enable you to span a heading across the rows or columns of your table respectively. To create the heading "Organic Vegetables" in an Arial font and size 4 spanning across three columns, you use this code. You view the source for a web page on the EarthFarm site. The page comprises a table.

Code   Visit our recipes page There are a number of alignment attribute options available to you when using tables to display data.

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align You can place the align attribute within the tags, the tags, the tags, the tags, or the tags to align the table or parts of it to the left, right, or center. For example, horizontally aligns the entire table to the right. valign The valign attribute vertically aligns text within a row or cell. Its values are top, middle, and bottom. The valign attribute is generally used with the , , and tags. halign The halign attribute horizontally aligns text within a row or cell. Its values are left, center, and right. The halign attribute is commonly used with the , , and tags.

Question Insert the opening tag for a table that's 200 pixels wide. Specify that it's centrally aligned and has a border width of 1. Code INSERT THE MISSING CODE

Answer You type to create a table that is 200 pixels wide and centrally aligned with a border width of 1. Correct answer(s): 1.

3. Forms Forms are used in HTML pages to collect user input and forward it to a web server. Forms are widely used in online surveys, online banking, online shopping, information requests, and for site registration purposes. You can enter and submit data by using controls such as checkboxes, radio buttons, text fields, and submit buttons.

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Data is processed using Common Gateway Interface, or CGI, scripts located at the web server or client-side scripts that are run by the client's browser. The tags are used in an HTML document to signify the beginning and end of a form. Various attributes need to be added to the tag to ensure the form works correctly. These include method, action, and enctype.

Graphic In the sample HTML page, the code that defines the beginning of a form is: The code that defines the end of the form is:

Code Untitled Document Quick survey: We are considering adding carrots to our list of organic vegetables. Do you like carrots? Yes. No.

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The method attribute specifies which method the browser uses to send form data to a web server. You can use the get or post value with this attribute.

Graphic In the sample HTML page, the code that defines the method, action, and enctype attributes of a form is:

Code Quick survey: We are considering adding carrots to our list of organic vegetables. Do you like carrots? Yes. No. The get value specifies that the form data is appended to the URL for use in a query string. The post value specifies that the form data is posted to the URL, which is specified by the action attribute. The action attribute specifies the name and location of the CGI script used to process the form. The enctype attribute sets a MIME type for the data being sent to the web server. In this case, the value for the enctype attribute is "text/plain".

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When creating a form, you can use a number of tags to create fields.

Code Do you like carrots? Yes. No. What are your favorite vegetables? Beans Broccoli Celery Peppers Potatoes Tomatoes Do you like any other vegetables? If so, please specify: < input name="like_carrots" type="radio" value="Y"> Yes. < input name="like_carrots" type="radio" value="N"> No. Most controls are added to a form using the tag. The tag is an empty tag. The type of control that is displayed is decided using the type attribute. You can specify various types of control by using this attribute. < select name="favorite_veg" size="6" multiple> Beans Broccoli Celery Peppers Potatoes

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Tomatoes The tags are used to define the start and end of a select list in a form. Various attributes can be used with the tag. The name attribute is used to name the list. The multiple attribute is used to specify whether multiple options can be selected from the list. The display of each option in the list requires further HTML coding using tags. < textarea name="notes" cols="50" rows="8"> The tags enable the insertion of a multiline text input area into a form. These are commonly used for lengthy user input such as comments in a survey. Various attributes are added to the tag to identify it and control how it is displayed. These attributes include name, rows, and cols. The name attribute gives the data entered into the text area a name, rows is used to specify the height of the text area in rows, and cols is used to specify the character width of the text area. You can preview the form to check that its displaying correctly. Some of the more common type attribute controls include text The text attribute is used to display a text field. Additional attributes such as name and value can be added to a text input to give it a name, recognizable by a CGI script, and a default value. For example, you can create a text field called "identity", with a default value of "Do you like any other vegetables?" checkbox The checkbox attribute will display the input as a small box that can be checked or unchecked. When checked, the value attribute of the checkbox is activated. To ensure that a checkbox is checked by default, you can use the checked attribute. For example, you can create a checkbox called "maillist" with a value of "Yes" that is checked by default. radio Radio buttons are round option buttons in a group of two or more that are mutually exclusive options. Radio buttons are useful for getting a response to a multiple choice question in a form. When creating a group of radio buttons, you must ensure that they have the same value in the name attribute. For example, you can create a radio button group called "survey" that enables a user to either select Yes or No as an option.

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submit If the type attribute is set to submit, a Submit button is displayed in the form. Submit buttons are used to send the form data to the relevant CGI script on the web server for processing. You set the text that appears on the button by using the value attribute. This element is displayed by default. reset, and If the type attribute is set to reset, a Reset button is displayed in the form. Reset buttons are used to set all of the form inputs to the default or blank values. This is a useful way for the user to clear the form if a mistake is made during data input. hidden Hidden inputs are used to include a value in the form that the user does not need to see. The hidden input is named using the name attribute and has its value added to it by using the value attribute. For example, you can add a hidden input called "action", with a value of delete. Each option in the select list needs to be given a value and text to identify it. This is done by adding the value attribute to the tag. The text used to identify the option in the list is entered between the tags.

Code Apples Pears

Question You are creating an HTML form and wish to place a user input on the screen called "comments" that enables the user to enter multiple lines of text. Identify the correct code to enable this. Options: 1. 2. 3.

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Answer Option 1: Correct. You can also specify the size of the text input area using rows – which specifies the height of the text area in rows – and cols – which specifies the character width of the text area – attributes. Option 2: Incorrect. The code creates a text field with only one line. Option 3: Incorrect. The code creates a radio button called comments. Correct answer(s): 1.

Question Match each tag to its description. Options: A.



B.



C.



Targets: 1. An empty tag where the type of control displayed depends on the type attribute specified 2. A container tag that creates select lists 3. A tag that creates text area spaces

Answer The tag is used to create text boxes, checkboxes, radio buttons, and the Submit and Reset buttons. The tag also creates multiple select lists. The tag is a container tag. Correct answer(s): Target 1 = Option A

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Target 2 = Option B Target 3 = Option C

Question You want to create a form that is used by web site visitors to submit data to a CGI script called "sendmail.php". Modify the opening tag by adding the attribute and value that specifies this. Code