Coffee Retail Chains in India

COFFEE RETAIL CHAINS IN INDIA: 10 YEARS FROM  NOW

PRESENTED BY: GROUP 8

PRESENTED TO: Joyeeta Chatterjee (Lal Bahadur Shastri Institute of Management)

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Shalini Iyer-11

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Nikita Patra-12

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Payal Chauhan-14

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Richa Pancholy-23

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Brijesh Kakkar-48

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Jeewan Goula-55

TABLE OF CONTENTS COFFEE CULTURE IN INDIA---------------------------------------------------------- 3 COFFEE RETAIL OUTLETS IN INDIA----------------------------------------------- 4 NEW ENTRANTS------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 COMPARATIVE FACTORS------------------------------------------------------------ 7 PROBLEMS IN EXPANSION---------------------------------------------------------- 9 FUTURE PROJECTIONS---------------------------------------------------------------10 INDIAN COFFEE MARKET FUTURE------------------------------------------------11 CONCLUSION---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 REFERENCES---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

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INTRODUCTION: COFFEE CULTURE IN INDIA

The past decade has seen a major demographic and market shift when we see at the coffee market in India. The tradition of drinking coffee has moved to the northern states of the country. There has been a noticeable shift from youth thronging to cafes instead of pubs and parks as a hangout destination. And we have seen the rise of coffee culture in India. Coffee culture can be defined as “a social atmosphere or series of associated social behaviors that depends heavily upon coffee particularly as a social lubricant”. In India, Coffee Culture 1.0 was created by the 23, 600 indigenous coffee houses in south India. Coffee Culture 2.0 came with 1, 970 cafés of CCD, Barista etc. Version 3.0 started in 2012-13 when Starbucks came to India. And this has not just been confined only to coffee houses. With 200 new cafes being added every year, there’s a gradual move to shift coffee from being a traditional beverage consumed mainly in the south

to a mainstream beverage in other parts of the country. The consumption of coffee in the non south regions have grown phenomenally with the northern states contributing to more than 50 per cent of the growth at the rate of 40 per cent YOY. This trend is not confined only to cafes but also to normal middle class households, but is still largely commercial in Northern India. These trends can be attributed to the following factors: 

Urbanization & Globalization

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Expanding middle class

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Rising disposable incomes

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Changing lifestyles

Research firm Euromonitor International estimated that India’s coffee market has grown 80 percent

over the past five years, partially reflecting a surge in consumption among the urban middle class and the rising popularity of retail outlets like Starbucks. There has been a 30 to 35 per cent increase in the rate of growth in coffee drinking in North as compared to the one to two per cent in regular coffee drinking south. It is due to the rise in coffee culture that coffee consumption in India has gone up significantly in recent years. Coffee consumption in India grew by 3 per cent to 1.76 million bags (1.06 lakh tonnes) in the last calendar year as compared to 2010, the International Coffee Organization has (ICO) said. The country consumed 1.71 million bags of 60 kg each (1.03 lakh tonnes) in 2010, it added. The consumption of the brew in India, the world's sixth biggest exporter, has grown at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7 per cent during 2001-2011, ICO said. The country consumed 1.02 million bags (61,200 tonnes) of coffee in 2001, ICO data said. The per capita consumption in India, however, remained unchanged in 2011 at 0.1 kg per person per year since 2008, it said. That apart, the data shows that consumption rate halved in 2011 year-on-year, when compared to the growth achieved in 2010. In 2010, the consumption of the brew grew by more than 6 per cent to 1.71 million bags as compared to 1.61 million bags (96,600 3

tonnes) in 2009. The USDA had calculated consumption in India at 66,000 tonne for 2012-13 which is projected to rise by 6,000 tonne in the current year. According to Coffee Board data, total production is predicted to rise to 3.47 lakh tonne in the current year from 3,18,200 tonne in 2012-13. The growth in coffee consumption in India is more than the global rate. Global consumption grew by 1.7 per cent to an estimated 137.9 million bags in the 2011 calendar year compared to 135.6 million bags in the 2010 calendar year. According to the government-run Coffee Board of India, the domestic consumption of the brew rose by 6 per cent to 1.08 lakh tonnes in 2010 from 1.02 lakh tonnes in 2009. GOVT INITIATIVES: 

The newly formed India Coffee Trust chose Delhi to be the venue for the next India International Coffee Festival (IICF), held in January 18-20, 2012. Highlighting the trends in the industry, Mr. Jawaid Akhtar, Chairman, Coffee Board said, "This strong trend in domestic market provides avenues for enterprise development through value addition while simultaneously contributing to creation of skill based job creation particularly in non-conventional coffee drinking areas on the consumer end.

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To facilitate Entrepreneurial Development, Board has been holding trainings on Coffee Roasting, Brewing etc. This vertical is complemented by providing support for setting up of the Roasting Units. The growth of demand is facilitated through promoting awareness of Coffee / consumption of pure Coffee through generic promotion campaigns. During 2010-11, Kaapi Shastra training was imparted to 215 participants through eight trainings at Bangalore, New Delhi, Mumbai, Jaipur and as a facilitator for the industry as a whole the Coffee Board of India provides all the technical and logistics support to this flagship event, India International Coffee Festival, being organized by the India Coffee Trust."

COFFEE RETAIL CHAINS IN INDIA:

The humble cup of coffee that cheers up mood, initiates conversation and relaxes you from a tiring day is brewing up a storm in India. The Indian ready-to-drink (RTD) tea and coffee market has picked up a great business in the last 5 years. Reports say that the market is expected to grow to a whopping Rs 2,250 crore by 2017- thanks to the cafe culture among urban youth. The domestic market, which currently stands at an estimated Rs 1,100 crore, is dominated by outlets like Cafe Coffee Day, Baristas, Costa Coffee, Coffee World, Lavazza, and Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf. The latest entrant is Starbucks and with many more in the pipeline. More than 1,900 cafes have sprung up across India in the past decade, mostly from six organized chains, clocking an average annual growth of around 40 percent. They have made the cafe industry -- currently capped at Rs1000 crore -- one of the fastest growing organized retail segments.

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Cafe Coffee Day

Cafe Coffee Day or CCD is India’s largest cafe chain with its first outlet at Brigade Road, Bangalore in July

11, 1996. As of August 2013 it has 1319 outlets spread across 28 states of India. The man behind CCD is V.G. Siddhartha. He is the chairman of the Amalgamated Bean Coffee Trading Company Ltd. (ABCTCL) which also grows coffee in its own estates of 10,000 acres. The cafe chain is a division of ABCTCL. CCD is expanding their market reach through brand extension by launching mineral water, cookies, and chips under their brand name. The brand plans to reach the 2000 outlet mark by 2014. 

Barista Lavazza

Barista Coffee Co. Ltd, India’s second largest organized cafe chain with 225 outlets (according to a 2010

report) and plans to launch 40-45 outlets a year in the next two-three years. This chain of espresso bars was established in February 2000 by the Barista Coffee Company Limited. A 34.3% equity stake was sold to Tata Coffee in 2001 and the remaining 65% stake was bought by Sterling Group owned C Sivasankaran in 2004. Later, he also bought the remaining Tata’s stake. In 2007

Sterling group sold Barista to Lavazza. Lavazza is an Italian manufacturer of coffee products. Barista Lavazza has estimated annual revenue of Rs 200 crores. 

Costa Coffee

The third company that started its operation in India is Costa Coffee. This is United Kingdom’s largest

coffee brand, which entered India in September 2005 through an exclusive franchisee tie-up with Devyani International Ltd. Costa is a British multinational company and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Whitbread PLC. It is the second largest coffeehouse chain in the world behind Starbucks. Andy Harrison, CEO of Whitbread PLC was quoted recently in an interview that Costa Coffee wants to expand to 300 outlets in India. The brand has its presence in all major cities of the country including outlets in Mumbai, Bengaluru, Delhi, Gurgaon, Noida, Pune, Agra and Jaipur. Last year, Costa opened its 100th store in India, in Mumbai. 

Starbucks

The latest entry in India`s coffee chain industry is Starbucks. Starbucks came to India in 2012 in partnership with Tata Global Beverages. The Seattle-based company, which has operations in 61 countries, was planning to o pen its store in India for the last 5 years. Finally, the first outlet was open in Mumbai in October 2012.

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Beginning with stores in Delhi and Mumbai in calendar 2012, the retail stores will be developed in cities across the country. 

Other coffee chains

Here are few coffee cafe chains that have their presence in India. They started with very few outlets in the major cities of the country but are now branching out across the nation quite fast. Australian cafe chain Gloria Jean’s Coffees, which entered India in 2008 through the Landmark Group’s

hospitality section, Citymax, positions itself at the upper end of the market. It plans to open 36-40 outlets in the next few years. Other such coffee chain is the Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf which also ventured in India in 2008 with an outlet in Select CityWalk in Saket, New Delhi. CBTL worldwide has around 812 outlets but in India they have around 17 outlets NEW MARKET ENTRANTS

Apart from the coffee houses operating in the Indian and international markets, there are many restaurant chains which are planning to foray into this lucrative business. Below is provided a list of a few present and prospective coffee houses which are planning to expand their presence in the Indian market. Starbucks India plans: Over a 1,000 stores in ‘not-too-distant’ future

Bullish on the Indian market for growth, Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz has said his company plans to open “thousands of stores” in India in the “not -too-distant” future, making the country one of its two largest markets outside North America along with China. He said, “We have watched the Indian market

develop for many years. We could see that all the important pre-requisites for success were falling into place”. He quoted instances like the emergence of a growing middle class with strong aspirations, enthusiasm for western culture and brands, gradual development of the nation’s infrastructure and “what seemed to be healthy changes in the regulatory framework for foreign investment”.Starbucks,

founded in 1971, entered the Indian market in October last year and currently operates 25 stores in India across Mumbai, Delhi and Pune. Starbucks stores are operated by the joint venture, Tata Starbucks Limited, and branded as Starbucks Coffee. McCafe by McDonalds:

McDonalds has announced that it will finally launch its coffee retail chain McCafe in the country, along with grand plans to set up 100-150 McCafe outlets within three to five years. McCafe will be launched within existing McDonald’s restaurants and the first outlet will open at Sobo Central in Mumbai, said Hardcastle Restaurants, a franchisee for the south India operations of McDonald’s.McCafes will occupy

around 500 square feet space within a typi cal 4,000 square feet McDonald’s store in India, as having McCafes within existing outlets gives a leg up to the burger chain over other rival coffee chains such as Starbucks and domestic players like Cafe Coffee Day. Opening one McDonald’s-and-McCaferestaurant 6

will cost between Rs 2.5 crore and Rs 3 crore. A cappuccino at McCafe will start at Rs 90 while a frappe would cost Rs 110. The pricing is definitely lower than rival Starbucks, which charges upwards of Rs 110. And with inflation setting in, consumer s are reigning in spending. Starbucks’ die -hard fans may just switch their loyalty. Café Coffee Day:

The coffee wars are beginning to heat up in India. Days after global coffee giant Starbucks unveiled plans to enter the Indian market, Café Coffee Day (CCD), India’s largest coffee chain, introduced a pre paid card called Café Moments designed to compete with the Seattle Company’s extensive   customer loyalty programs. Customers can fill up their Café Moments cards with Rs. 100 to Rs. 5001 (approximately $2 to $100) on an on-going basis and use it at CCD outlets across the country. The validity will be for one year from the time of loading money onto the card. Apart from providing convenient cashless transactions, the Café Moments pre-paid card offers special benefits like discounts, free beverages and surprise gifts. The card has been launched in Bangalore, where CCD is headquartered. By end of March it will be available in eight cities and at locations across India by mid-May. Coffee Board Setting Up Entrepreneurship Centre to Boost Cafe Culture As coffee cafes and parlours are mushrooming in the country rapidly especially in non-traditional (noncoffee growing States) areas there is acute shortage of manpower. The main objective of the Board taking up this issue is to build manpower in all levels of coffee business – coffee retailing, setting of roast and ground (R&G) outlets and also to assist entrepreneurs in setting up and operating cafes with a formal training. Coffee Board has roped in Indian Institute of plantation Management (IIpM) to provide educational support. The entrepreneurship centre is being housed in II pM campus in Bangalore. MAJOR OPERATIONAL DIFFERENCES

The strength of any and all coffee retail outlets is highly dependent on the efficiency of their value chain management. In other words, it is the process or activities by which these organizations add value to their brand includes a variety of functions that work together overall to deliver the final cup of coffee to the customers. Each retail outlet chooses to follow a different process. For the purpose of our study, we have limited our sample space to two major Indian brands, namely Cafe Coffee Day and Indian Coffee House, and one international giant – Starbucks. The differences in their operational structure can be observed with the help of various aspects.

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ORIGIN The first Indian Coffee Workers' Co-Operative Society was founded in Bangalore on 19 August 1957. The first Indian Coffee House was opened in New Delhi on 27 October 1957. Café Coffee Day was started as a retail restaurant arm of ABCTC in 1996. The first CCD outlet was set up on July 11, 1996, in Bangalore, Karnataka. Starbucks is a Seattle, Washington bases company, which entered a joint global venture with Tata Global Beverages and opened its first store in India in Mumbai. TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED ICH is far less dependent on technology and far more adoptive of manual labor. Their products are made traditionally and their processes have remained much the same over the past few decades. Starbucks has customized equipments and a well trained staff and standardized coffee making practices. REACH The Indian Coffee House has a chain with over 51 outlets and associate canteens operating in all major towns from Thrissur to Thiruvananthapuram. The Indian coffee house also has branches near all important govt. establishments Secretariat, Legislative assembly, MLA-Hostel, Medical colleges, and Universities. As of July 2013, there are 1481 outlets across 28 states of India. Cafe Coffee Day has also recently expanded outside India with its outlets in Karachi, Vienna, Dubai and Prague. The best locations in the best locales have already been taken over by CCD. Starbucks has close to 21,000 stores in over 62 countries. As of November 6 2013, Starbucks operates 27 outlets in 3 cities of India. PRICING Indian Coffee House provides beverages, catering and coffee powder at reasonably affordable prices, falling in the range of Rs. 10-100. CCD coffee and snack combos start at bout $1. The range of pricing and location makes CCD an option for a large chunk of middle to upper class Indians, in smaller as well as bigger cities. Starbucks, due to a joint venture with Tata, is positioned at an upscale cafe experience. Several menu favorites cost as much as $4 each for a small serving, making the chain accessible only to the most affluent of Indians. BRAND VALUE The Indian Coffee House proudly upholds the traditions of their pioneers, earning them the love and loyalty of hundreds of customers. It is the premier chain of South Indian coffee cum restaurant chains, famous for its simplicity and authenticity. They are identifiable by the white cups in which they sell their Indian Filter Press. CCD has built itself into a phenomenal brand and a lot of other brands want to associate themselves to the target audience coming in there. CCD has an advantage being the pioneer of café culture in India and having a strong connection with the youth of the country. Starbucks is a global brand and a "premium‟ tag is attached to it. The brand attractiveness and the product quality are also

added benefits for Starbucks.

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STRATEGY ICH is extremely traditional in nature, aiming to provide a cost effective menu. Their promotional strategies are non-existent in comparison with the larger coffee chains. It relies on the loyalty of its customers and word-of-mouth promotion. Despite this, ICH has managed to make it extremely popular amongst various international tourist services. Interestingly, CCD is adopting the Starbucks strategy of clustering or saturating the market. The idea is that one must walk no more than five minutes before they hit the next cafe. CCD indeed does have the first mover advantage and has cornered most of the high street locations in India and with real estate costs the major hindrance for retailers, Starbucks will have a task on their hands as they seek to expand. Starbucks stresses on quality above price and other features it could emphasize. On the other hand, Starbucks is being very selective and cautious in opening stores across India. They are choosing to focus on maintaining their niche market, rather than expand mindlessly. TURNOVER The ICH is being run by the co-operative workers without any assistance from the government. Due to this, they are not in a position to earn sufficient profits. However, this does not mean they are incurring losses. They claim to manage their day to day operations without any trouble. But some amount of grant or assistance from the government would increase their chances of earning profits. On an average, CCD spends around Rs 40 lakhs per cafe and the sales is around Rs 15,000-Rs 17,000 per cafe per day with a healthy operating margin. In addition to this, the vending machine business in various corporate offices and other locations is another killer offering which is bringing in healthy revenues. Starbucks sold coffee, snacks and merchandise worth Rs 14.6 crore in the first financial year of its operations in India ending March, averaging almost Rs 1.5 crore per outlet from its 11 doors in just five months since opening its first outlet in Mumbai last October. Experts, however, feel that while initial sales of Starbucks is substantially high by industry standards, its per store sales might drop going forward. PROBLEMS IN EXPANSION:

Even as the market gets more competitive, there are strong roadblocks ahead. Take the price of roasted coffee. It is currently at an all-time high of US$7 to US$8 per kilogram, up 60% since last year. Then there is the huge real estate cost. For most foreign players, the rent-to-sales ratio in India is one of the highest across their global markets. With all players targeting a similar profile of consumers, zeroing in on the right location is crucial. Gloria Jean’s White points out that the mix of high rent costs and low menu

prices puts tremendous pressure on the business. Manpower is yet another challenge. Much of the success of a café depends not just on the quality of the products it serves, but on the overall ambience and guest experience. This requires trained staff. But vending coffee is not a highly skilled job and is low paying, which often results in high turnover. With every player on expansion track, there is a scramble for putting together the best team. Some brands like CCD and Gloria Jean’s have set up their own training schools, but for others it’s a tough task.

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With more players entering the arena, the challenges around managing costs, even as one strives to deliver the best international standard of cafe experience, will only intensify. Indian consumers, however affluent, have always put a premium on value-for-money offerings and, as White notes, in order to be successful, every player will need to strictly adhere to the “trifecta of product quality, value for-money pricing and customer engagement. It will be difficult to scale a large business without the calibration of all three components,” he says. Adds Franchise India’s Marya: “It’s time for e veryone to tie up the loose ends and take consumers to the next level.”

PROJECTIONS OF VARIOUS COFFEE CHAINS IN INDIA:

1). Cafe Coffee Day: Popularly known as CCD, the company was the market leader in the café retail market in India. It was a division of Amalgamated Bean Coffee Trading Company Ltd (ABCTCL). As on 2011, it has 1,185 outlets across India. CCD functioned in three formats -- lounges, cafes and kiosks.27 CCD won the best BREWMASTERS in the country. It had impressive track record at the IBC (India Barista Championship) & WBC (World Barista Championship). The company has a plan to aggressively expand the number of outlets it operates to 2,000 cafes by the end of 2014. To attract customers CCD had also revamped its menu. CCD stores at National Highways served Indian staples like idlis (rice cakes), dosa(rice crepes), paranthas (stuffed flat bread) and biryani (vegetable rice) to travelers. CCD Lounge customers were allowed to cook up their own treats with a do-it-yourself menu. 2.) Starbucks: With 17,000 stores in 55 countries, including 426 in China, Seattle-headquartered Starbucks brewed an agreement with Tata Coffee, India‘s largest coffee producer, in January 2011.

Starbucks would source and roast green coffee beans from Tata Coffee and would also set up retail outlets in partnership with the Tatas. Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz, said the company was ―enthused

about entering the Indian market. According to Schultz, Starbucks would look to create different entry points for different demographics and ―will create food relevant to Indian consumers that *it does not+ provide anywhere else. Starbucks wanted to enter Indian market much earlier, and initially thought of entering without any partner. But the company's efforts were stalled by FDI regulations in the country. Since India did not allow 100% foreign ownership in single-brand retail outlets -- Starbucks was compelled to take the partnership route. 3.) Dunkin Donuts: In February, 2011, Dunkin' Donuts entered into a franchise agreement with north India-based Jubilant Food Works, which managed the Domino‘s pizza chain in India. Dunkin' Donuts, earned a unique position globally for pairing coffee with donuts and bagels. It was banking on food to capture a share in Indian coffee market. In the US market, coffee and other beverages accounted for 60% of Dunkin‘s revenues. Whereas in Asia, food accounted for almost 80% of its revenues, and mere

20% came from beverages. Dunkin's would like to gradually expand its Westernized menu to include Indian fare.lt had plans to look at all formats for the new stores, including 100 to 150 square-foot kiosks. The first Dunkin' store was likely to open in the first quarter of 2012. The target was to open 30 outlets in three years and increase to 100 in the next five years. 4.) Costa Coffee: The UK-based retailer Costa Coffee, entered India in 2005 through the Jaipuria Group as its master franchisee. It had aggressive expansion blueprint, under which it planned to take the 7310

store tally to 300 by 2014.In spite of its late entry Costa Coffee claimed the highest average realization per customer. By 2011 the company had an average billing size of Rs. 150 per customer - high by industry standards. Costa Coffee was aiming to become a mass market player. It was planning to open new channels such as presence in airports, multiplex, etc. The company wanted to maximize consumer touch points and penetrate deep into the market. The retail chain was opening bigger stores with an increased average size of 1300 sq ft from 1000 sq ft earlier to accommodate more customer footfall. It was also adopting location-specific branding strategies to drive footfall. Local store managers were free to design their brand strategies. Average age of its customer in its cafes was 25-28 years. But Costa Coffee aimed to reduce it further by building strong propositions for a younger audience. It has also launched a Facebook page at the beginning of 2011. 5.) BARISTA 1. Wanted to introduce the brand to Indian customers through a smooth shift- —from 100% Barista to 50-50% Barista-Lavazza to 100% Lavazza. 2. Their core focus would be on building the vending machine platforms. INDIAN COFFEE MARKET FUTURE

Coffee culture was growing steadily in India. The social gatherings and group networking embraced a new practice of meeting over coffee, to discuss business and pleasure, at coffee shop. Three major factors contributing to the growth of coffee market in India include: rise in spending among youths, lack of alternative hang-outs, and increasing number of new office complexes and colleges. India had been a tea-drinking society for a long time. By the turn of 21st century there was a steady increase in coffee intake as the young and middle-class aspired for more Western tastes. The Indian market became home to multiple coffee brands including Café Coffee Day, Barista Lavazza, Java Green, Costa Coffee, and Gloria Jean‘s Coffee, but the market was still in a nascent stage. India was the sixth largest coffee

producer in the world with 4 percent share of global coffee production. But, it consumed relatively a very tiny volume for a population of 1.2 billion.13 Indian market was estimated to grow by at least 100 million new coffee drinkers in the near future. These predictions would result in potential for more international and domestic coffee chains’ entry into the country. As on 2011, more than 1,400 coffee shop retail outlets were registered in India, majority of which belonged to homegrown giant Café Coffee Day. The market growth could be attributed to India's growing youth segment. The 2011 estimates revealed that, around 50% of India‘s 1.2 billion people were 25 or younger. By 2015, this was expected to

increase to 55%.15 Coffee shops served as social hubs for the youth segment, particularly those with steady, disposable incomes. It was not just local coffee chains that were looking to enter Indian coffee market. Foreign players were excited by India‘s increasing appetite for outside food and a rapid jump in the number of double -income

families, helping quick service restaurants, casual dining and fine dining prosper in metros and smaller cities despite rising prices and signs of economic slowdown.17 Since growth slowed down in developed 11

markets, India became a hot spot for coffee re tailers across the globe. ―Foreign retailers have seen the phenomenal growth of homegrown brands like Café Coffee Day and Barista with increased out-of-home consumption of food. These companies have already established the café concept [in India], and the market is now beginning to look attractive to every coffee maker in the world. The organized café market in India was estimated to be growing at a compound annual rate of 25%. It was valued at around US$185 million20. A study by Technopark Advisors21, revealed that there were 1,500 coffee cafes in India as on 2011. And around 1,000 of them were opened in the past five years. CONCLUSION:

The coffee shop culture in India is still at its nascent stage. And the urban middle class, with their high disposable income is ever growing. Also majority of population in India being under 30 years, national and international players find a huge market opportunity in India. Starbucks, the largest coffee retail chain in the world, entered India in partnership with Tata Café and many are expected to follow suit. While the major coffee house chains are planning their entry to the Indian market, other local players are also gearing up to expand their operations to tier 2 and 3 cities. And despite the above mentioned obstacles, we can expect to see a lot many coffee shops and lounges in our vicinity in the near future, and not just in tier 1 cities, but in tier 2 and 3 cities as well.

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REFERENCES: 

Cherryh A. Butler(2011)- “Coffee chains to battle over India market share” http://www.fastcasual.com/article/186002/Coffee-chains-to-battle-over-India-market-share (accessed 3/12/2013)

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“Capturing India’s Percolating Coffee Market”

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http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/capturing-indias-percolating-coffee-market/ (Accessed 4/12/2013) Tiwari, K. Ashish (10/10/2013) - “McDonald's forays into coffee retail with McCafe ” dnaindia.com; available at http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-mcdonald-s-forays-intocoffee-retail-with-mccafe-1901364 (accessed 1/12/2013)

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“Coffee 2012-13” The Coffee Board of India

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Whitehead, R.J (2012)- “From chai to latte: India’s new coffee culture”

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http://www.foodnavigator-asia.com/Markets/From-chai-to-latte-India-s-new-coffee-culture (Accessed 3/12/2013) Rai, Saritha (2013) “In Bangalore, Homegrown Indian Chain Café Coffee Day Takes On Starbucks' Might”

http://www.forbes.com/sites/saritharai/2013/11/27/in-bangalore-homegrown-indian-chaincafe-coffee-day-takes-on-starbucks-might/ (Accessed on 4/12/2013) 

Biswas, Dipankar (5/11/2013)- “Brand War: Starbucks v/s CCD ” http://www.managementcanvas.iimindore.in/icanvas/index.php?option=com_content&view=ar ticle&id=254:starbucks-ccd&catid=34:marketing-and-branding&Itemid=56

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“Specialty coffee’s emergence in China, India, the Middle East and Russia” –The Roast

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Magazine http://roastmagazine.com/resources/Articles/Roast_JanFeb12_NewFrontier.pdf  http://www.mocha.co.in/intro.html

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http://www.gloriajeanscoffees.com/in/Home.aspx

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