Coca Cola VS Pepsi
September 11, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download Coca Cola VS Pepsi...
Description
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[hlràc lrgcifzcmflicb y acofbfkckhs ghrhimfcbhs Mlmc Mlbc Z] Uhpsf
[l`ckl kh> (hsphmtcklr, ?5??)
]cikrc @fbhic Ocrrhrc Ahricikhz
Juikcmfýi Xifvhrsftcrfc khb Ãrhc Cikfic Grupl 3? ” Hsphmfcbfzcmfýi Cbtc Ghrhimfc
Kfcic @crftzc Ãbvcrhz Lvcbbh 38 kh `crzl kh ?5??
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Fitrlkummfýi
Mli hb prhshith trcocnl sh ousmc cicbfzcr y hstukfcr bcs thlràcs y acofbfkckhs ghrhimfcbhs kh kls kh bcs `ãs grcikhs ml`pcóàcs khb `uikl ml`l bl sli Mlmc Mlbc Zs Uhpsf sus hstrcthgfcs y bls jcmtlrhs quh phr`fthi fkhitfjfmcr su juhrzc ml`phtftfvc. thifhikl bc lplrtuifkck kh cjfcizcr bls mlimhptls kh bls kfjhrhiths hijlquhs kh bcs thlràcs lrgcifzcmflicbhs Hstcs ml`pcóàcs sli rhmlilmfkls plr su cbtl ifvhb kh hstrcthgfcs, cpbfmcmfýi kh thlràcs y acofbfkckhs ghrhimfcbhs aly kàc `crmci bc pcutc hi hb `hrmckl `uikfcb, tlkl grcmfcs cb rhmlilmf`fhitl plr `ãs kh 355 cóls kh hxfsthimfc hi hb `hrmckl mli cbfcizcs hstrcthgfcs y ml`prc kh kfjhrhiths bàihcs kh prlkumtls. Ulr `hkfl kh bc cmtfvfkck pbcithckc ils kcrã c ml`prhikhr hb hijlquh kh mckc kh bcs lrgcifzcmflihs pcrc gcrcitfzcr su prlkumtfvfkck y su susthitcofbfkck c phscr kh bls kfvhrsls khscjàls quh khohi hijrhitcr. Ulr bl mucb khohi kfshócr hstrcthgfcs hi mckc uil kh sus prlmhsls kh pbcihcmfýi, mlitrlb y shguf`fhitl, pcrc cshgurcr bc hjfmfhimfc y hjfmcmfc kh bcs `fs`cs ocsckls hi uic thlràc kh bc ck`fifstrcmfýi. Bc cpbfmcmfýi kh ui prlmhsl ck`fifstrctfvl y bc f`pbh`hitcmfýi kh hstrcthgfcs ghrhimfcbhs hi bcs h`prhscs sli bcs quh mlitrfouyhi c bc tl`c kh khmfsflihs quh hi `l`hitls mràtfmls, pcrc hbbl hs ihmhscrfl quh hb prlmhsl ck`fifstrctfvl quh thigc f`pbh`hitckl shc ml`phthith pcrc tl`cr khmfsflihs cmhrtckcs.
[l`ckl kh> (ZFU, ?5??)
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bàihc kh tfh`pl> MLMC MLBC
[l`ckl kh> (ZFU, ?5??) 311: 311: Hs mmrhc rhckc kc pl plrr Nlai Nlai ]. Uh` Uh`oh ohrt rtli li 3117 Nla Nlaii Uh Uh`oh `ohrtl rtlii pc pcthi thitc tc hb ncr ncrcoh coh ]h usci plr prf`hrc vhz bls mcbhikcrfls pcrc puobfmfkck ]h cutlrfzc ui prhsupuhstl kh puobfmfkck plr$33.555 X]K. 3165 Csc Mcikbhr rhplrtc quh Mlmc Mlbc hs vhikfkc y mlisu`fkc hi tlkls bls thrrftlrfls kh X]C. 316? Csc Mci Mcikbh kbhrr jui juikc kc [ah [ah Ml Mlmc-M mc-Mlbc lbcMl` Ml`pci pciyy 365; Bcs vh vhitcs itcs cciucbhs iucbhs kh mlmc mlmc-mlbc -mlbc suphrcrl suphrcrlii 3 ` `fbbýi fbbýi kh gcblihs gcblihs ]h mlitrctc c bc cghimfc kh puobfmfkck K‖ Crmy hi @fsslurf y sh mlistruyhi bcs 365: prf`hrcs h`olthbbcklrcs juhrc kh hstckls uifkls hi Muoc y Ucic`c Mlmc-mlbc fifmfc uscikl khplrtfstcs pcrc bc puobfmfkck, h`pfhzc mli nugcklrhs 3657 mlilmfkls hi ocshocbb 363? Bcs lphrcmf lphrcmflihs lihs kkhh h`olthbb h`olthbbc`fhit c`fhitll fif fifmfci mfci hi jf jfbfpfi bfpfics cs
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3638 Mlm Mlmc-ml c-mlbc bc rhcb rhcbfzc fzc su iuhvc iuhvc olt olthbb hbbcc 363: Csc M Mcikbhr cikbhr sh rht rhtfrc frc kh Mlmc-ml Mlmc-mlbc bc pcr pcrcc mliv mlivhrtfrs hrtfrshh hi cbmcbk cbmcbkhh Mch hb mlisu`l kh Mlmc Mlbc plr hb rcmflic`fhitl khb czþmcr khofkl c bc 3636 prf`hrc guhrrc `uikfcb, Bc ml`pcóàc hsml`pcrc plr ui grupl kh fivhrslrhs kfrfgfkl plr Hrihst Wllkrujj plr ?8 `fbblihs ]h gucrkc bc jýr`ubc shmrhtc hi ui ociml hi Ctbcitc. ]h mrhci pbcitcs kh h`olthbbc`fhitl hi Mlbl`ofc,Oæbgfmc, Ohr`ukcs, Mafic, 36?5 Cbh`cifc, Acftà, Ftcbfc, pcàshs ocnls y Hspcóc. Cslmfcmfýi kh Mlmc ” Mlbc mli bls nuhgls Lbà`pfmls. Hb crtfstc Ackkli ]uikobl` mrhc bc prf`hrc fbustrcmfýi kh ]citc Mbcus mli uic 36=5 Mlmc ” Mlbc 36;5 Bc ml ml`pcóàc `pcóàc prlvhàc ohofkcs kurcith bc sh shguikc guikc guhrrc `uikfcb. `uikfcb. 3685 Mlmc ” ml mlbc bc hs hb pprf`hr rf`hr prl prlkumtl kumtl hi hi cpcrhm cpcrhmhrhi hrhi bc plrtckc plrtckc kh bc bc rhvfstc rhvfstc [f`h Mlmc mlbc ckqufhrh ‒[ah @fiuth @cfk Mlrplrctfli‐h fimlrplrc uic bàihc kh 36:5 nugls c su plrtcjlbfl. Urf`hrc ohofkc khplrtfvc. 3675 ]h fitrlkumhi bcs bctcs kh 3? lizcs. Ckqufsfmfýi kh h`olthbbcklrc> Ffmfc lphrcmflihs mucikl uic suosfkfcrfc kh 3676 JH@]C ckqufrfý h`olthbbcklrcs kh Mlmc Mlbc pcrc hb vcbbh kh @æxfml y hb surhsth khb pcàs. 3615 3615 ]h mmrhc rhc uuic ic jjui uikcm kcmfý fýii hsm hsmlb lbcr cr Urf`hr ciuimfl kh ihýi. Corhi uic h`olthbbcklrc hi Mafic y _usfc.
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Mlmc Mlbc sh mlivfhrth hi bc prf`hrc ohofkc sucvh mlisu`fkc hi hb hspcmfl. ]h fitrlkumh hb lsl plbcr hi bls ml`hrmfcbhs. 3665 Mlmc mlbc sh vhikh plr prf`hrc vhz hi hb hsth kh Cbh`cifc khspuæs kh bc mcàkc khb `url [rcisjhrhimfc kh prlpfhkck c jh`sc rhjhsmls>> JH@]C trcisjfrfý su prlpfhkck 3663 hi bcs h`olthbbcklrcs c JH@]C _hjrhsmls, ].C. kh M.Z., iuhstrl prhkhmhslr mlrplrctfvl. Bcizc`fhitl hi olbsc kh vcblrhs> Iuhvc ljhrtc pþobfmc fifmfcb hi bcs olbscs kh vcblrhs kh @æxfml y Hstckls Xifkls. ]h il`orc ml`l Kfrhmtlr Ghihrcb c 366= Cbjrhkl @crtàihz Xrkcb y hi iuhstrl prf`hr cól kh lphrcmflihs blgrc`ls prlkumfr y vhikhr mhrmc kh 855 `fb kh mcncs uifkck. Bbhckc c Crghitfic> C trcvæs kh bc ckqufsfmfýi khb mcpftcb `cylrftcrfl kh Mlmc366; Mlbc Ouhils Cfrhs, hi Crghitfic, khmfkhi rl`phr jrlithrcs y cplstcr plr iuhstrl prf`hr `hrmckl fithricmflicb. Urhvhitc hi kfsplsftfvls `lvfbhs> Ckqufhhi bcs cmmflihs rhstciths kh bc lphrcmfýi hi Ouhils Cfrhs h fitrlkunf`ls ui hsquh`c kh prhvhitc y 3667 kfsplsftfvls `ývfbhs (acikahbks) hi `ãs khb 65% kh iuhstrcs rutcs hi @æxfml y Ouhils Cfrhs. Ubictc [lbumc @hxfml> Fifmfc lphrcmflihs hi pbcitc [lbumc, @æxfml, mli 3 bàihc 3661 kh prlkummfýi y ui vlbu`hi fifmfcb kh 38 `fbblihs kh mcncs uifkck. ?555 Iuhvl kf kfrhmtlr> rhmtlr> Mcrbls ]cbczcr ]cbczcr B Bl`hbà l`hbàii hs il`or il`orckl ckl Kfrh Kfrhmtlr mtlr Ghihrcb Ghihrcb kh MlmcMlmcMlbc JH@]C Mlmc mlbc sh uifý c bc bumac mlitrc hb ]FKC hi Ãjrfmc.
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Mlmc mlbc ckqufhrh Lkwcbbc Fim., uic prlkumtlrc kh nugls jrutcbhs rhjrfghrckls y Hihrgy Orciks Fim. Fiilvcmfli hi bc fikustrfcs kh ohofkcs> Fiilvc hi bc fikustrfc kh ohofkcs mli hb ?55? bcizc`fhitl hi @æxfml kh Mlmc-Mlbc ?.8 bftrls UH[ rhtlricobh. Ckqufsfmfli kh Ucic`ml> Cbmcizc hb bfkhrczgl hi Bctfilc`ærfmc mli bc ckqufsfmfýi kh UCIC@ML hxthikfhikl bc prhshimfc ghlgrãjfmc c 6 pcàshs hi ?55= Bctfilc`ærfmc. ]uphrcokl bls :55 `fbblihs kh mcncs uifkck, `crmcikl ui ahmal sfi prhmhkhith hi iuhstrls rhsubtckls. Urf`hrc pbcitc kh rhmfmbcnh> Juikl bc prf`hrc pbcitc kh rhmfmbckl kh UH[ hi ?55; Bctfilc`ærfmc hi cbfcizc mli CBUBC y [ah Mlmc-Mlbc Ml`pciy. Mrh`fhitl kh plrtcjlbfl hi Mhitrlc`hrfmc > C`pbfl hb plrtcjlbfl mli bc `crmc ?55: Af-M hi Mhitrlc`ærfmc. Ckqufsfmfýi kh nugls khb Zcbbh> Hi mlinuitl mli [ah Mlmc-Mlbc Ml`pciy, ckqufrfhrli Nugls khb Zcbbh, `crmcikl uic iuhvc lplrtuifkck kh sctfsjcmhr bcs ?557 ihmhsfkckhs kh afkrctcmfýi kh bls mlisu`fklrhs, su`cikl c iuhstrl plrtcjlbfl nugls y iæmtcrhs. Bcizl Mlmc-Mlbc ^hrl hi Crghitfic, @æxfml y Orcsfb. Ckqufsfmflihs hi Orcsfb> Ckqufsfmfli _hjrfghrciths @fics Ghrcfs (_H@FB), hi Orcsfb ?551 Uctrlmficrli bls nuhgls lbà`pfmls kh Ohfnfig hi ?551 ]prfth sh vuhbvh hb thrmhr prlkumtl kh bc ml`pcóàc `ãs vhikfkl Ckqufsfmfli kh cguc orfsc, Mlbl`ofc> Hi mlinuitl mli [ah Mlmc ”Mlbc ?556 Ml`pciy, ckqufrfl hi Mlbl`ofc bc h`prhsc kh cguc Orfsc. ?535 Mrhmf` Mrhmf`fhitl fhitl hi hb plrtcjlbfl plrtcjlbfl kkhh ohofkc ohofkcss il mcrolictckcs mcrolictckcs hi hi Orcsfb> Orcsfb> Hxpcik Hxpcikflhb flhb
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plrtcjlbfl kh ohofkcs il mcrolictckcs mli ml i bc nlfit vhiturh kh Bhíl Cbf`hitls hi Orcsfb. ]h mrhc bc prf`hrc pãgfic hi Jcmholld kh bc ml`pcóàc. Cjfcizcr bc prhshimfc> Ml`prl`htfkls mli bc hxpcisfýi fithgrc`ls c trhs grcikhs grupls h`prhscrfcbhs hi @æxfml> Grupl [c`pfml, MF@]C y Jl`hitl Suhrhtcil, mlislbfkcikl bc prhshimfc ]usthitcofbfkck y rhspliscofbfkck slmfcb> Jlr`crli pcrth khb àikfmh kh ?533 ]usthitcofbfkck y _hspliscofbfkck ]lmfcb kh bc Olbsc @hxfmcic kh Zcblrhs. Ckqufsfmfli kh hstrhbbc czub> czub> Kfvhrsfjfmcrli hb plrtcjlbfl trcs bc ckqufsfmfýi kh Hstrhbbc Czub, figrhscikl c bc fikustrfc bãmthc y kh ahbckls hi Ucic`ã. Fifmfl lphrcmflihs hi ?533 y mlimbuyhikl hi ?5?5. Urhshimfc ml`hrmfcb hi bcmthls> C trcvæs kh Nugls khb Zcbbh fithgrl ]citc Mbcrc, hxpcikfhikl hb plrtcjlbfl c bc mcthglràc kh bãmthls hi @æxfml. Juzh thc hi Bctfilc`hrfmc> Bcizc JX^H [hc hi Bctfilc`ærfmc. ?53? ]lsthifofbfkck Klw Nlihs @hrmckls H`hrghiths> Figrhsc cb àikfmh kh ]lsthifofbfkck Klw Nlihs @hrmckls H`hrghiths y cb FUM ]usthitcobh kh bc O@Z. H`olthbbcklrc kh `cylr vlbu`hi hi @hxfml> ]h mlislbfkl ml`l hb h`olthbbcklr kh `cylr vlbu`hi hi @æxfml mli bc fithgrcmfýi kh Grupl Vlbf hi ?53=
@æxfml. Ckqufrfl bcs jrciqufmfcs hi Orcsfb> Hi Orcsfb ckqufrfl bcs jrciqufmfcs Jbu`fihish y ]pcfpc. Fifmfl lphrcmfýi hi cól ?53=> Ckqufrfl hb 83% kh Mlmc-Mlbc Olttbhrs
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Uafbfppfihs, Fim. fifmfcikl lphrcmflihs hi hb cól ?53= y mlimbuyhikl hi ?531. [rcocncikl mli ? kh bls ml`pbhnls fikustrfcbhs `cs f`plrtciths kh c`hrfmc bctfic> Nlai ]citc @crfc Ltczuc hs il`orckl Kfrhmtlr Ghihrcb kh Mlmc-Mlbc ?53; JH@]C. Fifmfl lphrcmflihs mli kls kh bls ml`pbhnls fikustrfcbhs `ãs f`plrtciths kh C`ærfmc Bctfic, bc pbcitc h`olthbbcklrc kh Ftcofrftl, hi @fics Ghrcfs, Orcsfb y bc pbcitc [lmcimfpc hi Mlbl`ofc. Jlrtcbhmf`fhitl hi hb ml`hrmfl kh bcmthls> _hjlrzl bc mcthglràc kh bãmthls mli bc ckqufsfmfýi kh Zhrkh Mc`pl, c trcvæs kh Bhíl Cbf`hitls y Ohofkcs hi Orcsfb. ?538 Ffifmfl lphrcmfýi hi Mlbl`ofc> Fifmfl lphrcmflihs hi bc pbcitc kh [lmcimfpã hi Mlbl`ofc. Jlrtcbhmf`fhitl ml`l bfkhr hi Orcsfb> Blgrl jlrtcbhmhr bc plsfmfýi kh bfkhrczgl hi Orcsfb mli bc ckqufsfmfýi kh Zlipcr, cbmcizcikl ;6% khb vlbu`hi kh vhitcs ?53: hi hb thrrftlrfl. H`phzl c vhikhr y kfstrfoufr @listhr> H`phzl c vhikhr y kfstrfoufr @listhr hi bc `cylràc kh bls thrrftlrfls, hitrcikl c bc mcthglràc kh ohofkcs hihrgætfmcs. Ckqufsfmfli kh Ckhs> Ckqufrfl hi mlinuitl mli [ah Mlmc-Mlbc Ml`pciy y hb sfsth`c h`olthbbcklr hi Bctfilc`ærfmc bc `crmc Ckh], bàkhr hi bc mcthglràc kh ohofkcs ocsckcs hi prlthàic vhghtcb, jlrtcbhmfhikl jlr tcbhmfhikl hb plrtcjlbfl kh ohofkcs il ?537 mcrolictckcs. Kl`fmfbfls.ml` fifmfc uic cbfcizc hstrctægfmc mli mlmc mlbc. Mlbcolrcmfýi hitrh DF[A y mlmc mlbc pcrc hb kfshól kh rlpc cb hstfbl rhtrl. Auhbbc c 35 pcfshs kh Bctfilc`hrfmc> C`pbfl bc auhbbc c 35 pcàshs kh ?531 Bctfilc`ærfmc mli bc ckqufsfmfýi kh @LI_H]C hi Xrugucy.
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Olil vhrkh> Mlmc-Mlbc JH@]C mlblmc Olil Zhrkh plr X]$758 `fbblihs, hb ?5?5 `ãs grcikh hi bc afstlrfc pcrc uic ml`pcóàc hi Bctfilc`ærfmc.
UHU]F
[l`ckl kh> ([hitublgl, ?5??) Hi Mcrlbfic khb Ilrth (Hstckls Xifkls) hi 311=, mucikl hb quà`fml jcr`cmæutfml 311 Mcbho Orckac` fivhitý uic ohofkc pcrc vhikhr hi su oltfmc, bc mucb juh mlilmfkc = fifmfcb`hith ml`l ‒hb rhjrhsml kh Orck‐. 316 1 Uhpsf hs fivhit fivhitckc ckc plr ui jcr`cmæ jcr`cmæutfml utfml bbbc`ck bc`ckll Mcbho Orc Orckac` kac` 365 ? bc `c `crmc rmc sh rh rhgfs gfstrý trý y bc bc h`prhsc h`prhsc ju juhh juik juikckc ckc 365 7 Bc ml`pc ml`pcóàc óàc ml`f ml`fhizc hizc c rhcbfzcr rhcbfzcr cvfsls hhii bls `hkfl `hkfls. s. Ufitci Ufitci `urls mli hb blgl blgl 365 Ulr prf`hrc vhz hi bc afstlrfc sh fimbuyh c uic mhbhorfkck hi uic mc`pcóc 6 puobfmftcrfc> hb mlrrhklr kh cutlsOcrihy Lbkjfhbk hs bc mcrc kh Uhpsf 363 Uhpsf rhmbc`c jrciqufmfcs hi ?; hstckls, vhikfhikl `ãs kh 355,555 gcblihs kh 5 ncrcoh plr cól
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Ulr ui prhmfl kh =8 `fb kýbcrhs, Orcikac` vhikh su pbcitc kh prlkummfýi y su `crmc rhgfstrckc c _ly @hgcrghb, hb cmtucb prlpfhtcrfl kh Uhpsf Mlbc, bh ljrhmh sfi æxftl su `crmc c Mlmc-Mlbc . Cith hb khmbfvh kh bc ljhrtc plr pcrth kh Mlmc36= Mlbc4 Uhpsf quhký hi `cils kh Macrbhs Guta, hb Urhsfkhith kh bc jãorfmc kh 3 glblsfics Bljt Fim. Wcbthr @cmd juh il`orckl hb iuhvl prhsfkhith kh Uhpsf-Mlbc y gufý c bc ml`pcóàc kurcith bls cóls mucrhitc. @cmd, quh cplycoc bcs mcuscs prlgrhsfstcs, iltý quh bc hstrcthgfc kh bc ml`pcóàc kh uscr bc puobfmfkck pcrc uic cukfhimfc 36; ghihrcb fgilrý c bls cjrlc`hrfmcils l usý hsthrhltfpls ætifmls hi rhtrctcr c bls 5 ihgrls UhpsfMl hstã prhshith hi Mlbl`ofc khskh 36;7 mucikl bbhgý cb pcàs mli su 36; h`obh`ãtfmc `crmc Uhpsf y ml`hizý c mlislbfkcr bc juhrth cbfcizc hstrctægfmc mli 7 Ulstloýi. 368 5 Uhpsf ffifmfc ifmfc c kfst kfstrfouf rfoufrsh rsh plr uuic ic jrciqufsfc jrciqufsfc hi Hspcó Hspcócc 36: : Uhp Uhpsf sf hi hitrc trc hhii Ncp Ncpýi ýi y Hurlp Hurlpcc khb Hsth Hsth.. UhpsfMl sh `ukc khskh bc mfukck kh Iuhvc Vlrd c su iuhvc shkh `uikfcb hi Uurmacsh, IV. Bc iuhvc ljfmfic mlrplrctfvc kfsplih kh ui hkfjfmfl kfshóckl plr uil kh bls crqufthmtls `ãs f`plrtciths kh Hstckls Xifkls, Hkwcrk Kurrhbb ]tlih (365?-3671), hstcobhmfkl hi ui ãrhc kh 3;; cmrhs hi `hkfl kh ui ncrkài kh 367
hsmubturcs
5 Jrftl-Bcy fifmfc ui prlgrc`c kh hxpcisfýi. Kurcith bc sfgufhith kæmckc, bc
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ml`pcóàc corh hi prl`hkfl `ãs kh uic pbcitc iuhvc plr cól Hb MHL kh UhpsfMl, Klicbk @. Dhikcbb csu`h hb mcrgl kh Urhsfkhith khb 367 Mlishnl kh Ck`fifstrcmfýi trcs rhtfrcrsh Ahr`ci W. Bcy. Bcy `citfhih ui pcphb 3 cmtfvl hi bc h`prhsc acstc su `uhrth hb : kh kfmfh`orh kh 361?. Jllks Fithrictflicb, `ãs tcrkh bbc`ckl UhpsfMl Jllks Fithrictflicb (UJF) y 367 plsthrflr`hith il`orckl Jrftl-Bcy Fithrictflicb, sh hstcobhmh hs tcobhmh pcrc ml`hrmfcbfzcr = oltcics cbrhkhklr khb `uikl. 367 Uhpsf-Mlbc sh mlivfhrth hi hb prf`hr prlkumtl kh mlisu`l hstckluifkhish hi shr ; prlkumfkl, ml`hrmfcbfzckl y vhikfkl hi bc citfguc Xifýi ]lvfætfmc. ]lv fætfmc. 367 : UhpsfM UhpsfMll cklptc hhbb Mýkf Mýkfgl gl kh Mlikumtc Mlikumtc kh Ihglmfl Ihglmflss hi tlkl hb hb `uikl. `uikl. 367 7 Uhp UhpsfM sfMll ckqufh ckqufhrh rh Uf Ufzzc zzc A Aut, ut, FFim. im. 367 1 Uhp UhpsfM sfMll ckquf ckqufhrh hrh [cml [cml Oh Ohbb. bb. 361 3 JrftlJrftl-Bcy Bcy bci bcizc zc bls mru mrunfhit nfhiths hs tltlpls tltlpls rhklik rhklikcs cs kh [lst [lstftls. ftls. 361 Ficugurcmfýi kh bc prf`hrc lphrcmfýi kh Uhpsf-Mlbc hi Mafic. ? Bcizc hi Hspcóc Uhpsf Bfgat Uhpsf-Mlbc acmh afstlrfc hi bc puobfmfkck mucikl @fmachb Ncmdsli y sus ahr`cils corhi bc puhrtc c uic iuhvc ghihrcmfýi kh puobfmfkck kh Uhpsf hi kls 361 kh bls ml`hrmfcbhs `ãs hsphrckls kh bc thbhvfsfýi. Uhpsf sh mlivfhrth hi "bc ; hbhmmfýi kh uic iuhvc ghihrcmfýi."
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Uhpsf kfstrfouyh prlkumtls hi Mafic 361 UhpsfMl hs calrc bc ml`pcóàc `ãs grcikh kh bc fikustrfc kh ohofkcs y sus 8 prlkumtls hstãi kfsplifobhs hi mcsf 385 pcàshs y thrrftlrfls 361 : UhpsfM UhpsfMll mlt mltfzc fzc hi bc ol olbsc bsc kh vcblrhs vcblrhs kh [ldfl. Uhpsf prhshitc "Macsh", prf`hr ml`hrmfcb hi hpfslkfls mlijlr`ckl plr muctrl 361 hitrhgcs mli @fmachb Ncmdsli. ]h trcis`fth kurcith bls prh`fls Grc``y y sh 1 mlivfhrth hi hb ml`hrmfcb `ãs vfstl hi bc afstlrfc kh bc puobfmfkck. 361 UhpsfMl ckqufhrh cikcklrhs Wcbdhrs Mrfsps y ]`fta Mrfsps, kls kh bcs 6 ml`pcóàcs kh cbf`hitls kh oltcics `ãs f`plrtciths khb _hfil Xifkl. 366 UhpsfMl jfr`c hb `cylr cmuhrkl kh fithrmc`ofl ml`hrmfcb hi bc afstlrfc kh bc 5 Xifýi ]lvfætfmc. Uhpsf-Mlbc jlr`c ui nlfit vhiturh mli Xifbhvhr pcrc khscrrlbbcr y ml`hrmfcbfzcr ohofkcs c ocsh kh tæ. 366 _cy Macrbhs sh uih c bcs Xa-Aua Gfrbs. Hb sblgci pcrc Kfht Uhpsf sh `lkfjfmc c 3 "Vlu Glt tah _fgat Lih Ocoy, Xa-Aua!" Khspuæs kh uic cushimfc kh ?7 cóls, Uhpsf rhgrhsc c Orlckwcy mli hb himhikfkl kh ui iuhvl h f`prhsflicith hsphmtcmubcr kh ihýi hi [f`hs ]qucrh. 366 Hs Kfmfh`orh bbhgc cHspcóc Uhpsf @cx, hb rhjrhsml kh mlbc mli `cxf`l scolr y = mhrl czumcr 366 Uhpsf-Mlbc hs hb prf`hr grci jcorfmcith kh rhjrhsmls hi prlkumfr y kfstrfoufr su ; prlkumtl hi Zfhtic`. 366 UhpsfM UhpsfMll bcizcrã bbcc `crmc kh pcpc pcpcss jrftcs Bc Bcy's y's orcik hi ?5 `hrmckls `hrmckls cbrhkhklr cbrhkhklr
3=
khb `uikl. 8 Ckqufsfmfýi kh Mrlima Ml`pciy. 366 _lkcnh khb prf`hr ml`hrmfcb khb `uikl hi hb hspcmfl, bls mls`licutcs jfb`crli : uic grci bctc czub kh Uhpsf hi ýroftc juhrc kh bc hstcmfýi hspcmfcb @F_. 366 UhpsfMl sh shpcrc kh Dhitumdy Jrfhk Mafmdhi, Ufzzc Aut y [cml Ohbb ml`l 7 [rfmli Gblocb _hstcurcits, Fim. UhpsfMl ckqufhrh [rlpfmcic Urlkumts kh ]hcgrc` Ml`pciy Btk., bc `cylr ckqufsfmfýi nc`ãs ahmac plr UhpsfMl. 366 Jrftl-Bcy sh mlivfhrth hi hb bàkhr kh oltcics kh mafps hi Mhitrl y ]ukc`ærfmc, 1 plr hb nlfit vhiturh ahmal hi mlinuitl mli H`prhscs Ulbcr ]C kh Zhihzuhbc. 366 Uhpsfml ckqufhrh Cbvcbbh, `crmc bfkhr kh gczpcmal hi Hspcóc y mli su pbcitc kh 6 prlkummfli hi @urmfc UhpsfMl, Fim. cbmcizc ui cmuhrkl pcrc ckqufrfr uic pcrtfmfpcmfýi `cylrftcrfc hi ]luta Ohcma Ohvhrcgh Ml`pciy, muyc cbtc`hith fiilvcklrc `crmc ]lOh bc ac ?55 mlivhrtfkl hi uic kh bcs h`prhscs `ãs hxftlscs kh bc fikustrfc. 5 Uhpsfml fitrlkumh [rlpfmcic hi Hspcóc y Ulrtugcb, 355% zu`l rhjrfghrcith. ?55 3 Uhp UhpsfM sfMll sh uih mli [ah [ah Suc Sucdhr dhr Lcts Lcts Ml`pciy Ml`pciy.. Uhpsf-Mlbc bcizc ]fhrrc @fst hi bls Hstckls Xifkls. Khscrrlbbl kh Urlgrc`c kh sh`fbbcs, hb `ãs grcikh khMlbl`ofc , plr `hkfl khb ?55 mucb sh prlkumhi ciucb`hith mhrmc kh ;.855 tlihbckcs kh sh`fbbcs, bl quh = rhprhshitc hb :5% khb tltcb kh sh`fbbcs mhrtfjfmckcs hi hb pcàs. ?55 F`pbh` F`pbh`hitcmf hitcmfýi ýi khb prlgrc prlgrc`c `c kh fimb fimbusfýi usfýi kh phr phrslics slics hi sftucmfýi sftucmfýi kh
3;
kfsmcpcmfkck cukftfvc> ;= phrslics, hi su `cylràc mli kfsmcpcmfkck cukftfvc y khb ; acobc, acmhi pcrth khb hqufpl kh lphrcmflihs kh UhpsfMl Mlbl`ofc UhpsfMl ciuimfý su fithimfýi kh ckqufrfr bc h`prhsc Icdhk Nufmh y bc ml`pcóàc ?55 kh oltcics Iuhvc ^hbcikc Obuhofrk Jllks : Uhpsf mhbhorc su ?5ª pcrtfmfpcmfýi mlishmutfvc hi hb ]uphr Olwb. ?55 UhpsfMl y Uhpsf C`ærfmcs ckqufhrhi mlinuitc`hith ]ciklrc, uic h`prhsc kh 7 nugl bàkhr Xmrcifc. Hi bc pbcitc kh Juizc kh Mlbl`ofc sh rhcbfzc hb bcizc`fhitl khb ihglmfl kh Gcbbhtcs ocnl `crmcs ml`l @c`ut, Jblrhitfics y Sucdh UhpsfMl ciuimfc pbcihs pcrc fivhrtfr X] $ 3 `fb `fbblihs hi Mafic kurcith bls ?55 prýxf`ls muctrl cóls ml`l pcrth kh bc hstrcthgfc kh hxpcisfýi hi bls `hrmckls 1 h`hrghiths y c`pbfcr hb plrtcjlbfl kh prlkumtls kh rhbhvcimfc blmcb. UhpsfMl Mlbl`ofc mlistruyý bc pbcitc 'vhrkh' hi Juizc (Muikfic`crmc) mli hb lonhtfvl kh acmhr pltcobh hb cguc. UhpsfMl y Mcbohh Jllks Ml`pciy ciuimfci uic cbfcizc hstrctægfmc pcrc prlkumfr y vhikhr uic c`pbfc gc`c kh cbf`hitls hi Ncpýi. ?55 UhpsfMl fitrlkumh bcs prf`hrcs `ãqufics hxphikhklrcs c`fgcobhs mli hb `hkfl 6 c`ofhith c bls Hstckls Xifkls. UhpsfMl ml`pbhtý bc ckqufsfmfýi kh [ah Uhpsf Olttbfig Grlup, Fim. y UhpsfC`hrfmcs, Fim., sus kls `cylrhs h`olthbbcklrcs ?53 Ciuimfc su fithimfýi kh ckqufrfr Wf``-Ofbb-Kcii, h`prhsc rusc bàkhr kh 5 cbf`hitls y ohofkcs. ?53 UhpsfM UhpsfMll y [figyf A Albkfi lbkfig, g, uic kh bcs prfimfpcb prfimfpcbhs hs ml`pcóàcs ml`pcóàcs kh cbf`hitls cbf`hitls y
38
ohofkcs hi Mafic, ciuimfci ui cmuhrkl pcrc jlr`cr uic cbfcizc hstrctægfmc hi 3 Mafic. Kfht @luitcfi Khw, Orfsd y bcs ohofkcs bfstcs pcrc ohohr kh ]tcroumds sh fithgrci cb plrtcjlbfl kh `crmcs `ubtf`fbblicrfcs kh UhpsfMl, sfhikl ?? `crmcs bcs quh ?53 mlijlr`ci hsth bfstckl. ? Uhpsf bcizc Uhpsf Ihxt, fiilvcklrc ohofkc kh mlbc rhkumfkc hi mcblràcs. ?53 Cphrturc Juikcmfýi UhpsfMl Mlbl`ofc ml`l pcrth kh bc vfsfýi kh bc ml`pcóàc = Khsh`phól mli Urlpýsftl (Uhrjlr`cimh wfta Uurpls Hi cbfcizc mli hb OFK, Mlmc Mlbc, Juikcmfýi Cvfic y bc Juikcmfýi UhpsfMl ?53 Mlbl`ofc, sh fifmfý hb prlyhmtl fimbusfvl pcrc cml`pcócr c bls `uifmfpfls hi bc ; mrhcmfýi kh sus UGF_] (Ubci kh ghstfýi fithgrcb kh _hsfkuls ]ýbfkls). Bcizc`fhitl khb `lkhbl kh mrhmf`fhitl prljhsflicb, plr `hkfl khb mucb hb 6% khb hqufpl mli kfs`fiumfýi cukftfvc kh Mlbl`ofc sh ac ohihjfmfckl. ?53 F`pbh`hitcmfýi hi Mlbl`ofc khb prlyhmtl Ubcstfml`oustfobhs quh ousmc rhjficr 8 hb plbfprlpfbhil rhsfkucb kh bls h`pcquhs y pbãstfmls Bc Ghrhith ghihrcb kh UhpsfMl Mlbl`ofc, @ýifmc Mlitrhrcs, h`phzý c acmhr pcrth khb fijlr`h kh @hrml bàkhrhs mli bc `hnlr rhputcmfýi rhp utcmfýi UhpsfMl Mlbl`ofc rhcbfzý bc mcrcmthrfzcmfýi iutrfmflicb kh 6;5 ifóls, khscrrlbbý guàcs `htlklbýgfmcs pcrc bc prl`lmfýi kh aãoftls kh vfkc scbukcobh y bbhvý c ?53 mcol fithrvhimflihs mli pckrhs kh jc`fbfc y prljhslrhs hi cbfcizc mli : Ml`phiscr. ?53 Uhpsfml mhbhorc hb pctrlmfifl khb XHJC Mac`pflis bhcguh kh bc `cil sh sus 6 `crmcs Uhpsf @cx, Bcy»s Gctlrckh kurcith bc jficb khb mc`phlictl hi @ckrfk
3:
?5? Cvcbbh ficgurc su iuhvc pbcitc hi @urmfc, bc mucb phr`fth prlkumfr `cs kh ?8 5 `fbblihs kh bftrsl kh gczpcmal ciucbhs kh jlr`c `umal `cs slsthifobh
bc thlràc lrgcifzcmflicb y ck`fifstrctfvc quh cpbfmc Mlmc Mlbc y Uhpsf
H`prhsc
Lrgcifgrc`c
[hlràc Hb juimflic`fhitl ck`fifstrctfvl kh Mlmc mlbc hstã ocsckl ocnl bc thlràc mbãsfmc kh bc
37
[l`ckl kh> (Lrgcifgrc`cs, ?5??)
ck`fifstrcmfýi, bc
Bc fbustrcmfýi ils `uhstrc ui kfshól mbcrl y jãmfb mucb mlimfoh bc kh ml`prhikhr, hstã lrgcifzckl y hstrumturckl
lrgcifzcmfýi ml`l
nhrãrqufmc`hith plr khpcrtc`hitls. Hb
uic hstrumturc y
lrgcifgrc`c ghihrcb kh Mlmc-Mlbc hstã shpcrckl ousmc bc hjfmfhimfc plr rc`cs kh bcs quh sh khsprhikhi khspr hikhi kfjhrhiths Mlmc Mlbc
kh bc lrgcifzcmfýi
ãrhcs shgþi su juimfýi y hs mlisfkhrckl ml`l ui ocsckc hi ; jcshs4 lrgcifgrc`c kh : ifvhbhs.
pbcihcmfýi,
Urhsfkhith> @ãxf`c cutlrfkck, rhspliscobh kh bc
lrgcifzcmfýi,
lrgcifzcmfýi l rhgfýi c mcrgl, khoh mlishgufr ui mlitrlb y kfrhmmfýi. juimflic`fhitl mlrrhmtl quh khvuhbvc rhsubtckls plsftfvls.
Hbbl pcscrã `ãs
Zfmhprhsfkhith> Himcrgckl kh cplycr hi bc
tcrkh c
ghstfýi khb mlrplrctfvl mli fkhcs mlinuitcs cb
mlisfkhrcrshthlràc
prhsfkhith pcrc bc tl`c kh khmfsflihs.
ihlmbãsfmc.Hi Mlmc
Nhjh kh prlkummfýi> Ml`l su il`orc`fhitl bl
Mlbc, hxfsth uic
fikfmc, hs hb himcrgckl kh vhbcr plr bc prlkummfýi mlith`pbcikl suo-khpcrtc`hitls
kfvfsfýi kh trcocnl yc quh "acy uic
rhbcmflickls.
cutlrfkck quh guàc c
Ghrhith fikustrfcb> [fhih bc juimfýi kh
bls kh`ãs
`cithihr bc `cquficrfc trcocncikl mlrrhmtc`hith trcocncklrhs pcrc ! h fikhjfifkc`hith mli uic ouhic lrgcifzcmfýi
quh sh rhcbfmhi bcs
bcolrcb.
cmtfvfkckhs kh bc
Ghrhith kh _hmursls> Himcrgckl kh `cithihr hb
jlr`c `ãs hjfmfhith
31
stlmd kh prlkumtls sfh`prh ml`pbhtl, acmhrsh
y hjfmcz y hbbl hs
mcrgl khb fivhitcrfl blmcb pcrc cocsthmhr bcs
uic mcrcmthràstfmc
ml`prcs kh fisu`ls.
prfimfpcb kh bc thlràc
Ghrhith kh mcbfkck> _hspliscobh kh mu`pbfr bls
mbãsfmc kh bc
bfihc`fhitls y pcrã`htrls hstcobhmfkls pcrc quh ck`fifstrcmfýi bc ml`pcóàc y hb prlkumtl muhithi mli bc mcbfkck khitrl kh bc thlràc rhquhrfkc.
mbãsfmc kh bc
Nhjh jficimfhrl> Mu`pbh bc tcrhc kh ck`fifstrcr
ck`fifstrcmfýi,
hb ãrhc mlitcobh y jficimfhrc `cithifhikl ui
jcylb !qufhi juh su
hstckl kh scbuk jficimfhrc plsftfvl khitrl khb
prlpusl hstcobhmhr
lrgcifs`l.
bls 3; prfimfpfls
Nhjh kh `crdhtfig> _hcbfzci bc puobfmfkck kh
f`prhsmfikfobhs
Mlmc Mlbc c ui ifvhb `uikfcb pcrc ctrchr cb
pcrc tlkc h`prhsc.
mlisu`fklr. Gcstci hi `crdhtfig `ãs kh 3555 `fbblihs kh kýbcrhs cb cól plr sus mc`pcócs
Hi hbbls sh
puobfmftcrfcs.
`uhstrci ui mbcrl
_hmursls au`cils> Mucbqufhr h`prhsc mafmc,
hnh`pbl kh bc `hkfcic l grcikh khoh thihr ui khpcrtc`hitl kh utfbfkck kh bc rhmursls au`cils quh sh himcrguh kh lrgcifzcr
h`prhsc hi bcs
mckc khpcrtc`hitl y c sus fithgrciths, y hi hb
lrgcifzcmflihs
lrgcifgrc`c kh Mlmc Mlbc hs juikc`hitcb hsth
ml`hrmfcbhs y il
shmtlr pcrc mu`pbfr y cr`lifzcr bls hstãikcrhs
ml`hrmfcbhs. Mlmc
hbhvckls. (Lrgcifgrc`cs, ?5??)
Mlbc sh kfstfiguh plr shr uic kh bcs
36
h`prhscs bàkhrhs c ifvhb `uikfcb y jãmfb`hith plkràci fkhitfjfmcrsh bls Hb juimflic`fhitl ck`fifstrctfvl kh Uhpsf hstã ocsckl hi bc thlràc mfhitàjfmc
Uhpsf
kh [CVBL_ , hi sus prfimfpfls y vcblrhs quh [l`ckl kh> (`crmcs, ?5??) Hb lrgcifgrc`c ghihrcb kh UhpsfMl hs uil kh bls
ml`plihi mckc hstrumturc kh bc
`ãs ml`pbhtls yc quh fimbuyh khitrl kh bc `fs`c grãjfmc tlkls bls ifvhbhs quh ml`prhikh bc h`prhsc, khskh sus ifvhbhs cutlrftcrfls `ãs hbhvckls acstc bls puhstls kh uic pbcitc l mhitrl kh kfstrfoumfýi, kh hstc jlr`c plkh`ls vfsucbfzcr bc hstrumturc fithric ml`pbhtc kh hstc ml`pcóàc fithricmflicb.
lrgcifzcmfýi rhgfkls plr, mrhmf`fhitl mlistcith4 mli hb mucb hstf`ubci bc fiilvcmfýi y csà sh ohihjfmfci kh kfmal prlmhsl pcrc
?5
rhcbfzcr hsth grci
[l`ckl kh> (Zcsquhz,
‒UhpsfMl hs uic h`prhsc `ubtficmflicb
mrhmf`fhitl,
hstckluifkhish quh jcorfmc, ml`hrmfcbfzc y
phrslics mli
kfstrfouyh ohofkcs hi tlkl hb pbcihtc. ]u shkh
mcpcmfkck
`ãs rhbhvcith sh uofmc hi Ihw Vlrd y juh
khkhmfsfýi4 hstl plr
juikckc hi 36:8, su il`orh lrfgficb hrc Uhpsf-
bl ghihrcb sh ocsc
Mlbc Ml`pciy. Hb kfshól kh su lrgcifgrc`c hs
hi khncr jbufr c bls
vftcb pcrc bc lrgcifzcmfýi y juimflic`fhitl kh
trcocncklrhs y quh
hstc.‐
tl`hi sus prlpfcs
?5??)
khmfsflihs cith Hb kfshól hstrumturcb hstã kfstrfoufkl plr 3?
mfrmuistcimfcs
ifvhbhs nhrãrqufmls quh hibczc kfjhrhiths ãrhcs
khmfsfvcs,
quh khphikhi kh ui shmtlr hsphmàjfml, bc grãjfmc
rhspliscofbfkck y
`uhstrc hi bc pcrth suphrflr cb `cikl mli `ãs
mlijfcizc4 hsbc
cutlrfkck, mlijlr`h ocnc`ls kh ifvhb bc
ocsh kh ui
cutlrfkck kfs`fiuyh cmctcikl bcs fkhcs,
mrhmf`fhitl
khmfsflihs y tcrhcs khb ifvhb suphrflr khb quh khphikh.Bc fbustrcmfýi khb lrgcifgrc`c ils
slsthifobh,ocsckl hi gcicr bc
hishóc mý`l hstã mlistftufkc y lrgcifzckc bc
mlijfcizc quh
h`prhsc khskh su fithrflr, bc f`cghi ils `uhstrc ltrls khplsftci, = shmmflihs khitrl kh bc lrgcifzcmfýi, bc prf`hrc pcrc ghihrcr ui grci mli hb prhsfkhith y hb shmrhtcrfl, bc shguikc mli
rhspcbkl, ckh`ãs
bls : mlishnhrls prlpfhtcrfls y bc thrmhrc
kh bc
ml`prhikh bls puhstls uic pbcitc l mhitrl kh
prhlmupcmfýi plr
?3
bls mbfhiths, prlkumtls kh bls kfstrfoumfýi. Bc cutlrfkck kh mckc puhstl hstã quh ils shitf`ls lrgcifzckc kh `cylr c `hilr hi 3? ifvhbhs lrgubbls, (Lrgcifgrc`cs, ?5??) ml`uifmcmfýi mbcrc
Acofbfkckhs ghrhimfcbhs>
[l`ckl kh> (Jh`sc,
?5??)
3. @ltfvcmfýi> Xic juhrzc kh trcocnl `ltfvckc hs vftcb pcrc mucbqufhr lrgcifzcmfýi quh qufhrc thihr ouhils rhsubtckls. Kh cbbà quh `ltfvcr c bls kh`ãs sh acyc mlivhrtfkl hi uic acofbfkck hshimfcb pcrc mucbqufhr ghrhith.
??
Xi c`ofhith kh trcocnl cgrckcobh y `ltfvcklr hs ui pfbcr juikc`hitcb hi bc scbuk kh uic lrgcifzcmfýi. Mlmc-Mlbc bl scoh y, plr hsl, rhtc c sus mlbcolrcklrhs c fimlrplrcr uic klsfs kh ofhihstcr hi su vfkc kfcrfc.
Ofhihstcr hs `lvf`fhitl> Hi Mlmc-Mlbc fimhitfvci c bls mlbcolrcklrhs c bhvcitcrsh kh sus sfbbcs y `lvhrsh. Bcs fifmfctfvcs sli mlistciths h fimbuyhi ui gf`icsfl hqufpckl quh puhkh uscrsh hi mucbqufhr `l`hitl khb kàc mli tltcb bfohrtck.
Ofhihstcr hs khsmciscr> Orfikc kfstfitls ohihjfmfls c iuhstrls h`pbhckls pcrc f`pubscr uic vfkc hqufbforckc y ljrhmhr vcblr hi `cthrfc kh scbuk y mcbfkck kh vfkc
Ulstictcb jbhxfobh> _hgrhsl hsmcblickl cb trcocnl buhgl kh bc bfmhimfc plr `cthrifkck.
?. [rcocnl hi hqufpl> Mli rhsphmtl cb trcocnl hi hqufpl, ltrc kh bcs acofbfkckhs f`plrtciths pcrc bc ghrhimfc sh rhqufhrh khjfifrãi hqufpl kh trcocnl, hb mucb sh ml`prhikh ml`l ui mlinuitl kh phrslics lrgcifzckcs y lrfhitckcs cb blgrl kh uic `htc u lonhtfvl ml`þi, ml`puhstl plr ui mfhrtl iþ`hrl kh phrslics quh cklptci y mc`ofci rlbhs l juimflihs kh `cihrc jbhxfobh y mllrkfickc y kfsplihi kh acofbfkckhs pcrc `cihncr rhbcmflihs kh mlijfcizc y `utul rhsphtl.
Hi Mlmc-Mlbc, sh tfhih bc lplrtuifkck kh trcocncr hi hqufpls mli phrslics mli kfjhrhiths lràghihs h fkhcs, y quh trcocnci hi ljfmfics kh tlkl hb `uikl. [lkls
?=
hstãi uifkls plr hb c`lr quh sfhithi acmfc bc Ml`pcóàc y plr hb khshl kh cgrhgcr vcblr y acmhr bc kfjhrhimfc. Xi Hqufpl.
=. Bfkhrczgl> Hstc acofbfkck ac sfkl hxpbltckc prfimfpcb`hith plr trhs jlr`cs kh bfkhrczgl quh aci f`pubsckl ml`l `crmc>
Hstfbl kh Zfkc ]cbukcobh> Ml`l bàkhrhs kh bc fikustrfc kh ohofkcs scohi quh khohi shr prl`ltlrhs kh hstfbls kh vfkc scbukcobh hi iuhstrcs ml`uifkckhs, prl`lvfhikl quh bcs phrslics ml`ofihi uic ckhmuckc iutrfmfýi mli cmtfvcmfýi jàsfmc y hkumcmfýi hi bcs kfjhrhiths htcpcs kh vfkc.
Khscrrlbbl Ml`uiftcrfl> Ousmci `hnlrcr bcs mlikfmflihs kh vfkc kh bcs ml`uifkckhs hi klikh lphrci.
Cocsthmf`fhitl ]lsthifobh> F`pubsci hb khscrrlbbl y mrhmf`fhitl kh sus prlvhhklrhs `fhitrcs `hnlrci bcs mlikfmflihs slmfcbhs y rhkumhi bls f`pcmtls c`ofhitcbhs kh su mckhic kh vcblr
[l`ckl kh> (UHU]FML, ?5??) 3. Mlikum Mlikummfý mfýi ik khh G Grupl ruplss kh kh [rcoc [rcocnl> nl>
Uhpsfml hs uic ml`pcóàc quh sfh`prh ousmc
kcrbh c sus h`pbhckls bcs plsfofbfkck kh mrhmhr, khscrrlbbcr y mlikumfr c sus hqufpls pcrc shr `hnlrhs, hs plr hstl quh khitrl kh bc ml`pcóàc `cihnci hb prlgrc`c
?;
Uhpsfml Xifvhrsfty, klikh fivlbumrc vcrfcs mcpcmftcmflihs h fijlr`cmflihs mli uic vcrfhkck kh uifvhrsfkckhs pcrc gcrcitfzcr hb `hnlr khscrrlbbl kh sus hqufpls kh trcocnl ?. Bfkhrczg czgl> Hstc acofbfkck hstc c`pbfc`hith vcblrckc plr Uhpsfml y ousmc muorfr
`umals csphmtls, bls mucbhs cjhmtci sus bcolrhs kfcrfcs, hitrh hstls hstci>Cgrfmubturc slsthifobh, f`pcmtl plsftfvl hi hb cguc, h`pcquhs rhcprlvhmacobhs, `ftfgcmfli khb mc`ofl mbf`ctfml, rhsphtl plr bls khrhmals kh au`cils, prl`lvhr kfvhrsfkck hi hb hitlril kh trcocnl y slplrtcr bc hmlil`fc khb cvcimh kh bcs `unhrhs
=. Ghstfýi Ghstfýi khb khb Mc`ofl Mc`ofl y Khscrrlbb Khscrrlbbl l kh bc Lrgcifzc Lrgcifzcmfýi> mfýi> Uhpsf ousmc cshgurcr
phrkurcr hi bcs prýxf`cs ghihrcmflihs y hs plr hstl quh tcitl su fikustrfc kh ohofkcs y kh `hrfhikcs, ousmci fimlrplrcr fimlrplr cr bc pcbcorc fiilvcmfýi, pcrc hstl `cihnci hb prlgrc`c kh Cmckh`fm Mlbbhgh Afrfig hb mucb ousmc mlitrctcr c hstukfciths mli fifmfctfvcs kh grci f`pcmtl l quh puhkci cplrtcr fkhcs iuhvcs c bc lrgcifzcmfýi.
[hlràc lrgcifzcmflicb vs acofbfkckhs ghrhimfcbhs
[l`ckl kh> (Jh`sc,
?5??)
?8
Hsth tfpl kh h`prhsc tfhih uic rhspliscofbfkck fi`hisc mli sus mbfhiths, plr bl mucb mlistcith`hith hstã hi prlmhsls kh fiilvcmfýi kh bc prhshitcmfýi khb prlkumtl plrquh hb mlithifkl sh `citfhih.
Bls ýrgcils kh kfrhmmfýi sli rhspliscobhs kh `cithihr hb prlkumtl hi mlistcith fiilvcmfýi pcrc cprlvhmacr bcs ihmhsfkckhs kh bls mbfhiths y cu`hitcr bc kh`cikc khb prlkumtl, plr bl mucb qufhi tfhih bc kfrhmmfýi kh bc ml`pcóàc hs uic phrslic mli uic mcpcmfkck kh bfkhrczgl sujfmfhith y csà thihr ui hqufpl kh trcocnl ml`prl`htfkl pcrc kcr bl `hnlr kh mckc uil kh hbbls y `cithihr c mlmc mlbc mli hb rhmlilmf`fhitl y plsfmflic`fhitl quh bl mcrcmthrfzc.
Bc thlràc mbãsfmc kh Jcylb, acmh rhjhrhimfc c bc jlr`c kh ck`fifstrcmfýi quh rhþih bls prlmhsls kh bc lrgcifzcmfýi y sh hijlmc hi bc hstrumturc y bc jlr`c kh bc `fs`c.
[l`ckl kh> (UHU]FML, ?5??) Uhpsf rhbcmflic hb bfkhrczgl ml`l acofbfkck ghrhimfcb mli su thlràc cpbfmckc c mckc uil kh bls prlmhsls quh tfhih cpbfmcr pcrc blgrcr `cithihr su prlkumtl hi hb `hrmckl y c bc vcigucrkfc kh sus ml`phtfklrhs ml`l Mlmc Mlbc, hs su rhspliscofbfkck hbhvcr bc prlkummfýi y `cithihr hi mlitfiuc fiilvcmfýi pcrc quh hb `hrmckl mc`ofcith il bl scquh kh ml`phthimfc.
?:
Hs ml`prl`fsl khb ck`fifstrcklr `cithihr y cpbfmcr hstrcthgfcs kh `hrmckl quh il slbl ousquh hbohihjfmfl pcrc bc ml`pcóàc, sfil quh tc`ofæi `ltfvh c bcs phrslics quh tfhihi vàimubl bcolrcb kfrhmtl h fikfrhmtl mli hbbls pcrc quh thigci shitfkl kh phrthihimfc y ml`prl`fsl pcrc trcocncr mli hjfmfhimfc y rhspliscofbfkck hi crcs kh mu`pbfr bls lonhtfvls trczckls plr bc ml`pcóàc.
Bc `ltfvcmfýi il slbl hs `lihtcrfc sfil tc`ofæi mli nlrickcs kh mcpcmftcmfýi hi bls mucbhs sh prl`uhvci c`ofhiths kh trcocnl scils klikh prhkl`fih ui mbf`c lrgcifzcmflicb grctfjfmcith.
Ulr su lrgcifgrc`c sh tfhih mbcrl quh hxfsth uic kfvfsfýi kh mcrgls bls mucbhs hstãi khthr`fickls plr ãrhcs kh trcocnl, y quh sh bhs ac khsfgickl uic juimfýi mli hb jfi kh quh bc ml`pcóàc sfgc su juimflic`fhitl c bl bcrgl khb tfh`pl scbfhikl c jblth c phscr kh bcs ckvhrsfkckhs plr bls kfjhrhiths lostãmubls quh sh bh prhshitci c mlistcith`hith y sli hsth tfpl kh fimlivhifhith bls quh acmhi quh shci `ãs sýbfkls y kfshóhi iuhvcs hstrcthgfcs pcrc mlitrcrrhstcr bc sftucmfýi prhshitckc.
Uhpsf hi su hstrumturc lrgcifzcmflicb sh mbcsfjfmc mli suolrkficmfýi yc quh sh kfrfgh khskh bc mcsc `ctrfz, phrl bc prlkummfýi hstã himcrgckc c mckc uic kh sus jfbfcbhs.
?7
Cihxl> Muckrl ml`pcrctfvl
Csfgicturc> [hlràc Lrgcifzcmfli Lrgcifzcmflicb cb Hstukfcith> ]cikrc
@fbhic Ocrrhrc Ahricikhz
Jhmac>38 kh @crzl kh ?5??
¼SXÆ H]<
MXCK_L ML@UC_C[FZL
?1
Hs ui muckrl quh sfrvh pcrc rhcbfzcr ml`pcrcmflihs, prfimfpcb`hith prfimfpcb`hith grãjfmcs, thxtucbhs l iu`ærfmcs. Hb prlpýsftl hs quh hb bhmtlr puhkc hithikhr, hi uic jlr`c `ãs shimfbbc, bcs kfjhrhimfcs y sf`fbftukhs kh bls csphmtls c ml`pcrcr. Urhshitc hb grckl kh sfgifjfmcmfýi khb cknhtfvl rhsubtcith kh ml`pcrcr hb `lkl kh ctrfoufr bc mucbfkck c ui sustcitfvl mli bc ctrfoumfýi quh kh bc `fs`c mucbfkck sh acmh c ltrl sustcitfvl.
MÝ@L ]H HBCOL_C Khphikfhikl khb csphmtl quh sh pfkc ml`pcrcr, hsmrfoc bc thlràc ck`fifstrctfvc quh cpbfmc Mlmc mlbc V Uhpsy Hi bc mcsfbbc mlrrhsplikfhith hbh`hitls hbh`hitls kh bc thlràc, khsmrfoc bls hbh`hitls juikc juikc`hitcbhs `hitcbhs quh hxpbfquhi plr quæ bc h`prhsc f`pbh`hitc bc thlràc, rhmuhrkh rhvfscr bcs mcrcmthràstfmcs thýrfmcs kh bc thlràc quh mrhh usthk quh cpbfmc mckc uic kh b cs h`prhscs pcrc quh puhkc crgu`hitcr su rhspuhstc thýrfmc`hith.
-
Fkhitfjfquh trhs acofbfkckhs ghrhimfcbhs y hxpbfquh mckc acofbfkck pcrc bcs kls h`prhscs lonhtl kh hstukfl
Crtmubh y hxpbfquh sf hs mlahrhih bc hlràc lrgcifzcmflicb vs bcs acofbfkckhs ghrhimfcbhs kh mckc uic kh bcs h`prhscs lonhl kh hsukfl
IL_@C] [ÆMIFMC]
Hb [àtubl khoh hsmrfofrsh mhitrckl hi b htrc `cyþsmubc Crfcb Obcmd kh 3? puitls. Hb [hxtl khoh hsmrfofrsh hi bhtrc bhtrc `fiþsmubc Crfcb kh 35 puitls y nustfjfmckl. nustfjfmckl.
[À[XBL KHB KLMX@HI[L>
H@U_H]C
Mlmc Mlbc Z] Uhpsf
_HBCMFLI KH
[HL_ÀC CK@FIF][_C[FZC
HBH@HI[L] KH
ACOFBFKCK
BC [HL_ÀC
GH_HIMFCB
BC [HL_ÀC MLI BC ACOFBFKCK GH_HIMFCB
Mlmc Mlbc
Klmtrfic mbãsfmc bfihcb kh Jcylb, hstc thlràc tfhih uic hstrumturc y hijlquh lrgcifzcmflicb khjfifkl plr ui lrgcifgrc`c bfihcb y ousmc bc hjfmfhimfc kh bc lrgcifzcmfýi.
Ubcihcmfýi> hs pbcihcr bl quh sh vc c acmhr. Lrgcifzcmfýi hs ml`l sh vc acmhr bl quh sh pbcihý.
Kfrhmmfýi> hs hb acmhr kh bl quh sh pbcihý y lrgcifzl pcrc buhgl mlitrlbcr.
Mlitrlb> hs bc vhrfjfmcmfýi kh quh sh acyc mu`pbfkl bcs htcpcs y sh cicbfzc mý`l sh hnhmutý mckc hbh`hitl. Ckfmflicb`hith cpbfmc bls 3; prfimfpfls kh Jcylb, thifhikl
Cutlmlilmf`fhitl> Ulrquh mlilmhi bc ihmhsfkck kh mrhcr ui prlkumtl pcrc slbumflicr ui prlobh`c kh scbuk phrl quh tc`ofæi tuvfhrc ui ml`plihith ckfmflicb quh cplrtcrc hihrgàc.
Hi tlkl prlmhsl ck`fifstrctfvl sh khscrrlbbci uils ml`plihiths y tfhih uic hstrumturc khjfifkc, pcrc bc mucb Mlmc mlbc il hs bc
hxmhpmfýi. Muhitc mli ui ýrgcil kh Bfkhrczgl> Mlmc mlbc hs uic `crmc kfrhmmfýi y mlitrlb `uy bàkhr y quh tfhih rhmlilmf`fhitl c ofhi khjfifkl, hxfsth uic ifvhb `uikfcb, blgrckl grcmfcs c nhrcrquàc mli kfjhrhiths bc mcpcmfkck kh ifvhbhs quh sh bfkhrczgl quh himcrgci kh tfhihi bls acmhr mu`pbfr kfjhrhiths bls hbh`hitls ýrgcils kh quh ml`plihi kfrhmmfýi kh bc h`prhsc.
bc [fhih uithlràc. ghrhith
?6
hi muhitc bc kfvfsfýi khb trcocnl, cutlrfkck, rhsphtl y kfsmfpbfic, uifkck kh `cikl, kfvfsfýi y nhrcrquàc.
@ltfvcmfýi> Xi c`ofhith kh trcocnl cgrckcobh y `ltfvcklr hs ui pfbcr juikc`hitcb hi bc scbuk kh uic lrgcifzcmfýi, y Mlmc mlbc bl scoh, plr bl quh ac khscjfckl c sus mlbcolrcklrhs c fimlrplrcr uic klsfs kh ofhihstcr hi su vfkc kfcrfc, bl mucb ghihrc vcblrhs y mlijrcthrifkck hi sus mlbcolrcklrhs y prl`uhvh su khsh`phól y
ghihrcb, ui ck`fifstrcklr kh vhitcs, hb ãrhc kh fijlr`ãtfmc, mcbfkck sfsth`c kh shrvfmfl cb
mlisu`fklr, shmrhtcrfc, muhitc mli ui ãrhc ml`hrmfcb, ãrhc ck`fifstrctfvc y jficimfhrc, ãrhc kh prlkummfýi y ãrhc kh rhmursls au`cils. Hsth tfpl kh h`prhsc tfhih uic rhspliscofbfkck fi`hisc mli prlkumtfvfkck. sus mbfhiths, plr bl mucb mlistcith`hith [rcocnl hi hstc hi hqufpl> Hi ui prlmhsls kh hqufpl kh trcocnl fiilvcmfýi kh bc sh himuhitrc bc prhshitcmfýi sfihrgfc, plr bl khb prlkumtl mucb bcs plrquh hb acofbfkckhs, mlithifkl sh mlilmf`fhitls, `citfhih. Bls ml`phthimfcs kh ýrgcils kh bls fithgrciths khb kfrhmmfýi sli hqufpl kh trcocnl rhspliscobhs il slbl su`ci kh `cithihr hb sfil quh sh prlkumtl hi `ubtfpbfmc, Hi mlistcith mlmc mlbc trcocnci fiilvcmfýi pcrc kfjhrhiths grupls cprlvhmacr bcs kh phrslics kh ihmhsfkckhs kh kfjhrhiths pcrths bls mbfhiths y khb `uikl, c cu`hitcr bc tlkls bls uih hb kh`cikc khb c`lr quh tfhihi prlkumtl, plr bl plr bc ml`pcóàc y mucb qufhi tfhih hb khshl kh bc kfrhmmfýi kh cgrhgcr vcblr y bc ml`pcóàc hs `crmcr bc uic phrslic kfjhrhimfc.
mli uic mcpcmfkck kh
=5
Zfsfýi y phisc`fhitl hstrctægfml> Khskh hb fifmfl Mlmc mlbc thiàc mbcrl muãbhs hrci sus lonhtfvls, hb ifmal kh `hrmckl c colrkcr, bl mucb phr`ftfý hstcobhmhr mli bls mlisu`fklrhs ui vàimubl ml`hrmfcb juhrth y uic jfkhbfzcmfýi mli bc `crmc, lonhtfvl quh `uy plmcs h`prhscs blgrci.
[l`c kh khmfsflihs> Hi tlkc h`prhsc u lrgcifzcmfýi hb ghrhith ac kh thihr bc sujfmfhith mcpcmfkck pcrc tl`cr khmfsflihs, yhi Mlmc Mlbc il hs bc hxmhpmfýi plrquh bls ýrgcils kh kfrhmmfýi hstãi jcmubtckls pcrc tl`cr khmfsflihs quh sh khoci tl`cr y hi hb `l`hitl lplrtuil. Uhpsf Uhpsf tfhih f`pbh`hitckc bc thlràc mfhitàjfmc kh [yblr, bc mucb tfhih khjfifkc quh tcitl pctrlihs ml`l lorhrls tfhihi hb fithræs kh hbhvcr bc prlkummfýi.
Khscrrlbbl khb trcocnl ocsckl hi>
Bfkhrczgl Ucrc cbhitcr c bc ghith c vfvfr `ãs scbukcobh y pcrc rhsplikhr cb Bc kfstrfoumfýi khb mrhmfhith kh bls mlisu`fklrhs plr trcocnl mli hb prlkumtls `ãs þifml jfi y hs cu`hitcr bc
scbukcobhs y khbfmflsls,
bfkhrczgl sujfmfhith y csà thihr ui hqufpl kh trcocnl ml`prl`htfkl pcrc kcr bl `hnlr kh mckc uil kh hbbls `cithihr c y mlmc mlbc mli hb rhmlilmf`fhitl y plsfmflic`fhitl quh bl mcrcmthrfzc. Bc thlràc mbãsfmc kh Jcylb, acmh rhjhrhimfc c bc jlr`c kh ck`fifstrcmfýi quh rhþih bls prlmhsls kh bc lrgcifzcmfýi y sh hijlmc hi bc hstrumturc y bc jlr`c kh bc `fs`c.
UhpsfMl rhbcmflic hb bfkhrczgl ml`l acofbfkck ghrhimfcb mli su thlràc cpbfmckc c mckc uil kh bls prlmhsls quh tfhih cpbfmcr
=3
prlkumtfvfkck.
]hbhmmfýi khb trcocnl mli hb jfi kh shbhmmflicr hb phrslicb fkýihl pcrc ui khthr`fickl mcrgl l bcolr.
[l`ckl kh> (Zcsquhz, ?5??)
Mlbcolrcmfýi mlrkfcb kh pctrlihs y trcocncklr mli hb jfi kh gcrcitfzcr quh hb trcocnl sh rhcbfmh shgþi bl rhquhrfkl.
UhpsfMl sh ml`prl`hth c mlishgufr lonhtfvls gblocbhs bàkhrhs. Ml`l tlkl shr au`cil y su jlr`cmfýi acy quh h`phócrsh hi shr bls `hnlrhs thifhikl bcs gcics y hb khshl mlistcith kh shgufr ckhbcith.
@ltfvcmfýi Ml`l acofbfkck ghrhimfcb bc `ltfvcmfýi rhqufhrh utfbfzcr
h`pctàc fkhitfjfmcrpcrc bcs Kfvfsfýi mcsf fgucb mcrcmthràstfmcs khb trcocnl y juikc`hitcbhs kh rhspliscofbfkckhs bls h`pbhckls. ]h hitrh bc kfrhmmfýi ac kfshóckl y bls fimhitfvls ml`l trcocncklrhs. tcrnhtcs kh jhbfmftcmfýi pcrc bls trcocncklrhs _hmlpfbcmfýi kh mli hb jfi kh kctls kh bc fimhitfvcrbls mckc ml`pcóàc, quh bh vhz quh acmhi phr`fth ofhi su trcocnl. ml`pcrcrsh klikh hstã aly y c kýikh qufhrh [rcocnl hi bbhgcr. hqufpl> Bls hqufpls kh trcocnl, c phscr _hmlpfbcmfýi kh kh shr cutýil`ls fijlr`cmfýi kh bc khohi trcocncr kh jlr`c ml`l sh `cihrc kfrfgh hb ihglmfl. fithrkhphikfhith mli ltrls hqufpls, khohi plkhr shbhmmflicr y Mrhcmfýi kh ui hitrhicr iuhvls c`ofhith hi klikh sh puhkc f`pbh`hitcr hb
`fh`orls pcrc `cithihr su
pcrc blgrcr `cithihr su prlkumtl hi hb `hrmckl y c bc vcigucrkfc kh sus ml`phtfklrhs ml`l Mlmc Mlbc, hs su rhspliscofbfkck hbhvcr bc prlkummfýi y `cithihr hi mlitfiuc fiilvcmfýi pcrc quh hb `hrmckl mc`ofcith il bl scquh kh ml`phthimfc.
Hs khb ml`prl`fsl ck`fifstrcklr `cithihr y cpbfmcr hstrcthgfcs kh `hrmckl quh il slbl ousquh hb ohihjfmfl pcrcbc ml`pcóàc sfil quh tc`ofæi `ltfvh c bcs phrslics quh tfhihi vàimubl bcolrcb kfrhmtl h fikfrhmtl mli hbbls pcrc quh thigci shitfkl kh phrthihimfc y ml`prl`fsl pcrc trcocncr mli hjfmfhimfc y rhspliscofbfkck hi crcs kh mu`pbfr bls lonhtfvl trczckls plr bc ml`pcóàc.
=?
mc`ofl mli rcpfkhz, hjfmcmfc y sfi cjhmtcr cbc lrgcifzcmfýi.
prlpfl rft`l kh Bc `ltfvcmfýi trcocnl y bcs il slbl hs mcrcmthràstfmcs kh `lihtcrfc sfil su rhbcmfýi. Hi tc`ofæi mli hstls hqufpls sh nlrickcs kh hsphrc quh bc mcpcmftcmfýi hi `htc grupcb shc bls mucbhs sh csu`fkc hi mckc prl`uhvci uil kh bls c`ofhiths kh `fh`orls khb trcocnl scils hqufpl pcrc klikh cu`hitcr hb ifvhb prhkl`fih ui kh pcrtfmfpcmfýi y mbf`c ml`prl`fsl mli lrgcifzcmflicb bc h`prhsc grctfjfmcith
Hqufpls kfvhrsls pcrc mlishgufr hb æxftl> UhpsfMl hs uic h`prhsc
Ulr su lrgcifgrc`c sh tfhih mbcrl quh hxfsth uic
mhrtfjfmckc GHIKH_ mli hb HSXCBF[V HX_LUHCI FI[H_IC[FLICB ][CIKC_K quh rhjbhnc iuhstrl ml`prl`fsl mli bc fgucbkck kh gæihrl y kfvhrsfkck. Ckh`ãs, hb ;3% kh `cikls fithr`hkfls y suphrflrhs sli lmupckls plr `unhrhs. Mckc uic kh bcs khmfsflihs h fifmfctfvcs quh sh aci tl`ckl aci phr`ftfkl hb mrhmf`fhitl `uikfcb y hb cbmcimh kh sus lonhtfvls.
kfvfsfýi kh mcrgls bls mucbhs hstãi khthr`fickls plr ãrhcs kh trcocnl, y quh sh bhs ac khsfgickl uic juimfýi mli hb jfi kh quhbc ml`pcóàc sfgc su juimflic`fhitl c bl bcrgl khb tfh`pl scbfhikl c jblth c phscr kh bcs ckvhrsfkckhs plr bls kfjhrhiths lostãmubls quh sh bh prhshitci c mlistcith`hith y sli hsth tfpl kh fimlivhifhith bls quh acmhi quh shci `ãs sýbfkls y kfshóhi iuhvcs
==
hstrcthgfcs pcrc mlitrcrrhstcr bc sftucmfýi prhshitckc. UhpsfMl hi su hstrumturc lrgcifzcmflicb sh mbcsfjfmc mli suolrkficmfýi yc quh sh kfrfgh khskh bc mcsc `ctrfz, phrl bc prlkummfýi hstã himcrgckc c mckc uic kh sus jfbfcbhs.
MLIMBX]FLIH]
Bcs ml`pcóàcs kh Mlmc Mlbc y Uhpsf khspuæs kh 355 cóls kh shr mlistftufkcs sli bàkhrhs hi bc jcorfmcmfýi kh ohofkcs, kcikl rhspuhstc c bcs ihmhsfkckhs jc`fbfcrhs `cithifhikl ui rhmlilmf`fhitl c ifvhb `uikfcb ocnl bls prfimfpfls kh [cyblr y Jcylb. ]li ml`pcóàcs `ubtficmflicbhs quh cpbfmci bc fiilvcmfýi y mrhctfvfkck hi tlkls bls `l`hitls kh hstc `cihrc blgrcrli rhmlilmf`fhitl kh `crmc c ifvhb `uikfcb, ocsãiklsh hi
=;
bls prfimfpfls kh bc ck`fifstrcmfýi quh sli hb fistru`hitl khb æxftl pcrc hstcs lrgcifzcmflihs. Fifmfcb`hith juhrli mlistftufkcs ml`l h`prhscs prlkumtlrcs kh ohofkcs rhjrhsmciths, trcs hb trcismursl kh bls cóls aci ckqufrfkls iuhvls prlkumtls hi sus plrtcjlbfls ml`l pcpcs jrftcs kh pcquhth, nugls, nugls , cgucs, ohofkcs hihrgfzciths hi hitrh trh ltrcs.
[l`ckl kh> (hsphmtcklr, ?5??)
Ofobflgrcjàc
Mc`hbl. (3; kh @crzl kh ?5??). atps>//prhzf.ml`/hvkka1ij=r/phpsf . Lohifkl kh aps>//prhzf.ml`/hvkka1ij=r/phpsf> aps>//prhzf.ml`/hvkka1ij =r/phpsf> aps>//prhzf.ml`/hvkka1ij aps>//prhzf.ml`/hvkka1ij=r/phpsf =r/phpsf MlurshAhrl. (35 kh @crzl kh ?5??). atps>//www.mlurshahrl.ml`/bh/??88:?31/BFIHC-KH[FH@UL/ . Lohifkl kh aps>//www.mlurshahrl.ml`/bh/??88:?31/BFIHC-KH-[ aps>//www.mlurshahrl.ml`/bh/??88:?31/BFIHC-KH-[FH@UL/> FH@UL/> aps>//www.mlurshahrl.ml`/bh/??88:?31/BFIHC-KH-[FH@UL/ Hrrc. (3; kh @crzl kh ?5??). atps>//www.ghsl atps>//www.ghslplbfs.ml`/cyblr-ui plbfs.ml`/cyblr-uikc`hils-y-prfimfpf kc`hils-y-prfimfpfls-kh-bcls-kh-bcck`fifsrcmfli-mfhimc.. Lohifkl kh aps>//www.ghstlplbfs.ml`/cyblr-uikc`hilsck`fifsrcmfli-mfhimc aps>//www.ghstlplbfs.ml`/cyblr-uikc`hils-
=8
y-prfimfpfls-kh-bc-ck`fifsrcmfli-mfhitmc> y-prfimfpfls-kh-bc -ck`fifsrcmfli-mfhitmc> aps>//www.ghstlplbfs.ml`/c aps>//www.ghstlplbfs.ml`/cyblryblruikc`hils-y-prfimfpfls-kh-bc-ck`fifsrcmfli-mfhitmc hsphmcklr, H. (38 kh @crzl kh ?5??). Hb hsphmcklr . Lohifkl kh Hb hsphmcklr > aps>//www.hbhsphmcklr.ml`/cmucbfkck/mlmc-mlbc-y-phpsf-b aps>//www.hbhsphmcklr.ml`/cmucb fkck/mlmc-mlbc-y-phpsf-bc-kfspuc-kh-bcs-ohofk c-kfspuc-kh-bcs-ohofkcscscrtmbh-;33?13/ Jh`sc, M. M. (35 kh @crzl kh ?5??). Mlmc Mlbc Jh`sc. Jh`sc. Lohifkl kh Mlmc Mlbc Jh`sc> aps>//mlmcmlbch`sc.ml`/cmhrmc-kh/sl`ls-dl/bfihc-khb-th`pl/ Ghifcbby. (3= kh @crzl kh ?5??). atps>//vfhw.ghifcb.by/86k1?c?;1k77m5651o6ock/fihrcmvhmlihi-phpsf-bfihc-khb-h`pl.. Lohifkl kh mlihi-phpsf-bfihc-khb-h`pl aps>//vfhw.ghifcb.by/86k1?c?;1k77m5651o6ock/fihrcmtvh-mlihi-phpsf-bfihc-khbth`pl> aps>//vfhw.ghifcb.by/86k1?c?;1k77m5651o6ock/fihrcmtvh-mlihi-phpsfaps>//vfhw.ghifcb.by/86k1?c?;1k77m5651o6ock/fihrcmtvh-mlihi-phpsfbfihc-khb-th`pl Ahrrhrc. (3; kh @crzl kh ?5??). atps>//www.ghsl atps>//www.ghslplbfs.ml`/hlrfc plbfs.ml`/hlrfc-lrgcifzcmfli-hsru -lrgcifzcmfli-hsrumurcsmurcslrgcifzcmflicbhs/ . Lohifkl kh aps>//www.ghstlplbfs.ml`/hlrfc-lrgcifzcmfliaps>//www.ghstlplbfs.ml`/hlrfc-lrgcifzcmflihsrumurcs-lrgcifzcmflicbhs/> aps>//www.ghstlplbfs.ml`/hlrfc-lrgcifzcmfliaps>//www.ghstlplbfs.ml`/hlrfc-lrgcifzcmflihsrumurcs-lrgcifzcmflicbhs/ `crmcs, H. h. (3= kh @crzl kh ?5??). atps>//www.hxph atps>//www.hxphrlshi`crmc.ml`/af rlshi`crmc.ml`/afslrfc-kh-`crmc-phps slrfc-kh-`crmc-phpsffbc-`crmc-quh-mlmc-mlbc-sh-ihgl-c-ml`prcr/ . Lohifkl kh aps>//www.hxphrlshi`crmc.ml`/afslrfc-kh-`crmc-phpsf-bc-`crmc-quh-mlmc-mlbc-shihgl-c-ml`prcr/> aps>//www.hxphrlshi`crmc.ml`/afslrfc-kh-`crmc-phpsf-bc-`crmcaps>//www.hxphrlshi`crmc.ml`/afslrfc-kh-`crmc-phpsf-bc-`crmcquh-mlmc-mlbc-sh-ihgl-c-ml`prcr/ Lrgcifgrc`cs. (3; kh @crzl kh ?5??). atps>//lrgcif atps>//lrgcifgrc`cs.ml`.hs/lr grc`cs.ml`.hs/lrgcifgrc`c-ghihrcb gcifgrc`c-ghihrcb-kh-khmlmc-mlbc-mcrcmhrfsmcs-hbh`hils mlmc-mlbc-mcr cmhrfsmcs-hbh`hils-uimflihs/#lr -uimflihs/#lrgmlmc-mlbc gmlmc-mlbc.. Lohifkl kh aps>//lrgcifgrc`cs.ml`.hs/lrgcifgrc`c-ghihrcb-kh-mlmc-mlbc-mcrcmhrfstmcshbh`hils-uimflihs/#lrgmlmc-mlbc> hbh`hils-uimflihs/#lrgmlmc-mlb c> aps>//lrgcifgrc`cs.ml`.hs/lrgcifgrc`c-ghihrcbaps>//lrgcifgrc`cs.ml`.hs/lrgcifgrc`c-ghihrcbkh-mlmc-mlbc-mcrcmhrfstmcs-hbh`hils-uimflihs/#lrgmlmc-mlbc Uhkrczc. (3; kh @crzl kh ?5??). atp>//hlck`f atp>//hlck`fifsrcvcs3.oblgspl ifsrcvcs3.oblgspl.ml`/?53?/5;/hlrfc.ml`/?53?/5;/hlrfcmfhimc.a`b . Lohifkl kh ap>//hlck`fifsrctvcs3.oblgspl.ml`/?53?/5;/hlrfcmfhitmc.a`b> ap>//hlck`fifsrctvcs3.oblgspl.ml`/?53?/5;/hlrfc-mfhitmc.a`b ap>//hlck`fifsrctvcs3.oblgspl.ml`/?53?/5;/hlrfc-mfhitmc.a`b
=:
UHU]FML. (3= kh @crzl kh ?5??). atp>//www.phpsf atp>//www.phpsfml.ml`.ml/qufhi ml.ml`.ml/qufhihs-sl`ls/phpsfml hs-sl`ls/phpsfml-mlb/lur-mlb/lurafslry . Lohifkl kh ap>//www.phpsfml.ml`.ml/qufhihs-sl`ls/phpsfml-mlb/lur-afslry> ap>//www.phpsfml.ml`.ml/qufhihs-sl`ls/phpsfml-mlb/lur-afslry> ap>//www.phpsfml.ml`.ml/qufhihs-sl`ls/phpsfml-mlb/lur-afslry ]hgurc. (3; kh @crzl kh ?5??). atps>//fssuu.ml`/ck`fifsr;mfliwlrk/klms/hlrf atps>//fssuu.ml`/ck`fifsr;mf liwlrk/klms/hlrfcs\muckrl.kl cs\muckrl.klmx\?km758o=576c7 mx\?km758o=576c7 . Lohifkl kh aps>//fssuu.ml`/ck`fifsr;mfliwlrk/klms/hlrfcs\muckrl.klmx\?km758o=576c7> aps>//fssuu.ml`/ck`fifsr;mfliwlrk/klms/hlrfcs\muckrl.klmx\?km758o=576c7 ]f`cimc. (3; kh @crzl kh ?5??). atps>//prlmhslsck`3.wlrkprhss atps>//prlm hslsck`3.wlrkprhss.ml`/?538/58/36/lrgcif .ml`/?538/58/36/lrgcifzcmfli/ zcmfli/ . Lohifkl kh aps>//prlmhslsck`3.wlrkprhss.ml`/?538/58/36/lrgcifzcmfli/> aps>//prlmhslsck`3.wlrkprhss.ml`/?538/58/36/lrgcifzcmfli/ ]uklmu. (3; kh @crzl kh ?5??). atps>//www.suklmu.ml`/ml/klmu`hi . Lohifkl kh aps>//www.suklmu.ml`/ml/klmu`hi> aps>//www.suklmu. ml`/ml/klmu`hi> aps>//www.suklmu.ml`/ml/k aps>//www.suklmu.ml`/ml/klmu`hi lmu`hi ]ulrf. (3= kh @crzl kh ?5??). atps>//www.sul atps>//www.sulrf.ml`/hs/afslrf rf.ml`/hs/afslrfc/bfihc-kh-h`pl-k c/bfihc-kh-h`pl-kh-mlmc-mlbc-h-mlmc-mlbc- Q@^nAxaG_U:`nQNzqzsswhml.. Lohifkl kh aps>//www.sulrf.ml`/hs/afslrfc/bfihc-kh Q@^nAxaG_U:`nQNzqzsswhml th`pl-kh-mlmc-mlbc--Q@^nAxaG_U:`nQNzqzsswhml> aps>//www.sulrf.ml`/hs/afslrfc/bfihc-kh-th`pl-kh-mlmc-mlbc-Q@^nAxaG_U:`nQNzqzsswhml [hiublgl. (38 kh @crzl kh ?5??). [hiublgl [hiublgl.. Lohifkl kh [hiublgl> aps>//hiublgl.ml`/phpsf-bc-afslrfc-kh-bls-hrrlrhs-hi-s aps>//hiublgl.ml`/phpsf -bc-afslrfc-kh-bls-hrrlrhs-hi-sus-blgls-quh-supfhrlius-blgls-quh-supfhrlicrrhgbcr-mli-hb-hiklrsh`hi/ Zcsquhz. (3; kh @crzl kh ?5??). atps>//prhzf. atps>//prhzf.ml`/aggr3hchr=c/p ml`/aggr3hchr=c/prfimfpfls-ghrhimf rfimfpfls-ghrhimfcbhs-mlmccbhs-mlmcmlbc/ . Lohifkl kh aps>//prhzf.ml`/aggr3hchr=c/prfimfpfl aps>//prhzf.ml`/aggr3hchr=c/prfimfpfls-ghrhimfcbhs-mlmc-mlbc/> s-ghrhimfcbhs-mlmc-mlbc/> aps>//prhzf.ml`/aggr3hchr=c/prfimfpfls-ghrhimfcbhs-mlmc-mlbc/ ZFU, M. (38 kh @crzl kh ?5??). ? 5??). Mlbl`ofc ZFU . Lohifkl kh Mlbl`ofc ZFU > aps>//mlbl`ofcvfp.ml`/khsmuorh-bc-afslrfc-khb-blgl-kh-mlmc-mlbc/
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