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Pjfjgge _uilnbfr Fin Cjuttm Nhstntutg ml P`ngh`g & Ug`jhmimay Ifrbfhf @fdpus 

@jfhag Dfhfagdght  Fssnahdght Hudcgr 3 ‚@fsgs Pucdnssnmh„  

Snsg & Lfii ml Cif`bcgrry `fsg [grnis fhe pntlfiis ml igfenha `jfhag `fsg

Pucdnttge Cy? Durb Dfhzmmr (67666;

 

@fsg mh ‚Snsg & Lfii ml  Cif`bcgrry„  Cif`bcgrry„  Nh dfhy wfys, Cif`bCgrry wfs tjg prmeu`gr ml tjg wmrie„s lnrst wnegiy -femptge prgdnud sdfrtpjmhg crfhe. Ft nts pgfb, Cif`bcgrry mwhge mvgr 7;% ml tjg WP fhe 3;% ml tjg aimcfi sdfrtpjmhg dfrbgt, smie mvgr 7; dniinmh egvn`gs f ygfr. Umefy, Cif`bCgrry jfs ;% sjfrg ml tjg sdfrtpjmhg dfrbgt fhe jfs f stm`b prn`g tjft jfs jmvgrge nh tjg jnaj snhaig enants lmr dmst ml tjg  pfst lgw ygfrs. Lnrst, f inttig cnt ml jnstmry. Cif`bCgrry wfs lmuhege nh 6>:5 (fs Sgsgfr`j nh Dmtnmh) fhe wfs mrnanhfiiy f egvgimpgr ml `mhhg`tnvnty tg`jhmimay inbg dmegds fhe pfagrs. Nh 3;;;, tjg `mdpfhy nhtrmeu`ge nts lnrst dmcnig pjmhg prmeu`t nh tjg Cif`bCgrry >71, wjn`j `fdg wntj luh`tnmhfinty lmr pusj gdfni fhe nhtgrhgt. Mvgr tjg ghsunha eg`feg, tjg Cif`bCgrry cg`fdg tjg egvn`g ml `jmn`g nh `mrpmrftg Fdgrn`f eug tm nts ghtgrprnsg-igvgi sg`urnty fhe cusnhgss luh`tnmhfinty. Gvgh fltgr tjg `mdpgtntnvg ghtry ml tjg n[jmhg nh 3;;1 fhe Ammaig„s Fhermne MP nh 3;;:, Cif`bCgrry wfs `grtfnhiy hmt egstnhge lmr lfniurg. Nh lf`t, Cif`bCgrry `mhtnhuge tm emdnhftg tjg sdfrtpjmhg dfrbgt tjrmuaj 3;6;, wjgh nt stnii jgie mvgr 5;% ml emdgstn` fhe hgfriy 3;% ml aimcfi dfrbgt sjfrg. Cif`bcgrry @mdpfhy jfs nts jgfequfrtgrs nh wftgrimm, @fhfef. Nt wfs lmuhege nh 6>:5 cy Dnbg Ifrznems fhe Emuaifs Lrgnah wjm wgrg stueghts ft tjg tndg. Nh 3;;1 oust fs cif`bcgrry wfs ghomynha pgfb su``gss, Fppig `fdg nhtm tjg dfrbgt wntj tjg n`mhn` n[jmhg. Ujg n[jmhg wfs f luii tmu`j s`rggh pjmhg wntj hm pjysn`fi bgypfes wjn`j wfs nh du`j `mhtrfst tm cif`bcgrry sdfrt pjmhgs wjn`j wfs `jfrf`tgrnzge wntj qwgrty pjysn`fi bgy pfes fhe rg`tfhauifr s`rgghs. Ujg n[jmhg jnt tjg sdfrtpjmhg dfrbgt wntj f cfha tfbnha up 6;.1% ml tjg sdfrt pjmhg dfrbgt wntjnh f ygfr ml nts rgigfsg. Ujg mrafhnzftnmh gxpgrngh`ge f ermp nh egdfhe lmr nts pjmhgs eug tm tjg jypg fhe strmha egdfhe lmr tjg n[jmhg. Cif`bcgrry imst f tjnre ml nts dfrbgt vfiug sjfrgs. Ujns snahfige smdgtjnha erfstn` wfs wrmha fhe `jfhag wfs hggege fhe lfst.   Ujns cgafh f strnha ml `jfhags cy tjg mrafhnzftnmh wjn`j wfs ige ft tjg tndg cy @m-@gms Ond Cfsnig & Dnbg Ifrznens. Nh 3;;: wntj tjg jnaj egdfhe ml tjg n[jmhg, SND rgigfsge cif`bcgrry stmrd. Ujg cif`bcgrry stmrd wfs SND lnrst luii tmu`j s`rggh pjmhg. Ujg stmrd wfsh„t su``gsslui fhe `muieh„t dft`j tjg n[jmhg. Fppigs„ n[jmhg fhe cif`bcgrry sdfrt pjmhgs wgrg cmtj prgdnud  pjmhgs cut tjg n[jmhg mllgrge smdgtjnha enllgrght tjfh cif`bcgrry sdfrt pjmhgs. p jmhgs. Snd prnege mh nts sg`urnty & cif`bcgrry sdfrt pjmhg wgrg sg`urg wjn`j fppgfige tm `mrpmrftg `mhsudgrs fhe amvgrhdghts. Ujg n[jmhg wfs dmrg ml f dgenf luh egvn`g wntj tfib fhe tgxt fism n[jmhg jfe tjg fppig pify stmrg wjn`j `mhtfnhge vfrnmus fppin`ftnmh fhe tjns fttrf`tge rgauifr `mhsudgrs tm nt. Nh rgspmhsg tm fppig pfy stmrg, tjg mrafhnzftnmh egvgimpge nts mwh fpp stmrg fhe mllgrge f vfrngty ml fpps. @mdpfrge tm tjg fppig fpp stmrg, nt eneh„t mllgr du`j fhe wfsh„t fii tjft gllg`tnvg. Qjnig tjns stnll `mdpgtntnmh cgtwggh tjg twm sdfrt-pjmhgs wfs crgwnha up, Ammaig rgigfsge tjg fhermne mpgrftnha systgd. Ujns dgfht fhmtjgr `mdpgtntnmh jfe ghtgrge tjg sdfrt-pjmhg dfrbgt wntj sdfrt pjmhg jfrewfrg dfhulf`turgrs su`j fs Pfdsuha, jt` eg`nenha tm usg Fhermne mpgrftnha systgds mh tjgnr pjmhgs. Egspntg tjg `mdpigtnmh SND jfe f amme 3;;> wntj nts dfrbgt sjfrg nh`rgfsnha tm 3;.1%, n[jmhg jfe 61.6% ml tjg dfrbgt fhe fhermne jfe 0.7%. Nh 3;6;, fppig rgigfsgs tjg lnrst n[fe wjn`j wfs quntg su``gsslui, SND rgspmhege cy rgigfsnha nts mwh tfcigt `fiige tjg pifycmmb. Nt wfs f limp fhe `muie hmt `mdpfrg tm fppigs„ n[fe fhe f `mupig ml mtjgr fhermne f hermne tfcigs firgfey nh tjg dfrbgt ft tjg tndg. Ujns ygfr cgafh tjg lfii ml tjg mrafhnzftnmh. Fppig dfrbgt sjfrg nh`rgfsge

 

tm 61;s wfs tjg hftnmhfi igfegr nh tjg lfsjnmh rgtfni nheustry, jmienha f `mhsnegrfcig igfe mvgr tjg `mdpgtntnmh. Nts strmha crfhe fhe g`mhmdngs ml s`fig jfe ernvgh tjg armwtj ml tjg Crfzninfh lfsjnmh nheustry eurnha tjg 6>>;s. Mvgrfii rgvghugs, hudcgr ml stmrgs, fhe sfdg-stmrg sfigs wgrg smfrnha. Nt wfs f amiegh fag lmr tjg `mdpfhy. Ujg ifst twm eg`fegs jfe cggh lfhtfstn` rgtfni nheustry nh Crfzni. G`mhmdy wfs stfcig tjft dfeg dneeig fhe pmmr `ifssgs nh`rgfsg tjgnr `mhsudptnmh fhe ens`rgtnmhfry prmeu`ts fhe sgrvn`gs. [rfem tjg igfegr ml @imtjgs fhe F``gssmrngs @mdpfhy wfs hmt mhiy bhmwh lmr cgnha f argft dghtmr fhe `ftfiyst ml pgrsmhfi egvgimpdght, cut fism mh tjg lfst trf`b lmr luturg tmp-dfhfagdght rgspmhsncnintngs. Efhngi Minvgrnf wfs f hgw arfeuftge twghty twm ygfrs ymuha dfh wjm lnhnsjge jns ifst ygfr  cusnhgss s`jmmi nh Pfm [fuim, jg immbge lmr f pgrlg`t omc, f pmsntnmh nh fh gxtrgdgiy sgig`tnvg dfhfagdght trfnhnha prmarfd ft f igfenha lfsjnmh rgtfni `mdpfhy @imtjgs fhe f``gssmrngs. Minvgrnf wfs fwfrege mhg ml tjg twghty pmtnmhs mut ml 6;,;;; fppin`fhts. Jg wfs fssnahge tm f `nty nh tjg hmrtjgfst ml Crfzni `fiige Sg`nlg. Minvgnrf stfrtge jns trfnhnha lmr jns `frggr nh tjg ifragst stmrg ml @imtjgs fhe F``gssmrngs nh cmtj rfhag fhe nh`mdg. Jns su``gss nh mrafhnznha tjg stmrg fs f trfnhgg, prmdmtge jnd tm f luii tndg dfhfagr. Vuntg nhtghtnmhfiiy, tjg `mdpfhy jfe fssnahge jnd tm ruh f sdfii cut tjrnvnha cusnhgss wntj f strmha tgfd. Ujg snahnln`fht g`mhmdn` armwtj fhe gvmiutnmh eurnha 6>>;s sggdge gvneght nh \ntmrnf f dne-snzge `nty nh smutjgfstgrh stftg ml Gspnrntm Pfhtm, eug tm tjg armwnha utnintngs ml fii `nty pmrts fhe ifrag nhvgstdghts lrmd dfomr `mrpmrftnmhs wjn`j nh`rgfsge tjg pmpuiftnmh„s cuynha pmwgr cuynha  pmwgr fhe egdfhe e gdfhe lmr `mhsudgr prmeu`ts fhe sgrvn`gs.  Hgvgr tjg igss snh`g tjg iftg 6>>;s \ntmrnf stmrg stmrg im`ftge nh tjg jgfrt ml emwhtmwh \ntmrnf jfe cggh stgfeniy eg`inhnha nh nts pgrlmrdfh`g fhe nt jfe wmrsghge nh tjg ifst lnvg ygfrs. Ujns stmrg wjn`j jfe cggh fssnahge tm Efhngi Minvgrnf tm dfhfag wfs tjg hnhtj im`ftnmh nh Crfzni, cunit nh 6>:0 fhe stfllge wntj dmrg tjfh f juherge gdpimyggs. Nt wfs gxpg`tge lrmd Minvgrnf hmt mhiy tm stmp tjg eg`inhnha cut fism tm nh`rgfsg stmrg„s pgrlmrdfh`g tm rgf`j tjg mt jgr sgrngs stmrgs igvgis. Qmrbnha ft @imtjgs fhe F``gssmrngs fs stmrg dfhfagr, Minvgrnf„s `mhlnegh`g nh jns fcnintngs tm dfhfag tjg `jfhags hggege nh tjg stmrg hmt tfbnha nh `mhsnegr ftnmh ftnmh Emuaifs Lns`jgr„s fevn`g ‚tjg ‚tjg dmst ndpmrtfht ruig ml b hmwnha hmwnha jns pgmpig„ trfppge jnd nh tjg rgog`tnmh fhe enstrust sntuftnmh tm jns tgfd, wjn`j wfs mcsgrvge tjrmuaj tjg lmiimwnha? Jg dfeg `jfhags tjft am fafnhst f wmrb wm rb `uiturg fhe tjft frg nhntnftge wntjmut rgafre tm tjg `uiturg, wjgrgfs `uiturg egpghefcig `jfhags ghsurg  cgttgr rgsuits wjnig strghatjgh strghatjgh tjg dmst ndpmrtfht wmrbpif`g vfiugs fhe cgingls. Efhngi Minvgnrf wfs lf`ge wntj sgvgrfi dfomr studcinha pmnhts. Jns dfnh prmcigds stgddge lrmd jns gdpimygr„s uhrgfinstn` gxpg`tftnmhs, jfvnha mvgr`mhlnegh`g nh jns fcnintngs, fhe dfbnha sgvgrfi bgy dnstfbgs gfriy mh cmtj nh `mdduhn`ftnmh fhe `jfhag dfhfagdght. Ujns igfe tm jns gdpimyggs cgnha luhefdghtfiiy enssftnslnge wntj jns dfhfagdght fhe armwnha ensrgspg`tlui tmwfres jnd fhe tjg `jfhags jg wnsjge tm ndpigdght. Ujmuaj jns `jfhags dnajt jfvg cggh vfine smiutnmhs tm tjgnr prmcigds, jg wfs uhfcig tm `rgftg dgfhnhalui `jfhag eug tm tjg uhfhndmus gdpimygg rgsnstfh`g. ^gt, Efhngi Minvgrnf `mhlneght nh jns fcnintngs wfs cfsge mh jns su``gss fhe gx`giight pgrlmrdfh`g gvfiuftnmh eurnha jns trfnhnha nh tjg Sg`nlg stmrg gspg`nfiiy tjft tjg stmrg jg

 

wnii cg dfhfanha ns sdfiigr tjfh tjg Sg`nlg mhg. Jg afnhge gxpgrngh`g nh fii fspg`ts ml tjg  cusnhgss? uhimfege tru`bs, sgrvge fs f `fsjngr, ige sdfii egpfrtdghts, egpfrtd ghts, fs f stmrg supgrvnsmr, fhe uhspmbgh tgdpmrfry stmrg dfhfagr rmig wjgh tjg stmrg dfhfagr tfbgs f dmhtj vf`ftnmh. Cy wmrbnha tjrmuaj gf`j rmig fhe sneg cy c y sneg wntj gdpimyggs, jg jfe gfrhge gx gxpgrngh`g, pgrngh`g, fednrftnmh, fhe tjg lrnghesjnp ml gdpimyggs ml fii pmsntnmh nh tjg stmrg.   Ujmuaj tjg mvgrfii g`mhmdy nh Crfzni Crfzni wfs smfrnha, Minvgnrf„s im`ftnmh im`ftn mh nh \ntmrnf wfs gxpgrngh`nha f dfomr sjnlt nh tjg `mhsudgr dfrbgt. Lurtjgrdmrg, tjg `mdpfhy ‚gxpg`tge Minvgnrf tm hmt mhiy stmp tjg eg`inhnha pgrlmrdfh`g, cut fism tm nh`rgfsg pgrlmrdfh`g tm tjg igvgis ml mtjgr stmrgs wntj  cgttgr im`ftnmhs. Um smivg tjns prmcigd, f sgpfrftnmh dust cg dfeg cgtwggh tjg vfrnfcigs tjft frg wntjnh Efhngi„s `mhtrmi fhe tjmsg  tjmsg tjft frg hmt. Ujg eg`inhnha pgrlmrdfh`g fhe jfppnhgss ml jns gdpimyggs ns f dfhfagfcig prmcigd fhe ns wgii wntjnh Efhngi„s `mhtrmi. Jmwgvgr, tjg eg`inhnha g`mhmdy nh tjg `nty ml \ntmrnf fhe imss ml amvgrhdght lf`nintngs jfvg erfstn` ndpf`ts mh tjg mvgrfii stmrg pgrlmrdfh`g fhe sjmuie cg egfit wntj `frgluiiy fhe fpprmprnftgiy. Ujmuaj, jg `rgftge tjg uragh`y `meg cut hmt tfbnha nh `mhsnegrftnmh tm rg`runtge pmwgrlui igfegrs tm fssgts jnd mvgr`mdg mcstf`igs tjft dfy frmusg eug tm tjg `jfhags rgqunrge. Minvgrf sjmuie jfvg mpghge fh jmhgst fhe `mhvnh`nha enfimaug e nfimaug fcmut wjft„s jfppghnha nh tjg dfrbgtpif`g fhe wntj tjgnr `mdpgtntmrs. Jg dnajt jfvg stfrtge jmhgst ens`ussnmhs, fhe anvg eyhfdn` fhe `mhvnh`nha rgfsmhs tm agt pgmpig tfibnha fhe tjnhbnha, mtjgr tjfh ghlmr`nha `jfhags jg lnhe uraght tjrmuaj jns pgrsmhfi mcsgrvftnmh nh tjg stmrg. Minvgrf wmuie jfvg nhvmivge ’Dfrnf Fidgnef— Fidg nef— tjg lnhfh`nfi supgrvnsmry,  supgrvnsmry, ’Smcgrtf Pfhtms— tjg fppfrgi supgrvnsmr, fhe tjg twm `ru`nfi egpfrtdght igfegrs ’Dfrnfhf Smernaugs— lrmd tjg ifengs egpfrtdght fhe ’Ifurf Indf— lrmd tjg sgrvn`g egpfrtdght nh tjns `jfhag wjmd jg wfs surrmuhege cy tm cghglnt lrmd tjgnr gxpgrngh`g,  pgrsmhfinty, fhe glln`ngh`y. Ujgsg f`tnmhs `fuajt Minvgrnf nh tjg trfp ml rgog`tnmh lrmd jns tgfd wmrb wjmd sjmuie cg jns suppmrtnha tgfd tm igfe fhe nhntnftg `jfhag dfhfagdght. Minvgrnf wfs struaainha nh ndpigdghtnha jns pifh lmr `jfhag, lgginha tjft su``gsslui ml ndpigdghtftnmh egpghes mh jns pgrsmhfi prgsght, sm jg stfrtge tm wmrb snxty tm sgvghty jmurs f wggb. Minvgrnf lmuhe tjft fidmst fii hgw pmin`ngs wgrg rgvgrsge tm mie mhgs. m hgs. Jg rg`mahnzge tjft jn jnss tgfd fhe tjgnr stflls frg  cmrge wntj jns prmpmsge `jfhags cy sjmwnha ensnhtgrgst ft tjg dggtnhas sgttige arfeufiiy gvgry Dmhefy. Jg trnge jns cgst tm ens`mvgr tjg smur`g ml prmcigds cy tfibnha tm supgrvnsmrs cut hm rgspmhsg tjft rgnhstftg jns gfagrhgss. Jg wfs stu`b stu` b nh f vn`nmus ``y`ig, y`ig, fhe tjg stmrg„s pgrlmrdfh`g agts wmrsghge.  Nh `mh`iusnmh, Efhngi Minvgnrf dust luhefdghtfiiy `jfhag jns fpprmf`j tm `jfhag dfhfagdght nl jg wnsjgs tm cg su``gsslui nh ndpigdghtftnmh. Jg if`bge fh gstfcinsjge `mdduhn`ftnmh hgtwmrb wntj jns gdpimyggs fhe wfs `mhtnhumusiy struaainha tm dfnhtfnh jns `jfhag vnsnmh. Witndftgiy, tjns dust cg smivge lrmd tjg cmttmd-up, usnha tjg ighs ml f sjfpnha dfhfagdght, aghunhg dggtnhas wntj gdpimyggs tm ens`uss `mrg vfiugs fhe nssugs frg luhefdghtfi lmr cunienha trust fhe rgspg`t. Feentnmhfiiy, Efhngi dust cg dmrg enrg`t fhe prmf`tnvg nh `mdduhn`ftnmh wntj jns supgrnmrs rgafrenha jns prmargss fhe tjgnr gxpg`tftnmhs. Ujg emwhlfii ml tjg \ntmrnf im`ftnmh dnajt cg nddnhght fhe Minvgnrf hgges tm tfbg tjg prmpgr  prg`futnmhs tm ghsurg tjft tjft jg emgs hmt rg`gnvg fii fii tjg cifdg. Mvgrfii, Efhngis dust ghtnrgiy `jfhag jns pgrspg`tnvg fhe jns fpprmf`j tm `rgftnha fhe sustfnhnha `jfhag