Cloze Reading Kitabi

6. The passage concentrates on ----.

LEVEL 1

A) what one should do in a dangerous situation B) the fact that human beings seldom react instantly when they face danger C) two main groups of human action D) different reactions to hot objects E) decision-making

When you (I) ---- something that is very hot you usually drop it immediately. You do not have to think about it and decide to drop it. You (II) ---drop it. However, you do have to think about some actions. For example, you might decide to walk to school (III) ---- taking the bus. You think about it and decide to do it. Actions like this, that you choose to make, are called ‘voluntary actions’. But actions that you make (IV) ---- having to think about them, (V) ---dropping a hot object, are called ‘involuntary’ or ‘reflex actions’.

7. According to the passage, by ‘involuntary action’ is meant an action ---. A) which follows a long process of thinking B) that doesn’t take place fairly quickly C) which is the result of a choice made D) in which no thinking at all is involved E) that is immediately followed by a series of other actions

1. I A) B) C) D) E)

make up pick up take up use up keep up

2. II A) B) C) D) E)

also however thus as yet just

3. III A) B) C) D) E)

despite as well as instead of as of only

4. IV A) B) C) D) E)

by for in through without

5. V A) B) C) D) E)

besides as regards while owing to such as

8. According to the passage, if one thinks about something and comes to a decision about what to do, ----. A) the action that results is called a ‘voluntary action’ B) this is what is often called a ‘reflex action’ C) this means one’s reflex actions are strong D) one is not likely to change one’s mind E) the likelihood is that a wrong action is almost impossible

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Life on a submarine may, to many people, sound fascinating. (I) ----, it is, in fact, horribly boring. Except for the commanding officers, a day aboard a submarine consists (II) ----six hours on duty, six hours off, day after day, for months. This being the case, every effort is made to ensure (III) ---- the lives of the men are as pleasant as possible. The meals are exceptionally good, and there is a daily film, shown at a specific time, on television around the submarine. In return, the crew is always expected (IV) ---- perfectly all the time. A mistake is quite unforgivable. In fact, a favourite saying is “There’s room for everything on a submarine (V) ---- a mistake”.

14. We learn from the passage that, contrary to what a lot of people expect, ----.

9. I A) B) C) D) E)

For example Though However Despite Therefore

15. The writer of the passage emphasises that, on a submarine, ----.

10. II A) B) C) D) E)

at of by in from

11. III A) B) C) D) E)

which whether who that it

12. IV A) B) C) D) E)

performed performing to be performed having performed to perform

13. V A) B) C) D) E)

except for as a result of besides in addition to in case of

A) life on a submarine is extremely rewarding for the crew B) submarines have every imaginable facility for entertaining the crew C) boredom is a major problem for the crew of a submarine D) there is comparatively little work to be done on a submarine E) the officers on a submarine share the same duties as the other members of the crew

A) there is every opportunity for officers to have a pleasant life B) every member of the crew helps to prepare the meals C) everyone works six hours a day D) life never gets boring for the crew E) everything is to be done faultlessly 16. It is clear from the passage that it is almost impossible ----. A) to make life aboard a submarine fully fascinating B) for officers to establish a friendship with other members of the crew C) for everyone to be aware of night and day D) for the commanding officers to make a mistake E) for any member of the crew to be on duty more than six hours

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New Guinea is home (I) ---- some of the world’s strangest creatures. (II) ----, there is a special species of kangaroo that lives in trees. There are also lizards that are five metres long, and butterflies that are as big as dinner plates. New Guinea is an island hardly any larger than the state of Texas, but it has as many bird species (III) ---- are to be found, for example, in the whole of North America. This is partly due to the fact that it has largely remained isolated from the rest of the world. But it is (IV) ---- due to the fact that it has an incredible variety of ecological features, ranging (V) ---- tropical rain forests to glaciers.

22. We learn from the passage that New Guinea ----. A) has actually fewer bird species than it formerly had B) is in many respects very similar to Texas C) owes its characteristic physical features to glaciers D) is an island with a remarkable range of climatic features E) is gradually increasing its contacts with North America 23. According to the passage, kangaroos that live in trees ----.

17. I A) B) C) D) E)

through to on in from

18. II A) B) C) D) E)

However Thus Because As well For instance

19. III A) B) C) D) E)

more most as such which

20. IV A) B) C) D) E)

already yet at least also too

21. V A) B) C) D) E)

from by at in for

A) are very commonly to be seen in rain forests everywhere B) are only on the increase in New Guinea C) are just one example of the odd creatures to be found in New Guinea D) are a threat to the bird population of New Guinea E) are considerably smaller than the average kangaroo 24. The writer points out that one of the reasons why there are very many different kinds of birds in New Guinea is ----. A) that the climatic conditions of the island are suitable for rain forests B) the fact that many migrate there for the winter from North America C) that the island is a protected environment, and new species are constantly being taken there D) that this island has mostly been cut off from the rest of the world E) the fact that there is very little else of interest regarding wildlife

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30. As we learn from the passage, Einstein’s theory of relativity ----.

Einstein developed his famous theory of ‘relativity’ shortly after 1900. It was an enormous improvement over Newton’s views, (I) ---- it explained many things that Newton could not. It showed the close connection (II) --- space, time and gravity. And it (III) ---surprising predictions. One of them was that matter and energy could be changed (IV) ---each other. The two are simply different forms of (V) ---- thing. This idea enabled man to split the atom and later to obtain large amounts of nuclear energy.

A) was confined to the study of the structure of the atom B) gave clarity to various phenomena that Newton had failed to explain C) gave very little importance to the role of gravity in the universe D) was developed, in the first place, to open up new sources of energy E) was basically unrelated to Newton’s theories

25. I A) B) C) D) E)

31. According to the passage, it was at about the turn of the 20th century that ---.

in fact since before unless even though

26. II A) B) C) D) E)

for to into from between

27. III A) B) C) D) E)

looked over broke out played down cut out led to

28. IV A) B) C) D) E)

into of for about on

29. V A) B) C) D) E)

such so the same too the

A) the splitting of the atom was achieved B) fresh sources of energy were discovered C) the relativity theory was first put forward by Einstein D) time and space were finally recognized as indestructible E) Newton’s theory of gravity was recognized as correct in all respects 32. We understand from the passage that one of the benefits of Einstein’s relativity theory ----. A) was to show the potential danger of the splitting of the atom B) has been to make space exploration possible in our time C) was that it proved Newton’s views were quite wrong D) was to explain the separateness of matter and energy E) has been the discovery of a new source of energy

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The Lovell Telescope is the world’s oldest and most (I) ---- radio telescope. It consists of a giant white dish supported at a great height on a large and complicated structure of steel. The telescope can pick up signals in the universe that are 10 billion light years (II) ----. And so it is truly extraordinary. The steel structure that carries it, (III) ----, has the usual and very ordinary disadvantage of being liable to rust. This of course means that it (IV) ---- regularly. Painting this, however, is not an ordinary or a simple task. The men who do the painting (V) --- a special training which includes rescue work. As they do the painting, the men work from ropes as this is the method which has been found to be the safest way of working at a height.

38. It is pointed out in the passage that the Lovell Telescope ----. A) only picks up signals effectively when the angle of the dish is in line with them B) can pick up signals that are an immense distance away C) is no longer the world’s most sensitive radio telescope D) does not need to be supported at a great height in order to function efficiently E) is old and so less efficient than it used to be 39. It’s clear from the passage that the steel structure supporting the Lovell Telescope ----.

33. I A) B) C) D) E)

sensitive absolute conductive conceptual tiny

34. II A) B) C) D) E)

outward away above out of onto

35. III A) B) C) D) E)

besides however as therefore when

36. IV A) B) C) D) E)

would be painted is to paint had been painted will paint has to be painted

37. V A) B) C) D) E)

give should have been given have give are given had been given

A) should have been given a less complicated design B) turned out to be more expensive than had been estimated C) has to be replaced completely at regular intervals D) presents a serious maintenance problem E) has to be painted at least once a year 40. It is clear from the passage that the work of painting the steel structure of this telescope ----. A) requires special skills and is also comparatively dangerous B) is quite straightforward once the method has been learned C) requires the removal of the dish D) is relatively easy but extremely boring E) can be done by anyone who knows how to paint

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The first question to ask (I) ---- fiction is: Why bother to read it? With life as short as it is, with so many pressing demands on our time, with books of information, instruction and discussion waiting to be read, why should we spend (II) ---- time on works of fiction? The eternal answers (III) ---- this question are two: enjoyment and understanding. Since the invention of language, men (IV) ---- pleasure in following and participating in the imaginary adventures and imaginary experiences of imaginary people. Whatever serves to make life less tedious, to make the hours pass more quickly and pleasurably, surely needs nothing else to recommend it. Enjoyment is the first aim and (V) ---- of reading fiction.

46. One point emphasized in the passage is that ----. A) life, since it is short, shouldn’t be wasted in trivial reading B) informative books, as opposed to fiction, are what one should read C) non-fictional books are the only ones worth reading D) the reading of fiction provides people with a great deal of enjoyment E) through fiction our knowledge of other people is distorted 47. According to the passage, fiction has, from very early times, ----. A) always been regarded as superior to other kinds of writing B) usually been limited to the description of human adventures C) been regarded as harmful to the development of man D) been a reliable source for the instruction of man E) had a great appeal for man

41. I A) B) C) D) E)

within around against about among

42. II A) B) C) D) E)

considerable precious rough former wasteful

43. III A) B) C) D) E)

in under at to during

44. IV A) B) C) D) E)

had taken took take will take have taken

45. V A) B) C) D) E)

opponent delivery justification authorship creativity

48. In the passage, books ----. A) that deal with imaginary situations are considered to be a waste of time B) that give us information are regarded as the best kind C) are divided into two main kinds: fictional and non-fictional D) that deal with human experiences are classed as books of instruction E) are regarded merely as a means to make time pass enjoyably

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54. As it is clear from the passage, all that anyone saw on the night of January 3rd was ----.

On the third day of the new year newspapers began to report that strange things (I) ---- to happen in the heavens, and everyone grew excited. “A Planetary Collision”, one London paper headed the news, and proclaimed that probably a strange new planet (II) ---- with Neptune. The leader writers of various other newspapers enlarged upon the topic. (III) ----, in most of the capitals of the world, on January 3rd, there was an expectation, however vague, of some approaching phenomenon in the sky; and as the night followed the sunset round the globe, thousands of people turned their eyes skyward to see, (IV) ---- what they had expected, nothing more exciting than the old familiar stars (V) ---- they had always been.

A) the familiar stars shining with extraordinary brightness B) the collision of Neptune with a new planet C) the usual night sky D) an unknown planet passing close to Neptune E) what they interpreted as the birth of a new planet 55. We understand from the passage that there was a great deal of excitement everywhere ----.

49. I A) B) C) D) E) 50. II A) B) C) D) E)

A) because an unknown planet had been detected from various parts of the world B) as soon as the new planet approached Neptune C) even before the planetary collision took place D) when newspapers announced that a collision of two planets was to be expected E) as many phenomena had been observed in the skies on January 3rd

were starting will have started have started would have started are starting

may have collided collides had collided has collided would collide

51. III A) B) C) D) E)

On grounds However Even so As a result For example

52. IV A) B) C) D) E)

much as compared to as to even contrary to

53. V A) B) C) D) E)

yet just as accordingly rather than once

56. One can conclude from the passage that the whole affair of planets colliding ----. A) aroused little interest among the people in the world B) was based on scientific facts and observations C) was all imaginary, and made up by the newspapers D) was apparently only of interest to the newspapers E) was the reason why so many people panicked

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The invention of the printing press (I) ---- the Renaissance, together with improved methods of manufacturing paper, made possible the rapid spread of knowledge. In 1476, William Caxton (II) ---- England’s first printing press at Westminster, a part of London. By 1640, that press and others (III) ---- more than 26, 000 different works and editions. (IV) ---- the printing press and the increased availability of books, literacy increased. It is estimated that by 1530 (V) ---- half the population of England was literate.

62. We understand from the passage that paper production methods ----.

57. I

63. It is pointed out in the passage that, during the Renaissance, more and more people ----.

A) B) C) D) E)

A) had, prior to the introduction of the printing press, been relatively poor B) had, for many years, been a serious concern for Caxton C) improved rapidly around the year 1640 D) contributed to the reduction in the printing costs of books E) in Renaissance England were far ahead of those in other countries

at during for to of

58. II A) B) C) D) E)

made out took after turned down set up moved on

59. III A) B) C) D) E)

would print will print have printed are printing had printed

60. IV A) B) C) D) E)

For Among With Over Between

61. V A) B) C) D) E)

much more than many rather in excess

A) began to settle in London, particularly in the neighbourhood of Westminster B) were setting up printing presses C) began to collect the early editions of the books printed by Caxton D) realized the need to improve methods of paper production E) began to read and write as more books were printed and easy to obtain 64. It is clear from the passage that from the time of Caxton to the mid-17th century ----. A) there was no progress whatsoever in the techniques of printing B) most books were only popular for a few months C) a remarkable variety of books became available in England D) England’s population nearly doubled E) the number of literate people remained the same

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70. It is pointed out in the passage that, in Victorian England, ----.

The tension between financial growth and social instability in 19th-century Victorian England (I) ---- its literature. Prosperity brought a great number of new readers, with money to spend (II) ---- books and periodicals. In this period, when few people went to the theatre or concerts, literature functioned (III) ---- a primary source of entertainment. Writers had available an audience eager to read and willing to pay. (IV) ----, writers were respected more than at any time in English literary history. The masses knew and loved the works of the most famous, (V) ---- the wealthy sought their friendship. Major Victorian writers had the attention of political and social leaders, and when they spoke, they were listened to.

A) it was the masses, rather than the wealthy, who were hit hard by the economic decline B) theatres were popular places of entertainment and attracted large audiences C) politicians virtually ignored the opinions expressed by the writers of the period D) reading was a popular pastime for everyone E) there was a remarkable degree of social harmony between the classes 71. It is clear from the passage that, in the Victorian age, leading writers ----.

65. I A) B) C) D) E) 66. II A) B) C) D) E)

declined torn enjoyed articulated influenced

A) mainly concerned themselves with the problems of the masses B) were much respected by politicians and could influence them C) often made a career for themselves in politics as they grew older D) aimed to entertain rather than to instruct and guide E) were eager to make theatre-going more popular

at of to in on

72. We understand from the passage that Victorian literature ----.

67. III A) B) C) D) E)

through as by to for

68. IV A) B) C) D) E)

In addition Afterwards Thereby Still For instance

69. V A) B) C) D) E)

despite if unless while as well as

A) was affected by the economic and social issues of the age B) was primarily written about and for the wealthy C) deliberately avoided political and social issues D) is not generally regarded as a significant part of English literary history E) has never been of much interest to the masses

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Elephants have to keep in touch (I) ---- large distances. (II) ---- they are out of hearing range of one another, in forests or the great plains of East Africa, they are often spotted moving in the same direction. Sometimes they seem to stand still in their tracks and move their feet up and down, which leads some scientists to believe they have sensitive cells in their feet. (III) ---- cells would enable them to pick up low frequency vibrations (IV) ---- the ground, waves that travel distances of (V) ---- 16 km.

78. We understand from the passage that, when elephants are a good distance apart, they ----. A) B) C) D)

become nervous and stamp their feet feel very insecure can still communicate with each other try many different ways of making contact with each other E) feel exposed to attack 79. As it is clear from the passage, some scientists are of the opinion that ----.

73. I A) B) C) D) E)

of with into above across

74. II A) B) C) D) E)

Moreover Since As though Even when As

75. III A) B) C) D) E)

Some This Such Even Rather

76. IV A) B) C) D) E)

over from for as by

77. V A) B) C) D) E)

up to so most very more

A) the sensitive cells in the feet of elephants serve a wide variety of functions B) the power of elephants to communicate is very weak C) some elephants have adapted themselves well to the specific environmental conditions of East Africa D) it is not natural for elephants to move in the same direction E) elephants have cells in their feet that are sensitive to vibrations 80. According to the passage, one scientific assumption about elephants is that ----. A) the forest lands and plains of East Africa is their ideal environment B) they can sense all levels of vibration equally well C) the up-and-down movement of their feet is a means of communication D) their sense of hearing enables them to pick up sounds up to 16 km away E) their whole body is covered with extremely sensitive cells

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86. From the passage, we learn ----.

Crows are black birds, and they are very ugly. But they are also very clever. Or perhaps, (I) --- they have extremely long lives, they have time in which to collect a great deal of information. (II) ----, they have developed an excellent method of getting walnuts (III) ---their shells. The first stage was to drop them from a height. If they fell on a soft surface they didn’t break; if they fell on a hard surface like a road, they often did. If they didn’t, however, passing cars would crush the walnuts. But one problem (IV) ----. It is difficult for a crow to eat crushed walnuts when a lot of cars are passing. In the end, this problem, (V) ----, was solved. They started to drop the walnuts just ahead of the traffic lights.

A) all about the life-style of the crow B) why the crow lives longer than most other birds C) how the crow manages to eat the soft, inside part of the walnut D) how the crow’s habits are a threat to the driver E) why birds are often described as “brainless” 87. According to the passage, crows ----. A) have developed various ingenious ways to break walnuts B) are a major threat to safety on roads C) are mostly killed by passing cars while they are feeding D) avoid eating walnuts even though they are crushed by cars E) are generally attracted by the traffic lights because of their colours

81. I A) B) C) D) E)

since unless no matter once although

88. The passage suggests that the long natural life span of the crow ----.

82. II A) B) C) D) E)

Nevertheless By the time Otherwise For instance Seeing as

83. III A) B) C) D) E)

by along of for out of

84. IV A) B) C) D) E)

fluctuated repeated remained assisted affected

85. V A) B) C) D) E)

so too neither nor either

A) is the result of its healthy eating habits B) is necessary since so many are killed on the roads C) is important because it enables them to collect and test a lot of facts D) gives them an advantage over other birds E) has never been proved

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94. According to the passage, the 18th and th 19 centuries in the West ----.

Radical changes in the life of western society were (I) ---- by the new technical inventions of the18th and 19th centuries, which resulted (II) --- a gradual but complete reorganisation of the productive process. This is generally known as “the Industrial Revolution”. The (III) ---- feature of this industrial revolution was the increasing specialisation of labour and, with it, the removal of more and more industries from the home to the factory. At the same time, a growing number of activities such as baking, soap making and dressmaking were (IV) ---- by industry. These changes (V) ---- affected the lives of women. Many of them worked in the new factories for very low wages and for excessively long hours; others worked at home for manufacturers.

A) encouraged domestic industry to develop alongside the reorganisation of industry B) saw great technical advances which led to comprehensive changes in the production process C) experienced a great economic and industrial decline D) were a time when working conditions were greatly improved E) gave priority to domestic industries 95. It is pointed out in the passage that one of the most important changes introduced by the Industrial Revolution was ----.

89. I A) B) C) D) E) 90. II A) B) C) D) E)

used up settled down sent off kept off brought about

A) the reorganisation of working conditions for women B) the improvement of the position of women in society C) the development of such domestic skills as baking and soap making D) the gradual rise of specialised labour E) an unprecedented increase in wages

as on in at for

91. III A) B) C) D) E)

outstanding appalling factual optional extinct

92. IV A) B) C) D) E)

depended upon carried away played up taken over held out

93. V A) B) C) D) E)

generously attentively meticulously vainly profoundly

96. The writer makes the point that the Industrial Revolution ----. A) had little effect on traditional production methods B) had a totally destructive effect upon the social structure C) encouraged domestic activities, in particular dressmaking D) led to the building of very many factories just for women workers E) had a great effect on the way of life in the West

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The fire that (I) ---- London in 1666 is always referred to quite simply as “The Great Fire”. It began in a baker’s shop, and seemed at first to be unimportant. But (II) ---- some time the weather had been hot and dry, and the section of London in which it began was full of old wooden buildings which were very close together. (III) ----, there was a strong wind which carried burning pieces of wood (IV) ---the roofs of distant houses, and the fire spread rapidly. Fire-fighting techniques were primitive: long lines of men passing buckets of water to each other were useless. When the wind stopped and the fire was finally (V) ----, fourfifths of the city had gone and nearly a quarter of a million people had lost their homes.

102. According to the passage, when “The Great Fire” began, ----. A) most people were still asleep and knew nothing about it B) the baker’s shop was empty C) everyone expected the baker to deal with it himself D) people started to panic and run away E) people did not realize that it was going to spread as it did 103. We understand from the passage that the fire could only be controlled ---. A) through the united efforts of everyone in London B) after the wind had stopped C) with the help of large amounts of water D) in areas where the buildings were far apart E) after they knocked down houses to stop it spreading

97. I A) B) C) D) E)

died out kept down passed away dropped out swept across

98. II A) B) C) D) E)

away off from for on

99. III A) B) C) D) E)

Since Moreover Due to Though However

100. A) B) C) D) E)

IV with to about through by

A) B) C) D) E)

V gave off pointed out broken through looked down put out

101.

104. It is clear from the passage that by the time the fire had been put out, ----. A) there was no water left in the city B) the people of London were all without homes C) most of London had been burnt down D) very few people were left in London E) no wooden buildings were left standing

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109.

An entrepreneur is a risk-bearer. The risks taken by entrepreneurs (I) ---- uncertainty. Economic conditions are always changing, and past experience is not (II) ---- any good guide to future prospects. Most production is undertaken in anticipation of demand. Firms will produce those things which they believe will (III) ---- a profit – they do not know that they will do (IV) ----, because the future is unknown. Entrepreneurs must bear the costs involved during the time which elapses between the decision to produce and the eventual marketing of the commodity. They must pay rent for their land, interest on money borrowed, wages to labour and meet the costs of materials. These payments must be made (V) --- any certainty that the costs will be covered by receipts. If the sales revenue exceeds their expenses, the entrepreneurs will make a profit – if not, they must bear the loss. 105.

A) B) C) D) E)

110. The main point made in the passage is that the entrepreneur ----. A) can never be sure that any venture will succeed until it has actually done so B) makes a loss as often as he makes a profit C) soon becomes a good judge of economic trends and rarely makes mistakes D) is a sound businessman and doesn’t take risks E) is prepared to pay high interest on money borrowed

I A) B) C) D) E)

arise from get on turn off cope with run out

A) B) C) D) E)

II highly urgently hardly desperately necessarily

A) B) C) D) E)

III share gain yield lose retain

A) B) C) D) E)

IV even so just such like

106.

107.

108.

V for from upon without towards

111. According to the passage, a great many expenses have to be met by the entrepreneur ----. A) and these increase dramatically once the product is on the market B) but he is sure that his profits will exceed his expenses C) but the biggest one is labour costs D) before a product even goes onto the market E) and he is very rarely offered a loan 112. We understand from the passage that the success or failure of a product ---. A) is always purely a matter of luck B) is closely related to the quality of the materials used C) can be fairly accurately judged soon after it goes into production D) is of little importance to the experienced entrepreneur E) becomes apparent only after it has gone onto the market

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118. It is pointed out in the passage that, especially in the manufacturing industries, ----.

The loss of job satisfaction, particularly in the manufacturing industries, is raising some serious social problems. (I) ---- solve these problems, managers in many industrial countries are seriously considering various projects aimed (II) ---- job enrichment. There are attempts (III) ---- the role and responsibilities of the workers. Several factories have tried to abolish the assembly line by reorganizing production so that teams of workers are responsible for assembling the entire product (or a major component of it). Each team is free to decide how the various tasks (IV) ---- and the speed (V) ---- the job is carried out. Within each team the jobs may be rotated so as to increase the element of variety in the work.

113.

A) workers are perfectly satisfied with assembly line conditions B) great efforts are being made to give workers more job satisfaction C) workers are asking for higher wages, as they are being given more responsibilities D) the teams cannot organize themselves, so management has to assist them E) the rotation of jobs within the team has caused work to slow down 119. We understand from the passage that in several factories the assembly line is ----.

I A) B) C) D) E)

114.

In addition to With a view to Prior to In order to Thanks to

A) B) C) D) E)

II about at in onto by

A) B) C) D) E)

III having enlarged enlarged to enlarge to have enlarged enlarging

115.

116. A) B) C) D) E)

IV will be allocated have allocate had been allocated was allocated allocate

A) B) C) D) E)

V whom at which whether when that

117.

A) being replaced by teams of workers who assemble either the whole or main part of a product B) coming back into fashion as workers find the work easier and less demanding C) still being retained since it is the ideal training ground for new workers D) still used when procedures are particularly complicated E) felt to produce a higher standard of product, allowing manufacturers to make a higher profit 120. It is clear from the passage that, under the new teamwork system, workers ----. A) have the opportunity of being promoted and even becoming managers B) find they can work faster than they expected C) carry more responsibility and are fully involved in the process of decisionmaking D) need a more thorough training period E) have more responsibility in theory, but not in practice

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Fertility rates in the West (I) ---- for more than a century, and so following World War II, demographers expected only a modest increase. What happened instead was “the baby boom”. Since then, scientists have been arguing about the causes. The best-known explanation comes from economist Richard A. Easterlin of the University of Southern California. He (II) ---- that the baby boom (III) --- the unprecedented mix of three developments: an expansion of the economy, restricted immigration since the mid-1920s, and a (IV) ---- small group of new job seekers because of low fertility in the late1920s and 1930s. This combination created unusually good job prospects for young people after World War II, and so feeling more (V) ---- than their parents, they married earlier and had more children. 121.

125. A) B) C) D) E)

126. It can be inferred from the passage that ----. A) population growth in the past enabled the present economic growth B) scientists have suggested various ways to stop “the baby boom” C) high fertility rates in the West were the cause of World War II D) it is not always easy to explain population growth as there are various factors to consider E) fertility rates tend to increase after great disasters such as wars

I A) B) C) D) E)

122.

had been falling is falling will be falling was falling have been falling

A) B) C) D) E)

II argues boosts arouses results simulates

A) B) C) D) E)

III breaks into cuts off tries out looks up results from

A) B) C) D) E)

IV universally carefully oficially relatively bitterly

123.

124.

V devious omnipresent prosperous elaborate legitimate

127. As it is stated in the passage, “the baby boom” ----. A) resulted from a mixture of developments that happened during the war B) occurred just before World War II broke out C) had a negative effect on the prosperity of people D) could be explained by the number of people of marrying age E) was the result of unusually good job prospects 128. The reason why young people married early and had more children is that they ----. A) felt much better off economically than their parents B) learnt many people died unnecessarily in World War II C) saw that there were very few people looking for jobs D) thought their children would find wellpaid jobs E) wanted to contribute to the welfare of the world by having more children

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133.

Essentially, memory is the process of learning information, storing it, and then having the ability to recall it (I) ---- needed – (II) ---- to solve problems, tell stories, or save yourself on the witness stand. Learning begins with those power connections in your brain: neurons firing messages to one another. Your ability to process information is determined by the junctions (III) ---- those neurons, called “synapses”. The ability of brain cells to speak to one another is strengthened or weakened as you use them. Essentially, (IV) ---- you use those synapses, the stronger they get and the more rapidly they increase. That’s why you may have strong neural pathways for your family history or weak ones for 1980s music trivia. That also gives you a little insight (V) ---how you remember things. If something is exciting to you, then you learn it faster – and train those synapses to make stronger connections.

A) B) C) D) E)

134. According to the passage, memory is used to ----. A) receive, retain and remember information B) learn how to save yourself on the witness stand C) find out whether problems can be solved or not D) tell stories in order to make others laugh E) provide someone with the ability to memorize 135.

129.

V in for of by into

The term “synapses” refers to ----.

I A) B) C) D) E)

although when yet as if after

A) B) C) D) E)

II both not only such as whether

A) B) C) D) E)

III between at about from for

A) B) C) D) E)

IV much more the more most the most

130.

131.

132.

A) the process of being able to speak to one another B) the messages sent from one part of the body to another C) the ability of the brain to heal itself D) processes that take place outside the brain E) the connections between messagefiring neurons 136. We can learn from the passage that ----. A) the ability of brain cells to send messages to one another hardly ever changes B) the more you use synapses, the weaker they become C) you tend to remember your family history as equally as things you find uninteresting D) there is a correlation between the frequency of using junctions and recalling information E) the ability to process information is determined by the physical size of the brain

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142. According to the passage, one of the problems faced by coffee farmers is ----.

The global market for coffee has failed, and needs a complete overhaul (I) ---- farmers can get more for their beans. The plunging price of coffee (II) ---- the past decade has certainly caused regrettable misery for many farmers. Big coffee companies now stand accused (III) --- placing profits before people. If efforts are made to (IV) ---- the profits, the companies will almost certainly fight back to keep up their excessive profits. It is likely that they will win (V) ---- the trade barriers set by rich countries means that it is hard for coffee farmers to change over and grow other crops.

137.

A) that the consumption of coffee around the world is declining rapidly B) the trade barriers filed by wealthy countries C) the rising costs of labor and marketing D) that the supply of coffee on the global market is in excess of the demand E) the urgent need to update their methods of farming 143. As it is pointed out in the passage, over the past ten years or so, the condition of coffee farmers ----.

I A) B) C) D) E)

138.

if in case so that when but

A) B) C) D) E)

II with about by from over

A) B) C) D) E)

III by upon below of over

A) B) C) D) E)

IV cut down on draw up pull out go through hold on

A) B) C) D) E)

V on account of besides until despite because

139.

140.

141.

A) has worsened with the falling market price of coffee B) has fluctuated greatly as crops have varied so much C) has attracted a great deal of public attention D) has been sympathetically heeded by the big coffee companies E) has forced many of them to find other ways of making a livelihood 144. It is clear from the passage that the big coffee companies ----. A) have mostly agreed to bring down the retail price of coffee B) recognize the need for massive changes in the production and marketing of coffee C) are not likely to yield to demands and pressure to reduce their profits D) cannot afford to pay the coffee farmers a higher price for their beans E) are largely responsible for the decline in coffee sales.

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150. The main point made in the passage is that, if there is to be any progress in music, ----.

Throughout the history of music, composers have always sought to find new and original (I) ---- of expression. Without this urge no progress (II) ----. In our modem age, the desire to experiment is stronger than it ever was before. This is partly because the instability of world affairs has (III) ---- a feeling of unrest and insecurity, and partly because more people are being better educated and concerned with culture. The arts are now, as a result, more sophisticated, even more artificial. In the past the ideal was the natural and spontaneous expression of beauty, but it (IV) ---- is. In order to avoid the obvious and the commonplace, some composers have, perhaps, moved too (V) ---- the main stream of music, and this has sometimes led to eccentricity. But there is a positive side to all this: there is a healthy lack of complacency. 145.

A) a wide variety of taste must be taken into account B) the traditional modes of expression must be respected C) efforts must be made to please all sections of society D) new and innovative ways of expression must be searched for E) a composer must seek the natural and spontaneous expression of beauty 151. One can conclude from the passage that modem music ----. A) has been adversely affected by the present prevailing intellectual atmosphere B) owes much of its appeal to the spontaneity and simplicity of its expression C) has been less affected by the spread of education and culture than the other arts D) has isolated itself from the realities and the developments of our time E) is to a greater extent than ever before both experimental and sophisticated

I A) B) C) D) E)

146.

aims urgency freedom doubt means

A) B) C) D) E)

II could have been made makes had made have made may have made

A) B) C) D) E)

III given rise to stood by cast aside got away followed up

A) B) C) D) E)

IV already no longer at any rate for short currently

A) B) C) D) E)

V out of along with to up to far from

147.

148.

149.

152. The writer suggests that the desire of some composers to avoid the traditional forms of music ----. A) has resulted in their growing complacency B) has been the key to their unprecedented popularity C) may have had a harmful effect upon some of their works D) has been misunderstood by the better educated people E) has been far more harmful than beneficial

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158. This passage emphasizes the fact that the term Intelligence ----.

The term intelligence is often used by biologists (I) ---- synonymous with the capacity to learn. An animal that learns to adapt itself to a wide range of situations is said to be more intelligent than one (II) ---- behaviour is largely governed by instinct. In psychology, on the other hand, so wide a definition is not satisfactory. The simpler forms of teaming, at least, can scarcely be said to manifest intelligence in any sense remotely consistent (III) ---- the ordinary meaning of the term. It is customary, therefore, to (IV) ---- between learning of a more or less repetitive and mechanical type and the solving of genuinely new problems by creative means. It is the latter (V) ---- the former that we ordinarily ascribe to intelligence and most psychologists allow their definition of this term to be guided by popular usage. 153.

A) should not be applied to any animals as they are motivated by Instincts B) is used by biologists to describe the ability of animals to adapt to a given situation and so team C) is frequently wrongly used and should therefore be avoided altogether D) should be avoided by psychologists as there is so much disagreement about its meaning E) must be applied to all forms of learning from the simplest to the most complicated 159. In this passage, a sharp distinction is drawn between ----.

I A) B) C) D) E)

154. A) B) C) D) E)

II which that where when whose

A) B) C) D) E)

III of for by at with

A) B) C) D) E)

IV oscillate distinguish identify customize diversify

A) B) C) D) E)

V according to in spite of irrespective of on behalf of rather than

155.

156.

157.

A) intelligence and the ability to learn as regards the animal world B) the term "intelligence" as the ordinary people use it and as most psychologists use it C) the repetitive and the mechanical types of learning D) teaming that Is repetitive and mechanical and that which is creative and original E) the less intelligent animal species and the more intelligent ones

as on like in of

160. According to the passage, in the animal kingdom, the less Intelligent animals ----. A) team to adapt to new situations more quickly than the more intelligent ones B) are stimulated when they face a new situation C) are those whose actions are mainly controlled by their instincts D) are more suited to mechanical type teaming than to other types E) have many advantages over the more intelligent ones

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165.

Restorative justice does not ask 'how do we punish?', but instead asks 'how do we get people to take responsibility for what they have done?'. Paying a fine, or even going to prison are easy options (I) ---- some people. They are always that offenders can avoid taking responsibility, (II) ---- in this way they never have to face the human reality of what they have done. Prisons have been called ‘universities for criminals'. Young people go in for unpaid fines, often for victimless crimes, and they (III) ---- with a degree in burglary or worse. The answer is not to tear down all prisons. Far from it. There are people who are dangerous to society, who the community will want to keep locked up. Prison can also be part of a sentencing package under restorative justice. But the (IV) ---- majority of people in prison are not violent, and do not need to be there. What they do need is to be brought face to face with the human reality of the harm they have caused, and they must be given an opportunity to (V) ----.

161.

A) B) C) D) E)

166. In the opinion of the author, prisons ----. A) teach people to become better citizens B) serve no useful purpose whatsoever C) should be remodelled on the lines of universities and polytechnics D) should largely be reserved for violent people who constitute a threat to society E) are essential as more and more violence occurs in society 167. According to the writer, such a traditional punishment as fining ----. A) helps to keep the crime-rate down B) actually helps offenders to avoid facing the fact that they have hurt society C) has been shown to be far more effective than imprisonment D) is highly effective if the offenders are young E) is regarded as a harder option than imprisonment

I A) B) C) D) E)

162.

in above for over about

A) B) C) D) E)

II because after all unless while in return

A) B) C) D) E)

III put back write off catch on take part come out

A) B) C) D) E)

IV overhauling substitute adjacent vast impoverished

163.

164.

V ruin rectify rate rush riot

168. According to the passage, restorative justice ----. A) regards most criminals as not being responsible for the crimes they have committed B) is only concerned with punishment when the criminal has proved violent C) concentrates on criminal acts in which there is no victim D) is too idealised and has little chance of working successfully E) is less concerned with punishment than with helping the offender to become a better citizen

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174.

In its full force the Gulf Stream, which begins in the Gulf of Mexico, carries warm water to a depth of up to 100 meters (I) ---- rates of up to 8 kilometres an hour, and (II) ---- right up into the Arctic Circle to the north of Scandinavia, bearing with it a climate that makes life just about tolerable, even in the thick of the winter. The energy it carries in the form of heat is (III) --- 100 times the entire use of energy in human societies across the world or put another way, more than 27,000 times Britain's electricity generating capacity. (IV) ---- temperature, the Gulf Stream heats the surface over a wide area by at least 5°C. Were the-Gulf Stream to fail, temperatures over northern Europe (V) ---by more than 10 centigrade degree during the winter months. Northern Europe would have a climate comparable to that of Siberia: just how it would support its current population is difficult to imagine. 169.

A) he adverse effects that Gulf Stream has on the wild life in Scandinavia B) how the Gulf Stream transforms the climate in the Arctic Circle C) the question of whether man can benefit from the energy latent in the Gulf Stream D) the reasons why the climate of Scandinavia differs from that of Siberia E) the course, climatic effects and energy capacity of the Gulf Stream 175. As we understood from the passage, one of the great benefits of the Gulf Stream is that it ----. A) causes an average ten percent rise in temperature in Northern Europe throughout the winter B) provides a huge amount of electricity for the Northern Europe countries C) warms up the whole of Scandinavia and Siberia in winter D) circles around Britain and then moves into the northern waters E) carries warm waters nearly as far as the Arctic Circle

I A) B) C) D) E)

170.

for at under of in

A) B) C) D) E)

II manage sink provide wave penetrate

A) B) C) D) E)

III similar to more so much as equivalent to a little

A) B) C) D) E)

IV Despite Since In terms of Such In addition to

A) B) C) D) E)

V would fall had fallen fall will fall fell

171.

172.

173.

This passage mainly deals with ----.

176.

It is clear from the passage that ----. A) the energy to be derived from the Gulf Stream would theoretically barely meet the needs of the whole world B) the effects of the Gulf Stream are far more noticeable in the Arctic Circle than along the shores of Northern Europe C) without the Gulf Stream, it would be almost impossible for Northern Europe to support its population D) the Gulf Stream brings with it disadvantages as well as advantages for the people of Northern Europe E) the Gulf Stream is indispensable if the people of Siberia are to survive

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Within a short time after the (I) ---- of the Second World War, Britain was without imports of many vital pharmaceuticals that had (II) ---come from Japan, Germany and the Far East. As a result, the first wartime government set up systematic research into the cultivation and medical use of herbs, By 1940, women's voluntary organisations had been drawn into a national campaign to gather wild herbs, up and down the country, County Herb Committees were organised (III) ---- the gathering, drying, distillation and distribution of the medicinal herbs. Lay people were given brief locallybased training in (IV) ---- to recognise herbs, store and dry them. Farmers were given subsidies to farm certain naturally hard-to-find herbs, By 1943, every county had its herb committee and during the five years of the Second World War, over 750 tons of dried herbs were gathered and (V) ---- medicines. 177.

182. We learn from the passage that. before World War 11, Britain ----. A) rarely traded with Germany or the Far East B) traded primarily with Germany, Japan and the Far East C) imported raw materials from Japan, Germany and the Far East and exported pharmaceuticals to them D) was largely dependent on Germany, Japan and the Far East for its pharmaceuticals E) thought of exporting dried herbs for pharmaceutical purposes 183. It is vividly described in the passage how, during World War II, the British government ----. A) banned the import of all kinds of pharmaceuticals from Germany, Japan and the Far East B) gave priority to the import of medicines C) encouraged scientific research into improving the efficiency and variety of vital pharmaceuticals D) only gave subsidies to those farmers who were interested in growing herbs E) took serious measures to ensure that the country should not be short of medicines

I A) B) C) D) E)

outbreak outcome effect vitality improvement

A) B) C) D) E)

II prevalently adjacently tremendously formerly highly

A) B) C) D) E)

III to oversee having overseen to be overseen overseeing overseen

A) B) C) D) E)

IV what who how that which

A) B) C) D) E)

V grown up written off looked over cared for turned into

178.

179.

180.

181.

184. It is clear from the passage that, of the special arrangements made in Britain during the war, one was ----. A) the reduction of imports from Germany and Japan B) the Getting up of local and national organisations to produce medicinal herbs C) the introduction of new agricultural policies to increase production in every sphere D) the launching of a national women's campaign for the distribution of medicines throughout the country E) the training of local people in the production of herb-based medicines

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190. According to the passage, the earth ----.

Atmosphere is the gaseous envelope of the earth, and consists of a mixture of gases and water vapour. The variability of the latter is meteorologically (I) ---- great importance. The ozone layer, which absorbs solar ultra-violet radiation, especially lethal (II) ---- plant life, lies between 12 and 50 kilometres (III) ---- the earth. The lower level of the atmosphere, up to a height of about 12 kilometres, is known (IV) --- the troposphere, and it is in this region that nearly all weather phenomena occur. This is the region of most interest to the forecaster studying temperature, humidity, wind-speed and the movement (V) ---- air masses.

185.

A) is exposed to the deadly effects of the dangerous gases and water vapour that surround it. B) is surrounded by gases in combination with water vapour C) has an atmosphere which is comprised of extremely harmful gaseous substances D) has a constant climate in spite of meteorological variations in the atmospheric gases E) gives off a constant supply of water vapour into the atmosphere

I A) B) C) D) E)

186. A) B) C) D) E)

II about through to on from

A) B) C) D) E)

III with along within inside above

A) B) C) D) E)

IV with like by as for

A) B) C) D) E)

V among of at around beyond

187.

188.

189.

191. As we learn from the passage, it is the plants of the earth that ----.

of to at by in

A) are most obviously affected by the meteorological changes in the atmosphere B) benefit most from the water vapour in the atmosphere C) help to reduce the effects of solar radiation D) suffer most from the ultra-violet radiation of the sun E) contribute to the elimination of toxic gases in the atmosphere 192. We understand from the passage that the troposphere is of vital importance as regards the weather, ----. A) even though wind-speeds cannot be accurately measured here B) as it accommodates the ozone layer C) even though the atmospheric variability is not predictable D) since it prevents solar radiation from reaching the earth E) because all the meteorological phenomena take place in this region

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196.

During the Ottoman period, a small but increasing number of European travellers (I) --- to explore and study the sites of ancient cities in Western Turkey. In this regard, the first systematic exploration was made in 1811 by Captain Beaufort of the British Royal Navy, (II) ---- mapped the Mediterranean coast of Turkey and identified some of the ancient sites there. This (III) ---- by a number of other archaeological expeditions, including Charles Fellows’s explorations, from 1838 to 1844, of the south-western part of the country, called “Lycia” in antiquity. But the most exciting find was Heinrich Schliemann’s rediscovery of Troy in excavations that began in 1870. Since then, most of the ancient cities of Western Turkey (IV) ---- and studied, at least (V) ---- some extent. The more famous of them, such as Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis and Aphrodisias, are now the subjects of large-scale excavations and restorations that have recreated a fragmentary image of their former splendour.

193.

A) B) C) D) E)

IV have been unearthed unearths have unearthed unearthed was unearthed

A) B) C) D) E)

V off on for by to

197.

I A) B) C) D) E)

194.

is beginning will begin would have begun have begun began

A) B) C) D) E)

II that in which when who where

A) B) C) D) E)

III was followed had followed was following would be followed followed

195.

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198. It is implied in the passage that the European explorations and studies of Western Turkey’s ancient sites made prior to the early nineteenth century ----.

200. It is pointed out in the passage that, despite extensive excavations and restorations, ----. A) an extensive number of the ancient sites, including Troy, in Western Turkey, have not yet been unearthed B) a very large part of Troy still needs to be further explored and unearthed C) many of Lycia’s ancient cities are still buried under the ground and await digging out D) the ancient glory of such popularly known cities as Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis and Aphrodisias has only been partially revealed E) the cities such as Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis and Aphrodisias are far from arousing a lasting interest in the public

A) had not been carried out according to a plan B) provided archaeologists with a great deal of information indispensable for their excavations C) mainly focused on the historically most important ones such as Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis and Aphrodisias D) were in fact essentially concerned with the search for the actual site of Troy E) had a secret military purpose and, therefore, lacked any historical interest 199. One understands from the passage that, although many explorations of ancient ruins were made in Western Turkey in the nineteenth century, ----. A) exploration and excavation there has not continued into the twentieth and twenty-first centuries B) Ephesus and Sardis, especially, have provided an extensive amount of data about life and society in antiquity C) it was Heinrich Schliemann’s excavations of Troy that created the most interest D) Lycia, as a region, has always attracted a great deal of attention from many travellers and archaeologists E) only Pergamum and Aphrodisias give us a full picture of their magnificence in the past

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204.

Florence is a monument to the Renaissance, the artistic and cultural reawakening which (I) --- in Europe during the fifteenth century. The buildings, designed by the period’s great architect Brunelleschi, and the paintings and sculptures of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo have turned the city (II) ---- one of the world’s greatest artistic capitals. During the Renaissance, Florence was (III) ---- the cultural and intellectual heart of Europe and enjoyed enormous artistic growth. The legacy of the Renaissance draws many visitors to the city today, and its numerous museums, galleries, churches, and monuments are (IV) --- the major attractions. Florence’s best sights are situated in such a small area that the city seems to (V) ---- its treasures at every step.

201.

A) B) C) D) E)

IV without throughout abour among along

A) B) C) D) E)

V constrict discover feel order reveal

205.

I A) B) C) D) E)

202.

made do went straight took place looked after kept pace

A) B) C) D) E)

II for by as into of

A) B) C) D) E)

III at from about with on

203.

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206. It is emphasized in the passage that Florence today ---- as it houses wonderful examples of Renaissance art and architecture.

208. The writer states that the artistic and cultural wealth of Florence ----. A) was derived only from Brunelleschi, Botticelli and Michelangelo B) consists only of museums, galleries and churches C) can be experienced today everywhere in the city D) has only recently been recognized by the world E) was suppressed by the Christian churches there during the Renaissance

A) enjoys much popularity throughout the world and is visited by a great number of people B) is so crowded by visitors from many parts of the world that it can hardly cope with them C) is considered to be one of the economic capitals of Europe D) attracts primarily those people who have a very strong intellectual interest in the works of Botticelli and Michelangelo E) is a small city that, for its economic well-being, depends on an evergrowing number of visitors 207. It is pointed out in the passage that, at the time of the Renaissance, Florence ----. A) constantly competed with other Italian cities to become the artistic capital of Europe B) became one of the most important cities in Europe both intellectually and culturally C) enjoyed a period of rapid economic growth D) had so many museums and monuments that it soon became a major tourist attraction of the period E) was especially famous for its magnificent churches and art galleries, mainly designed by Brunelleschi and other contemporary architects

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209.

For years, it has been assumed that obesity is the result of 'too much food and too little exercise'. (I) ---- this maxim is largely correct, the etiology of obesity can be much more complex. There is a well-documented familial tendency, but (II) ---- this is of environmental or genetic origin is unclear. Studies of twins separated at birth and living apart provide strong evidence for a substantial genetic influence. Children of overweight parents, when adopted by , 'lean' families, have a greater tendency to become obese than do adoptees from non-obese natural parents. 'Energy efficiency' may (III) ---- obesity; with reserves of fat deposits readily available to metabolize in the obese, a given amount of activity requires a smaller expenditure of energy. This theory has been invoked by those who complain that they 'gain weight whether they eat or not', and indeed there is evidence of differences in energy efficiency among individuals. Similarly, obesity has been attributed (IV) ---- abnormally low basal metabolic rates (BMRs) since obese individuals do show lower BMRs. However, this fact is (V) ---- an artefact of BMR measurement; a larger proportion of the total fat mass of an obese person is inert, low metabolizing fat, a fact that makes BMR calculations lower.

I A) B) C) D) E)

210. A) B) C) D) E)

II when whether which whatever whom

A) B) C) D) E)

III refer to ascribe to pertain to contribute to engage to

A) B) C) D) E)

IV for at in of to

A) B) C) D) E)

V due to in addition to at the point of on account inasmuch as

211.

212.

213.

29

As While For instance However Because

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214.

The main idea of this passage is ----.

216. The passage suggests that the theory that obesity is due to a low BMR ----.

A) to discredit the idea that there is a greater degree of energy efficiency in the obese B) that the environmental and the genetic causes of obesity are more or less the same C) to establish that the factors behind obesity are highly complex and even contradictory D) that obesity is a serious health hazard and that a great deal more research into the treatment of it is required E) to impress on overweight parents the need to watch their children's diet and life-style

A) has never had any serious recognition B) needs to be reconsidered as the manner of calculating this rate in the obese is inaccurate C) has been invented by the obese who claim that the amount they eat makes no difference to their weight D) will probably turn out to be the correct theory E) has been thoroughly researched in several cases of twins

215. According to the passage, the theory that obesity has a strong genetic basis ----. A) seems more likely than the one concerning the BMRs B) is slowly falling into disfavour and being replaced by one that puts the emphasis on energy efficiency C) has not so far been well researched, but as it is the most likely theory, it deserves to be D) is supported by some studies of twins that have been brought up separately E) is soon likely to be fully substantiated

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217.

The International Labour Organization (ILO) was established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles, in the belief “that universal and lasting peace can be established (I) ---- it is based on social justice.” In July 1961 it had 100 countries as members, including all the great powers. A unique feature of this organization is that its meetings are attended not only by representatives of governments, but by representatives of employers and working people (II) ----, and these participate in the proceedings, by voice and by vote, independently of their governments. The principal policy-making body, for instance, is composed of four delegates from each member state, and (III) ---- these, two represent the government. One represents employers, and one working people. The organization has, from the beginning, taken steps to collect full and up-to-date information about labour and social conditions throughout the world and to (IV) ---- the results to member states (V) ---- statistics and reports.

I A) B) C) D) E)

218. A) B) C) D) E)

II so as such yet as well ahead

A) B) C) D) E)

III at of over about to

A) B) C) D) E)

IV pass on come across figure out pay off pull through

A) B) C) D) E)

V on behalf of in excess of in the manner of in place of in the form of

219.

220.

221.

31

in case only if in order that as if considering

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222. As we learn from the passage, the International Labour Organization (ILO) was founded in 1919under the Treaty of Versailles, ----.

224. According to the passage, one of the functions of the ILO has always been ----. A) to educate the work force in the principles of social justice B) to make labour more informed about its international rights C) to collect and share data concerning social conditions and labour worldwide D) to create similar working conditions throughout the member countries E) to encourage the representatives of the employers and the employees to stand up against their governments

A) in the hope of persuading people to vote and act independently of their governments B) with a view to establishing good relations between employers and governments C) to fund research into working conditions throughout the world D) to collect statistical evidence relating to different approaches to social justice E) as a part of the effort to make a permanent and all-inclusive peace 223. The writer points out that, as an international organization, the ILO is extremely unusual ----. A) as it is allowed to investigate social conditions worldwide, even among non-member countries B) since all member countries must send at least four delegates to all meetings, and more if they wish C) since it has an ever-increasing membership, especially of the developing countries D) because, at the meetings, some delegates do not represent their governments but participate and vote independently E) as its sources of income are varied and mostly consist of the contributions made by industrialized countries

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225.

After the Ottoman conquest of Istanbul, both Genoa and Venice signed political and commercial agreements with the Ottoman state. These documents granted Italian merchants certain rights of commerce first in Istanbul and later in other port cities of the Ottoman Mediterranean world, such as Izmir, (I) ---- taxes paid on products and raw materials traded. Then at the end of the sixteenth century, similar capitulation treaties were signed (II) ---- France, England and the Netherlands. In the seventeenth century, Istanbul gradually loosened its control (III) ---foreign communities living in the major cities of the Empire. For example, it granted increased opportunities to resident minority merchants (IV) ---- foreign merchants and also to Ottoman agriculturists to diversify and market their produce. (V) ----, there appeared a changing relationship in international trade between the Ottoman Empire and western Europe.

I A) B) C) D) E)

226. A) B) C) D) E)

II from at with about on

A) B) C) D) E)

III with over for under by

A) B) C) D) E)

IV despite once because of while as well as

A) B) C) D) E)

V However Similarly Contrarily Consequently Still

227.

228.

229.

33

in return for at the point of in need of in the name of in search of

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230. The passage gives information about ----.

232. It can be understood from the passage that ----.

A) how the capitulations granted to European states gave rise to negative consequences for the Ottoman Empire B) why the European states tried hard to get capitulations from the Ottoman Empire C) the historical background of the Ottoman and European politics D) the state of agriculture and marketing in the Ottoman Empire E) what route in trade and politics was followed between the Ottoman Empire and western European states

A) the Ottoman state was rich enough but granted capitulations for political reasons B) the trade relationship between the Ottoman Empire and Europe went on with some changes for several centuries C) when the Ottoman state loosened its control over international trade, more goods were imported from Europe D) east European states also signed treaties with the Ottoman state in later centuries E) in the early centuries of the Ottoman Empire, neither agriculture nor trade was planned well enough to support the state financially

231. It is understood from the passage that ----. A) commercial relations with Europe dates back as far as the early centuries of the Ottoman state B) the Ottoman state was unwilling to get taxes from European merchants C) the only harbours of trade with European merchants were Istanbul and Izmir D) minority merchants in the Ottoman state had always enjoyed the same privileges as the foreign merchants E) Ottoman agriculturists had cultivated and marketed whatever produce they liked until the seventeenth century

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(I) ---- a greater proportion of the food people eat were to be locally produced, this would be of great benefit to the farmer. A mix of local, regional, national, and international production would still be available; indeed, the goal would not be to put an end to the international trade in food, but to avoid transporting food thousands of miles when it could instead be produced next door. Such a (II) ---- would help revitalise rural economies ruined by the global economy. Less money would go into the hands of corporate middlemen, and far more would remain in the hands of farmers, This would especially be the case with the direct marketing of food via farmers' markets and farm stands and other forms of community supported agriculture. If farmers were not (III) --- to specialise their production in a few global commodities, the trend (IV) ---- ever larger and more highly mechanised farms would slow down. Moreover, since small farms use a (V) --- higher amount of human labour than mechanised inputs, a return to smaller farms would help bring back some of the 700.000 farm jobs the UK has lost during the last halfcentury of agricultural progress.

233.

I A) B) C) D) E)

234. A) B) C) D) E)

II damage shift decline growth species

A) B) C) D) E)

III postulated manufactured impelled dispensed appropriated

A) B) C) D) E)

IV about at over towards above

A) B) C) D) E)

V imperatively completely hastily literally proportionally

235.

236.

237.

35

If Although Because When Rather

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238. It is pointed out in the passage that it would be to the advantage of the farmer and the rural economy at large if ----.

240. The author is opposed to the trend towards larger and mere highly mechanised farms ----. A) as they result in unnecessarily high food prices B) since the quality of food they produce is poor C) because it has resulted in a great many farm labourers losing their jobs D) though he admits the quality of food they produce is high E) though this is what the owners of small farms want

A) people were to eat locally produced food more often B) the sale of farm products were in the hands of corporate middlemen C) the advantages of a global economy were better appreciated D) the practice of direct marketing of food at farmers' markets were forbidden E) the marketing of all food products were at a national or international level 239. According to the author, farms are growing larger and more highly mechanised ----. A) as this is the only sure way to make money out of farming B) as this is what the rural community wants C) since no one is willing to work on the land D) because imported foodstuffs are so much cheaper E) because farmers feel obliged to concentrate on a very few products for global markets

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1. I

LEVEL 2

A) B) C) D) E)

Lower birth-rates and longer lives lead to population aging, which matters (I) ---- many reasons, but first and foremost (II) ---- the costs of retirement. These costs are borne principally by the government and funded through taxes on the working-age population. The old-agedependency ratio – that is, the population aged 65 and over divided by the population aged 15 to64 – is a key indicator of population aging. Other things being equal, the tax rate for pensions will be (III) ---- to this ratio. In the developed world, this ratio rose from .12 in 1950 to .21 today, and is estimated to increase to .44 in 2050. If, in the developed countries, the elderly in 2050 (IV) ---- the level of benefits given to the current elderly, then the level of payroll taxes needed to fund government pensions will more than double by 2050. Due to higher fertility and immigration, the US population is projected to remain younger than those of other OECD countries, and the pension problem will be less severe. Health costs, (V) ----, pose an even more difficult problem due to the socialized health-care system for the elderly in the US. As the population ages and spending per elderly person rises, government spending on healthcare will likely soar.

in about of for on

2. II A) B) C) D) E)

despite because of afterwards without in addition

3. III A) B) C) D) E)

vulnerable allocation payment embezzlement proportional

4. IV A) B) C) D) E)

are to receive will receive were receiving had received will have received

5. V A) B) C) D) E)

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for example moreover therefore however thus

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6. It is explicitly stated in the passage that by the year 2050, developed countries will have to increase wage taxes at least twice as much ----.

8. It is stated in the passage that the US population will relatively remain younger than those of other OECD countries ----.

A) even though they estimate a proportional increase of .44 in 2050 B) because natural resource constraints, particularly of land, are at the heart of the problem C) now that the old-age-dependency ratio has become an important indicator of aging D) provided population growth and growth of per capita are positively correlated E) if they want to maintain the present level of benefits given to the elderly

A) as population aging is not such a serious projected problem in the US B) because there are not as many elderly people in the US as in other OECD countries C) unless the government increases the level of payroll taxes needed to fund pensions D) since it has higher birth-rates and gets immigrants E) if the government takes the necessary measures to keep the current level of elderly people

7. It is obvious from the passage that population aging is of great importance, mainly due to ----.

9. According to the passage, the US health-care costs ----.

A) B) C) D)

pensions and health care higher fertility and immigration higher birth-rates and infant mortality falling figures in the working-age population E) economic indicators of the country

A) have more than doubled over the past decades and pose a serious problem B) are compelling the government to delay the current age of retirement and to reduce the size of benefits C) will probably go up because of population aging and more spending on the elderly D) will still remain stagnant due to the tax rates for the working-age population E) could eventually lead to longer working hours and less fulfilling wage increases

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Farmers in many countries (I) ---- antibiotics in two key ways: at full strength to treat animals (II) ---- are sick and in low doses to fatten meat-producing livestock or to prevent veterinary illnesses. Although even the proper use of antibiotics can (III) ---- lead to the spread of drug resistant bacteria, the habit of using a low dose is a formula for disaster: the treatment provides just (IV) ---- antibiotic to kill some (V) ---- not all bacteria. The germs that survive are typically those that happen to bear genetic mutations for resisting the antibiotic. They then reproduce and exchange genes (VI) ---- other microbial resisters. (VII) ---- bacteria are found literally everywhere, resistant strains produced in animals eventually find their way (VIII) ---- people as well. You could not design a better system for guaranteeing the spread of antibiotic resistance. To cease the spread, Denmark (IX) ---- tighter rules on the use of antibiotics in the raising of poultry and other farm animals. The lesson is that improving animal husbandry – making sure that pens, stalls and cages are (X) ---- cleaned and giving animals more room or time to mature – offsets the initial negative impact of limiting antibiotic use.

13. IV A) B) C) D) E) 14. V A) B) C) D) E)

A) B) C) D) E)

A) B) C) D) E)

diagnose clear utilize treat foster

Whenever After As Whether Although

17. VIII A) B) C) D) E)

whom that whose when where

for at with into about

18. IX A) B) C) D) E)

12. III A) B) C) D) E)

to with on by about

16. VII

11. II A) B) C) D) E)

but if ever unless because

15. VI

10. I A) B) C) D) E)

enough even like few so

relatively persuasively frankly evolutionarily inadvertently

elevated irritated abolished related enforced

19. X A) B) C) D) E)

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awkwardly properly morally cheerfully slyly

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20. It is understood from the passage that ---.

22. According to the passage, ----. A) the spread of bacterial infections in poultry may not be avoided by improving physical conditions B) the weight of the poultry mainly depends upon the environment they are brought up in C) strict regulations in Denmark are employed to minimize the effects of antibiotic use on both poultry and people D) the maturation period of poultry in Denmark is determined by the size of the animal E) the productivity of poultry can best be analyzed through the amount of the antibiotic used on the animal

A) farmers mainly prefer using antibiotics as a preventive measure for diseases B) antibiotics are merely useful in treating the contagious diseases of farm animals C) continuous and heavy doses of antibiotics are crucial for poultry D) antibiotics are so far the only effective method to fatten up meat-producing animals E) poultry prices are affected by the spread of contagious diseases 21. It is implied in the passage that ----. A) widespread use of antibiotics is intended to eliminate the chances of a possible pandemic B) using a low dose antibiotic compared to a heavy dose is highly recommended for farmers C) human beings should test the efficacy of using antibiotics on other animals before using them on poultry D) increased antibiotic resistance in human beings is due to the consumption of animal products with antibiotic content E) antibiotic resistance in poultry animals has led scientists to find alternative solutions to fight off these bacteria

23. It is stated in the passage that antibiotics ----. A) are crucial as they change the genetic mutations of poultry B) form the basis for microbial resistance of genes in animals C) are effective in restricting resistant strains of bacteria in poultry D) are employed to prevent a possible disease spread from farm animals to human beings E) may produce drug resistant bacteria, irrespective of how carefully they are used

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27. IV

While playing computer games is sometimes seen as a solitary pursuit, a study at Brigham Young University shows that it actually (I) ---social connections. Studying the effect of multiplayer online games on marriages, researchers found that in the 76% of the cases where the couple played together, games actually aided the relationship. (II) ----, couples that gamed together stayed together. Games may have other effects on us too. The famous psychologist, Philip Zimbardo, recently (III) ---on the subject. In his 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment, (IV) ---- volunteers were randomly assigned the roles of prisoner or guard, he showed that human behaviour is heavily influenced by environmental and social pressures. More recently, Zimbardo even suggested that exposing children (V) ---morally ambiguous situations in games could be useful in helping them develop their own moral compass. One possibility is to explore virtual worlds through computer games that could enable people to experience and understand concepts that they would otherwise find difficult to imagine. Games about society, populated by real people and open to all, could help test (VI) ---- different cultural backgrounds could be brought together (VII) ---- peace.

A) B) C) D) E) 28. V A) B) C) D) E)

of for to by at

29. VI A) B) C) D) E)

that whichever what how whose

30. VII A) B) C) D) E)

24. I A) B) C) D) E)

that whether whom which in which

for about with in on

enhances donates fills corrupts deteriorates

25. II A) B) C) D) E)

As though Thereby Lest In other words On the other hand

26. III A) B) C) D) E)

carried out coped with gave out spoke out looked down

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31. The author’s attitude towards computer games is ----. A) B) C) D) E)

33. According to the passage, Zimbardo believes that ----.

satirizing disrespectful favouring pessimistic tolerant

A) computer games may actually help young people make more conscious decisions on moral issues B) his experiment refutes the findings of the study conducted at Brigham Young University C) having children face ambiguous situations in computer games can cause psychological problems D) computer games populated by real people may not present the actual state of a society E) environmental pressures are greater on those who play computer games

32. It is stated in the passage that computer games ----. A) enhance the feeling of loneliness if they involve more than one player all the time B) provide opportunities for people to meet unaccustomed ideas and worlds C) lead to role conflicts among those who come from different cultural backgrounds D) contributes little to strengthening the relationships of married couples E) may include harmful features that trigger aggressive behaviour among children

34. One can infer from the passage that ----. A) computer games are destructive to the relationships of younger people B) the risks associated with playing computer games outweigh the benefits C) we have reached the limits of what can be achieved with computer games D) computer games are capable of bringing in several unexpected benefits E) social pressures force people to avoid playing computer games

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Since 1993, China (I) ---- in more than fifty oil and gas projects in some thirty nations. (II) ----, China has focused on acquisitions and partnership sin Sudan and Iran. In Sudan alone, China has reportedly spent $15 billion developing oil fields. In the meantime, China has also begun to use its military to protect its oil investments abroad. Reportedly, troops disguised (III) ---- oil workers patrol Chinese oil infrastructure in Sudan. Moreover, in recent years, China has strengthened its military (IV) --- in the oil-and gas-rich parts of the South China Sea, over which sovereignty is still disputed. Perhaps most significant in the short term is China’s relationship with Iran. With Saudi Arabia and Iraq clearly within the American sphere of influence, China has been steadily courting Tehran and aims to become the biggest buyer of Iranian oil. (V) ---- oil, China has supplied Iran not only with conventional weapons but also with technology and materials that can be used for the manufacturing of nuclear weapons.

35. I A) B) C) D) E)

had invested has invested invests invested was investing

36. II A) B) C) D) E)

Unfortunately In desperation Most likely To the contrary In particular

37. III A) B) C) D) E)

for as at of in

38. IV A) B) C) D) E)

revolution necessity presence emergency setback

39. V A) B) C) D) E)

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In excess of According to As a means of In return for On behalf of

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40. It is claimed in the passage that the Chinese oil workers in Sudan ----.

42. One understands from the passage that, just as the United States maintains its dominant position in Saudi Arabia and Iraq, so China ----.

A) have increased steadily because China has acquired many oil and gas fields in this country B) are, in fact, military personnel in disguise, employed to protect the Chinese oil investments in this country C) have been employed in over fifty oil and gas projects, for which China has already spent billions of dollars D) have been extremely efficient and built the extensive oil infrastructure that this country has E) mostly prefer to work for the companies that China has set up in this country for partnership in oil and gas projects

A) has made efforts to develop its partnership with Iranian oil companies B) is resolved to increase its military presence in some thirty countries C) has sought to establish closer economic relations with Iran D) has decided to invest heavily in Iran’s various oil and gas projects E) tries hard to persuade Iran to become an ally in the region 43. It is clear from the passage that Iran’s nuclear technology ----. A) has been aided by China through its logistical support B) is not so advanced and efficient as that of China C) has been strongly criticized by the United States D) has been financed through its oil exports to a number of countries E) can develop fully even though China is not willing to cooperate

41. One learns from the passage that there are ----. A) many Chinese workers already employed in nearly thirty nations B) several Chinese companies involved in oil projects in the South China Sea C) a number of economic issues that China faces in the South China Sea D) many oil fields in Iran that have been developed by China E) areas in the South China Sea which are rich in oil and gas

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44. I

Charlie Chaplin, who was born in Britain but spent most of his life in the United States, is one of the (I) ---- figures in film history. He is especially remembered (II) ---- his work in the silent movies. Chaplin knew that a successful scene was not simply about the starring actor, (III) ---- about everything else. The only way to achieve that unity was to get personally involved in every stage of the film; from starring in his films to producing, directing, editing them, and even (IV) ---- composing the music for them. It was not uncommon for him to decide half-way through a film that an actor wasn’t suitable for a certain role, and (V) ---with someone new. This constant attention to detail ran many features overtime and overbudget, but the public reaction assured him and the studios that what he was doing worked. Chaplin typically improvised his story in front of the camera with only a basic framework of a script. But on consideration, his art (VI) ---- to be firmly rooted, and could be seen, for example, to draw much of its strength from his successful fusion of English and American cultures and traditions.

A) B) C) D) E)

embarrassing pivotal exhaustive countless notorious

45. II A) B) C) D) E)

at by for of as

46. III A) B) C) D) E)

as so nor if but

47. IV A) B) C) D) E)

to by from through of

48. V A) B) C) D) E)

move off start over pass away step down send for

49. VI A) B) C) D) E)

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cut out took place stood for backed up turned out

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50. As is pointed out in the passage the success of Chaplin’s films was largely due to ----.

52. It is clear from the passage that the film studios ----. A) were taken in by Chaplin’s charm and let him have his own way all the time B) played a leading role in the making of Chaplin’s films C) liked to work with Chaplin because he never interfered with what they were doing D) had to work on a very tight budget E) were content to work with Chaplin as they felt success was guaranteed

A) his own remarkable acting abilities B) the control he exercised on every aspect of a film C) the detailed scripts prepared for each film D) the professional skills of the studios that made them E) the fact that Chaplin liked to improvise new scenes in front of the cameras 51. The passage makes it quite clear that Charlie Chaplin ----.

53. The passage as a whole explains ----. A) why Charlie Chaplin was so successful in the film industry B) the background factors contributing to Charlie Chaplin’s success C) how Charlie Chaplin contributed to the development of the film industry D) the differences between the film industry then and now E) what goes into the making of a star

A) began his career as an actor but soon turned to directing films instead B) much preferred America and American culture to Britain and British culture C) is a major figure in the history of filmmaking D) was eager to please those he worked with E) appealed more to American audiences than to British ones

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Several EU member states (I) ---- longstanding political and economic links with Latin America. In fact, it was in the 1960s and 1970s (II) ---- the EU first began expanding its ties to the region (III) ---- a series of diplomatic initiatives and agreements aimed at promoting democracy, addressing development issues, and boosting trade and investment. Moreover, the EU actively (IV) ---- peace in the troubled Central American region in the 1980s. In the meantime, the (V) ---- in 1986 of Spain and Portugal to the EU further strengthened regionto region ties. EU engagement in Latin America increased during the 1990s as a formal political dialogue was put in place to advance issues of common interest, including how the EU and Latin America together can act in concert (VI) ---- other nations and international organizations to address global issues and challenges.

54. I A) B) C) D) E)

extinguish draw enjoy drive assert

55. II A) B) C) D) E)

that whether what if wherever

56. III A) B) C) D) E)

about of to from through

57. IV A) B) C) D) E)

hanged around made off worked for wore out settle into

58. V A) B) C) D) E)

admiration thrust occupation migration accession

59. VI A) B) C) D) E)

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to at for by with

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60. According to the passage, the EU’s relations with Latin America ----.

62. In the passage, attention is drawn to the fact that ----.

A) have developed so fast that a number of issues concerning the two regions can now be much easily resolved B) reached their most productive and mutually satisfactory stage before Spain and Portugal became EU members C) have followed a pattern of increasing cooperation between the two regions since the 1960s and 1970s D) could develop fruitfully only after Spain and Portugal joined the EU and began to establish links with various Latin American countries E) have caused much concern to other nations and international organizations which had already established profitable trade links with Latin America

A) the EU plays a constructive part in the development of trade between Latin America and other countries in the world B) the Latin American countries would face serious difficulties in their relations with other nations if they did not cooperate with the EU C) a formal political dialogue between the EU and Latin America would in fact have been developed well before the EU membership of Spain and Portugal D) the growth of trade between the EU states and the Latin American countries reached a record level in the 1980s E) the political and economic ties between Latin America and a number of EU member states have a long historical past

61. It is clearly emphasized in the passage that one of the EU’s primary aims in establishing ties with Latin America was to ----.

63. In the passage, the author describes ---. A) how the relations between the EU and Latin America have developed over several decades B) why the Latin American countries needed the support of the EU in order to solve their regional problems C) to what extent the Latin American economy was improved through EU investments D) in what ways the EU member states benefited from their political and economic links with Latin America E) the global issues and challenges that immediately concerned the EU states and the Latin American countries

A) encourage Latin American investors to play a major role in the European economy B) promote peace and security throughout the region C) have the support of the Latin American countries in dealing with other nations D) contribute to the development of democracy in the region E) expand its diplomatic activities in each country of the region

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64. I

Satellite images of the upper Amazon Basin in Brazil taken since 1999 (I) ---- hundreds of circles, squares, and other geometric shapes once hidden by the Amazon rain forests. They hint at a previously unknown ancient society that flourished in the Amazon. Now researchers estimate that nearly ten times as many such structures, of unknown purpose, (II) ---- undetected under the Amazon forest cover. The discovery adds to evidence that the hinterlands of the Amazon once teemed with complex societies, which were largely (III) ---by diseases brought to South America by European colonists in the 15th and16th centuries. Since these vanished societies had gone unrecorded, earlier research had suggested that soils in the upper Amazon were (IV) ---- poor to support the extensive agriculture needed for (V) ---- large, permanent settlements. The researchers say 'We found that this view is wrong, and there is (VI) ---more to discover in these places'.

A) B) C) D) E)

will reveal have revealed had revealed would have revealed were revealing

65. II A) B) C) D) E)

may exist would exist existed will exist might have existed

66. III A) B) C) D) E)

built up cared for opened up broken into wiped out

67. IV A) B) C) D) E)

enough even too much very

68. V A) B) C) D) E)

so how only such that

69. VI A) B) C) D) E)

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less a lot so whether than

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70. According to the passage, the new discovery ----.

72. It is clearly understood from the passage that the ancient Amazon people ----.

A) has strengthened the already known facts about the upper Amazon Basin B) is too poor to become an evidence for the ancient Amazon society C) has proved that the satellite pictures were misleading D) has falsified the previous assumptions about the land E) indicates the fact that the upper Amazon Basin was made of geometric shapes

A) killed large numbers of would-be colonists B) had no resistance to new diseases C) hid themselves in the Amazon rain forest D) led a very simple life and lived as separate tribes E) are the ancestors of the present-day inhabitants of the region

71. From the passage, we can infer that ----.

73. As can be understood from the passage, the researchers now tend to think that ----.

A) pictures taken by satellites can provide scientists with valuable new data B) there is no longer any reason to further investigate the upper Amazon Basin C) the ancient Amazon people lived in extreme isolation from the outer world D) researchers can learn a lot from the written historical data relating to the region E) the geometric shapes should not be taken too seriously

A) they have revealed almost everything about the region B) the natives had no idea about agriculture C) the colonists helped the natives become civilized D) the geometric shapes reveal something about the new industrial areas E) the land might have once been inhabited densely

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78. V

The Agta Negritos of the Philippines, a present-day tribal people, are an example of a culture (I) ---- women and men share all subsistence activities. Most interestingly, the Agta Negritos women hunt large game with bows, arrows, and hunting dogs. The women are prevented (II) ---- hunting only during late pregnancy and the first few months after giving birth. Teenagers and women (III) ---- older children are the most frequent hunters. The women space their children to (IV) ---maximum mobility. They keep their birth rate (V) ---- through the use of herbal contraceptives. By studying these ethnographic examples and by questioning the assumptions that (VI) ---- about female and male roles in prehistory, anthropologists have concluded that Western society’s traditionally low view of women’s status is (VII) ---universal.

A) B) C) D) E) 79. VI A) B) C) D) E)

would have been made were making made make have been made

80. VII A) B) C) D) E)

74. I A) B) C) D) E)

down out off for among

above all by no means by far at least on the whole

whose what when whether since

75. II A) B) C) D) E)

by at from about without

76. III A) B) C) D) E)

for on through with between

77. IV A) B) C) D) E)

count upon allow for keep away end up find out

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81. We can infer from the passage that among the Agta people, ----.

83. It is understood from the passage that ---.

A) gender roles are unlike those in the West B) women cannot compete in hunting with men C) women’s status is superior to men’s D) women do not hunt after giving birth E) male and female roles are completely separated

A) when a woman has advanced pregnancy, she has to give up her hunting activities B) the mothers are in control of the activities of their children C) women who give birth are expected to devote themselves to their children D) children can go hunting with their mothers even when they are babies E) anthropologists are very concerned about the Agta men’s treatment of their women

82. The passage indicates that ----. A) in the Agta tribes there is nothing more important than having children B) the Agta teenagers are brought up with Western values C) the Agta tribes keep to the prehistoric male and female roles D) the Agta people are aware of birth control E) the Agta women have learned how to use modern hunting tools

84. According to the passage, ----. A) there is a great similarity between the Western and Agta perceptions of women’s social status B) the hunting skill is the basic criterion that distinguishes men from women C) hunting tools can be interpreted as symbols of male power D) ethnographers’ assumptions on prehistoric gender roles are correct E) the Western gender concept conflicts with the Agta people’s view about male and female roles

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85. I

When prehistoric man returned home from a hunt, he was almost certainly asked the question we would like to ask today: 'What happened?' Quite possibly, he (I) ---- in a factual manner, providing a short report of the land covered, the number of animals spotted, and the results. His face-to-face communication was limited only to those (II) --- the sight and sound of the speaker. Either because of this or because he thought his communication (III) ---- in more permanent form, the caveman eventually began to draw his message, the report of his latest adventurous hunt, (IV) ---- the wall of the cave. This (V) ---- a whole range of possibilities: The wall was there twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. The caveman could go about his other business, whatever that may have been, and still know that his message was being communicated, (VI) ---- the audience was communicating not with the caveman himself, but with the wall. This was the beginning of mass communication – impersonal communication with a diverse audience that has a limited opportunity to respond – and much was gained from it.

A) B) C) D) E)

yielded replied reflected gathered smuggled

86. II A) B) C) D) E)

out of to away on within

87. III A) B) C) D) E)

recorded would have been recorded had been recorded would record should be recorded

88. IV A) B) C) D) E)

above towards on of under

89. V A) B) C) D) E)

caught on carried out sent off opened up came up

90. VI A) B) C) D) E)

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when after though once for

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91. According to the passage, the simplest form of mass communication is ----.

93. We understand from the passage that mass communication during prehistoric times ----.

A) the spoken messages given by the speaker B) a visual sign taking place on a permanent surface C) the reports of a hunter who came back from the hunt D) the face-to-face interaction of a caveman with his close friends E) the prompt responses of the audience to the drawings on the wall

A) required the presence of at least two people sharing the same space and time B) did not necessarily require a personal relationship between the speaker and his audience C) meant short reports of one’s daily life experiences D) provided vast opportunities to other people to write back about their opinions E) caused people to be more inquisitive than before

92. It is indicated in the passage that as a result of the caveman’s drawings on the walls ----.

94. According to the passage, the caveman drew his messages on the cave walls, because ----.

A) personal relations with other people could be stronger B) the cavemen could forget all about his other business C) others could get his messages even when he was not there D) the idea of competition came into being E) spoken interaction gradually lost its importance

A) he wanted his messages to stay there for a long time B) he was tired of telling his hunting stories to everyone C) an impersonal form of communication did not suit his needs D) giving messages through drawing was easier than speaking E) it was an enjoyable way of passing the time

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For the present, NASA appears to be (I) ---- to maintaining its human spaceflight program, (II) ---- the cost. However, in the next decade, it may discover that it does not need human characters to tell compelling stories. (III) ---gazing at posters of astronauts, children are now playing with toy models of Mars rovers. The next generation of space adventurers is (IV) ---- with the knowledge that one can visit another planet (V) ---- boarding a spacecraft. Decades from now, when those children are grown-ups, some of them will lead the next great explorations of the solar system. Sitting in quiet control rooms, they will send instructions to far-away probes already launched and make the final adjustment that points us towards the stars.

95. I A) B) C) D) E)

committed enthusiastic eager referred devious

96. II A) B) C) D) E)

what’s more whatever what if whatsoever what

97. III A) B) C) D) E)

Rather As well Instead of In addition More

98. IV A) B) C) D) E)

making do relying on putting up holding on growing up

99. V A) B) C) D) E)

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with to about without for

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100. One can understand from the passage that ----.

102. From the passage, one can expect that the future technology of space exploration will ----.

A) the future will witness radical advances in the techniques of space exploration B) NASA’s expensive investments in human spaceflight programs will pay back in the future C) children of the next generation will enjoy a variety of developed space games D) NASA has finally succeeded in making man a redundant component of spaceflight programs E) today’s children are getting less interested in space programs

A) have no need for earth-control centers B) bring an end to NASA’s mission C) eliminate the risks put on the lives of astronauts D) add exciting details to the toy models children play with E) save human beings from extinction 103. In general, the passage implies that ----. A) human intelligence will make many of the technological dreams come true B) physical presence of man in spacecraft will be indispensable C) unmanned spacecraft can be comparatively more cost-effective D) a human operator on earth can mislead unmanned spacecrafts E) astronauts are no longer celebrated by today’s children

101. The writer of the passage predicts that for the next generation ----. A) there will be great obstacles to space exploration B) space exploration will be just part of popular fiction C) exploring other planets will no longer be a maintained practice D) what seems to be part of fiction today will become part of reality E) telling stories about space travel will be even more compelling

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The Stone Age is, in fact, (I) ---- various stages. Dominating the period is the Palaeolithic Age, which most anthropologists would extend (II) ---- roughly 11, 000 B.C. Within the Stone Age in general, however, scholars also speak of an Upper Palaeolithic Era, beginning around 40, 000 B.C. They draw attention to some significant changes in human behaviour around this date, including the appearance of sophisticated cave paintings, and evidence of religious ideas. Humans also began producing the most effective, finely crafted tools such as fishhooks, arrowheads, and sewing needles made from organic materials, such as wood or animal bone. (III) ---, despite these important developments, the basic (IV) ---- of human life changed little during this era. Virtually all human societies before 11, 000 B.C. consisted of small bands of hunter-gatherers that moved incessantly (V) ---- food. Because they could not stay in any one location for long, these groups left no continuous archaeological record (VI) ---- we might trace the development of their culture. Our knowledge of them is, therefore, very limited.

104. A) B) C) D) E) 105. A) B) C) D) E) 106. A) B) C) D) E) 107. A) B) C) D) E) 108. A) B) C) D) E) 109. A) B) C) D) E)

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110. It is stressed in the passage that, during the Upper Palaeolithic Era, ----.

112. It is suggested in the passage that humans ----.

A) there were no settled human communities but groups of wandering hunter-gatherers B) humans practised different forms of art but preferred to specialize in cave painting C) hunter-gatherers had plenty of food whereby they were able to feed themselves easily D) bands of hunter-gatherers produced different kinds of tools whereby the development of culture can be traced E) there appeared new and most developed cultures, which have been brought to light through archaeological excavations

A) in the Stone Age were very skilled and far advanced in making tools for their farming needs B) seem to have first developed their religious ideas during the Upper Palaeolithic Era C) in the Upper Palaeolithic Era knew how to defend themselves when they were attacked by hunter-gatherers D) in the Palaeolithic Age were skilled not only in hunting but also in different kinds of cloth-making E) in the Stone Age had no notion of religion and, therefore, did not know how to worship 113. It is pointed out in the passage that, with the Upper Palaeolithic Era beginning around 40, 000 B.C., ----.

111. According to the passage, the Stone Age ----. A) was, according to archaeologists, the most sophisticated and developed period of early human history B) and the cultures of the period have been fully revealed by archaeologists C) is generally known as the Upper Palaeolithic Era, during which man learned how to produce food D) is not one continuous period but consists of different eras E) is generally dated to 11,000 B.C. and has always been a serious academic concern among anthropologists

A) most human societies worshipped various gods B) cave painting became very popular among hunter-gatherers C) fully organized human societies began to appear D) human beings ceased to be huntergatherers E) man entered a new period of important developments

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114.

From birth to age 10, our developmental focus is on learning (I) ---- to be human beings learning to move, to communicate, to master basic skills. These often require the mastery of learned social and cultural conventions, traditions, and rituals, (II) ---- movements associated with various games, differences in spoken or written languages, and our culture's definition of good manners. The (III) ---development is slow and awkward, but children generally function at a rapid automatic level by age 10. Adults usually allow young children to make mistakes. We smile indulgently and offer support (IV) ---- criticism as toddlers trip and as 2-year-olds make language errors. We are there principally to protect their safety and to applaud their successes (V) ---- we realize that toddling leads to walking and running, and babbling leads to speaking, reading and writing.

A) B) C) D) E) 115. A) B) C) D) E) 116. A) B) C) D) E) 117. A) B) C) D) E) 118. A) B) C) D) E)

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119. We understand from the passage that the early stages of any kind of learning for children ----.

121. We understand from the passage that our early childhood, up to age 10, is ----.

A) should centre around games and play B) are identical in every culture C) should not be allowed to develop naturally D) tend to be uncoordinated and require a lot of time E) need no adult supervision

A) a period of unnecessary adult interference B) a process of acquiring the basic skills of being a human being C) a period of physical activity, not mental D) not affected by the social codes of behavior E) the dullest and most unproductive period of our lives

120. It is clear from the passage that the mistakes of little children ----.

122. One point made in the passage is that adults ----.

A) deserve to be criticized B) need to be corrected right away by adults C) are regarded tolerantly by grownups D) can be disregarded by grown-ups until the age of 10 E) usually relate in some way to their social and cultural environment

A) are always over-protective of a child's safety B) do not need to encourage children to master traditions and rituals C) rarely take the trouble to teach their children good manners D) should devote more time to helping their children read and write E) usually overlook children's errors and concentrate on giving the encouragement

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123.

Leonardo's importance as a painter may be summarized by saying that he was the first master of the high Renaissance style, and of all his scientific researches that which he most fully (I) ---- to this end was his study of light and shade. Many changes came about in Italian painting around the turn of the 15th-16th century, (II) ---- he more than anyone else was responsible. As regards subject matter and composition, painting became less realistic and more classical but as regards treatment it became more naturalistic and closer to life, which was partly the result of increased knowledge of anatomy and an interest in light and shade. In his rare excursions into classical subjects, such as the 'Leda', Leonardo's approach is intensely personal. Indeed, drawings by Leonardo which seem to derive (III) ---- antique art are (IV) ---- rare and there is no evidence of his interest in the celebrated collections of Lorenzo the Magnificent or Pope Leo X, (V) ---- he was living in close contact with both of these. This trend is not belied by the 'Last Supper' even though it epitomizes the spirit of classical art.

A) B) C) D) E) 124. A) B) C) D) E) 125. A) B) C) D) E) 126. A) B) C) D) E) 127. A) B) C) D) E)

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128. It is clear from the passage that, though Leonardo sometimes chose subjects from classical sources, ----.

130. The passage makes the point that, though there was a tendency among Renaissance painters to favour classical subjects, ----.

A) This is because he wanted to conform to current interests B) he gave them his own special individual touch C) they were mostly confined to his drawings D) these are not among his best paintings E) this was usually because of his patrons' archaeological interests

A) their drawings show that they had a sound knowledge of anatomy B) Leonardo himself was never concerned with them C) patrons of the arts, like Lorenzo the Magnificent, were opposed to this trend D) the depictions of scenes from daily life were far more popular E) their treatment of these classical subjects became far more natural and true to life

129. According to the passage, a major contribution Leonardo made to the art of painting in the Renaissance was ----.

131. As we understand from the passage, even though Leonardo was a major representative of Renaissance art, ----.

A) his concern with the interaction of light and shade B) the archaeological setting of the backgrounds of his paintings C) the blend of Christian and pagan motifs and themes D) the inclusion of more realistic accessory detail in the composition E) the introduction of a more intellectual and historical approach

A) in his own day he received little recognition except from Lorenzo the Magnificent and Pope Leo X B) it is for his C) he was nevertheless different from his contemporaries in a variety of ways D) his main interest was actually in the study of anatomy E) he contributed very little to the changes that were taking place in his time

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132.

We have all heard people from other countries described (I) ---- very general terms. For instance, it has been said that “Germans work hard” and “Americans are friendly”. Such generalizations or (II) ---- are very crude, and common sense tells us that not all Germans work hard and not all Americans are friendly. At the same time, there appears to be some truth in these generalizations since people from different countries (III) ---- different characteristics. What these crude statements acknowledge, however, is that people from different countries have (IV) ---- cultures and social customs. A society’s culture includes its customs, values, beliefs, ideas and the artefacts it produces. Attitudes (V) ---- such things as work, leisure, wealth, the role of women, and the value of education in one society’s culture might be significantly different from the attitudes and values found in another society’s culture. This is also the case regarding attitudes found in different countries towards politics and the political system.

A) B) C) D) E) 133. A) B) C) D) E) 134. A) B) C) D) E) 135. A) B) C) D) E) 136. A) B) C) D) E)

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137. It is stressed in the passage that each country ----.

139. The writer suggests that political attitudes ----.

A) attaches much importance to its own social customs and educational system B) has developed a political system which may differ from its social and cultural values C) can be identified through its people’s attitudes towards other countries and peoples D) has its own special characteristics and, hence, is culturally and politically unlike the others E) shares with other countries a wide variety of values and attitudes

A) in a country are fundamentally influenced by education B) vary greatly from country to country C) in a society have nothing to do with its cultural values D) towards women in society must be constructive E) in a country cannot be differentiated from the attitudes towards work and leisure 140. The writer states that the customs, values, and beliefs of a society ----.

138. In the passage, the writer points out that while on the one hand, describing other countries or peoples in general terms may be misleading, on the other, ----.

A) may have some impact on its educational system B) are a poor guide to the nature of that society C) should be excluded from its political system D) must always uphold the role of women in that society E) are among the elements that make up its culture

A) generalizations of this kind may be true to some extent B) one must make an effort to appreciate and understand their culture C) it is important for us to have a friendly attitude towards them D) we must do our best to ignore the differences among them E) such generalizations are useful especially in understanding the value of education

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141.

Mount Vesuvius in southern Italy is actually a volcano inside the exploded skeleton of an older volcano. Looked (I) ---- from above, the remaining ridge of a much larger volcano can be seen on the north side. This older volcano had probably erupted violently long before human settlement. Southern Italy is unstable ground. The African continental plate, (II) ---most of the Mediterranean Sea rests, is actually diving beneath the European plate. That kind of underground collision produces molten rock, or magma, rich in volatile gases such as sulphur dioxide. Under pressure underground, these gases stay dissolved. But when the magma rises to the surface, the gases are released. Accordingly, when volcanoes like Vesuvius erupt, they tend to erupt explosively. To this day, in fact, Vesuvius remains one of the world’s most dangerous volcanoes; (III) ---- 3.5 million Italians live in its shadow. Although monitoring devices are in place to warn of the volcano’s activity, if there were a major eruption with little (IV) ----, there could be a (V) ---- loss of life.

A) B) C) D) E) 142. A) B) C) D) E) 143. A) B) C) D) E) 144. A) B) C) D) E) 145. A) B) C) D) E)

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146. We see from the passage that although Mount Vesuvius is a very dangerous volcano ----.

148. We understand from the passage that Mount Vesuvius’s eruptions are usually very explosive because of ----.

A) it is safe to live nearby because of the monitoring devices that warn of the volcano’s activity B) many people still live nearby C) it is more dangerous than the older volcano that used to be in its place D) it does not result from an underground collision of continental plates E) its eruption would never result in people’s deaths

A) the exploded skeleton of an older volcano within which it is located B) the strong skeletal structure of the volcano C) its proximity to a large body of water D) the unstable gases released when the volcano’s magma reaches the surface of the Earth E) the monitoring devices placed near the volcano

147. We can understand from the passage that the pushing of the African continental plate beneath the European continental plate ----.

149.

It is clear from the passage that ----.

A) Mount Vesuvius is a dying volcano which will someday cease to erupt B) the Mediterranean Sea is part of the European continental plate C) the European continental plate will one day completely cover the African one D) 3.5 million Italians lost their lives in Vesuvius’s last eruption E) there was once a much larger volcano where Mount Vesuvius is today

A) does not create magma containing sulphur dioxide and other unstable gases B) is the result of volcanic activity such as we see in Southern Italy C) makes Southern Italy a region prone to volcanic eruptions D) has made Northern Africa a “hot spot” for volcanic activity E) means that the Mediterranean Sea is slowly widening

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150.

Several years ago, biochemists studying marine ecosystems noticed something unusual: a sponge (I) ---- in the middle of a coral reef that was dying from bacterial infection. The researchers identified a substance made by the sponge in order to defend itself from harmful microbes. They realized that it was a natural antibacterial molecule called 'ageliferin'. This molecule can (II) ---- the formation of a protective biofilm coating that bacteria use to (III) ---- themselves from threats, including antibiotic drugs. Now the same researchers are using this natural compound to create innovative ways to fight drug resistant bacteria. They have recently (IV) ---- the structure of ageliferin to make it more potent and formulated to help conventional medications combat otherwise drug-resistant bacteria, such as staph and cholera. The newly-developed chemical does not stop bacteria (V) ---- proliferating, but it allows the antibiotic to work again. The researchers hope eventually to incorporate the altered ageliferin as a helper drug within commercial antibiotic products, allowing them to (VI) ---- formerly drug-resistant strains of diseases.

A) B) C) D) E) 151. A) B) C) D) E) 152. A) B) C) D) E) 153. A) B) C) D) E) 154. A) B) C) D) E) 155. A) B) C) D) E)

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156. It can be understood from the passage that bacteria that cause infections ----.

158. According to the passage, scientists are using ageliferin ----. A) although they wanted to discard conventional medications B) so that the natural compound can be used to save dying sponge species C) in case they altered the structure of the compound D) to develop new methods to fight drugresistant bacteria E) as if it were more potent in combating otherwise drug-resistant bacteria

A) protect themselves from threats using a biofilm coating B) preserve their biofilm coating with the help of ageliferin C) break down the formation of protective biofilms of other bacteria D) defend certain sponge types against harmful microbes E) have a naturally occurring molecule called ageliferin

159. One can understand from the passage that the newly-developed compound ----.

157. It is clear from the passage that ageliferin is a substance ----. A) easily broken down by harmful bacteria B) produced by a sponge found in coral reefs C) used in order to study bacterial infection D) helping bacteria to form a protective shield around them E) usually abundant in dying coral reefs

A) helps ageliferin to proliferate in sponge colonies in coral reefs B) can easily be used to alter biofilms like ageliferin C) is currently used in most commercial antibiotic products D) is ruled out to be an effective way of fighting drug-resistant strains of diseases E) does not help to stop bacteria from increasing in number

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160.

The US Supreme Court is not a radical institution, (I) ---- is it likely to become one as a result of any particular presidential election. The risks for the judiciary in presidential elections are a lot lower than many people imagine. This is not because there are no significant ideological or methodological differences among judges. Differences do exist, and they display party affiliation to some extent. And they matter; not just on public issues such as abortion rights and racial discrimination (II) ---- in those procedures that actually guide the way lower courts (III) ---- a large variety of legal cases. That said, the courts have pretty strong institutional defences (IV) ---- radicalism of any kind. For one thing, the judiciary’s power is spread among more than 800 federal judges, no one of (V) ---views matter all that much in the broad scheme of things. Even on the Supreme Court the idiosyncrasies or ideological extremism of any one judge can have only a limited effect. (VI) --- four likeminded judges, his or her views are just noise.

A) B) C) D) E) 161. A) B) C) D) E) 162. A) B) C) D) E) 163. A) B) C) D) E) 164. A) B) C) D) E) 165. A) B) C) D) E)

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166. It is pointed out in the passage that though there are differences of opinion within the judiciary, ----.

168. According to the passage, all rulings of the Supreme Court ----. A) are reconsidered after an election B) can be influenced by the federal judges C) must have had the support of at least five judges D) aim at preventing ideological extremism E) are, to a very large extent, influenced by party affiliation

A) they play only a very small role in their deliberations B) they are far fewer than they used to be C) these in no way concern party politics D) it is almost impossible to avoid radicalism E) this only becomes apparent at election times 167. According to the passage, the Supreme Court of the US ----.

169. It is clear from the passage that the US judiciary system ----.

A) is feared by the lower courts B) is a breeding ground for radicalism C) is cut off from the lower courts of justice D) avoids, as far as possible, public issues like abortion E) can only be slightly affected by a presidential election

A) reflects the opinions of the president B) is well-protected against any kind of extremism C) consists of the Supreme Court and the various lower courts and all act independently of each other D) takes its character, not from the Supreme Court, but from the federal courts E) faces pressure from many quarters

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(I) ---- a drug to work, it has to get to the place in the body where the problem lies, and (II) ---the science of pharmacokinetics is important. Enough of the drug has to stay at the site of action (III) ---- the drug does its job, but not so much that it produces severe side effects or toxic reactions. Every doctor knows that selecting the right dose is a tricky balancing act. Many drugs get to their site of action (IV) --- the bloodstream. How much time these drugs need to work and how long their effects last, often (V) ---- how fast they get into the bloodstream, how much of them gets into the bloodstream, how fast they leave the bloodstream, how efficiently they're broken down by the liver, and how quickly they're eliminated by the kidneys and intestines.

170. A) B) C) D) E) 171. A) B) C) D) E) 172. A) B) C) D) E) 173. A) B) C) D) E) 174. A) B) C) D) E)

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175. One important point made about drugs in the passage is that ----.

177. -.

A) the dosage to be recommended must be considered carefully B) the bloodstream plays a minimal role in their action C) the kidneys are of vital importance for their effectiveness D) the dosage a doctor recommends is always the standard one E) their toxic side effects can easily be controlled

According to the passage, a drug ---

A) should rarely be taken for longer than a week B) may undermine the efficiency of the bloodstream C) frequently produces the desired effect only after a long period of time D) can sometimes result in unwanted and harmful effects E) often has the opposite effect on a patient to the one expected

176. It is clear from the passage that the effectiveness of some drugs ----.

178. We learn from the passage that when a drug is taken, ----.

A) seems to be related to the sex of the patient B) is not related to their passage through the bloodstream C) depends upon their metabolization D) is outside the range of pharmacokinetics E) can be increased by varying the dosage

A) its passage through the bloodstream is likely to be long and slow B) it immediately passes into the bloodstream C) toxic reaction can immediately be observed D) it passes immediately to the infected site in the body E) its metabolization takes place in the liver

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179.

There have been stories in the press about mobile phones sparking explosions at petrol stations. But (I) ---- the GSM Association, a worldwide body for mobile phone makers, none of these reports has ever been traced back to a real event. But there is a real safety (II) ----, and it's not about radio emissions (III) --- mobiles as you might have thought. (IV) ----, the GSM Association says there is a theoretical risk that if a hand-held phone is dropped and the battery separates from the phone, it (V) ---- a spark across the contacts. This is equally true of other battery-powered devices such as torches, Walkmans and CD players. But it's far more likely that mobile phones cause a hazard at petrol stations (VI) --- distracting their users while they're operating a petrol pump.

A) B) C) D) E) 180. A) B) C) D) E) 181. A) B) C) D) E) 182. A) B) C) D) E) 183. A) B) C) D) E) 184. A) B) C) D) E)

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185. We understand from the passage that explosions at petrol stations ----.

187. It is pointed out in the passage that any battery powered device ----.

A) are extremely rare since so many precautions are taken to prevent them B) have always been accurately reported by the press C) have never been precisely traced to mobile phones D) are so rare that no further precautions are considered necessary E) are theoretically unlikely, due to the introduction of serious safety measures

A) is sure to emit sparks if dropped B) is potentially dangerous at a petrol station C) that is dropped will be permanently damaged D) has to be approved by the GSM Association E) can distract a person's attention and cause accidents 188. It is clear from the passage that much adverse publicity ----.

186. According to the passage, a mobile phone ----.

A) in the press concerning mobile phone users has had far-reaching effects B) has undermined the authority of the GSM Association C) has reduced the popularity of all battery powered devices D) has been aimed at mobile phones for causing explosions at petrol stations E) of petrol stations, on account of their lack of safety precautions, has appeared in the press

A) could be the cause of an explosion at a petrol station, but not on account of its radio emissions B) has to bear the stamp of the GSM Association before it goes into use C) occasionally emits sparks that are normally harmless, but not on all occasions D) is less likely to cause an explosion than a CD player or a torch is E) should be switched off on arrival at a petrol station

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(I) ----, potatoes were grown on unirrigated land, which often meant they were small and probably misshapen. Now, (II) ----, farmers routinely irrigate their lands to produce products acceptable to the fast-food industry for its French fries. But in Minnesota the groundwater that farmers pump for potatoes has (III) ---- to be the same water that helps to sustain the Straight River, a major trout fishery. Even modest pumping for potatoes, a federal study eventually concluded, had the potential to reduce the river's flow (IV) ---- one third during the irrigation season, with adverse impact on the brown trout. For now, the trout are not in danger, but that could change (V) ---Minnesota were to approve applications from farmers still eager to see potato planting and irrigation widen.

189. A) B) C) D) E) 190. A) B) C) D) E) 191. A) B) C) D) E) 192. A) B) C) D) E) 193. A) B) C) D) E)

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194. According to the passage, small, badly-shaped potatoes ----.

196. We understand from the passage that the groundwater Minnesota farmers use for irrigation purposes ----.

A) bring in very little money B) make excellent French fries C) are often the result of inadequate irrigation D) are a poor strain of potato that is being replaced by better strains E) have led to a drop in the sale of French fries

A) could significantly reduce the level of the Straight River during the irrigation season B) has reduced the numbers of fish in the Straight River by one third C) is quickly replaced once the rainy season commences D) has had no obvious effect on the environment E) is no longer available for irrigation purposes

195. It is clear from the passage that the fast-food industry ----. A) is keen to help solve environmental problems B) has made large, well-shaped potatoes the ideal C) is not in the least interested in the size of the potatoes it buys D) plays a major role in the development of irrigation systems E) agreed to buy smaller potatoes when it became clear that irrigation systems were a threat to the brown trout

197. It is implied in the passage that Minnesota farmers ----. A) have agreed to stop irrigating their fields B) might resist efforts to cut down on irrigation C) will change to crops that require less water than potatoes D) have done their best to save the trout fishery of the Straight River E) have failed to give the fast-food companies the type of potato they want

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198.

If engineers waited for the development of scientific knowledge to use and organize into technological achievements, ours (I) ---- a very different world from what we know. In engineering, it is not so much science as it is ingenuity that is applied to solve problems and (II) ---- needs and wants. If this were not so, the steam engine would never have been invented in the absence of thermodynamics. The Wright Brothers would not have flown since they had no aerodynamics textbooks. The astronauts would never have landed on the Moon nor the rovers on Mars (III) ---- firm geological knowledge of their surfaces. (IV) ---following scientific theories and discoveries, engineering leads them. Operating steam engines prompted the development of thermodynamics, actual powered flight drove aerodynamics, and Moon and Mars missions brought back samples and sent back data that led to increased scientific knowledge (V) ---those extra-terrestrial bodies.

A) B) C) D) E) 199. A) B) C) D) E) 200. A) B) C) D) E) 201. A) B) C) D) E) 202. A) B) C) D) E)

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203. The main point made in this passage is that ----.

205. We understand from the passage that the technological achievements of engineers are ---.

A) engineers rely on theoretical science for the solution of technical problems B) theoretical science and technological achievement have always gone handin-hand C) engineering is very often a step ahead of the pure sciences D) all scientists show equal ingenuity E) the steam engine was the greatest invention of all time

A) frequently the result of inventiveness and creativity B) based on a profound knowledge of several scientific fields C) best exemplified in the missions to Mars D) often disappointing as they aim to achieve too much E) no longer as impressive as formerly

204. As it is pointed out in the passage, it was only after the steam engine had come into being that ----.

206. One point made in the passage is that inventions ----. A) relate more to physics than to chemistry B) are made in response to the recognition of a need C) are almost always based on some degree of scientific knowledge D) are valued more than new scientific theories E) do not usually relate to our ordinary everyday life

A) anyone could envisage traveling into space B) people understood what engineering could achieve C) people began to value scientific theory D) aerodynamics attracted any serious attention E) the science of thermodynamics really began to develop

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Narrowly defined, fitness (I) ---- the characteristics that enable the body to perform physical activity. These characteristics include flexibility of the joints, strength and endurance of the muscles, including the heart muscle, and a healthy body composition. A broader definition of fitness is the ability to meet routine physical demands with enough energy reserve to rise to a sudden (II) ----. This definition shows how fitness relates to everyday life. (III) ---- tasks such as carrying heavy suitcases, opening a stuck window, or climbing four flights of stairs, which might (IV) ---- an unfit person, are easy for a fit person. Still another definition is the body’s ability to withstand stress, meaning both physical and psychological stress. These definitions do not (V) ---- each other; all three describe the same wonderful condition of the body.

207. A) B) C) D) E) 208. A) B) C) D) E) 209. A) B) C) D) E) 210. A) B) C) D) E) 211. A) B) C) D) E)

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212. According to the passage, fitness, among other things, enables ----.

214. It is implied in the passage that, if one is not fit, one ----.

A) an unfit person to perform various tasks in everyday life B) the heart to perform its task regularly C) people to understand their body composition fully D) the body to overcome psychological stress E) a person to conserve his or her energy efficiently

A) can still find it easy to climb the stairs or open a stuck window B) should still try to do all kinds of tasks that cause physical and psychological stress C) must do his or her best to increase the energy reserve of the body D) should only carry out ordinary tasks in everyday life E) may find it hard to do the routine tasks of everyday life

213. Each definition of fitness given in the passage ----.

215. According to the passage, a strong heart muscle ----.

A) is not complete and has already aroused much controversy among specialists B) refers to various things and is therefore widely different from the others C) is perfectly compatible with the others and draws attention to the same thing D) offers guidelines about the development of a healthy body composition E) underlines the ways whereby the muscles can best be made stronger

A) is indispensable to get rid of physical stress B) can only be developed through hard physical activities C) is one of the indications of being fit D) need not be related to physical fitness E) is the only indication of a healthy body composition

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From the mid-fifteenth century (I) ----, most of Europe had enjoyed steady economic growth, and the discovery of the New World seemed the basis of greater prosperity to come. (II) ---the middle of the sixteenth century, however, the situation changed. Nothing like the upward price trend that affected Western Europe in the second half of the sixteenth century had ever happened (III) ----. Since Europe’s population began to grow vastly and the food supply remained (IV) ----, food prices were driven sharply higher by the increased demand. At the same time, wages (V) ---- or even declined. On the other hand, the enormous influx of silver from Spanish America into Europe, where much of it was minted into coins, caused a dramatic increase in the volume of money in circulation. This, of course, fuelled the spiral of rising prices.

216. A) B) C) D) E) 217. A) B) C) D) E) 218. A) B) C) D) E) 219. A) B) C) D) E) 220. A) B) C) D) E)

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221. The main aim of the passage is to present ----.

223. Upon reading the passage, one can say that ----.

A) the excitement that was caused by the arrival of large amounts of silver from Spanish America B) a picture of the steady economic growth of Europe over the centuries C) how an increase in the food supply in Europe was achieved D) the reasons for the rapid growth in the population of Europe E) the basic reasons for the economic turbulence Europe had to face in the sixteenth century

A) the discovery of the New World was generally greeted with dismay B) an increase in the volume of money in circulation causes a rise in prices C) the worst problem a country ever has to face is a serious food shortage D) the discovery of the New World brought more problems to Europe than benefits E) after the sixteenth century Europe was never again faced with such a spiral of rising prices

222. It is understood from the passage that ----.

224. One can infer from the passage that, in the second half of the sixteenth century, the people of Europe realized that ----.

A) the political instability that Europe suffered from in the mid-sixteenth century was largely caused by the food shortage B) the discovery of the New World brought great welfare to Europe in the mid-sixteenth century C) Europeans were better off in the second half of the fifteenth century D) people benefited greatly from the influx of silver into Europe E) very little is known about the history of Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

A) their dreams of prosperity had no basis B) they could look forward to a more prosperous future C) the New World could offer them a better life D) they would have to fight for higher wages E) the lives of ordinary people varied very little from one century to the next

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Engineering is (I) ---- writing or painting (II) ---it is a creative endeavour that begins in the mind‘s eye and proceeds into new frontiers of thought and action, where it does not so much find as make new things. (III) ---- the poet starts with a blank sheet of paper and the artist with a blank canvas, so the engineer today begins with a blank computer screen. Until the outlines of a design are set down, however tentatively, there can be no appeal to science or to critical analysis to judge or test the design. Scientific, rhetorical or aesthetic principles may be called on to inspire, refine and finish a design, but creative things do not come of applying the principles alone. Without the sketch of a thing or a diagram of a process, scientific facts and laws are (IV) ---- little use to engineers. Science may be the theatre, but engineering is the action (V) ---- the stage.

225. A) B) C) D) E) 226. A) B) C) D) E) 227. A) B) C) D) E) 228. A) B) C) D) E) 229. A) B) C) D) E)

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230. The writer‘s main aim in this passage is to ----.

232. It can be inferred from the passage that, once a poet has achieved the basic core of his poem, ----.

A) show how many different types of creativity there are B) stress the creative and constructive aspects of an engineer‘s work C) compare and contrast the way poets and painters work D) show that literary creativity is superior to the painter‘s creativity E) establish the fact that it is the engineers‘ scientific knowledge that makes him creative

A) the creative process is complete B) he tends to lose interest in it C) he should wait a while before transcribing it onto a blank sheet of paper D) aesthetic principles may help him to intensify and complete it E) he must start to examine it for flaws and then remove them 233. According to the writer of the passage, each act of creativity ----.

231. We understand from the passage that, for the engineer, scientific laws ---.

A) necessitates the crossing of frontiers and entry into unknown regions B) is dependent upon a storehouse of closely related knowledge C) arises almost equally out of thought and inspiration and knowledge D) has some bearing on other acts of creativity E) in one sphere of endeavour has its counterpart in another

A) only have a role to play after a design has taken some sort of form B) are only relevant in details concerning safety C) are a constant factor all through the creative process of design D) play an important role only when it comes to finalizing certain details E) are rarely applicable at any stage in his projects

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(I) ---- the older forms of occultism, such as magic and astrology, organized occultism is a modern phenomenon. Few of the various organized occult movements (III) ---- for more than 150 years; some were formed as a belated counter movement to the Enlightenment, when people began to follow rational schools of thought. Today‘s occult views are based on the idea that there are events within nature, (III) ---- within one‘s spiritual life, which seem mysterious and cannot be explained by science. Examples include extrasensory perceptions such as telepathy and telekinesis, and haunted places or people. Believers maintain (IV) ---- these phenomena (V) ---- unknown powers that can often be accessed only by some people (VI) --- special abilities.

234. A) B) C) D) E) 235. A) B) C) D) E) 236. A) B) C) D) E) 237. A) B) C) D) E) 238. A) B) C) D) E) 239. A) B) C) D) E)

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240. We understand from the passage that adherents of occultism claim that certain people ----.

242. As we learn from the passage, occult practices in our time ----. A) are particularly widespread among people who follow rational schools of thought B) have mostly focused on the mysteries of telepathy and telekinesis C) essentially stem from the occult movements of the past D) are concerned with phenomena which are thought to be scientifically inexplicable E) seem to benefit from science in explaining natural phenomena

A) have extraordinary talents that allow them to have contact with the unknown B) practise magic and explain events by means of astrological signs C) were the pioneers of the antiEnlightenment movements in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries D) can tell us what places are haunted and why E) can teach others what extrasensory perceptions are 241. According to the passage, some of the organized occult movements in the past came into being ----.

243. It is implied in the passage that magic and astrology ----. A) have failed as occult practices in explaining extrasensory perceptions B) are forms of occultism which can be traced back into the past C) lost their significance with the rise of rationalism during the Enlightenment D) did not exist as occult practices prior to the Enlightenment E) have always been used in order to communicate with unknown powers

A) as a result of various magical and astrological practices B) since people in the past were seriously concerned about their extrasensory perceptions C) because the public was not satisfied with scientific explanations of events in nature D) due to the assumption that many phenomena in nature were related to man‘s spiritual life E) in reaction to the rational thinking style that characterized the Enlightenment

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(I) ---- every teenager thinks he is brighter than his parents, every decade considers itself superior (II) ---- the one that came before. Over the past few months, we of the 2000 decade have made it quite clear that we are morally heads (III) ---- those who lived in the 1990s. We‘ve done it first by establishing a reigning cliché for that period. Just as the 1960s are known for student unrest, the 1980s for Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies, the 1990s will henceforth be known as the second Gilded Age. They will be known as the age (IV) ---- the real problems in the world were ignored (V) ---the illusions of the dotcom types were celebrated. It was the age of effortless abundance, cell phones on every ear, stock markets that only went up and Mercedes sport utility vehicles. Never before had business leaders enjoyed so much prestige, and never before had capitalism had fewer mortal enemies. Bill Gates couldn‘t be on enough business-magazine covers; tycoons like him felt free to assume the role of global sages, writing books with (VI) ---- weighty titles as The Road Ahead.

244. A) B) C) D) E) 245. A) B) C) D) E) 246. A) B) C) D) E) 247. A) B) C) D) E) 248. A) B) C) D) E) 249. A) B) C) D) E)

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250. According to the passage, the decade of the 1990s was characterized by ----.

252. We understand from the passage that, during the 1990s, ----. A) there was a great deal of student unrest B) capitalism again fell into disrepute C) technological advance took the form of useful gadgets D) teenagers grew very critical of their parents E) business tycoons received undue respect and were indeed almost idolized

A) capitalism, blindness and possessions B) hard-work, greed and the need to communicate C) indifference, immorality and selfishness D) generosity, spontaneity and individuality E) disagreements, competition and prejudice 251. In the opinion of the author of the passage, the 2000 decade ----.

253. One point made in the passage is that ----.

A) differs very little from the decade of Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies B) inherited a failing global economy from the previous decade C) is far more moral than the preceding one D) still admires the values of the business leaders of the 1990s and the books they wrote E) is fast losing its idealism and growing more and more like previous decades

A) with each passing decade life gets easier and more comfortable B) any hopes of the 2000 decade are not likely to survive the decade C) the business magazines of this decade differ very little from those of earlier decades D) each new decade regards itself as superior to the previous one E) the real problems of each decade are essentially the same

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254.

The late Chinese Prime Minister, Chou-En Lai, (I) ---- being asked whether the French Revolution had been a good thing in world history, was reported (II) ----: It is still too early to tell. Watching the Western media analyse the recent emergence of China as a major investor in Africa and likely to become a new factor to rival the historical Euro-American ascendancy in African politics, one is even more justified in saying that it is too soon to tell (III) ---- the outcome of the Chinese love affair in Africa will be. (IV) ---- China, India is also increasingly mentioned as a new source of large-scale investments in Africa. For the moment, the emergence of the Asian superpowers, themselves once in the sphere of British imperialism, as investors and trading partners in Africa, seems to offer an opportunity of shaking the marginalisation into which most African countries have fallen (V) --- the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989.

A) B) C) D) E) 255. A) B) C) D) E) 256. A) B) C) D) E) 257. A) B) C) D) E) 258. A) B) C) D) E)

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259. It is clear from the passage that, with the growing economic involvement of China and India in Africa, ----.

261. The author points out that, historically, Africa ----. A) has always been on good terms with China, especially since the time of Chou-En Lai B) has always played a central role in world politics and economic rivalry C) was completely colonized by Britain but, later, came under the Soviet political influence D) has always been subject to the European and American political hegemony E) has suffered a great deal from British economic exploitation and political hegemony

A) the British economic and political interests in the region can only be maintained through more investments by Britain B) the Western superpowers have apparently lost their political influence in the region C) this continent has clearly been gaining in importance D) the Euro-American collaboration in the region will inevitably come to an end E) regional governments have begun to introduce radical measures for the improvement of the economy

262. One understands from the passage that the author ----.

260. According to the passage, it is China, more than India, that ----.

A) is not yet sure of the possible consequences of China‘s economic and political ascendancy in Africa B) is much impressed by the widespread political improvement in Africa that has been ushered in by China C) displays a hostile attitude towards the Euro-American ascendancy in Africa today D) is particularly interested in Chou-En Lai‘s ideas and policies with regard to Africa E) is very biased in his assessment of the Chinese and Indian policies concerning the future of Africa

A) has historically resisted British imperialism in order to safeguard its own interests in Africa B) is in the fore front in Africa as a leading investor and trading partner C) was extremely pleased with the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989 D) has attached much importance to the views of the Western media E) has been most influenced in its ideology by the French Revolution

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263.

A couple of months ago, NASA asked the scientific community what kinds of research it should conduct when it returns humans (I) ---the moon. In doing so, NASA wanted prioritized research objectives (II) ---- the robotic orbiters and landers that will be used primarily for reconnaissance purposes prior to later explorations (III) ---- astronauts of the lunar surface. Recommendations made by scientists varied greatly, but they can be summarized. The top priority that scientists have recommended is the development (IV) --- programmes for lunar data analysis. Next is the exploration of the moon‘s south pole, which is called the Aitken basin, an impact scar mostly (V) ---- the moon‘s back side. Then comes an instrument network for probing the interior of the moon, and this is followed by rock sample returns, scientifically selected landing sites, and analysis of any icy polar deposits.

A) B) C) D) E) 264. A) B) C) D) E) 265. A) B) C) D) E) 266. A) B) C) D) E) 267. A) B) C) D) E)

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268. From the research recommendations summarized in the passage, it becomes clear that ----.

270. As is clear from the passage, NASA‘s purpose in consulting scientists is to ----.

A) there is still a lot that has to be learned about the moon B) scientists are extensively familiar with the structure of the moon C) the exploration of the lunar surface is not so urgent as understanding the inner structure of the moon D) the scientific community does not regard NASA‘s objectives about the moon as feasible E) NASA is determined to make the moon a new base for space exploration

A) make sure that its programmes for lunar data analysis are supported by them B) learn whether the moon has water deposited as ice under its poles C) find out about the kind of research which is primarily important for lunar exploration D) encourage them to focus their attention on a full study of the Aitken basin E) give them the opportunity to discuss their research results about the moon

269. One understands from the passage that NASA ----.

271. According to the passage, one of the recommendations made by the scientific community concerns ----.

A) and scientists have conflicting research objectives about the moon B) has already developed a multi-purpose research programme for the moon C) always consults the scientific community, but seldom takes its advice into consideration D) is planning to send robots to the moon before it sends astronauts E) has been indifferent to various recommendations made by scientists

A) the scientific specification of the locations where robots or astronauts can land B) the problems related to the working of the robots orbiting the moon or landing on the surface C) the analysis of the rock samples that will be taken from the Aitken basin D) the tasks that will be performed by the astronauts when they explore the moon‘s south pole E) the question of how NASA can benefit from the results obtained from lunar explorations

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272.

In many primitive communities there is a taboo on mentioning a man‘s name (I) ---- in certain special circumstances, (II) ---- his name is believed to contain within it something of himself, which would be lost and wasted (III) --- his name were uttered without first taking special precautions. This belief about words is widespread. Among the more primitive and the uneducated, it is universal. A remarkably matter of act practical application of it occurs even in the present day in the Tibetan prayerwheel. If, thinks the Tibetan peasant, a prayer uttered (IV) ---- does some good, then the same prayer uttered many times will do more good. (V) ----, since he assumes that the efficacy lies in the prayer as an entity in itself, he writes it round the rim of a wheel, and then frugally employs the water of a mountain stream to turn it all day long, (VI) ---- wastefully employing his own lungs and lips to say it again and again.

A) B) C) D) E) 273. A) B) C) D) E) 274. A) B) C) D) E) 275. A) B) C) D) E) 276. A) B) C) D) E) 277. A) B) C) D) E)

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278. In this passage, the author points out that ----.

280. The author uses the example of the Tibetan prayer-wheel to ----.

A) most societies in the world today are still very primitive B) in primitive societies, words are often felt to embody the idea they Express C) the unsophisticated are no less intelligent than the sophisticated D) Tibetan peasants should not be regarded as primitive E) the Tibetan peasant does not really believe that the prayer-wheel can do any good

A) show that all religions are fundamentally alike B) demonstrate how unrealistic primitive peoples are C) illustrate just how powerful words are felt to be in primitive societies D) show how inventive primitive peoples are E) show how unique the natives of Tibet are 281. It is clear from the passage that, among primitive societies, it is generally believed that a man‘s name ---.

279. As we understand from the passage, an underlying belief behind the Tibetan prayer-wheel is that ----. A) for a prayer to be answered, it must be repeated many times B) man can achieve nothing without the help of stronger powers C) man is powerless against the forces of evil D) human effort can achieve almost anything E) the forces of nature must never be opposed

A) B) C) D)

should be constantly repeated has a wholesome effect upon his life will bring calamity to those who use it should only be spoken under appropriate circumstances E) is of little importance as it is so rarely used

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282.

Thomas Edison began conducting experiments during his childhood. To start with, there were hundreds of unsuccessful experiments but Edison (I) ---- invented and patented 2, 500 items, including the electric lamp and phonograph. He was (II) ---- to give laughter and light to people, but, until he actually managed to do so, most people ridiculed him. Without losing hope, Edison (III) ---- over 1, 000 unsuccessful experiments in his efforts to make an electric lamp. When people told him he was wasting his time, energy, and money for nothing, Edison exclaimed, For nothing! Every time I make an experiment, I get new results. Failures are stepping stones to success. Determined to give people electric lamps, Edison said he‘d meet his goal by early 1880. In October, 1879, he created his first electric lamp, and in so doing, received much (IV) ----. People realized that Edison‘s invention was not affected by rain or wind, remaining constant through bad weather. Just as he had hoped, Edison (V) ---- people with light and laughter.

A) B) C) D) E) 283. A) B) C) D) E) 284. A) B) C) D) E) 285. A) B) C) D) E) 286. A) B) C) D) E)

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287. As we understand from the passage, Edison conducted many unsuccessful experimental trials, ----.

289. As we understand from the passage, with the phrase, ―Failures are stepping stones to success‖, Edison meant that ----.

A) most of which were very expensive and got him into financial difficulties B) but the list of his patental inventions is a long one C) most of which were related to the phonograph D) but the people who knew him encouraged him to keep on trying E) and on many occasions he felt his experiments were pointless

A) one should forget one‘s failures as soon as possible B) one cannot be successful every time C) success and failure are both a matter of chance D) there are two kinds of failure: those that lead to success and those that don‘t E) the knowledge and experience that one gains from failure contributes to success

288. It is clear from the passage that, once Edison had invented the electric lamp, ----.

290. According to the passage, when Edison was working on an invention, he ----.

A) he lost interest in carrying out experiments B) he admitted that at one point he had very nearly given up the Project C) he wasn‘t at all interested in what people felt about it D) people were particularly impressed by the fact that wind and rain had no damaging effect on it E) he felt discouraged because he had failed to meet the goal he had set himself for the completion of his invention

A) was keen to pass on to others the knowledge he was accumulating B) was very secretive about what he was doing C) was not discouraged by the possibility of failure D) avoided friends and detractors alike E) felt embarrassed by periods of no progress

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294.

The 16th century in England is generally known as the Tudor period, which historically (I) ---- from 1485 to 1603. Among the famous Tudor sovereigns were Henry VII, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I. In fact, the early years of the Tudor period were marked by significant changes in trade and in the arts of war. Henry VII made commercial treaties (II) ---- European countries. Economically, England, which had always been a sheep-raising country, was by now manufacturing and exporting significant amounts of cloth. (III) ---- lands were enclosed to permit grazing on a larger scale, people were (IV) ---- the land to the cities, and London (V) ---- a metropolitan market with sophisticated commercial institutions. These changes had an impact on the traditional feudal social order, which also began to decline; also, due to the introduction of cannons and firearms, the feudal system of warfare became (VI) ----. Yet, it would be a mistake to imagine these changes as sudden and dramatic. (VII) ----, it was a slow and long process whereby England was transformed into a modern state.

291. A) B) C) D) E) 292. A) B) C) D) E) 293. A) B) C) D) E)

A) B) C) D) E) 295. A) B) C) D) E) 296. A) B) C) D) E) 297. A) B) C) D) E)

I stated realized conquered lasted revolutionized

IV made out pulled through held up driven off broken out V fought off watched out played down moved off grew into VI sarcastic obsolete obstinate dominant glorious VII Meanwhile Otherwise Still Now that In fact

II with to of at on III Similarly As Unless Only when Following

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298. According to the passage, it was during the Tudor period that ----.

300. One understands from the passage that the Tudor dynasty in England ----.

A) England‘s overseas trade was adversely affected by ongoing wars in Europe B) feudalism in England was further strengthened C) England‘s exports to European countries were significantly in decline D) sheep-raising was introduced into England, which had large areas of grazing E) London was transformed into a major trade centre

A) was best represented by Henry VIII, who followed a policy of friendship with other countries B) introduced a number of military reforms in order to build the strongest army in Europe C) focused its main attention on the improvement of agriculture in the country D) was represented by powerful sovereigns, who played a leading role in European politics E) came to power in the late fifteenth century and ruled the country over a century

299. It is pointed out in the passage that the changes that took place in Tudor England ----.

301. It is clear from the passage that, due to developments in cloth-making in Tudor England, ----.

A) were fundamentally inspired by the social and economic developments already being witnessed in Europe B) had far-reaching effects on social and economic life C) were mainly confined to social life and improved the efficiency of the feudal social order D) initially resulted from a revision of the traditional arts of war that had depended on the use of cannons and firearms E) greatly reduced all the political and legal powers that English sovereigns had traditionally enjoyed and used

A) most farming lands were turned into grazing fields for the sheep B) English merchants began to look for new markets in order to export more goods C) rural people gave up farming and migrated to London in search of employment D) the economic prosperity of the people increased enormously E) many cities, including London, competed with each other for economic prosperity

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302.

The Copernican revolution began over 500 years ago with the realization (I) ---- the Earth was not the centre of the universe, but we still await its grand finale: the anticipated discovery of life elsewhere. Where else might we find life? The vast scale of the universe makes it virtually certain that there are other Earth-like (II) ----. In our own solar system, Mars‘s distance (III) ---- the Sun makes it sufficiently Earth-like; so, especially with increasing evidence for occasional liquid water, many are looking there (IV) ---- the first sign of extraterrestrial life. Recently, however, a new contender has emerged, and surprisingly it is from the cold outer solar system: it is Jupiter‘s moon Europa. As one of the four satellites of Jupiter, discovered by Galileo in 1610, Europa is now believed to have water in a liquid state, (V) ---- it is so far from the Sun. Thus, the possibility of liquid water on Europa has opened the door to speculation about life on this satellite of Jupiter.

A) B) C) D) E) 303. A) B) C) D) E) 304. A) B) C) D) E) 305. A) B) C) D) E) 306. A) B) C) D) E)

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307. One clearly understands from the passage that, until Copernicus in the sixteenth century, ----.

309. It is pointed out in the passage that, in recent years, ----. A) some scientists have come to regard Copernicus‘s contribution to astronomy as negligible B) scientists have come to understand the reasons for Galileo‘s discovery of Europa C) astronomers have focused on an indepth study of the outer solar system D) there has been much controversy about the geological features of Mars E) it has been suggested that Jupiter‘s moon Europa may have liquid water on it

A) Mars had generally been regarded as the planet with life on it B) the search for life elsewhere in the solar system had been futile C) it had been commonly believed that the centre of the universe was the Earth D) there had been many attempts to understand the outer solar system E) the planets in the solar system had all been discovered and studied 308. According to the passage, the discovery of Earth-like settings in other parts of the universe ----.

310. It is stated in the passage that currently Mars ----.

A) is definitely out of question, since the universe is extremely vast B) would no longer make the Earth seem like the only planet with life on it C) seems possible, but it would be very costly and dangerous to attempt it D) has been an obsession for scientists ever since the time of Copernicus E) was what Galileo was primarily interested in in the early seventeenth century

A) has been established as the only planet with a vast amount of water under its surface B) is being fully explored because, as a planet, it is so close to the Earth C) has been partially studied, and so it still maintains its mystery as a planet D) has been the main focus of the scientific search for extra-terrestrial life E) and Europa provide a great deal of evidence for a better understanding of the solar system

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311.

During the latter part of 1980, Iraq invaded Iran and hoped to (I) ---- its southern oil fields. Iran counterattacked. The result was a murderous eight year conflict marked by the use of chemical weapons and human waves of young Iranian radicals fighting the Soviet-armed Iraqis. The war ended with Iran‘s defeat, but not the collapse of its theocratic regime. In the short term, their long defence of Iranian nationalism left the mullahs more entrenched at home, (II) ---- abroad they used their oil revenues to back grass-roots radicalism in Lebanon and militants elsewhere who engaged (III) ---- anti-Western terrorism. Over the years, the strongest threats to the Iranian regime ultimately (IV) ---- from within, from a new generation of young students and workers who have discovered that their prospects for prosperity and democratic rights have not changed (V) ---- since the days of the shah.

A) B) C) D) E) 312. A) B) C) D) E) 313. A) B) C) D) E) 314. A) B) C) D) E) 315. A) B) C) D) E)

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316. According to the passage, the Iranian regime ----.

318. As can be seen from the passage, the war between Iran and Iraq ----.

A) has always been aware of the need to grant to the people their democratic rights B) was adversely affected by the war with Iraq and lost much of its power C) has introduced radical economic policies to increase its oil revenues D) has failed to gain the unanimous support of the people in the country E) wholly relies on young radicals in the country, who are inspired by nationalism

A) lasted under a decade and caused a great deal of bloodshed B) was actually a war of attrition, with no victory for either side C) greatly undermined the prosperity of the Iranian people D) made it necessary for the Iranian regime to use all its oil revenues for weapons E) was fought on both sides with weapons provided by the Soviets 319. It is stressed in the passage that, with the money earned from oil exports, Iran ----.

317. It is clear from the passage that Iraq‘s invasion of Iran ----. A) led to a war, which, in the end, settled the issue of the southern oil fields B) was sheer aggression, motivated by an economic purpose C) significantly weakened the authority of the Iranian mullahs D) was strongly opposed by the Soviet government of the time E) provoked Iranian students and workers into anti-regime demonstrations

A) financed a series of projects to strengthen nationalism among young radicals B) made huge investments to upgrade the capacity of its southern oil fields C) re-armed its army and, thus, was able to resist the Iraqi invasion D) carried out economic reforms to improve the living standards of its people E) sponsored radical political movements in other countries

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320.

The loss of global biodiversity is occurring at an (I) ---- rate. Since the 1970s, the area of tropical forests destroyed worldwide (II) ---- the land mass of the European Union. Animal and plant species are disappearing. Over fishing has depleted stocks around the world. Poor farming practices have depleted soils while allowing the invasion of harmful species. Destruction of wetlands has left low-lying areas extremely (III) ---- to storms and natural disasters. Especially in Europe, ecosystems have suffered more human-induced damage than those on any other continent. Only about 3 per cent of Europe‘s forests can be classified as undisturbed by humans, and the continent has lost more than half of its wetlands. The spread of urbanization and the excessive (IV) --- of resources is having an (V) ---- impact on biodiversity.

A) B) C) D) E) 321. A) B) C) D) E) 322. A) B) C) D) E) 323. A) B) C) D) E) 324. A) B) C) D) E)

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I elegant utter indispensable outrageous alarming II exceeds diversify lies covers manufactures III eliminative vulnerable mild comparative severe IV exploitation deprivation apprehension detention value V generous formal sustainable enormous spectacular

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325. In the passage, attention is drawn to the fact that a very small percentage of the forests in Europe ----.

327. As clearly stressed in the passage, the biodiversity in the world ----. A) has been completely immune from any kind of human-induced damage B) can only be sustained through the preservation of forests as well as wetlands C) can be preserved intact only if poor farming practices can be prevented globally D) is declining so fast that its effects can be observed in various ways E) can best be observed in tropical forests, which also contain large areas of wetlands

A) seem to have been over-exploited and, therefore, ecologically damaged B) have been reserved for animal and plant species C) have been used for urbanization and exploited D) can be considered to be ecologically suitable for biodiversity E) have remained untouched by human exploitation 326. According to the passage, compared with other continents, Europe ----.

328. It is claimed in the passage that the depletion of global fish stocks ----.

A) is far more advanced in the improvement of its farming practices B) owns a far greater area of wetlands and forests with a wide range of animal species C) is the only continent to have had its ecosystems most extensively damaged D) has suffered so much loss in its biodiversity that its variety of plant species has declined a great deal E) has been able to sustain the diversity of its animal species despite the spread of urbanization

A) has mainly resulted from the loss of wetlands on all the continents B) has an adverse impact on the world‘s biodiversity C) has caused much damage to Europe‘s ecosystems in particular D) is far more alarming in the tropical regions than in any other part of the world E) cannot be prevented unless overfishing is forbidden worldwide

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333.

For thousands of years the wild orangutan lived in rich tropical forests. The species has no natural enemy, but in the last three decades it has been driven (I) ---- extinction. The main causes (II) ---- this are miners, peasants and illegal loggers who have destroyed the orangutan’s habitat (III) ---- the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Borneo. More than half of these lowland forests were cut (IV) ---during President Suharto’s autocratic reign, but the change to democracy in Indonesia in the late 1990s did nothing to stop the forest clearing. In addition, illegal hunters have killed more than 1, 000 orangutan mothers (V) ---year, stealing their babies to sell (VI) ---- the black market. Because orangutans breed slowly, they could not reproduce quickly enough to counter these threats (VII) ---- their existence and so they died out. 329. A) B) C) D) E) 330. A) B) C) D) E) 331. A) B) C) D) E) 332. A) B) C) D) E)

A) B) C) D) E) 334. A) B) C) D) E) 335. A) B) C) D) E)

I to on of at with

V per of in along around VI of with by on for VII over at under on to

II by from for at on III at on about off along IV out of up under down

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336. It is clear from the passage that despite the shift to a democratic government in Indonesia, ----.

338. This passage is mainly concerned with ----. A) how the wild orangutan has become extinct B) the difficult life of the miners and loggers on Sumatra and Borneo C) how the lowland forests of Sumatra and Borneo are disappearing D) former Indonesian president Suharto’s autocratic reign E) the change to democracy in Indonesia in the late 1990s

A) the practice of selling baby orangutans on the black market increased B) the orangutans there began to have a better life C) the illegal hunting practices of the loggers were stopped D) the orangutans were moved to safety E) the forests there continued to be cut down 337. It is pointed out in the passage that the orangutans weren’t able to replace those that had died or been stolen because ----.

339. We can understand from the passage that the primary reason for the disappearance of the orangutans is ----. A) illegal hunting by miners B) the dictatorship of former President Suharto C) the destruction of their forest habitat D) the start of democracy in Indonesia E) the fact that they have no natural enemy

A) the government gave its support to the destruction of the forests B) they could only reproduce very slowly C) the black market price for young orangutans was rising rapidly D) no one, anywhere, showed any interest in the fate of the orangutans E) illegal hunters had carried out their plan to kill all the orangutan females

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1. I

LEVEL 3

A) B) C) D) E)

We can only guess when Shakespeare wrote his plays. He (I) ---- his own writing season perhaps in the quieter winter months, but he never stopped acting, probably taking two or three minor parts (II) ---- a major one. He seems (III) ---- for himself the more static and undemanding roles in his plays, such as old Adam in As You Like It and the Ghost in Hamlet. His audiences included many habitual playgoers and many must have known Shakespeare and he must have known them. We can imagine, (IV) ---- a recent biographer has said, that there might have been a complex, subtle communicative exchange when he appeared in one of his own plays. In spring 1613, he purchased his first property in London. He was renting it out by 1616, but may (V) ---- have entertained other intentions for the property. It would certainly have been a handy place to stay, being near the Globe, which was his theatre. Perhaps the destruction of the Globe in 1613, which probably prompted him to sell his share in the theatre company, altered his plans for it. He may not have given up acting, but his writing career was (VI) ---- by the end of that year. In 1614, he returned to his hometown, Stratford-upon-Avon, and died there in 1616.

is having may have had will have might have would have had

2. II A) B) C) D) E)

as soon as just as in the event of instead of but for

3. III A) B) C) D) E)

to be choosing choosing to have chosen choose chosen

4. IV A) B) C) D) E)

hence like unlike but as

5. V A) B) C) D) E)

reasonably given originally just approximately

6. VI A) B) C) D) E)

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of under out of in over

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7. It is suggested in the passage that, when Shakespeare acted, ----.

10. It is suggested in the passage that Shakespeare, ----.

A) he was always assigned the most crucial parts B) the audiences were thrilled by his acting C) the Globe Theatre was always crowded D) he could spare very little time for his writing E) the parts he played were mostly easy, unimportant ones

A) as a playwright, preferred tragedies to comedies B) as a property owner, got a good income from his rents C) as an actor, was often in close contact with his audiences D) returned to Stratford-upon-Avon almost as soon as the Globe was destroyed E) though he returned to Stratford, very soon regretted leaving London

8. It is pointed out in the passage that, although Shakespeare had stopped writing plays by the end of 1813, ----.

11. It is clear from the passage that the Globe Theatre ----. A) was partly owned by Shakespeare himself B) was built on land that Shakespeare had bought C) was particularly spacious so as to accommodate large audiences D) was the most popular of the London theatres in Shakespeare's time E) was designed and built especially for the staging of Shakespeare's plays

A) it seems likely that he continued to act a little longer B) he sometimes revised some of his earlier plays C) he wanted to keep his company intact D) his company put pressure on him to continue writing E) he started again on his return to Stratford-upon-Avon 9. We understand from the passage that we have no evidence ----. A) as to what sort of parts Shakespeare played B) to suggest that Shakespeare was popular in his day C) as to whether or not Shakespeare actually did rent out his property D) about when Shakespeare was writing his plays E) that the destruction of the Globe had any serious impact on Shakespeare's life

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We should care about dying languages (I) ---the same reason that we care when a species of animal or plant dies. It (II) ---- the diversity of our planet. In the case of language, we are talking about intellectual and cultural diversity, not biological diversity, but the issues are the same. As a result of decades of environmental publicity and activism, most people have come (III) ---- that biodiversity is a good thing. But linguistic diversity has not enjoyed the same publicity. Diversity (IV) ---- a central place in evolutionary theory because it (V) ---- a species to survive in different environments. Increasing uniformity holds dangers for the long-term survival of a species. The strongest ecosystems are those (VI) ---- are most diverse. It has often been said that our success in colonizing the planet can be accounted for by our ability to develop diverse cultures which suit different environments.

12. I A) B) C) D) E)

to in for about with

13. II A) B) C) D) E)

acquires reduces replaces issues enhances

14. III A) B) C) D) E)

to accept having accepted accepting to have accepted accepted

15. IV A) B) C) D) E)

elaborates conquers remedies occupies maintains

16. V A) B) C) D) E)

enables adopt floats fails destroys

17. VI A) B) C) D) E)

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whom which what who whose

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18. It is stressed in the passage that biological diversity ----.

20. The author draws a strong parallel between ----.

A) is not in any way related to ecosystems B) has received far more attention than linguistic diversity C) is fast being reduced D) contributes very little to the survival of plant and animal species E) is richer in northern regions than in southern ones

A) B) C) D) E)

cultural and linguistic diversity plant and animal species linguistic and biological diversity environmental and cultural publicity the uniformity of ecosystems and that of cultures

21. It is pointed out in the passage that man ----.

19. The point is made in the passage that the survival of species in different environments ----.

A) has developed diverse cultures which are appropriate for the environment he lives in B) has always been very much aware of the benefits of biodiversity C) has always valued cultural diversity well above biodiversity D) has always found it very hard to adapt himself to any new environment E) has always felt that cultural uniformity is desirable

A) is of no real importance except to biologists B) has been made possible by the continuous efforts of man C) has aroused very little interest in the general public D) has been made possible by diversity E) bears no relation to the survival of languages and cultures

22. According to the writer, diversity on earth ----. A) is rapidly becoming reduced owing to a lack of public interest in it B) consists not only of the diversity of species and plants but also of languages and cultures C) has only recently become a research concern among environmentalists D) has encouraged man to exploit his environment E) can best be maintained through the preservation of different languages

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23. I

One of the greatest natural catastrophes the world will (I) ---- see could be little more than a decade away. The film Super volcano traces the evolution of an enormous volcanic eruption - one that not only (II) ---- several states of America but that threatens the entire planet. But is such an eruption really possible? Well, super volcanoes certainly aren't fiction. They're a normal part of the way the Earth works and occur perhaps every 50, 000 years. Every statistic associated with a super-eruption is always wildly over-exaggerated. Molten magma is blasted out (III) ---- a rate 140 times greater than the flow of water over the VictoriaFalls. Ash and gas are thrown more than 50km (IV) ---- to the edge of space before falling over one percent of the Earth's surface. Enough ash would (V) ---- on the ground to bury Britain under a blanket 4m thick. Further, devastating winds carrying burning gas and red hot ash would scour the land surface over an area of 10, 000 square kilometres. Worst of all, a super-eruption is followed by a dramatic fall in global temperatures, leading to years and years of bitter cold known as a volcanic winter.

A) B) C) D) E)

ever enough then only less

24. II A) B) C) D) E)

backs up throws up builds in drops out wipes out

25. III A) B) C) D) E)

in at within of over

26. IV A) B) C) D) E)

among under around upwards back

27. V A) B) C) D) E)

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lay out pay off pile up go off fall short

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28. We understand from the passage that the film Super volcano ----.

31. The writer seems convinced that ----. A) super-eruptions really do occur at long but fairly regular intervals B) no part of the US could possibly survive a super-eruption C) Britain would be the first region of the planet to be buried under the ashes of a super-eruption D) A volcanic winter, following a supereruption, would wipe out life on earth E) there is no likelihood of a supereruption happening in the near future

A) gives a convincing and credible account of an imminent super-eruption B) has attracted a great deal of attention in the scientific world C) has aroused little interest among the general public D) focuses on the horrors of a volcanic winter E) presents a futuristic account of the effects of a volcanic super-eruption 29. In this dramatic account of the film Super volcano, the writer ----.

32. According to the passage, the destruction caused by a volcanic supereruption ----.

A) urges the general public to go and see the film B) is primarily concerned with the measures needed to contain a supereruption C) essentially deals with the causes of a super-eruption D) also includes certain specific details E) is obsessed with the idea that the end of the world is very near

A) could lead to the break-up of the entire planet B) could be contained, if not prevented C) would be on an unimaginably huge scale D) would result largely from the flow of molten magma E) can only be guessed at as one has never occurred

30. According to the passage, one of the devastating consequences following a super-eruption would be ----. A) the complete destruction of America and Britain B) a very long period of excessive cold on earth C) that deep layers of volcanic ash would cover the whole surface of the planet D) the drying-up of all water sources on earth E) a dramatic increase of heat on earth, the result of burning gas

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The discovery (I) ---- an ancient tomb in modern China is so commonplace that it often annoys as much as excites, because it can delay construction for months or even years. So when archaeologists were called in fast May to check structures discovered during the expansion of a bone meal factory in a southern suburb of Beijing, they weren't expecting to find anything (II) ---- great interest. (III) ---- the archaeologists’ surprise, the structures were the remains of two traditional domed tombs, each over a thousand years old. One was flooded and badly damaged, but the other contained beautifully-preserved wall frescoes from the 10th century. It's only recently that the Chinese have been publishing artefacts (IV) --- ancient tombs, and it's unusual to see them (V) ---- the Western press, says Dr Jessica Rawson, Professor of Oriental Art and Archaeology at Oxford University.

33. I A) B) C) D) E)

at of between over away

34. II A) B) C) D) E)

of for from at by

35. III A) B) C) D) E)

To By At For From

36. IV A) B) C) D) E)

at through from into for

37. V A) B) C) D) E)

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among off against by in

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38. We learn from the passage that the Chinese ----.

40. According to Professor Rawson in the passage, China ----.

A) show archaeologists a great deal of respect B) are very proud of their ancient archaeological heritage C) are very skilled in the art of frescoes D) often have mixed feelings when an ancient tomb is discovered E) used to prefer tombs without domes to those with domes

A) has only recently emerged as an area of interest for archaeologists B) has only just started to publish art objects for the West C) is noted for its ancient domed tombs with frescoes D) continues to be very secretive about its archaeological finds E) has the finest frescoes anywhere in the world

39. It is clear from the passage that in China today the progress of a construction work ----.

41. We understand from the passage that only one of the tombs unearthed during extension work at a factory in Beijing ---.

A) is very often hindered by the unexpected discovery of ancient tombs B) is frequently supervised by archaeologists C) is liable to be delayed for a variety of reasons D) depends, to a certain extent, on weather conditions E) often runs parallel with archaeological excavations

A) attracted the attention of Dr Rawson B) had a domed roof which was undamaged C) could be dated back to the 10th century D) revealed frescoes in excellent condition E) caused a delay in the project 42. The passage points out that the archaeologists who were called in ----. A) were not impressed by the frescoes on the walls of one of the tombs B) weren't expecting to discover tombs of such great value in a suburb of Beijing C) made ancient tombs their specialty D) had published extensively in the western press E) were annoyed by the discovery of two ancient tombs in Beijing

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43. I

By the early 19th century the eminent French zoologist Georges Cuvier believed he (I) ---rock-solid evidence for the biblical great flood. While studying the geological strata around Paris, Cuvier found that fossils of sea creatures in one ancient layer of chalk were overlaid by (II) ---- of land creatures. Then, just as abruptly, the layer above contained sea creatures again, with the top layer showing evidence of a vast and rapid inundation around present-day Paris. Cuvier (III) ---- these sudden changes in the fossil record as evidence for sudden catastrophes which devastated life on Earth, of which the great flood was just the most recent example. Cuvier's discoveries, published in 1812, won support from a large number of (IV) ---scientists such as the geologist Sir James Hall. However, there were a few who were deeply sceptical, pointing out that the evidence of a global flood was far from (V) ----. Most sceptical of all were the followers of the Scottish geologist James Hutton. In 1795, he had published a two-volume text based on the view that the slow, steady processes that shape our planet today, such as erosion, were also crucially important in the distant past.

A) B) C) D) E)

was found has found had found finds will find

44. II A) B) C) D) E)

what that little those much

45. III A) B) C) D) E)

regarded ordered caused followed ceased

46. IV A) B) C) D) E)

eminent vast abrupt agreeable extinct

47. V A) B) C) D) E)

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conflicting exceptional deniable conclusive excessive

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48. We learn from the passage that many scientists ----.

51. According to the passage, Cuvier's critics ----.

A) gave full support to Cuvier's view that the great flood had actually taken place B) were not at all impressed by Cuvier's discoveries in the Paris area C) followed up Cuvier's excavations of marine fossils D) were, like Cuvier, engaged in a search for evidence of the great flood E) ceased to be sceptical of the great flood once Sir James Hall had given his support to Cuvier

A) were extremely jealous of his discoveries near Paris B) felt that there was insufficient geological evidence to confirm that the biblical great flood ever had occurred C) regarded erosion as only a minor geological process D) were also equally opposed to the views expressed by Hutton E) certainly believed there had been a global flood but did not regard his discoveries as scientifically important

49. It is pointed out in the passage that in the course of excavations near Paris Cuvier ----.

52. As we learn from the passage, Hutton's theory was that ----. A) long-term geological change, such as erosion, had been of paramount importance in the Earth's history B) erosion was the single most important cause of geological change on Earth C) some geological processes, such as erosion, were relatively recent in the history of the Earth D) our planet had been subjected to countless catastrophes in the distant past E) the formation of our planet was the outcome of different processes in different places

A) slowly came to recognize the geological significance of the biblical great flood B) was particularly surprised that there were chalk formations in the area C) was slow to recognize the geological importance of marine fossils D) grew interested in the fossils of sea creatures only after he came across a second layer E) discovered alternating layers of fossils relating to sea and land creatures 50. It is clear from the passage that Cuvier ---. A) adopted an indifferent attitude towards the attacks of his critics B) was greatly influenced by Hutton's theory concerning the Earth's formation C) was particularly interested in marine fossils and concentrated on them for research purposes D) interpreted his fossil discoveries as indications of major catastrophes similar to the great flood E) had devoted years of research to establishing that the biblical great flood had actually occurred

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53. I

Why are people prejudiced? Not surprisingly, theories of prejudice have tended to focus on the more extreme forms of prejudice, (I) ---when there is aggression and violence. At the turn of the last century, it was popular to consider prejudice to be an innate and instinctive reaction to certain categories of person (e.g certain races) much as animals would react in instinctive ways to one another. This sport of approach is no longer popular, as it doesn't stand up well to scientific scrutiny. However there may be an innate (II) ---- to prejudice. There is some evidence that higher animals, including humans, have an inherent fear of the unfamiliar and unusual, which might set the mould for negative attitudes towards groups that are considered different in (III) ---ways. There is also evidence for a mere exposure effect, in which, people's attitudes towards various stimuli (e.g. other people) improve as a direct function of repeated. Exposure or familiarity (IV) ---- the stimulus, provided that initial reactions to the stimuli are not negative. Another perspective rests on the belief that prejudices are learned. Indeed, it has been argued that hatred and suspicion of certain groups are learned early in life, (V) ---the child even knows anything about the target group and that this provides an emotional (VI) --- that colours all subsequent information about, and experience with, the group.

A) B) C) D) E)

no sooner that is also in particular to the contrary

54. II A) B) C) D) E)

consequence detection component glory temper

55. III A) B) C) D) E)

certain alternative final wrong similar

56. IV A) B) C) D) E)

on with about to in

57. V A) B) C) D) E)

when if because whereas before

58. VI A) B) C) D) E)

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framework attachment warmth need appeal

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59. According to the passage, at the beginning of the 20th century, Prejudice was generally regarded----. A) B) C) D) E)

62. We learn from the passage that the 'mere exposure effect' occurs when ----. A) opposing groups agree to meet each other halfway B) individuals start to copy the behaviour patterns of the people they are with C) people learn to face the fact that their prejudices are without foundation D) repeated contact with a particular group leads to a better understanding of that group E) people can admit that their first reactions were too extreme

in very much the same way as it is now as a natural and intuitive response as something that had to be corrected as inevitable and therefore acceptable as an outcome of parental conditioning

60. It is clear from the passage that studies on prejudice ----. A) often spring from animal behaviour B) suggest that most children adopt the prejudices of their parents C) have finally established that it is innate D) aim to discover how they can be overcome E) have usually concentrated on the more destructive expressions of it

63. According to the passage, certain studies suggest that prejudice against various groups of society ----. A) is on the increase simply because it is receiving too much attention B) develops early in life, even before any real contact has been made with them C) could best be overcome by keeping children unaware of it D) is largely racial in character E) has only resulted in violence on very rare occasions

61. One theory referred to in the passage suggests that man's innate fear of what is rarely encountered or little known ----. A) may play a role in creating prejudices B) prevents him from developing his social possibilities C) is an aspect of his character that relates him very closely to the rest of the animal world D) is far less strong now than formerly E) has helped to make society more uniform

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64. I

For two decades after World War II, mass production reigned supreme. Mass-production techniques pushed companies (I) ---standardized products, long product life cycles, and rigid manufacturing, emphasizing efficiency and low cost (II) ---- flexibility. Special orders cost more. But today’s consumers are very choosy. They want quality, value and products specially tailored (III) ---their needs, but always (IV) ---- the lowest possible price. For now mass customization has come to the fore. Mass customization uses information technology to produce and deliver products and services designed to fit the specifications of individual customers. Companies can customize products in quantities as small as one with the same speed and low cost as mass-production methods. Mass-customization systems use information taken (V) ---- the customer to control the flow of goods.

A) B) C) D) E)

over with about into for

65. II A) B) C) D) E)

at over to in of

66. III A) B) C) D) E)

by from to above as

67. IV A) B) C) D) E)

at by from of like

68. V A) B) C) D) E)

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from around to at of

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69. We learn from the passage that mass production ----.

72. According to the passage, present-day customers ----.

A) has now regained its previous popularity B) was the leading method of production in the twenty years or so that followed World War II C) can easily be adapted to meet the needs of individual customers D) can be very profitable because of the wide appeal of its goods E) gives priority to quality and longevity in the goods produced but ignores aesthetic qualities

A) are encouraged to buy ready-made goods available in the shops B) are pleased far more easily than customers were in the past C) do not attach much importance to production methods D) specify what they want and insist on getting it E) rarely distinguish between standardized and non-standardized goods 73. The point is made in the passage that mass customization ----.

70. We learn from the passage that one of the characteristics of mass production is ----.

A) is no more costly and no more timeconsuming than mass production B) is a system that dates back to the end of World War 11 C) has actually never been as popular as mass production D) is primarily concerned with efficiency but overlooks quality E) does not attach much importance to flexibility

A) B) C) D)

the need to please every customer a disregard for flexibility a disregard for cost-effectiveness to take into consideration the specifications given by individual customers E) the rescheduling of production as the need arises 71. By the phrase 'mass customization', as it is used in the passage, is meant the production of goods ----. A) in very large quantities and for general use B) to meet standardized specifications which will please everyone C) at high speed regardless of cost D) designed to have a long life E) designed to meet the specific needs of individual customers

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74. I

No child is too young to play and therefore to engage in engineering, even though it is of a (I) ---- kind. We all did so (II) ---- children ourselves when we devised our own toys and games and sometimes even imaginary friends to enjoy them with us. The idea of playfulness is embedded in engineering (III) ---- the concepts of invention and design. Not that engineering is trivial; rather, the heart of the activity is to give imagination its freedom to dream and turn those dreams into reality. Children do experience the essence of engineering in their earliest activities, (IV) ---there is seldom any recognition that this is the case. They may hear the word 'engineer' only in connection with railroad locomotives and have no idea that their playful activity could become a lifelong profession. Engineers themselves are understandably reluctant to equate their professional activity (V) ---- mere child's play. (VI) ---- , they studied long and hard to master complicated knowledge of atoms and molecules, stresses and strains, heat and power, current and voltages, bits and bytes. They manipulate equations, not blocks. They use computers for serious modelling and calculation, not for fun and games. They design and build real towers and bridges that test the limits of reliability and safety, not toy ones that totter and fall down with little consequence.

A) B) C) D) E)

primitive sophisticated capable brilliant professional

75. II A) B) C) D) E)

even as only that such

76. III A) B) C) D) E)

about through at of between

77. IV A) B) C) D) E)

contrary yet furthermore unless as

78. V A) B) C) D) E)

with in over towards along

79. VI A) B) C) D) E)

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Since Irrespective No matter After all For example

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80. The main point the writer is making in this passage is that ----.

82. As we can see from the passage, the writer is careful ----.

A) man has practised engineering ever since primitive times B) some children are born to be engineers C) children and engineers both have the capacity to imagine and create D) reliability and safety are minor details for the professional engineer E) any engineering fault in design or calculation does have serious consequences

A) not to exaggerate the importance of creative play to a child B) to list all areas that are of concern to an engineer C) to show how slowly a child's mental capacity develops D) not to offend engineers by his comparison E) to avoid using technical terminology in the passage 83. It is suggested in the passage that children ----.

81. One point stressed in the passage is that professional engineering ----.

A) are not aware of the fact that in their games they are involved in some kind of engineering activity B) should be constantly encouraged to play games that involve engineering techniques C) love to imitate the activities that go on around them D) are incapable of imaginative thinking E) have a primitive perception of life

A) is very different from all other scientific activities B) requires more imagination than technical knowledge and calculation C) makes little use of theoretical knowledge D) gives priority to design rather than to invention E) covers a vast field of involved or intricate subjects of wide scope

84. According to the passage, what children and engineers have in common are ----. A) B) C) D) E)

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85. I

Europe and Japan do not use fuel economy standards to any significant degree, (I) ---instead rely principally on high taxes to reduce gas consumption. Their average tax is more than $2 per gallon, (II) ---- in the US federal gas taxes are only 18 Euro per gallon and average state taxes 22 Euro per gallon. Higher prices at the pump resulting from higher taxes increase consumer demand (III) ---- cars (IV) --- better fuel economy. They also encourage consumers to reduce their driving. Research shows that federal taxes on gasoline would have to increase by a bit less than 50 euro per gallon to cut gasoline consumption in the US. (V) ---- a 50 Euro increase is a lot compared with the present average total tax of 40 Euro, it would raise retail gas prices to only a little more than $2 per gallon, tax included. This is far below prices in Europe and Japan. (VI) ---federal taxes on gas were doubled, US retail gas prices would still be much below those in other developed nations.

A) B) C) D) E)

but after when if thus

86. II A) B) C) D) E)

whether so that while just as in case

87. III A) B) C) D) E)

to on with from for

88. IV A) B) C) D) E)

on with in about by

89. V A) B) C) D) E)

Lest Although Only If Because Unless

90. VI A) B) C) D) E)

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Whenever So Without Even if Whereas

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91. According to the passage, efforts have been made ----.

94. We learn from the passage that one effect of higher taxes on fuel ----.

A) to compare the levels of fuel consumption as well as fuel prices in Europe B) to assess what price increases would lead to a significant reduction in fuel consumption in the US C) to give more appeal to public transport D) to establish what vehicle types consume less fuel E) to develop fuel-efficient vehicles for sale in the US

A) has been a great deal of uneasiness and even anger among consumers B) has been a noticeable drop in car sales everywhere C) has been to draw attention to a much wider range of energy sources D) is an increased demand for vehicles which consume less fuel E) is that Europe's production of fueleconomy vehicles has increased remarkably

92. It is clear from the passage that Japan's strategy to keep fuel consumption down ----.

95. One point stressed in the passage is that fuel prices in the US, ----. A) which include both federal and state taxes, are expected to rise considerably B) which have been increasing steadily for quite some time now, have almost equalled those in Japan and even Europe C) even if the taxes were to be increased considerably, would still be much lower than in other industrialized countries D) which have not risen for a long time, seem likely to remain stable E) where consumers go for cars with better fuel economy, have caused no change in driving habits

A) Depends largely on the high taxation of fuel B) has been greatly criticized by the public C) has not been as effective as was originally envisaged D) has set an example that Europe is now adopting E) has had no effect upon the country's car production technologies 93. According to the passage, the combined federal and state taxes on gas in the US ----. A) have exceeded those currently in use in Europe B) are so high that they have forced Japanese car manufacturers to change their production strategies C) have become a major public concern D) have suddenly caused fuel prices to rise sharply E) amount to much less than the tax paid in Japan

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96. I

Throughout his working life, Shakespeare worked as an actor in the midst of a troupe. We know little about his first years in London, For a few years between 1585 and 1592 his name disappears altogether from the public records, and the most (I) ---- reason for this is that, for at least some of this time, he was working for one of the city's acting companies; (II) ---- a junior member he would not be listed among the troupe's principal players. In the late 1580s theatrical activity in London was largely concentrated in Shoreditch and Southwark, districts of London. Shakespeare could have lived anywhere, but Shoreditch, which would have been cheap and convenient, is a likely (III) ---- for a young actor. In his early career Shakespeare may have moved from troupe to troupe (IV) ---- survive. Whatever the case, working conditions must have been similar. Sundays, religious holidays and disasters aside, a company would perform a different play each afternoon of the week, though some plays would be repeated in the weeks ahead. An actor usually had to keep at least 30 parts in his memory and a leading player such as Alleyn or Burbage must have (V) ---- nearly 5, 000 lines a week.

A) B) C) D) E)

likely complicated selfish compulsive various

97. II A) B) C) D) E)

as between of throughout in

98. III A) B) C) D) E)

outcome possibility candidate duration demand

99. IV A) B) C) D) E) 100. A) B) C) D) E)

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101. According to the passage, in Shakespeare's time, ----.

104. We understand from the passage that in the late 16th century ----.

A) it was not unusual for actors to appear in a great many roles each week B) there was no theatrical activity anywhere in England except for London C) leading actors would only agree to appear in certain roles D) an acting company usually staged a new play each week E) acting was regarded as an immoral occupation

A) it was illegal to hold theatrical performances on religious days B) Shoreditch and Southwark were heavily populated commercial districts C) there was apparently a great deal of public interest in the theatres D) the popularity of Alleyn and Burbage was already on the decline E) working conditions in the theatres varied enormously 105. It was clear from the passage that, for Shakespeare, they years in London up to 1592 ---.

102. We learn from the passage that, in Shakespeare's London, theatres ----. A) competed with each other to get Alleyn or Burbage in their troupe B) were normally open to the public six afternoons a week C) provided actors with a comfortable and profitable way of life D) were rather like drama schools and they trained actors E) all had their own leading players

A) were times of hardship and uncertainty B) were a period of widespread public recognition C) marked a turning point in his life D) brought many great changes and opportunities E) were the period during which he established a lifelong friendship with Alleyn and Burbage

103. It is clear from the passage that Shakespeare, during his early years in London, ----. A) gained experience as an actor by appearing in a huge variety of parts B) was encouraged to write plays by Alleyn and Burbage C) devoted himself primarily to the writing of plays D) preferred living in Southwark to Shoreditch E) was little known as an actor though he was probably acting

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106.

Behavioural biologist Jane Atkinson and her colleagues have been studying the subtleties of how crows steal food from one another. Atkinson had been watching the birds at the beach (I) ---- they (II) ---- fish, clams and other small animals in the intertidal zone. She noticed that if a crow had found a particularly large meal that couldn't be eaten in a single gulp, another crow would often come by and try to steal the food away. Food theft is fairly common in the bird world, (III) ---- the crows' thievery wasn't unexpected. What really intrigued Atkinson was (IV) ---- the birds employed two different tactics to take the food. In some instances, the thieving bird would take an aggressive approach - typically involving some chasing or physical contact, such as pecking in other exchanges, however, the thief would use a more passive method: merely approaching the other bird (V) ---- and stealing the food without any commotion at all. What the team wanted to know was: how did these tactics fit into the group foraging practices of the crows?

A) B) C) D) E) 107. A) B) C) D) E) 108. A) B) C) D) E) 109. A) B) C) D) E) 110. A) B) C) D) E)

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111. According to the passage, the question that interested the research team was ----.

114. We understand from the passage that so long as a crow ----. A) can swallow its food at one gulp, it will encounter no challenge B) can find food easily, it will not steal from another crow C) can get food by stealing, it won't look elsewhere for it D) has eaten well, it is unlikely to try to steal food E) is able to steal food without fighting, this is the method it will favour

A) whether the crows' stealing practices were instinctive or acquired B) wry the crows chose to steal C) related to the crows' foraging practices D) whether the nature of the food affected the degree of attempted theft E) whether the stealing practices of crows differed from those of other birds 112. It is clear from the passage that the research team was not surprised that the crows were trying to steal from each other common ----.

115. It is clear from the passage that Jane Atkinson and her colleagues ----. A) knew much more about crows than about any other type of bird. B) are specialist in bird behaviour C) are only interested in the eating habits of birds D) are particularly interested in the different types of food that crows like to eat E) are impressed by the similarity between stealing practices of ail bird species

A) because this is a practice among birds B) since there was a scarcity of food at the time C) though crows don't steal food as often as other birds do D) but it was surprised at their rate of success E) but the bitterness of the fight came as a surprise 113. According to the passage, when one crow plans to steal food from another one, ---A) this is really a means of establishing its superiority B) it will invariably try to do so in the first place without being seen C) there will inevitably be a fight between the two D) this is a sure sign that both crows are really hungry E) it will sometimes approach quite openly and boldly

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116.

In many ways, Hollywood seems to exemplify the most joyless (I) ---- of capitalism. The 'industry', as it insists upon calling itself, packages artistic ideas and images as commodities and then values those commodities according to how they 'penetrate' markets. The system's worrying inefficiency, of course, is that studios never know what the public (II) ---- will want to buy. So films are tested in front of preview audiences, revised according to the audience's suggestions, tested again, and then marketed with a vigour directly proportionate (III) ---- the test scores. There are two problems (IV) ---- this approach. The first is that the test-sample size is minimal but can determine a film's fate. The second is that by the time the test audience sees a film it's too late to change it very much anyway, particularly (V) ---- twenty, fifty or a hundred million dollars has already been spent.

A) B) C) D) E) 117. A) B) C) D) E) 118. A) B) C) D) E) 119. A) B) C) D) E) 120. A) B) C) D) E)

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I commerce insignificance ignorance aspects examination II at large the same for fear in excess to the contrary III to among as by without IV from out along with at V before unless but even if when

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121. One point made in the passage about test audiences is that they ----.

123. As we understand from the passage, the writer ----.

A) seldom have any real understanding of artistic values B) add to the expenses of film-making C) rarely have any constructive criticism to make D) are ignorant of the Hollywood techniques of filmmaking E) are too small to be truly representative of the general public

A) is a great admirer of Hollywood's filmmaking B) seems reluctant to call film-making an industry C) is sympathetic towards the filmindustry and wants it to be more successful D) attaches great importance to the suggestions of preview audiences E) thinks that the amount spent on a film is usually in proportion to its success

122. According to the passage, filmmakers find it difficult to ----.

124. It is clear from the passage that Hollywood regards its films as ----.

A) carry out any market research to find out about the wishes of film-goers B) find volunteers for their preview audiences C) raise the money needed for filmmaking D) guess what sort of films will be popular and so profitable E) revise scripts to meet the expectations of their audiences

A) commodities to be selectively marketed to suitable audiences B) artistic creations designed for sophisticated audiences C) goods to be dynamically marketed D) the most creative products of capitalism E) financial investments which are sure to make a profit 125. We understand from the passage that the making of a film ----. A) is far more important than the marketing of it B) usually involves a very large financial investment C) is a strictly secret process until it finally goes on show D) usually follows the norms established by Hollywood E) is guided by a whole series of representative preview audiences

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Reading (I) ---- a real paradox to neurobiologists. It was only invented a few thousand years ago, so there really has not been enough time for our brain (II) ---specialized ways to do it. How do brain circuits produced by millions of years of evolution in a world without written words adapt to the specific challenges of reading? We know we have to learn the skill but how does our brain learn to read? In the social sciences, the majority of researchers do not see a problem. There is a widespread view that the brain is a completely adaptable organ, (III) ---- of absorbing any form of culture. Yet recent findings from brain imaging studies and neurophysiology throw new light (IV) ---- the organization of the reading circuits in the brain. The findings contradict this simplistic model of a brain that merely absorbs everything from its cultural environment. And they suggest that the architecture of our brain is limited by strong genetic constraints (V) ---- it seems that it has still some degree of flexibility.

126. A) B) C) D) E) 127. A) B) C) D) E) 128. A) B) C) D) E) 129. A) B) C) D) E) 130. A) B) C) D) E)

131

I explores presents explains appears interests II to evolve to have been evolved evolving evolves evolved III capable accusative obvious aware competitive IV by of about under on V now that though besides since because

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131. The passage makes the point that, until recently, ----.

134. According to the passage, although people have had the skill of reading for several thousand years, ----.

A) it was only the abnormal brain that attracted any attention B) researchers in social sciences ignored the views of neurophysiologists concerning the brain C) the brain was generally thought to adapt itself easily to new cultural environments D) the structure of the brain did not attract much attention except from neurobiologists E) neurophysiologists were not aware of the structural complexity of the brain

A) the actual process of learning how to read has only just been discovered by neurophysiologists B) there has been no improvement in the speed at when people can read C) the brain remains inflexible and cannot cope with different cultures D) from the angle of evolution, this has been insufficient for the brain to develop particularized reading skills E) it is only in the social sciences that this skill has been seriously studied

132. The writer is intrigued by the fact that the brain, which evolved long before the written word came into use, ---.

135. .

The purpose of the passage is to ----

A) explain how the brain has evolved towards creativity over thousands of years B) raise questions about, rather than explain, the reading abilities of the brain C) highlight recent developments and controversies in the field of neurophysiology D) emphasize the adverse effects of different cultural environments on the human brain way from E) draw attention to the neurobiology differs neurophysiology

A) had already had the genetic capacity to form words B) had been able to communicate through images C) had already developed certain reading circuits D) managed to adapt itself to the very distinct skill of reading E) had already achieved full flexibility to adapt itself to new forms of culture 133. A recent view neurophysiologists, the brain, is that ----. A) it is extremely flexible as it is not affected by genetic heritage B) its structure is largely shaped by genetic traits C) it has developed various specialized skills over the last thousand years or so D) its circuits have remained constant for millions of years E) its creative powers are more apparent in some fields of learning

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Throughout history, eyewitnesses (I) ---orange glows, fireballs or flashes in the days before and during an earthquake. It was in 1968, however, that the first photographs of 'earthquake lights' were taken during a series of earthquakes in Japan. Some showed red streaks (II) ---- the sky. Others looked like a low blue dawn from a distance. In 1999, floating bails of light in the sky were broadcast on Turkish television, (III) ---- filmed the night before the devastating earthquake of 7.4 on the Richter scale that killed many thousand people in the Marmara region of Turkey. Mysterious or not, repeated sightings of earthquake lights (IV) ---- their existence. It has to be said that earthquake lights are a fairly well-known phenomenon, but we don't know what they mean, or what causes them. Seismologists have (V) ---- for years to find a reliable earthquake predictor. Could the lights hold the key?

136. A) B) C) D) E) 137. A) B) C) D) E) 138. A) B) C) D) E) 139. A) B) C) D) E) 140. A) B) C) D) E)

133

I had been reported are reporting will have reported have reported were reported II at beneath through across over III reportedly fairly enjoyably generously awfully IV continue force eliminate fade confirm V suffered experienced unearthed struggled afflicted

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141. In the passage, the writer wonders whether ----.

144. The writer of the passage seems to be confident that ----.

A) earthquakes lights might help in the prediction of earthquakes B) the orange glows supposedly sighted before an earthquake were actually seen C) the photographs taken of earthquake lights in Japan are of any scientific use D) earthquakes cause the lights, or whether the lights cause the earthquakes E) the devastation caused by the Marmara earthquake could have been prevented

A) seismology is advancing rapidly through the study of earthquakes lights B) future earthquakes will be reliably predicted by means of earthquake lights C) earthquake lights have frequently been observed and even filmed D) the mystery of earthquake lights can never be resolved E) the appearance of fireballs and flashes in the sky are a sure sign of an approaching earthquake 145. The passage emphasizes the fact that the Marmara earthquake ----.

142. We understand from the passage that the sighting of earthquake lights ---.

A) was televised as it was happening B) was followed by strange lights in the sky C) was indeed a catastrophic one D) greatly puzzled seismologists E) took everyone, seismologists included, by surprise

A) has led to a great deal of confused and contradictory reporting among seismologists B) first occurred in Japan C) is a fairly recent phenomenon in Japan D) has attracted virtually no scientific attention from seismologists E) goes back a very long way in time 143. It is pointed out in the passage that the photographic recording of earthquake lights ----. A) was made for the first time less than half a century ago B) was only done with great success during the Marmara earthquake C) is what finally convinced people of their existence D) is widely regarded as a visual deception E) has always been a major concern for seismologists

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(I) ---- the past few decades four East Asian economies - South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong - (II) ---- the fastest rates of economic growth the world has ever seen. In 1962 Taiwan stood between Zaire and the Congo on the global ranking of income per head: by 1986 its neighbours were Greece and Malta. In 1962 South Korea was poorer than Sudan: by 1986 it was richer than Argentina. Today the four 'dragons' (III) ---- 10 per cent of manufactured exports worldwide, not far short of America's 12 per cent. Understanding this miracle is the most urgent task in development economics. But most economists are content to cite the dragons (IV) ---- proof of their favourite theories - whatever those theories may be. Free marketers point to the dragons' (V) ---- on private enterprise, markets and relatively undistorted trade regimes. Interventionists point with equal assurance to clever bureaucracies, non-market allocation of resources and highly distorted trade regimes.

146. A) B) C) D) E) 147. A) B) C) D) E) 148. A) B) C) D) E) 149. A) B) C) D) E) 150. A) B) C) D) E)

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151. According to the passage, the socalled four 'dragons' of East Asia ----.

154. According to the passage, there is no unanimous agreement among economists as to ----.

A) are hoping shortly to outpace Greece and Malta in economic growth B) have definitely benefited greatly from a free trade policy C) are presently developing their own free market strategies D) have experienced a staggering and unprecedented economic growth rate over recent decades E) have finally managed to throw off bureaucratic obstacles and disprove the theories of many economists

A) how far distorted trade regimes contributed to the economic success of the four 'dragons' B) why Taiwan and Hong Kong got ahead of Singapore and South Korea in economic efficiency C) whether the growth rate of the four 'dragons' will continue steadily D) when the four East Asian 'dragons' will catch up with the US regarding manufactured exports E) how the four East Asian 'dragons' achieved their miraculous growth rate

152. It is pointed out in the passage that South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong ----.

155. It is clear from the passage that the factors leading to the amazing economic growth of the East Asian 'dragons' ----.

A) export more to the US than to any other country in the world B) have been in fierce competition with each other in the export of manufactured goods C) have developed their economies in accordance with the theory of development economics D) admit openly that they have made use of various distorted trade regimes E) export almost as many manufactured goods between them, as does the US

A) have not yet been determined by economists B) are closely related to distorted trade regimes C) are in line with the theories of development economics D) should have contributed to the rise of Sudan E) have confirmed the importance of political stability

153. We learn from the passage that, in just over two decades, Taiwan ----. A) became the economic model for the other' dragons' on account of its economic success B) achieved the fastest rate of economic growth among the four East Asian 'dragons' C) rose from a low-level per capita income similar to that of Zaire, to a relatively high one D) attached far more importance to private enterprise than any other Asian country E) was the only one among the 'dragons' to exploit its resources to the full

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Although women have made huge strides in (I) ---- men in the workplace, a gender gap still (II) ---- both in wages and levels of advancement. Commonly cited explanations for this gap range from charges of sex discrimination (III) --- claims that women are more sensitive than men to work versus family conflicts and thus less inclined to make sacrifices (IV) ---- their careers. Now, however, two new studies suggest that another factor may be at work: a deeply ingrained difference in the way men and women react to competition that manifests itself even at an early age. Apparently, females tend to be far less responsive (V) ---competition than males - a tendency (VI) ---important implications for women and business. It may hurt women in highly competitive labor markets, for example, and hamper efficient job placement - especially for positions (VII) ---- competitiveness is not a useful trait. 156. A) B) C) D) E) 157. A) B) C) D) E) 158. A) B) C) D) E)

159. A) B) C) D) E) 160. A) B) C) D) E) 161. A) B) C) D) E)

I

162.

looking after putting on catching up with showing off dropping out

A) B) C) D) E)

II

IV from with on for of V from over along under to VI to as about by with VII in which that which whom whether

persists bridges leaves opens fills III by in of to at

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163. On the whole, according to the passage, women in the workplace ----.

166. According to the passage, in working life today, ----.

A) are content to let the men compete among themselves B) inspire a competitive spirit in men C) receive the treatment they naturally deserve D) have rapidly attained a position approaching that of men E) keep themselves up-to-date with developments in the labor market

A) women are preferred for certain jobs that require sensitivity B) there still exists considerable discrimination against women C) men feel they have a right to higher wages and quicker advancement D) family concerns are what drive men to work harder and earn more E) fair competition is to be encouraged while sex discrimination is to be banned

164. As we learn from the passage, it seems likely that women ----.

167. It is clearly pointed out in the passage that the reluctance of women to be competitive ----.

A) are about to rally against the gender gap in the workplace B) become seriously concerned, at a very early age, about their future careers C) will fight determinedly for their rights in the workplace D) will, due to their passive nature, find it hard to get the promotion they deserve E) have less of the competitive spirit than men do

A) is regarded by men as a desirable trait B) is the major factor contributing to the persistence of sex discrimination in the workplace C) is clearly seen in the way they care for their families D) only becomes apparent when they reach maturity E) may prevent them from being appointed to the positions they deserve

165. We understand from the passage that, when a choice has to be made between work and family, ----. A) men are less likely, than women to risk their careers B) most career women naturally give precedence to work C) women expect men to give the priority to the family D) it is the women, rather than the men, who find making that choice hard E) neither the men nor the women can readily makeup their minds

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The Sahara desert (I) ---- most of Egypt's land, so overcrowding is a huge problem. Sixty-two million people live squeezed together into the six million fertile acres (II) ---- the Nile delta and narrow river valley - just five per cent of the total area of Egypt. Between 12 and 15 million people live in Cairo alone. Until recently, it (III) ---- impractical and dangerous to even consider moving into the southern desert, (IV) ---- temperatures regularly rise above 50 C and water is scarce and can only be reached using carefully placed irrigation wells. But in the last 20 years a 'New Valley' has slowly been taking shape. Towns with industrial centres, tourist areas and spacious apartment blocks are being constructed, factories are (V) ----. The main development making this possible is the construction of the vast Sheikh Zayed canal, also known as the Toshka canal. Named for Sheikh Zayed al Nahya, president of the United Arab Emirates, which is financially backing the project, the canal is part of the irrigation scheme dreamed up by the Egyptian government to make it possible for people to move away from the traffic, pollution and bustle of Cairo. If a 'second Nile' cuts through the desert and water is distributed to surrounding land, people and crops can (VI) ---- there as they do around the existing Nile. The area is becoming known as the New Valley.

168. A) B) C) D) E) 169. A) B) C) D) E) 170. A) B) C) D) E) 171. A) B) C) D) E) 172. A) B) C) D) E) 173. A) B) C) D) E)

139

I looks up takes up keeps up uses up sets up II among towards to form along III will be was may be has been would be IV which whether where what that V closing down cutting off watching out springing up settling down VI thrive complain adopt step change

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174. We understand from the passage that the canal under construction ----.

177. It is clearly stated in the passage that almost the whole of Egypt's population ----.

A) is designed to meet the water needs of Cairo and other cities B) constitutes just a portion of a massive irrigation project C) will bring fertility to the whole of the Sahara D) will irrigate only 5% of the total area of Egypt E) passes through an overcrowded part of the country

A) lives along the Nile Valley and its delta B) wants to move into the New Valley C) is engaged in agricultural activities rather than in industrial ones D) holds Sheikh Zayed al Nahya in great esteem E) is dubious about the outcome of the New Valley project 178. It is pointed out in the passage that the irrigation project for the New Valley ----.

175. As it is pointed out in the passage, one of the benefits of the New Valley will be that ----.

A) has received a mixed reaction from the general public B) is going to cost the Egyptian government vast sums of money C) has primarily been designed to case the overcrowding in Cairo D) will enable Egypt to recover from its chronic economic recession E) will make the inhospitable desert far more easily accessible

A) Egypt will change from an agricultural country into a fully industrial one B) Egypt can at last start a tourist industry C) the overcrowding in Cairo and the Nile delta area will be reduced D) the hot, dry desert climate of Egypt will be rapidly modified E) it will set an example for the developed world to invest in desert projects 176. We can conclude from the passage that the New Valley project, which has been underway for roughly two decades, ----. A) was originally proposed by Sheikh Zayed al Nahya of the United Arab Emirates B) has already started to transform the economic potential of Egypt C) is primarily an agricultural one, and industrial activity is not provided for D) is very near to completion and large numbers of people have already moved in E) is proving far more problematic than was originally foreseen

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179.

When Lyndon Johnson assumed the presidency, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, in November of 1963, he knew that in order to accrue political capital he would initially need to champion goals and policies that Kennedy (I) ---- . Not long before his death Kennedy had scrawled the word 'poverty' on a piece of paper and circled it multiple times; this note fell into the hands of his brother Robert and became a symbolic justification (II) ---Johnson's declaration of the War on Poverty, early in 1964. Similarly, many of the things that Johnson pushed through Congress in his first two years as President, can readily be seen as (III) ---- of the avowed policies of the Kennedy Administration. The details might have been different, but historians generally agree that if Kennedy had lived out his first term and won a second, America (IV) ---- something similar to the early years of Johnson's Great Society. On foreign policy, too, Johnson at first strove consciously to follow his predecessor. And some historians have argued that in this realm as well, Johnson indeed pursued a course that Kennedy had already introduced. If Kennedy had lived, according to this line of thinking, he would have continued a policy of antagonism towards Cuba and steady (V) ---- of US involvement in Vietnam. Johnson certainly believed that this was (VI) ---- Kennedy intended to do.

A) B) C) D) E) 180. A) B) C) D) E) 181. A) B) C) D) E) 182. A) B) C) D) E) 183. A) B) C) D) E) 184. A) B) C) D) E)

141

I is pursuing would have pursued was pursued had been pursuing will be pursing II at for on by in III extensions determination consciousness currents coherence IV was witnessing witnessed may witness would have witnessed witnesses V suspect wage invasion escalation admiration VI which whom that what it

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185. It's clear from the passage that, on assuming the presidency, Johnson ----.

188. According to the passage, Johnson's pursuit of the Kennedy goals and policies ----.

A) maintained amiable relations with the Kennedys B) was determined to put his own policies into effect, and leave his own mark C) took great care not to antagonize Congress D) was careful not to deviate from Kennedy's policies in international relations E) chose to concentrate on foreign policy and ignore domestic issues

A) has been condemned by several recent historians B) largely occurred during the first two years of his presidency C) actually undermined his image as president D) brought him into conflict with Congress E) hindered his own desire to wage a War on Poverty 189. The passage makes the point that Johnson became the president of the US ----.

186. As we understand from the passage, one of the issues Kennedy was planning to tackle ----.

A) because Kennedy was assassinated B) since his policy as regards the War on Poverty was extremely popular C) because he supported the war in Vietnam D) even though he disagreed with Kennedy on many national and international issues E) as he had the support of the Kennedy brothers

A) concerned the improvement of relations between his administration and Congress B) concerned bringing to an end the antagonism towards Cuba C) related to the ending of the war in Vietnam D) was the redefinition of the aims of US foreign policy E) was the elimination of poverty in the US 187. It is clear from the passage that initially Johnson intended to continue the Kennedy policies ----. A) as far as they were in keeping with the national ideal of a 'Great Society' B) although in essence they clashed with his own C) since he hadn't formulated any of his own D) because he sensed this would make him politically popular E) but he soon found that they were inapplicable

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190.

The space shuttle and its rockets are huge some 4.5 million pounds at lift-off. About 85 per cent of that weight is fuel. (I) ---- it is designed to work in a vacuum, the shuttle (II) ---- not only fuel but the oxygen to burn it. Because this is an inefficient way to go, NASA engineers have recently tested an engine that gets some of its oxygen on the run. This should reduce take-off weights (III) ---- half. A spacecraft equipped with this engine would take off like a rocket. But within minutes, incoming air would begin to supplement liquid oxygen. (IV) ---- the spacecraft reaches a speed of 1, 500 miles per hour - twice the speed of sound - the liquid oxygen would shut off completely and the engine would burn fuel mixed with air. Consequently the craft would accelerate to about ten times the speed of sound. When the air got too thin for the engine to breathe, the ship would (V) ---- to rocket mode to punch its way into space.

A) B) C) D) E) 191. A) B) C) D) E) 192. A) B) C) D) E) 193. A) B) C) D) E) 194. A) B) C) D) E)

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I Although As though Since By the time Even if II carried would carry must carry was carrying will have carried III under during beyond by as IV Unless In addition Despite Once As a result V get along force out make do set aside shift back

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195. According to the passage, a new rocket engine is presently being developed to ----.

198. The point is made in the passage that the reason for developing the new engine is to ----.

A) reach previously unimagined speeds B) make space travel more comfortable and feasible C) halve the weight of a space shuttle at lift-off D) enable NASA to remain in the forefront of space exploration E) reduce the physical effects of the atmosphere on the shuttle

A) reduce the time it takes the shuttle to exceed the speed of sound B) double the speed at which the shuttle travels C) economize on the use of liquid oxygen D) eliminate the need for liquid oxygen and thus cut down on the shuttle's weight E) allow the shuttle to function in a vacuum

196. We learn from the passage that in the usual space shuttle, the weight ----. A) B) C) D) E)

199. It is clear from the passage that, once there is not sufficient air to burn the fuel, then ----.

makes high speeds impossible consists very largely of fuel does not pose any serious problem of the liquid oxygen is enormous of the rockets is insignificant

A) the speed of the shuttle increases to over ten times the speed of sound B) the engine reverts back to using the liquid oxygen aboard the shuttle C) the engine starts to increase the speed of the shuttle D) it is impossible for the shuttle to accelerate any further E) the rocket can no longer function efficiently

197. As the passage points out, a space shuttle requires oxygen ----. A) only when it is travelling within the atmosphere B) if it is to attain very high speeds C) but only in its liquid form D) in order to burn the fuel E) in quite small quantities except at liftoff

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200.

The chief triumph of this book is its depiction of Wellington. He is not simply the famous British general (I) ---- defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. He remains a great general but he is also shown to have had feet of clay inside his splendid boots. For example, the writer (II) ---Wellington's vanity and his unattractive lack of generosity in sharing the credit (III) ---- his victories. This is a splendid book. Never less than interesting, but always trenchant. It redefines Wellington without (IV) ---- his achievements and ends by reminding us (V) --- it was Napoleon who so forcefully articulated a wish that there should be 'a European code of laws, a European judiciary ... one people in Europe'. The ogre's dream is coming true.

A) B) C) D) E) 201. A) B) C) D) E) 202. A) B) C) D) E) 203. A) B) C) D) E) 204. A) B) C) D) E)

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205. From this passage, we get the impression that the book being reviewed ----.

208. We understand from the passage that in the book under review, Napoleon ----.

A) makes fun of both Napoleon and Wellington B) overlooks the fact that Wellington was a great general C) pays more attention to Napoleon than to Wellington D) is unnecessarily critical of Wellington E) is well-written and gives a balanced picture of Wellington

A) is simply presented as the big enemy B) receives acclaim for envisaging a united Europe C) is shown to have had greater military skills than Wellington D) and Wellington each admired the military skills of the other E) knew from the beginning that he would never conquer Britain

206. In the book under review, Wellington is criticized for ----.

209. A) B) C) D) E)

A) not recognizing the role played by others in his victories B) his plan of campaign at Waterloo C) trying to buy people's affection and support D) underestimating Napoleon's strength E) failing to consult his subordinates

In line 5, 'feet of clay' stands for ----. disgraceful impulses unmilitary feelings desires that have to be suppressed basic human weakness or faults an overwhelming desire to deceive

207. It is clear from the passage that the book under review differs from traditional biographies of Wellington ---. A) as his great enemy Napoleon receives more than his share of praise B) as it questions his skills as a leader C) because it shows up his human weaknesses D) in attitude, but not in content E) by putting the emphasis on his vices, not on his virtues

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210.

Some people believe that meat consumption contributes to famine and (I) ---- the Earth's natural resources. Indeed, it is often argued that cows and sheep require pasturage that could be better used to grow grain for starving millions in poor countries. Additionally, claims are made that raising livestock requires more water than raising plant foods. But both these arguments are illogical. (II) ---- the pasturage argument, this ignores (III) ---- a large portion of the Earth's dry land is unsuited to cultivation. For instance, desert and mountainous areas are not suitable for cultivation, but are suitable for animal grazing. However, modern commercial farming methods prefer to raise animals in an enclosed space feeding them on grains and soybeans. (IV) ---- the bulk of commercial livestock is not range-fed but stallfed. Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses and shrubs (like they should), but are fed an unnatural array of grains and soybeans - which could be eaten by humans. The argument here, then, is not that eating meat depletes the Earth's resources, but that commercial farming methods do. Such methods subject livestock to deplorable living conditions where infections, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones are common. These all (V) ---- to an unhealthy animal and, by extension, to an unhealthy food product.

A) B) C) D) E) 211. A) B) C) D) E) 212. A) B) C) D) E) 213. A) B) C) D) E)

214. A) B) C) D) E)

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215. One important point made in this passage is that ----.

218. The writer attacks present day commercial farming methods ----.

A) desert and mountainous regions should be developed as arable land for cultivation B) the way livestock is raised on modern farms involves various health hazards C) more encouragement should be given to the application of modern farming technologies D) meat production in the developed world needs to be increased to combat famine E) every measure must be taken to conserve the Earth's natural resources

A) but admits that there is a higher production rate than there was with earlier methods B) though the end product is extremely healthy C) and claims that they are responsible for depleting the natural resources of the world D) though it ensures that there is sufficient food for everyone E) because, among other things, it makes no effort to cultivate dry, mountainous regions

216. One argument that is clearly opposed in the passage ----.

219. By the 'pasturage argument' (line 9) is meant the argument that ----.

A) concerns the value of antibiotics in the raising of healthy livestock B) concerns the introduction of soybeans as the basic feed for livestock C) is related to the inadequate methods employed in the prevention of famine D) is that livestock need water as much as plants do E) is that land used for pasturage should be utilized for the cultivation of crops

A) the land used for animal grazing ought to be cultivated and used to grow grain B) livestock should be stall-fed on grains and not allowed to graze freely C) cultivated land ought to be turned into pasturage D) only cattle that are allowed to graze freely produce good meat E) dry mountainous areas could be watered and turned into good pasturage

217. Contrary to what is often argued, the passage points out that ----. A) synthetic hormones can be used to improve the quality of meat B) underdeveloped countries need to adopt modern farming methods in order to overcome famine C) grazing for sheep and cows needs to be upgraded so as to increase meat production D) the famine in the world is not directly related to the consumption of meat E) a very extensive part of the earth's surface is ideally suitable for the cultivation of crops

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220.

In modern times, it was perhaps the 'gentleman scientists' of the nineteenth century who came closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific research. These privileged amateurs (I) ---- a financial independence which most scientists today cannot have, and which enabled them to satisfy their scientific curiosity without the need to please patrons. (II) ---- the growth of scientific research after World War II, science has become an expensive occupation. Many scientists today (III) ---- the 1960s as a golden age of modernday science, (IV) ---- research was mainly funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was seen by governments to be part of the public good, and worth paying for. Today, the situation is very different. 'Academic freedom' is now often little more than an illusion for most scientists working at universities or in publiclyfunded research institutes. (V) ----, science is now largely dominated by the interests of the industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves the name 'science'.

A) B) C) D) E) 221. A) B) C) D) E) 222. A) B) C) D) E) 223. A) B) C) D) E) 224. A) B) C) D) E)

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225. According to the passage, the major difference between the 'gentleman scientists' and present-day ones ----.

228. The writer of the passage regards the 'gentleman scientists' of the nineteenth century as privileged because ----.

A) has frequently been ignored by governments and universities B) is that the former were free to research as they chose, while the latter are not C) has become a highly controversial issue in university circles D) is not nearly so obvious as some people believe it to be E) the former were less objective in their research methods than the latter are

A) the choice of field was rapidly expanding B) there were plenty of patrons willing to finance them C) they were unrestricted by financial pressures D) scientific research was still in its early stages and it was easy to discover something new E) they were always well-rewarded for their efforts

226. The writer points out that in the 1960s ----.

229. The phrase 'part of the public good' (lines 13-14) in effect means ----.

A) research activities were largely carried out under the sponsorship of industry B) scientists believed that they were entering upon a golden age C) academic freedom was already a thing of the past D) scientists carried out their research activities at the public expense E) scientific research largely concentrated on meeting the needs of war

A) B) C) D) E)

deserving of a good public setting good standards for society ensuring a better future for society beneficial to society recognized by the general public as being good

227. The writer of the passage argues that contemporary scientific research ---. A) is, to a large extent, controlled by the interests of industry B) finds its best milieu within the universities C) is advancing at an incredibly fast rate D) offers one of the most exciting and stimulating of careers E) is far more concerned with theory than with any practical application

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230.

Why does sea water taste salty? It is a question that has been asked by countless people (I) ---- the ages. And the answer seems straightforward: rain constantly erodes the surface of the Earth, washing a mix of natural chemicals (II) ---- rivers and thence into the sea. The most water-soluble and abundant of these just happen to taste salty. All very simple. Or is it? After all, erosion has been taking place for millions of years, dumping ever more of these salty compounds into the sea, yet the concentration is still far (III) ---- the saturation level. So the real mystery is not why the sea tastes salty, but why it isn’t utterly packed (IV) ---- salt, and as lifeless as the Dead Sea. Here is another curious thing about our planet. Its atmosphere has existed for billions of years, and yet it still contains a mix of highly reactive gases like oxygen and methane. Why haven’t they (V) ---- into a boring unreactive atmosphere like that of Mars or Venus?

A) B) C) D) E) 231. A) B) C) D) E) 232. A) B) C) D) E) 233. A) B) C) D) E) 234. A) B) C) D) E)

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235. According to the passage, the most important and fascinating question about salt and the sea is ----?

238. It is clear from the passage that writer often wonders about why ----. A) certain gases are not highly reactive B) there is no end to the chemicals that are carried into the sea C) the world is as it is D) people are not attracted to the Dead Sea E) the atmosphere of Mars is similar to that of Venus

A) why do certain natural elements taste salty B) how much salt is there in the sea C) how does the salt get to the sea D) when will the salt in the sea reach saturation level E) why isn’t the sea more salty

239. The phrase “just happen to” supports the writer’s view of the world as a place ----.

236. One point made in the passage is that unanswered questions about the world and the universe ----. A) will, at some point in the future, be answered in a satisfactory manner B) are now very few in number C) are unimportant and can be ignored D) help to highlight the mysteries of the world E) are only of interest to scientists

A) where many phenomena remain inexplicable B) where everything goes according to a master plan C) where most occurrences have a logical explanation D) of continuous and relentless change E) of little interest to anyone who is interested in science

237. One aim of the writer in this passage is to make people realize that ---. A) it is dangerous to interfere with the balance of nature B) everything in the universe has an explanation C) many of the facts about various planets are exceedingly boring D) all the seas in the world will eventually be like the Dead Sea E) what may seem simple and straightforward may actually not be so

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240.

Family-owned companies are bad for business, a new study argues - (I) ---- when they dominate a large portion of a country's economy. Outside the United States and Britain most major corporations are in the hands of a few wealthy families, (II) ---- , as in the US and Britain, being owned by a wide network of shareholders. The power of these small families often (III) ---- far beyond the companies they own directly, (IV) ---- a system of "control pyramids" in which they exercise indirect control over a large number of smaller companies. This concentration of corporate power doesn't merely leave a high percentage of wealth in the hands of billionaires -it also (V) ---- growth, diminishes efficiency, and limits economic freedom. Moreover, "a tiny elite that cannot be sacked," as the study puts it, is likely to pursue "economic entrenchment", in which property rights and financial openness are restricted to protect a few families' economic and political prerogatives or rights.

A) B) C) D) E) 241. A) B) C) D) E) 242. A) B) C) D) E) 243. A) B) C) D) E)

244. A) B) C) D) E)

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245.

The aim of the passage is to ----.

248. By the "tiny elite that cannot be sacked" of the passage is meant ----.

A) highlight the different ways in which business is carried on in the US and in Britain B) compare small family businesses and large corporations C) present the findings of a research project into the nature of large, familyowned corporations D) discredit the practices of big business, especially when shareholders are involved E) contradict the conclusions of a study into the practices of large, familyowned corporations

A) families running small businesses at the base of the "control pyramids" B) the non-family share-holders C) the high-ranking employees of the big corporations D) the few billionaire families who own and rule the major corporations E) families without economic and political prerogatives 249. It is clear from the passage that a major aim of the big family companies is to ----.

246. We understand from the passage that in Britain and the US, the larger companies ----.

A) preserve the status quo that is, their own wealth and power B) increase their political power and play a role in policy making C) make the business world more competitive D) reduce the powers of their shareholders E) encourage the growth of economic freedom throughout the world

A) are constantly merging to create even larger companies B) frequently extend their control over smaller corporations C) are characterized by much financial openness D) are usually owned by shareholders who may be many in number E) are highly competitive and growing fast 247. We learn from the passage that the "control pyramids" ----. A) offer smaller companies a muchneeded guidance B) are in general very beneficial C) depict the system of management within a large corporation D) characterize all family businesses whether large or small E) tend to restrict growth and lower efficiency

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253.

Recent activity in several US church communities has seemed almost unbelievable: churchgoers have gathered around huge fires and cheered (I) ---- they cast Harry Potter books into the flames. They fear that the incredibly popular series about a school for young wizards is spurring children and adolescents (II) ---- a life of witchcraft and onto the dangerous path toward Satanism. For these congregations, J.K. Rowling's books are none other than the work of the devil herself. To most people, however, the Harry Potter books and films are merely compelling adventure stories, not a threat (III) ---children's psyches. But what has been forgotten in the excitement of 'Pottermania' is that boys and girls have been fascinated by magic and sorcery (IV) ---- generations. Surveys about magical practices among adolescents vary widely, but some indicate that as many as 44 per cent have shown some slight, passing interest in it. Although satanically motivated violence occasionally makes headlines, research shows that less than 5 percent of young people (V) ---- more extensive witchcraft, and very few (VI) ---- in the kind of organized devil worship that can lead to such acts (VII) ---- ritual murder. 250. A) B) C) D) E) 251. A) B) C) D) E) 252. A) B) C) D) E)

A) B) C) D) E) 254. A) B) C) D) E) 255. A) B) C) D) E) 256. A) B) C) D) E)

I

IV to for with from at V get off set out take part in care for come along VI make over end up keep on rely on look into VII at as to by like

but as well as if so as as II among toward under between over III as of on to about

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257. The attitude of the writer of the passage towards the burning of the Harry Potter books by various church communities is ----.

260. In the passage, though the writer does not want to make a big issue of the matter of witchcraft, he ----. A) would like more surveys and studies to be carried out on it B) feels it should receive more public attention C) admits that it can, on occasion, lead to terrible events D) hopes that 'Pottermania' will soon die out of its own accord E) believes that all cases of satanically motivated violence should make the headlines and so serve as warnings

A) an understanding one, as many young people have been led astray by these books B) one of deep anger C) sympathetic as basically he believes they are right about the ill-effects of the Harry Potter books D) one of amazement at their response E) one of repulsion at their hysteria and fanaticism 258. One point emphasized in the passage is that the interest of young people in magic ----.

. 261. According to the passage, those who burn the Harry Potter books ----.

A) is no more dangerous than their love of adventure B) needs to be recognized by society and firm action taken C) really is largely due to the Harry Potter stories D) is by no means a new development E) should be encouraged as it is perfectly harmless

A) have previously burned other popular books B) are actually indulging in a form of witchcraft themselves C) mostly do so without having first read the books D) are being accused, quite unfairly, of displaying extremist attitudes E) do so because they believe these books encourage young people to turn to witchcraft

259. According to the passage, though a fair number of young people have felt a vague, temporary interest in magic, ----. A) it has always been easy to convince them of its dangers B) few have become seriously involved C) they have never, in any way, been harmed by it D) most do not even know the meaning of Satanism E) this never continues into adolescence

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262.

Therapists have to be very careful before they make a diagnosis of delusional disorder. A great many complaints are founded (I) ---- fact. It is possible that a patient is really being harassed at work, that her husband is deceiving her, or that her business partner is cheating her. Indeed, therapists must be careful not to (II) ---- facts as delusions, a trap known as 'the Martha Mitchell effect'. Martha Mitchell was the wife of former US attorney general John Mitchell. In October 1972, he was accused (III) ---- having ordered the break-in at the Democratic campaign headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. Mrs Mitchell repeatedly told the press that her husband was being made a scapegoat to protect the real culprit– President Richard M. Nixon. The White House spread disinformation about Mrs Mitchell, saying she had a drinking problem and implying (IV) ---- her statements were delusional. When the scandal was ultimately (V) ----, Mrs Mitchell's statements were proved true and she was shown to be utterly sane and (VI) ---- no drinking problem.

A) B) C) D) E) 263. A) B) C) D) E) 264. A) B) C) D) E) 265. A) B) C) D) E) 266. A) B) C) D) E) 267. A) B) C) D) E)

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268. The passage draws attention to the fact that ----.

271. According to the passage, Mrs Mitchell's statements about her husband ----.

A) John Mitchell had indeed violated the law on several occasions B) it can sometimes be difficult for therapists to distinguish between fact and delusion C) President Nixon had never trusted his attorney general D) Mrs Mitchell had always been subject to delusions E) complaints always have a foundation in fact

A) were disregarded by the press B) were imaginary rather than factual C) were, in fact, true but deliberately denied D) convinced President Nixon that his attorney general was innocent E) were examined by therapists on a regular basis 272. It is clear from the passage that, by 'the Martha Mitchell effect' is meant ----.

269. We understand from the passage that Mrs Mitchell ----.

A) the labelling of facts as delusions B) Mrs Mitchell's loyal support of her husband C) the use of a wife's evidence against her husband D) the unravelling of the Watergate scandal E) the giving of false testimony at a trial

A) was often treated by therapists on account of her delusions B) did indeed have a drinking problem C) was indifferent to the disinformation spread by the White House D) was unjustly portrayed as suffering from delusions E) displayed little interest in the Watergate affair 270. We learn from the passage that, in the Watergate affair, US attorney general John Mitchell ----. A) was criminally involved in the break-in at the Democratic campaign headquarters B) was made to appear as the leading wrongdoer C) asked the press to interview his wife D) advised President Nixon on the legal procedure E) was anxious that his wife should not get involved with the press

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273.

Before the Polish-born French-American mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot made his mark on the world, scientists liked to forget (I) --- the imperfections and irregularities of nature. The study of perfect squares, triangles and planes (II) ---- their field for over 2, 000 years, since the Greek geometer Euclid (III) ---maths' oldest treatise 'Elements' and provided us with the tools to measure these flawlessly smooth shapes. Any question about how to measure the real shape of a tree, a coastline or anything with a rough edge could not be (IV) ---- by Euclidean geometry and had therefore been ignored. But Mandelbrot changed all this when he (V) ---- fractal geometry, which enables us to measure roughness. 'My whole career has been one long, ardent pursuit of the concept of roughness', he says. 'The roughness of clusters in the physics of disorder, of turbulent flows, of exotic noises, of chaotic dynamical systems, of the distribution of galaxies, of coastlines, of stock-price charts and of mathematical constructions.

A) B) C) D) E) 274. A) B) C) D) E) 275. A) B) C) D) E) 276. A) B) C) D) E) 277. A) B) C) D) E)

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278. It is clear from the passage that, before Mandelbrot's concepts attracted the attention of the scientific world, ----.

281. One point made in the passage is that Euclidean geometry ----. A) has led to a better appreciation of the irregularities in nature B) has had to be modified in the light of new discoveries C) has been shown to be invalid D) is not universally applicable E) doesn't deserve the respect it has enjoyed for 2,000 years

A) mathematics followed the lead of Euclid and concentrated on regular shapes B) everyone felt that Euclidean geometry was inadequate C) scientists relied on Euclidean geometry to measure trees and exotic noises D) Mandelbrot almost lost confidence in the concept of roughness E) Mandelbrot was careful to limit the scope of his studies into roughness

282. According to the passage, fractal geometry ----. A) makes possible the measurement of anything with a rough edge B) is actually, as regards method, very similar to Euclidean geometry C) is merely an extension of Euclidean geometry D) is well on the way to replacing Euclidean geometry entirely E) is just one of several remarkable innovations propounded by Mandelbrot

279. According to the passage, Euclidean geometry can, in a way, be regarded as having had a negative effect upon the development of mathematics because it ----. A) can be neither substantiated nor disproved B) is too involved with measurement C) makes the investigation of roughness impossible D) is far too comprehensive E) put forward the concept of roughness 280. It is clear from the passage that Mandelbrot ----. A) only began to work on the concept of roughness at a later stage in his career B) finds the concept of roughness immensely exciting, and apparent in widely different areas C) worked on the concept of roughness because he wanted to prove that Euclid's theories were contradictory D) didn’t discover fractal geometry but worked to extend its uses E) has still to convince the scientific world of the value of fractal geometry

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286.

Much has been said and written about the declining numbers of and (I) ---- lack of diversity among American college students majoring in engineering. Among the factors (II) ---- to explain this phenomenon are the lack of exposure (III) ---- high school students (IV) ---the very idea of engineering and the fact that many have insufficient mathematics and science background to gain entrance to engineering school, (V) ---- they do identify the profession as a possible career. This is unfortunate, for the ideas of engineering should be integrated into the curricula not only of high schools but also of middle and primary schools. Our children are being done a disservice by not being exposed properly (VI) --- their education to engineering activities identified as such. After all, even pre-school children have the prerequisites in their play for appreciating exactly what engineering is: design. Indeed, design is everywhere around them throughout their school day, even in their before-school and after-school activities. It need only be pointed out to them (VII) ---- they are designing something, and (VIII) ---- being engineers of sorts, in virtually everything that they do. 283. A) B) C) D) E) 284. A) B) C) D) E) 285. A) B) C) D) E)

A) B) C) D) E) 287. A) B) C) D) E) 288. A) B) C) D) E) 289. A) B) C) D) E)

I impressive available affluent disappointing sincere

290. A) B) C) D) E)

II cited cite to cite to have been cited citing

IV about of in on to V even if because when after unless VI between among throughout at to VII that as whether what which VIII but as therefore when because

III of at to with for

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291. The writer of the passage feels strongly that ----.

294. The writer points out that children can, at a very early age, ----.

A) children should be involved in engineering activities at an early age B) many children are being unfairly directed into a career in engineering C) the mathematics and science courses in schools need to be modernized D) university engineering courses ought to be upgraded E) the education of pre-school children is being given too much importance

A) be encouraged to take part in afterschool activities B) develop an interest in scientific matters C) make up their minds to study engineering at university D) learn something about the basis of engineering, which is design E) be influenced by their school environment 295. According to the passage, all school programmes ----.

292. Among the reasons given in the passage for the decline in the numbers of engineering students is that ----.

A) should be designed to make students aware of the engineering practices and principles B) ought to give priority to the sciences C) must encourage children to make creative designs D) seem to put the emphasis on the need to diversify learning E) overlook the fact that all children are different

A) the American schools still follow outdated curricula B) university entrance requirements are far too demanding C) it is generally recognized as one of the most difficult of all the courses D) engineering in the US is not considered to be a competitive field of study E) many of them fail to acquire an adequate knowledge of mathematics and science at high schools 293. The writer recognizes the fact that engineering ----. A) is becoming less and less popular as a field of study among university students B) is only suitable for highly intelligent students C) is a complicated subject only suitable for really mature students D) has become one of the most popular fields of study at American universities E) requires many years of training prior to qualification

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(I) ---- there have been truly significant advances in modern medicine, health problems still (II) ---- and cause untold misery. Although heart disease and cancer were rare at the beginning of the 20th century, today these two diseases (III) ---- with increasing frequency, in spite of billions of dollars in research to combat them, and in spite of tremendous advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques. In America, one person in three suffers from allergies, one in ten has ulcers and one in five is mentally ill. Every year, a quarter of a million infants are born with a birth defect and (IV) ---- expensive surgery, or are hidden away in institutions. Other degenerative diseases such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and chronic fatigue (V) ---- a significant majority of Americans. Further learning disabilities make life miserable for seven million young people and their parents. These diseases were extremely rare only a generation or two ago. Today, chronic illness afflicts nearly half of all Americans and causes three out of four deaths in the United States.

296. A) B) C) D) E) 297. A) B) C) D) E) 298. A) B) C) D) E) 299. A) B) C) D) E) 300. A) B) C) D) E)

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301. One point that is stressed in the passage about the American people is that ----.

304. The passage stresses that ill-health gives rise to a great deal of misery ----. A) which is not confined to the patient alone B) which is largely associated with pain C) especially in the case of chronic illness D) even before an accurate diagnosis has been made E) especially when the symptoms are severe

A) they are less liable to degenerative diseases than most other peoples B) the rate of infant mortality among them is rising rapidly C) there is an alarming lack of communication between parents and their children D) the incidence of cancer among them is slowly being reduced due to medical advances E) in one way or another, a very large proportion of them have health problems

305. In line 15 of the passage the term 'significant majority' refers to ----. A) B) C) D) E)

302. According to the passage, cancer and heart diseases are on the increase ---.

an articulate majority a statistically small majority a large and important majority a rapidly increasing majority an unexpected but continuing majority

A) and most of the cures have serious side effects B) due to problems of diagnosis which for the present seem insurmountable C) since research so far carried out in these fields has been quite inadequate D) even though a great deal of money is being spent on research into them E) but very little is being done by the authorities to combat them 303. The writer of this passage draws our attention to ----. A) the fact that it is young people who are the most affected by degenerative diseases B) the paradox that medicine today has improved remarkably, but more and more people are suffering from various diseases C) the commonly-held view that cancer will, in a few decades, be completely eradicated D) the argument that good health depends upon a healthy diet and early diagnosis E) the possibility that it is mental rather than physical health that is going to be the major problem of the future in the US

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Fast-food is such a (I) ---- part of American life that it has become synonymous with American culture. Fast food was born in America and it has now swollen into a $106-billion industry. America exports fast-food worldwide and its attendant corporate culture, has probably been more influential and done more to destroy local food economies and cultural diversity (II) ---any government propaganda programme could hope to accomplish. No corner of the earth is safe from its (III) ---- and no aspect of life is unaffected. Fast-food is now found in shopping malls, airports, hospitals, gas stations, stadiums, on trains, and increasingly, in schools. There are 23, 000 restaurants in one chain alone, and another 2, 000 are being opened every year. Its effect has been the same on the millions of people it feeds daily and on the people it employs. Fast-food culture has changed (IV) ---- we work, from its assembly line kitchens filled with robotic frying machines to the trite phrases spoken to customers by its poorly paid part time workforce. In the United States, more than 57 per cent of the population eat meals (V) ---home on any given day and they spend more money on fast-food than they do on higher education, personal computers, or (VI) ---- on new cars.

306. A) B) C) D) E) 307. A) B) C) D) E) 308. A) B) C) D) E) 309. A) B) C) D) E) 310. A) B) C) D) E) 311. A) B) C) D) E)

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312.

The word 'swollen' in line 3 ----.

315. The writer of the passage clearly regrets the fact that ----.

A) emphasizes the speed at which the industry has grown B) suggests that the growth is excessive and unhealthy C) has very positive connotations D) draws attention to the inevitability of the growth of the industry E) implies that the industry will continue to grow on steadily

A) the fast-food companies cannot afford to pay even their part-time workers adequate salaries B) the growth of the fast-food industry has now come to a halt C) there are still more traditional restaurants than fast-food ones D) the fast-food industry cannot retain the high standards with which it started E) local and traditional styles of food are being pushed off the market

313. This passage on American's fastfood industry ----.

316. The assertion at the end of the passage that Americans spend more money on fast-food than they do on higher education ----.

A) shows convincingly that it is falling into disfavour B) is clearly written by someone who loves good food C) concentrates on negative aspects D) gives a rational account of why it grew so fast E) reveals the support it received from government propaganda

A) is a criticism of the amount of money spent on fast-food by Americans B) suggests that Americans are greedy for good food C) means that 57 percent of the American population has very little money leftover when it has paid for its food D) is an indication that higher education in the US is not expensive E) is, in the light of the rest of the passage, a gross exaggeration

314. One point that receives a lot of attention in the passage is ----. A) the fact that fast-food is now more popular outside the US than it is inside B) the fact that fast-food meets our dietary needs C) the consideration the fast-food companies show to their employees D) the far-reaching effects of the fast-food industry E) the idea that in such places as gas stations and trains fast-food is actually the only practical kind of food

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317.

It may be that golf originated in Holland but certainly Scotland fostered the game and is famous for it. In fact, in 1457 the Scottish Parliament disturbed because football and golf (I) ---- young Scots from the more soldierly exercise of archery, passed an ordinance that banned football and golf. James I and Charles I of the royal line of Stuarts were golf enthusiasts, (II) ---- the game came to be known as 'the royal' and ancient game of golf. The golf balls used in the early games were leather-covered and stuffed with feathers. Clubs of all kinds were fashioned by hand to suit individual players. The great step in spreading the game came with the change from the feather ball to the present-day ball introduced in about 1850. In I860, formal competitions began with the establishment of an annual tournament for the British Open championship. There are records of 'golf clubs' in the United States as far back as colonial days. (III) ---- , it remained a rather sedate and almost aristocratic pastime (IV) ---- a 20-yearold Francis Ouimet of Boston defeated two great British professionals, Harry Vardon and Ted Ray, in the United States Open championship at Brookline, Mass., in 1913. This feat put the game and Francis Ouimet (V) ---- the front pages of the newspapers and stirred a wave of enthusiasm for the sport.

A) B) C) D) E) 318. A) B) C) D) E) 319. A) B) C) D) E) 320. A) B) C) D) E) 321. A) B) C) D) E)

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322. As we understand from the passage, golf only became a popular game ----.

325. The point is made in the passage that golf has been described as a 'royal' game ----.

A) after an unknown American beat two famous British golf players in a US tournament B) following the annual tournament organized in 1860 C) in the time of James I D) after the introduction of annual formal competitions in both England and America E) after golf clubs were set up in colonial America

A) though for the last two centuries no kings have participated in the game B) since the professionals of the game are treated with so much respect C) as golf clubs are particular about who they accept as members D) because two British kings were passionately fond of it E) which Americans find very annoying 326. As we learn from the passage, it was around the mid-19th century that ---.

323. According to the passage, it was at one time believed in Scotland that ----.

A) the old golf ordinance of the Scottish Parliament was repealed B) the first formal golf competitions between America and Britain were held C) the newspapers began to cover major golf championships D) Scotland became the world's leading country in golf E) important changes were introduced into golf

A) football was a better game than golf for young people B) annual tournaments made the game too competitive C) golf was having an adverse effect on young people's military skills D) young people should be encouraged to take up either golf or archery E) the origins of archery were in some way associated with Holland 324. It is pointed out in the passage that golf ----. A) was to some extent practised in colonial America B) has been overshadowed by football in recent times C) requires a great deal of expensive equipment D) receives less newspaper coverage than football E) didn't arouse as much enthusiasm as archery did in medieval Scotland

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327.

The economic news from Europe was particularly disappointing in the second half of 2002. Moreover, recent surveys from the region imply little (I) ---- of improvement in the near future. Perhaps the most worrying aspect has been the sharp decline in conditions in Germany - the area's (II) ---- and most important economy. Domestic demand in Germany is very weak and, with the global economy also struggling, Germany's manufacturers have not been able to export their way (III) ---- trouble as they have done in the past. (IV) ---- the economy in such a weak state, it is no surprise then that European stock markets (V) ---- the US stock markets' downturn over the past 6 months. (VI) ---individual share prices may be lower and market valuations look attractive, the economy does not. Recovery seems some way off and strong equity performance from Europe's markets seems unlikely in 2003.

A) B) C) D) E) 328. A) B) C) D) E) 329. A) B) C) D) E) 330. A) B) C) D) E) 331. A) B) C) D) E) 332. A) B) C) D) E)

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333. We understand from the passage that the economic prospects in the current year for the European stock markets ----. A) B) C) D) E)

336. According to the passage, the trend in European stock markets ----. A) does not reflect the economic situation in Germany B) has been roughly the same as that in the US stock markets C) improved greatly during the last six months of2002 D) is related to the level of domestic demand in Germany E) seems to change every six months

are not foreseeable are certainly promising are constantly under discussion seem most encouraging don't look hopeful

334. It is pointed out in the passage that the present economic recession in Germany ----.

337. The phrase 'to export their way out of trouble' means ----.

A) is actually not as serious as is being experienced in several other European countries B) is being overcome by means of increased exports C) is more persistent than previous ones have been D) should have been foreseen much earlier E) has been exaggerated in several surveys recently

A) to expand their market capacity through more exports B) to find trouble-free markets for exports C) to work extremely hard to increase their exports D) to put an end to the slump E) to get out of the recession through increased exports

335. The passage points out that Germany's current economic problems ----. A) have left the stock markets of Europe unaffected B) have led to a worrying decline in the world economy C) are far less serious than those of any other country in Europe D) stem in part from a drop in domestic sales E) are in fact not as alarming as they were once thought to be

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338.

Scientists who study Earth's moon have two big regrets about the six Apollo missions that landed a dozen astronauts (I) ---- the lunar surface between 1969 and 1972. The biggest regret, of course, is that the missions ended so (II) ----, with so much of the moon still unexplored. But researchers also lament that the great triumph of Apollo led to a popular (III) ----: because astronauts have visited the moon, there is no compelling reason to go back. In the 1990s, however, two probes that orbited the moon raised new questions about Earth's airless satellite. One stunning discovery was strong evidence of water ice in the perpetually shadowed areas near the moon's poles. (IV) --- scientists believe that comets deposited water and organic compounds on both Earth and its moon, well-preserved ice at the lunar poles could (VI) ---- clues to the origins of life.

A) B) C) D) E) 339. A) B) C) D) E) 340. A) B) C) D) E) 341. A) B) C) D) E) 342. A) B) C) D) E)

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343. The point made in the passage is that it may be possible to ----.

346. As we understand from the passage, a great many people ----.

A) come to a better understanding of comets through the study of the moon B) learn more about the beginnings of life from the ice at the moon's poles C) resume Apollo missions as there is evidence of water on the moon D) identify the origin of the organic compounds found on the moon E) have a full knowledge of the moon without sending any more astronauts there

A) believe lunar missions should continue indefinitely B) regard the Apollo missions as a scientific breakthrough C) are sure the moon cannot support life D) feel that the very fact that man has landed on the moon is enough E) regard scientific investigations of the moon as unfeasible 347. A major point made in the passage is that ----.

344. As is pointed out in the passage, one significant outcome of the lunar probes in the 1990s was ----.

A) comets hold the secrets of the origins of life in the universe B) the six Apollo missions to the moon were a great scientific success C) the chances of finding water on the moon are very slim D) the probes of the 1990s demonstrated that the lunar landings should has continued E) scientists are agreed that there is nothing further to learn about the moon

A) the staggering finding of evidence of water on the moon B) the focussing of scientific attention on the comets C) the resumption of lunar missions D) the realization that life is possible on the moon E) the realization that there were great similarities between earth and moon 345. According to the passage, even though there were six Apollo missions to the moon roughly thirty years ago, ---. A) none of them could claim to be successful B) man's knowledge of the moon has not increased at all C) a very large proportion of the lunar surface remains to date unexamined D) it was only the lunar poles that were explored fully E) the idea of sending astronauts back to the moon seems even more farfetched than formerly

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348.

The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) will soon be testing a controversial theory about the collapse of the World Trade Center towers. (I) ---- an analysis (II) ---- a leading fire safety expert, had the fireproofing insulation on the towers' steel structures been thicker, the towers (III) ---longer and might even have remained standing after they were hit by the hijacked planes. The work is being seized on by lawyers representing victims' families and insurance companies. If confirmed, it could also lead to changes in building codes. NIST is responsible for (IV) ---- the final report on the towers' collapses and recommending if any changes are needed. It is widely accepted that the collapses were caused by the failure of the buildings' steel structure as it (V) ---- by the heat of the fires.

A) B) C) D) E) 349. A) B) C) D) E) 350. A) B) C) D) E) 351. A) B) C) D) E) 352. A) B) C) D) E)

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353. As it is pointed out in the passage, it is commonly recognized that the main cause for the collapse of the twin towers ----.

356. As is pointed out in the passage, the inadequacy of the fire-proofing insulation of the towers ----. A) has been accepted by NIST as the main cause of the collapse B) has aroused a great deal of legal attention C) is less important than the weakness of the steel structure as the cause of the collapse D) had long been recognized by firesafety experts as the weakest point in their construction E) has never been considered by any serious body

A) will only be understood after the release of a detailed report by NIST B) can never be established beyond doubt C) was the weakening of the steel structure due to the heat of the fire D) was not f-o much due to the heat of the fires as to the force of the impact of the hijacked planes E) is of special interest to insurance companies 354.

It is clear from the passage that ----.

357. According to the passage, if the tower collapse theory concerning the fire-proofing insulation proves to be true, ----.

A) the strength or the steel structure of the towers had been questioned when the designs were drawn up B) NIST has already made a thorough study of the collapse of the towers C) the reason for the sudden collapse of the two towers is still under debate D) the structure of the twin towers was in many respects well below standard E) the hijacked planes hit the weakest parts of the twin towers

A) this will have, even so, no direct bearing on the fight against terrorism B) the victims' families will get no compensation C) this will free NIST from all blame D) then lawyers will have no grounds for objections E) then NIST will probably introduce new building regulations

355. As we learn from the passage, a specialist in fire safety ----. A) puts the blame for the collapse of the towers on the thin fire-proofing insulation B) is to blame for negligence as regards the burning of the twin towers C) has been cooperating with the victims' lawyers to start legal procedures D) has been commissioned to prepare a report on the collapse of the towers E) should have been aware of the structural weakness of the towers and given due warning

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358.

The long-expected decline in the dollar is now well under way. For years economists have predicted that America's huge current-account deficit would eventually cause its currency to plunge. So far the dollar's slide (I) ---- fairly gradual: it is down by 13% in trade-weighted terms over the past year, though it has dropped by almost twice as much against the euro since its 2001 peak. As the decline seemed to (II) ---- speed this week, John Snow, George Bush's Treasury Secretary, declared that he favours a 'strong dollar policy'. That was surely the wrong answer even leaving aside the debatable issue of (III) ---cabinet secretaries can influence the level of exchange rates. A weaker, not a stronger dollar, is what the world needs now - so long as policymakers elsewhere respond (IV) ----. America promoted a strong dollar throughout the 1990s, (V) ---- inflation was still thought to be the main enemy. Today it makes less sense. Even after its recent slide, the dollar seems overvalued. Moreover, with ample space capacity in America, deflation looks a bigger risk than inflation.

A) B) C) D) E) 359. A) B) C) D) E) 360. A) B) C) D) E) 361. A) B) C) D) E) 362. A) B) C) D) E)

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363. It is pointed out in the passage that the American policy, in the 1990s, for a strong dollar ----.

366. As we understand from the passage, the decline in the value of the American dollar has ----.

A) seems less rational now than it did then B) has proved successful in boosting the economy C) has been reversed by the Treasury Secretary, John Snow D) has frequently been disregarded by American economists E) has been a major reason for the decline of the euro

A) had an adverse effect upon the value of the euro B) bolstered American trade C) been foreseen by economists over a long period of time D) been a major headache for policy makers E) followed an unpredictable pattern 367. In the passage, with the phrase 'the wrong answer' is meant ----.

364. It is stressed in the passage that for the American economy, ----.

A) the American government's indifference to the decline of the dollar B) the policy of keeping the dollar in line with the euro C) keeping the dollar strong through trade D) permitting the current-account deficit to continue E) the Treasury Secretary's preference for a strong dollar policy

A) John Snow's policies promise a great deal of hope B) it is not inflation but deflation that in fact may pose the more serious problem C) the global level of exchange rates constitutes a major threat D) and for the world economy, a strong dollar is of vital importance E) policy makers agree that deflation has been responsible for many of the problems 365. According to the passage, what has brought about the fall of the American dollar ----. A) is the erratic global fluctuations in exchange rates B) is the enormous deficit experienced by the American economy C) has been a persistent recession in the global economy D) is the wrong economic policies introduced by John Snow, Treasury Secretary E) is the unexpected rise in the value of the euro

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