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ClinMed Joel...
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By Medical Students For Medical Students
2014 “This is not intended to be your reviewer. Your best reviewer is of Barbara Bates, your best handout is your ear, and your best teacher is yourself”
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CLINICAL NEUROLOGY by Dra Rosales 3 HEAD, EYES, EARS, NOSE, THROAT by Dra Solis 8 EXTREMITIES by Dr Paulino 34 CHEST and LUNGS, BREAST by Dra Lee 56 CARDIOLOGY by Dra Deduyo 65 ABDOMEN by Dra Cortez 76 Please be guided that answers are coming from medical students; do not rely. AKO NA MISMO NAGSASABING MALI MALI UNG IBANG MGA SAGOT DITO KASI AYAW MAKINIG NG IBA NA NAG EENCODE SABING WAG PALITAN UNG SAGOT. -‐ N
NEUROLOGY 1. Gait ataxia and hypotonia will be seen in a patient with a lesion in the a. Rostral vermis b.Posterior lobe c.Caudal vermis d.All e. A and C 2. Manifestation of vermian lesion a. Dysarthria b. Scanning speech c. Nystagmus d.All e.A and c 3. Manifestation of cerebellar dysfunction a. Hypotonia b. Decomposition of movement c. Mild aesthenia d.All e. A and C 4. Test for arm dystaxia a. Wrist tapping test b. Arm pulling test c. Thigh patting test d.All e.A and C 5. True in a patient with cerebellar hemisphere infarct in the right a. Nystagmus b. Limb ataxia C. Dysmetria L d. All e. A and B 6. Superficial sensation routinely examined a. Romberg b. Asteriognosis c. Joint position d. Pain e. C and D 7. Manifestation of polyneuropathy a. Symetrical distal weakness b. Areflexia c. Preferential sensory loss in proximal limb d. A and B e. All 8. From medial to lateral (CTLS) segmented arrangement of fibers in the spinal cord is seen in the a. Fascicular cuneatus/ gracilis b. Lateral cortico spinal c. Spinothalamic d. All e. B and C 9. TRUE during testing of sensory function, a. Usually done with patient’s eyes closed b. Should compare cornified vs. Non cornified areas c. Should examine symmetrical dermatomal area d. All e. A and C 10. Pins and needles sensation a. Dysaesthesia b. Paresthesia c. Alodynia e. Analgesia 11. Biceps reflex is subserved a. C2 – c3 b.C4-‐c5 c. C5-‐c6 d. C7-‐c8 12. Variations of babinski a. Snout reflex c. Hoffman’s d. Chaddock’s e.All b. B and C 13. Examination of motor function a. Look for involuntary movements c. Inspect muscle size b. Look for coordinated performance of d. all motor acts 14. TRUE of spastic gate: a. Narrow base of support b. Foot plantar flexed and everted c. Leg externally rotated at the hip d. All e. A and C 15. Upper motor neuron paralysis: a. Muscles affected in groups e. A and C b. Rigidity c. Babinski d. All
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4 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Fundoscopy D Nystagmus C Say EGG A Open mouth B Corneal blink reflex
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a. Cranial nerve from medulla b. Cranial nerve from the pons c. Cranial nerve from the midbrain d. Cranial nerve from the supra tentorial
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A. MATCHING TYPE: 1. A stoke patient can open his eyes, moans and flexes on painful stimulation has a Glasgow coma scale of: A. 3/15 B. 6/15 C. 10/15 D. 12/15 2. The main objective of doing deep tendon reflex is to: A. Differentiate whether the lesion is UMN or LMN B. Differentiate whether the lesion is brain stem or spinal cord C. Differentiate whether the lesion is anterior horn cell or peripheral nerve D. All of the above 3. Babinski is not seen in: A. Frontal lobe tumor B. Brainstem stroke C. Spinal cord D. Diabetic compression neuropathy 4. A high stepped, slapping gate is usually secondary to: A. Parkinson’s disease B. Posterior column C. UMN Lesion D. Gait apraxia lesion 5. Paralysis of upward gaze is usually secondary to: A. Optic nerve lesion B. Optic chiasm lesion C. Pineal lesion D. Pituitary Lesion 6. Not a feature of metabolic encephalopathy A. Pupils are equal and reactive C. Common occurrence of movement abnormality B. Severe mental status alteration D. Presence of lateralizing sign 7. Fatigue with exercise is usually seen in: A. Neuropathy B. Myopathy C. Neuromuscular function disorder D. UMN lesion 8. A unilateral, dilated, non – reactive pupil in a comatose pate will indicate: A. Metabolic encephalopathy C. Pontine hemorrhage B. Temporal bone herniation D. Drug overdose 9. A patient complaining of weakness that he can only move his extremities against gravity is graded as: A. 1/5 B. 2/5 C. 3/5 D. 4/5 10. Mental status examination is a test for the integrity of: A. Cerebral cortex B. Cerebellum C. Brainstem D. Cranial nerves 11. An optic chiasm lesion would cause: A. Failure of B. Paralysis of upward C. Bitemporal Hemianopsia D. All of the above convergence gaze 12. Lesion in the cavernous sinus would involve the following cranial nerves, except: A. CN III B. CN IV C. CN V D. CN VI 13. Weakness of knee extension is caused by a lesion of: A. Femoral nerve B. Peroneal nerve C. Sciatic Nerve D. Popliteal nerve 14. Features of upper motor neuron, except: A. Spastic B. (+) Babinski C. Atrophy D. None of the above 15. Foot drop is secondary to a lesion in the: A. Femoral nerve B. Peroneal nerve C. Lateral cutaneous D. nerve 16. The first cranial nerve to be affected by increased intracranial pressure is: A. CN III B. CN IV C. CN VI D. CN VI 17. Signs of peripheral nerve lesion, except: A. Atrophy B. Fasciculations C. Spasticity D. Hyporeflexia 18. Neurologic examination in a comatose patient includes the following, except: A. Fundoscopy B. Pupillary light reflex C. Mental status D. Cerebellar examination examination 19. Signs and symptoms of myopathy includes the following, except: A. Proximal weakness B. Atrophy C. Hyperreflexia D. None of the above 20. The most reliable sign of UMN lesion: A. Hyperreflexia B. Atrophy and fasciculation C. (+) Babinski D. Spasticity 21. Presence of cheery red spots seen in the retina by fundoscopy is seen in: A. Tay Sach’s disease C. Inreacrania hemorrhage
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B. Subarachnoid hemorrhage D. Von Recklinghausen’s disease 22. Presence of café au lait spots seen in fundoscopy is secondary to A. Tay Sach’s disease C. Inreacrania hemorrhage B. Subarachnoid hemorrhage D. Von Recklinghausen’s disease 23. Ataxia is seen in the following lesions, except: A. Dorsal column B. Cerebellum C. Spinocerebellar tract D. None of the above 24. Movement disorder associated with basal ganglia lesions, except: A. Dysmetria B. dystonia C. Bradykinesia D. Tremor 25. In the lesion of the superior orbital fissure the following are true, except: A. Weakness of the lateral movement of the eye B. Weakness of the medial movement of the eye C. Weakness of the superior and inferior movement of the eye D. None of the above B. ASSOCIATION TYPE A – If 1,2,3 are correct D – Only 4 is correct B – If 1 and 3 are correct E – if all are correct C – If 2 and 4 are correct E 26. Neurologic examination is mandatory if the patient complains of: 1. Loss of consciousness 2. Weakness 3. Urinary incontinence 4. Dementia E 27.Sensory examination includes the following: 1. Crude touch 2. Position 3. Vibration 4. Temperature B 28. Bitemporal hemianopsia is secondary to: 1. Pituitary adenoma 2. Brainstem lesion 3. Uncal herniation 4. Metabolic encepalopathy E 29. The appearance of the following reflexes would indicate frontal lobe lesion 1. Palmomental 2. Sucking 3. Grasp 4. Babinski A 30. Babinski could be present if you have lesions of the: 1. Supratentorial 2. Posterior fossa 3. Spinal 4. Anterior horn cell A 31. Neurologic examination in a comatose patient includes: 1. Light reflex 2. Fundoscopy 3. Mental status 4. Cerebellar exam C 32. Retinal hemorrhage could be seen in: 1. Optic neuritis 2. Malignant 3. Cerebral infarction 4. Raptured aneurysm hypertension B 33. Mental status examination includes: 1. Level of consciousness 2. Memory 3. Mood 4. Position B 34. Fundoscopy is valuable if you are entering: 1. Increased intracranial pressure 2. Demyelinating disorder 3. Raptures aneurysm 4. Cerebral infarction C 35. Signs and symptoms of myopathy 1. Absent sensory changes 2. Proximal weakness 3. Atriphy 4. Hyporeflexia A 36. Movement disorders associated with basal ganglia lesion 1. Athetosis 2. Ballismus 3. Parkinson’s disease 4. Dystonia C 37. Small, pinpoint pupils are associated with: 1. Amphetamines 2. Opiate overdose 3. Uncal herniation 4. Pontine lesion overdose D 38. Large, dilated pupils are associated with: 1. Cocaine use 2. Heroine use 3. Opiate overdose 4. Amphetamine overdose E 39. Horner’s syndrome: 1. Mitotic pupils 2. Ptosis 3. Facial anhydrosis 4. Dilated pupils
D 40. Melkensson syndrome 1. Painful edema 2. Caused by herpes zoster virus 3. Pitting edema C. MATCHING TYPE I 41. Phonation A. Cranial I G 42. Numbness of the face B. Cranial II B 43. Visual acuity C. Cranial III E 44. Clenching of teeth D. Cranial IV K 45. Shoulder shrug E. Cranial V L 46. Tongue atrophy F. Cranial VI C 47. Convergence G. Cranial VII H. Cranial VIII I. Cranial IX J. Cranial X K. Cranial XI L. Cranial XII B 48. CN II – III A. Corneal reflex 49. CN V – VII B. Pupillary light reflex A 50. CN I X – X C. Gag reflex C
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Scrotal tongue
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HEENT 1. Unilateral headache that can be localized behind the eyes – CLUSTER 2. Enlarged blind spot occurs in a condition affecting the optic nerve 3. Rhinoscopy (ndi dapat tamaan) – NASAL SEPTUM 4. polyps – MEDIAL MEATUS 5. Family history – MIGRAINE 6. Hyperthyroidism – GRAVE’S DISEASE 7. button like –CHANCRE IN SYPHILIS 8. maplike –GEOGRAPHICAL 9. caused by deficiency in riboflavin and niacin – SMOOTH TONGUE 10. ear pull (adults) – UP & BACK 11. unilateral painless – RETINAL WALL 12. examining the oropharynx use a tongue depressor – DISTAL HALF OF TONGUE 13. white optic disc and tiny vessel are absent – OPTIC ATROPHY 14. fissured tongue – APPEARED WITH INCREASING AGE 15. nutritional deficiency (cold sore) – ANGULAR CHEILITIS 16. caused by trauma – SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE 17. tonsilar LN pulsation a. carotid artery b. ext. Jugular Vein c. lymph adenopathy d. bruit 18. convergence test – 19. Tug test painful in – OTITIS EXTERNA ADDITIONAL: • Otitis Externa – pale, moist , narrow •
Retracted eardrum
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Soft nodule in the thyroid gland – GRAVE’s
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Behind the eye – Cluster
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Riboflavin def. and chemotx. – smooth
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Exposure to sumlight – lip carcinoma
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Factor to carcinoma – Actinic Cheilitis
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Worsen in noisy environmanet – sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL)
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Presbyopic – better seen further away Central loss
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Button like infection – Angular cheilitis
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Ill fitting dentures
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Fissure tongue – increasing age
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Sign of lip canar? – Actinic cheilitis
1. Hold target at the midline and at eye level gradually moving the target toward the bridge of the nose. a. Lid lag b. Convergence c. Accommodation d. Confrontation 2. For the test above a. This is normally maintained at a distance of 2-‐3 inches from the nasal bridge of the nose b. Watch for the appearance of white sclera between the iris and the upper lid. c. Usually a person sees both sets of fingers at the same time. d. There is pupillary constriction in the opposite eye 3. There is poor convergence in a. Hypothyroidism b. Hypertension c. Hyperthyroidism d. Diabetes mellitus 4. Absent red reflex suggest a. Normal eye b. Artificial eye c. Papilledema d. Hyperthyroidism 5. External auditory canal is often swollen , narrowed moist, pale and tender. It may be reddened. This is a. Chronic otitis externa b. Acute otitis externa c. Acute purulent otitis media d. acute otitis media 6. This is not a special eye technique for eye examination a. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction b. Inspection of the upper palpebral conjunctiva c. For assessing protruding eyes d. Extraocular muscle test 7. Inspection of the nasal cavity through the anterior naris us usually limited to the following: a. Vestibule b. Superior turbinates c. Sphenoid sinus d. Frontal sinus 8. Spinning sensation is accompanied by nystagmus and ataxia a. Vertigo b. Dizziness c. Tinnitus d. Disequilibrium 9. Retracted tympanic membrane a. More conical b. Seen on Acute suppurative otitis media c. Loss of bony landmarks d. Accentuated bony landmarks 10. Local cause of nosebleeding
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a. Flying b. Hypertension c. Nose Picking d. Leukemia e. English 11. Deacrease facial mobility and characteristic stare (Parkinson’s disease) 12. Head is elongated with bony prominence of the forehead, nose and lower jaw (Acromegaly) 13. swelling usually appears first in the eyes and in the morning (Nephrotic syndrome) 14. hair is dry, coarse and sparse with periorbital edema. Lateral eyebrows thin (Myxedema) 15. Red cheeks, hirsutism and “moonface” (Cushing’s syndrome) 16. May accompany lipid disorders (Xanthelasma) 17. Tearing is prominent. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction is also noted (Dacryocyctitis) 18. Usually points inside the lid rather that the lid margin (Chalazion) 19. A painful, tender red infection in a gland at the margin of the eyelids (Sty) 20. Drooping of eyelids (Ptosis) Q: Unilateral headache that can be localized behind the eye A. Cluster Q: Enlarge Blind spot occurs in a condition affecting optic nerve A: Q: Rhinoscopy (hindi dapat tamaan) A: Nasal septum Q: Polyps A: Medial Meatus Q: Family History A: Migraine Q: Hyperthyroidism A: Grave’s disease Q: Button like A: Chancre syphilis Q: Map-‐like A: Geographical Q: Caused by a deficiency in riboflavin and Niacin A: smooth Tongue Q: Ear pull (adult) A: Up and back Q: Unilateral, painless A: Retinal Wall Q: Examining oropharynx, use tongue depressor: A: Distal half of tongue
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Q: White optic disc and tiny vessel are absent A: Optic Atropy Q: Fissured tongue A: Appeared with increasing age • Subarachnoid Hemorrhage -‐ nausea and vomiting, possible loss of consciousness, neck pain •
Ptosis -‐ cause myasthenia gravis, damage to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), damage to the sympathetic nerve supply ( Horner's syndrome)
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Ectropion -‐ the margin of the lower lid is turned outward, exposing the palpebral conjunctiva
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Inflammation of the Lacrimal Sac (Dacryocystitis) -‐ swelling between the lower eyelid and the nose
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Horner's Syndrome-‐ small affected pupil, reacts briskly to light and near effort, ptosis present, loss of sweating on forehead, heterochromia
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Argyll-‐Robertson pupils -‐ small, irregular pupils that accomodate but do not react to light indicate CNS syphilis
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Normal arterial wall is transparent; Normal light reflex is narrow
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Silver wiring -‐ occasionally a portion of a narrowed artery develops such as an opaque wall that has no blood is visible within it.
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Microaneurysms -‐ tiny, round red spots seen commonly but not exclusively in and around the macular area; minute dilatations of very small retinal vessels, but the vascular connections are too small to be seen opthalmoscopically
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Neovascularizations -‐ formation of new blood vessels; more numerous, more tortuous, and narrower than other blood vessels in the area and form disorderly looking red arcades
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Hypertensive Retinopathy -‐ marked arteriolar venous crossing changes are seen, copper wiring of the arterioles is present. Cotton wool spot is seen just superior to the disc.
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Nonproliferative Retinopathy ( Moderately severe) -‐ tiny red dots/ microaneurysms
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Proliferative Retinopathy ( Neovascularization) -‐ new preretinal vessels arising on the disc extening across the disc margins. Visual acuity is still normal, but risk for visual loss is high
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Keloid -‐ a firm, nodular, hypertrophic mass of scar tissue (binding) extending beyond the area of injury
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Tophi -‐ deposit of uric acid crystals characteristic of chronic tophaceous gout
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Cutaneous cyst/ Sebaceous cyst -‐ a dome shaped lump in the dermis forms a benign closed firm sac attached to the dermis
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Rheumatoid Nodules -‐ small lump on the helix/antihelix and additional nodules elsewhere on the hands along the surface of the ulna distal to the elbow
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Acute Otitis Media with Purulent Effusion -‐ caused by bacterial infection earache, fever and hearing loss. Hearing loss is of the conductive type
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Sensorineural loss -‐ weber's test: sound lateralizes to good ear
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Angular Cheilitis -‐ softening of the skin at the angles of the mouth, fissuring
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Chancre of Syphilis -‐ appear on the lip, firm button-‐like lesion
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Large Normal Tonsils -‐ normal tonsils may be enlarged; protrude medially beyond the pillars and even to the midline
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Diptheria -‐ dull red, gray exudate (pseudomembrane) is present on the uvula, pharynx and tongue
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Koplik's spots -‐ early sign of measles, small white specks that resembles grains of salt
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Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis -‐ ulcers develop in the interdental papilla
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Hutchinson's teeth -‐ sides of these teeth show normal contours; sides, shaping of the teeth are unaffected
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Smooth tongue (Atrophic Glossitis) -‐ lost its papillae, deficiency in riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, Vit. B12, pyridoxine, iron
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Apthous ulcer (Canker sores) -‐ painful, round/oval ulcer that is white/yellowish gray and surrounded by a halo of reddened mucosa
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Diffuse Enlargement -‐ endemic goiter
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Hyperthyroidism -‐ tachycardia
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Enlarged skull may signify: Hydrocephalus or Paget’s disease of Bone 20/200 vision meaning: at 20 ft., the patient can read print that a person with normal vision could read at 200 feet. Absence of a red reflex: Cataract (opacity of lens), detached retina, retinoblastoma Light rays from a distance focus on the anterior of retina: Myopia Light rays from a distance focus on the posterior of retina: Hyperopia Loss of venous pulsation in pathologic conditions like head trauma, meningitis, or mass lesions may be an early sign of: Elevated ICP Canal is swollen, narrowed, moist, pale, tender, reddened: Acute Otitis externa Unilateral Conductive hearing loss: Sound is heard in the Impaired ear Unilateral Sensorineural Hearing loss: Sound is heard in the good ear Conductive hearing loss: BC > AC Mucosa is reddened and swollen: Viral rhinitis Mucosa is pale, bluish, or red: Allergic rhinitis Submental Lymph node (maytanong bout sa Submental LN) Basic landmark for palpating Thyroid gland: Thyroid cartilage and Cricoid cartilage?? Nausea, Vomiting: Migraine/Subarachnoid Sudden movements of the head may be associated with: Brain tumor Spinning sensation: Vertigo Left Homonymous Hemianopsia: Right Optic Radiation Damage to Oculomotor nerve: Ptosis Eye no longer drains satisfactorily: Ectropion
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
13 20. Bilateral Exopthalmos: Grave’s, hyperthyroidism Unilateral exophthalmos: Grave’s dse/ Tumor/ Inflammation of the orbit 21. Painful, Tender, Red infection of the margin of the eyelid: Stye 22. Pupil is large, regular and usually unilateral; reaction to light is severely reduced/ slowed or absent: Adie’s pupil (Tonic pupil) 23. Loss of venous pulsation; disc vessels more visible, more numerous: papilledema 24. Arteries show areas of focal/generalized narrowing: hypertension 25. Arteries become full and somewhat tortuous; Inc light reflex: Copper wiring 26. Presence of cotton-‐wool spot: Hypertensive Retinopathy 27. May tanong on page 267, di ko maalala pero meron 28. Softening of the skin at the angles of the mouth followed by fissuring: Angular Cheilitis 29. Firm lesion on the lip: Chancre of Syphilis 30. Reddened throat without exudate: Pharyngitis 31. Smooth tongue that has lost its papillae: Atrophic glossitis 32. Headache is severe and sudden onset: Subarachnoid hemorrhage/ Acute meningitis 33. Sudden unilateral visual loss is pinless: Retinal detachment/ retinal vein occlusion/ central retinal artery occlusion/ vitreous hemorrhage/ macular degeneration *If visual loss is painful: corneal ulcer/ uveitis/ acute glaucoma/ optic neuritis 34. Bilateral and painless visual loss: d/t cholinergics, anticholinergics and steroids/ Chemical, radiation exposure 35. People having trouble understanding speech; noisy environment makes hearing worse: Sensorineural loss 36. Local cause of epistaxis: Trauma (nose picking) – most common 37. Enlarged blind spot: Glaucoma/ Optic neuritis/ Papilledema
HEENT 1. In primary position, R eye deviates laterally but cannot move medially a. R lateral rectus palsy b. R oblique rectus palsy c. R medial rectus palsy d. R superior rectus palsy 2. Renal artery of HTN-‐ focal narrowing 3. A portion of a narrowed artery develops such an opaque wall that no blood is visible with in it a. silver artery or silver wire artery b. copper wire c. normal artery d. retinal sclerosis 4. most important attribute for head ache. A. Chronologic pattern B. Quality C. Location D. Timing 5. Holding a pencil and moving toward the bridge of the nose (ganyan hung thought nung question, mahaba kasi yung question e) Ans: Convergence test
14 6. a. b. c. d. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
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14. 15.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
True about the test above 5-‐8 cm distance from the nose…. … … … Inspection of anterior nares is limited to: a. Vestibule b. Sphenoid sinus c. Sup. Turbinate d. Frontal sinus Spinning sensation with nystagmus and ataxia a. Vertigo b. Dizziness c. Tinnitus d. Dysequilibrium ans. A. VERTIGO? Retracted tympanic membrane…. Local cause of nose bleeding A. Flying B.Hypertension C. Nose picking D. Leukemia In opthalmoscopic examination,-‐The view is limited to posterior structure Benign lesion associated with antibiotic therapy-‐ hairy tongue Examination of LN is done by-‐ palpation Basic landmark of thyroid gland-‐ Cricothyroid
Test I: Choose the BEST answer 1. In opthalmoscopic Examination a. The view is limited to posterior structure b. Pheripheral structures can be evaluated in the absence of mydriatic drops c. (+)3 or (+)4 diopters will allow you to see the anterior structures clearly d. Red-‐orange reflex is normally not visualize first 2. A (-‐) lens is used in a. Hyperopic eyes b. Aphakic eyes c. Myopic eye d. Astigmatism 3. Physical sign of retrosternal goiter a. Venous engorgement b. Tender thyroid c. Thyroid bruit d. Regional lymphnode enlargement 4. Examinatin of the lymphnode is primarily by a. Inspection b. Palpation c. Auscultation d. X-‐ray 5. Basic landmark for thyroid gland examination a. Cricoid cartilage b. Thyroid cartilage c. Trachea d. Sternocleidomastoid 6. Primary lesion from posterior 2/3 of the scalp and nasopharynx a. Submental lymphnodes b. Posterior cervical triangle c. Anterior crvical triangle d. Supraclavicular lymphnode 7. Nasal flaring is associated with a. Respiratory distress b. Chronic nasal obstruction
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c. Mouth breathing d. Allergic rhinitis 8. A hole in nasal septum is commonly caused by a. Syphilis b. Tuberculosis c. Cocaine abuse d. Repeated trauma in picking off crusts 9. Headache presents on aakening a. Migraine b. Brain tumor headache c. Meningitis d. Subarachnoid hemorrhage 10. Sudden unilateral painless visual loss a. Acute glaucoma b. Corneal ulcer c. Uveitis d. Retinal vein occlusion Test II: Match the abnormalities of the lips with description below a. Angular cheilitis b. Cold sore c. Chancre of syphilis d. Carcinoma of the lips e. Angioedema B 11. Produce recurrent and painful eruptions of the lips and surrounding skin A 12. Maybe due to ill-‐fitting dentures C 13. Highly infectious, firm, button-‐like lesion that ulcerates and may become crusted D 14. Fair skin and prolonged exposure to the sun are common risks factors A 15. It may be due to nutritional deficiency Test III: Match the pattern of hearing loss with description below a. Conductive hearing loss b. Sensorineural hearing loss A 16. One cause is otitis media B 17. In weber test, sound lateralizes to good ear
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B 18. In Rinne test, normal pattern prevails A 19. Voice maybe loud because hearing is difficult A 20. Usual ageof onset childhood and adulthood, up to age 40
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HEENT a. Conductive hearing loss b. Sensorineural hearing loss 1.
Voice may be loud because the patient has trouble hearing his or her own voice B
2.
Age of onset is most often in childhood and young adulthood, up to age 40 A
3.
Otitis media A
4.
Sound lateral to good ear in Weber test B
5.
AC>BC, Rinne test B
6.
Basic landmark – cricoid cartilage
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Lesion in the posterior 2/3 of the scalp and nasopharynx – subscapular
8.
Retrosternal goiter – venous engorgement
9.
Examination of the lymphnode – palpation
10. Ophalmoscopic examination a. The view is limited to posterior structure b. Pheripheral structures can be evaluated in the absence of mydriatic drops c. (+)3 or (+)4 diopters will allow you to see the anterior structures clearly d. Red-‐orange reflex is normally not visualize first 11. A (-‐) lens is used in a. Hyperopic eyes b. Aphakic eyes c. Myopic eye d. Astigmatism 12. Firm, button-‐like lesion – chancre of syphilis 13. Risk factors are fair skin, and prolonged exposure to sun – carcinoma of the lip 14. Nutritional insufficiency – angular cheilitis 15. Ill-‐fitting dentures – angular cheilitis 16. Painful vesicular lesions in angle of the mouth – herpes simplex/cold sore 17. Unilateral, painless visual loss a. Acute glaucoma b. uveitis c. retinal vein occlusion d. all of the above 18. Headache upon waking up – migraine 19. Nasal flaring associated to a. Respiratory distress b. Chronic nasal obstruction c. Mouth breathing
19 d. Allergic rhinitis 20. Hole in the basal septum most common in a. Syphilis b. Tuberculosis c. Cocaine abuse d. Repeated trauma in picking off crusts
Test I: Choose the BEST answer 1. In opthalmoscopic Examination a. The view is limited to posterior structure b. Pheripheral structures can be evaluated in the absence of mydriatic drops c. (+)3 or (+)4 diopters will allow you to see the anterior structures clearly d. Red-‐orange reflex is normally not visualize first 2. A (-‐) lens is used in a. Hyperopic eyes b. Aphakic eyes c. Myopic eye d. Astigmatism 3. Physical sign of retrosternal goiter a. Venous engorgement b. Tender thyroid c. Thyroid bruit d. Regional lymphnode enlargement 4. Examinatin of the lymphnode is primarily by a. Inspection b. Palpation c. Auscultation d. X-‐ray 5. Basic landmark for thyroid gland examination a. Cricoid cartilage b. Thyroid cartilage c. Trachea d. Sternocleidomastoid 6. Primary lesion from posterior 2/3 of the scalp and nasopharynx a. Submental lymphnodes b. Posterior cervical triangle c. Anterior crvical triangle d. Supraclavicular lymphnode
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7. Nasal flaring is associated with a. Respiratory distress b. Chronic nasal obstruction c. Mouth breathing d. Allergic rhinitis 8. A hole in nasal septum is commonly caused by a. Syphilis b. Tuberculosis c. Cocaine abuse d. Repeated trauma in picking off crusts 9. Headache presents on aakening a. Migraine b. Brain tumor headache c. Meningitis d. Subarachnoid hemorrhage 10. Sudden unilateral painless visual loss a. Acute glaucoma b. Corneal ulcer c. Uveitis d. Retinal vein occlusion Test II: Match the abnormalities of the lips with description below a. Angular cheilitis b. Cold sore c. Chancre of syphilis d. Carcinoma of the lips e. Angioedema B 11. Produce recurrent and painful eruptions of the lips and surrounding skin A 12. Maybe due to ill-‐fitting dentures C 13. Highly infectious, firm, button-‐like lesion that ulcerates and may become crusted D 14. Fair skin and prolonged exposure to the sun are common risks factors A 15. It may be due to nutritional deficiency
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Test III: Match the pattern of hearing loss with description below a. Conductive hearing loss b. Sensorineural hearing loss A 16. One cause is otitis media B 17. In weber test, sound lateralizes to good ear B 18. In Rinne test, normal pattern prevails A 19. Voice maybe loud because hearing is difficult A 20. Usual ageof onset childhood and adulthood, up to age 40
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HEENT a. Conductive hearing loss b. Sensorineural hearing loss 1.
Voice may be loud because the patient has trouble hearing his or her own voice B
2.
Age of onset is most often in childhood and young adulthood, up to age 40 A
3.
Otitis media A
4.
Sound lateral to good ear in Weber test B
5.
AC>BC, Rinne test B
6.
Basic landmark – cricoid cartilage
7.
Lesion in the posterior 2/3 of the scalp and nasopharynx – subscapular
8.
Retrosternal goiter – venous engorgement
9.
Examination of the lymphnode – palpation
10. Ophalmoscopic examination a. The view is limited to posterior structure b. Pheripheral structures can be evaluated in the absence of mydriatic drops c. (+)3 or (+)4 diopters will allow you to see the anterior structures clearly d. Red-‐orange reflex is normally not visualize first 11. A (-‐) lens is used in a. Hyperopic eyes b. Aphakic eyes c. Myopic eye d. Astigmatism 12. Firm, button-‐like lesion – chancre of syphilis 13. Risk factors are fair skin, and prolonged exposure to sun – carcinoma of the lip 14. Nutritional insufficiency – angular cheilitis 15. Ill-‐fitting dentures – angular cheilitis 16. Painful vesicular lesions in angle of the mouth – herpes simplex/cold sore 17. Unilateral, painless visual loss a. Acute glaucoma b. uveitis c. retinal vein occlusion d. all of the above 18. Headache upon waking up – migraine 19. Nasal flaring associated to a. Respiratory distress b. Chronic nasal obstruction c. Mouth breathing
24 d. Allergic rhinitis 20. Hole in the basal septum most common in a. Syphilis b. Tuberculosis c. Cocaine abuse d. Repeated trauma in picking off crusts
Our Lady of Fatima University College of Medicine – Regular class nd 2 semester 2013-‐2014 Clinical Medicine HEENT Name: _____________________________________ Section: ______________ Date: _________ Score:______ 1. Major attributes to headache a. Location c. Chronological pattern b. Quality 2. Headache is episodic and tends to peak several hours. This is: a. Migraine c. brain tumor b. Cluster headache d. meningitis 3. Nausea and vomiting is common in: a. Meningtis c. Brain tumor b. Tension headache d. Rebound 4. Cough, sneezing ang changing patternof the head can increase the pain from: a. tension headache c. Brain tumor Meningitis/migraine d. cluster headache 5. Aging vision: Presbyopia 6. Bilateral bilateral painful eye maybe due to the following a. Chronic radiation exposure c. Central retinal occlusion b. Cholinergic medication d. corneal ulcer 7. Horizontal diplopia a. weakness or paralysis of EOM c. lesion CN III or CN V b. Lesion CN III or IV d. problems in cornea 8. In conductive hearing loss a. Have particular trouble understanding speech b. Noisy environment makes hearing worse c. Problem in inner ear d. noisy environment help 9. perception that the patient or the environment is rotating or spinning. This is: a. Tinnitus b. Vertigo c. Dizziness d. Meniere’s disease 10. perceived sound that has no external stimulus: a. dizziness 11. sensation of spinning: Vertigo 12. Fever, pharyngeal exudates, anterior lymphadenopathy without cough: a. viral pharyngitis c. Diptheria b. Strep Pharyngitis d. Infectious Mononucleosis 13. Hyperthyroidism a. Cold intolerance c. Weight loss b. Preference of warm clothing d. Decreased sweating nd 14. Cause of blindness in African American and 2 leading cause of blindness overall? a. Cataract c. weight loss b. Glaucoma d. decreased sweating 15. 20/40 corrected is: a. The patient can read the line 40 with glasses b. Patient can read the line without glasses c. Vision is normal d. Patient is presbyopic
25
16. An enlarged blind spot occurs in condition affecting optic nerve such as: a. Optic atrophy c. Glaucoma b. Cataract d. Papilledema 17. Contraindication for mydriatic drops a. Coma c. Arcus senillis b. Cataract d. pterygium 18. The Tug test is painful in: a. Otitis media c. chronic otitis externa b. Acute otitis externa d. purulent otitis media 19. Unilateral sensory neural loss a. Sound is heard at the good ear b. Sound is heard in the impaired ear c. Due to impact cerumen d. due to eardrum perforation 20. The nasal mucosa is pale, bluis or red. This suggests: a. Viral rhinitis c. allergic rhinitis b. Acute sinusitis d. normal mucosa 21. A triangular thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva: a. pterygium 22. Characteristic of Optic atrophy a. Visible optic vessel c. absent optic vessel b. tiny optic vessel d. no vessel pulsation 23. Normal retinal artery a. Arterial wall transplant c. Narrow light reflex b. narrow column of blood vessel d. focal narrowing 24. Fullness and popping sound in the ear with mild conductive hearing loss and ear pain a. Acute otitis media c. with effusion b. Chronic otitis externa 25. Bulging eardrum a. Hearing loss is sensorineural c. accentuated b. Obscured d. changes in atmospheric pressure 26. The patient complains of earache and hearing loss. The eardrum are reddened. Losses its landmark and buldges laterally towards the examiners eye a. Acute otitis media with purulent effusion b. Chronic otitis externa c. Chronic otitis media d. Acute otitis externa 27. The skin of the ear canal is often thickened, red and itchy: Chronic otitis externa 28. Button like lesion: Chancre syphilis 29. Benign condition that may follow antibiotic therapy: a. Geographic tongue c. smooth tongue b. Fissured tongue d. hairy tongue 30. Deficiency in riboflavin, niacin, folicacid, B12 and pyrodoxin a. Atrophic c. Hairy b. Fissured d. Geographic 31. Basic landmark of the thyroid a. Thyroid cartilage c. Trachea b. Cricoid cartilage d. Isthmus 32. Furosemide – medication that affect the hearing 33. Nose picking for local cause of epistaxis 34. Rhinitis medicamentosa – excessive use of decongestant 35. Cause of excessive tearing 36. Absence of red reflex 37. Bilateral/unilateral exopthalmus
26
27
38. Actinic cheilitis 39. Diphtheria 40 Canker sore – a painful round or ovalulcer that is white or yellowish gray that is surrounded by halo reddened mucosa 41. Tophi – deposits of uric acid crystals
1.
2.
3. 4.
5.
6. 7.
8. 9.
10. 11.
12.
13. 14.
15.
28
Vision of 20/200 means that a. at 20 ft, the patient can read print that a person with normal vision could read at 200 ft b. at 200 ft, the patient can read print that a person with normal vision could read at 20 ft. c. the larger the first number, the worse the vision d. normal vision An image from the upper nasal visual field strikes the a. Upper temporal area c. Lower temporal area b. Lower nasal area d. Upper nasal area Sees better when the card is farther away a. Nearsightednesss c. Presbyopia b. Myopia d. hyperopia Absence of red reflex indicates a. Artificial eye c. b. Opacity of lens d. An enlarged blind spot occurs in a. Grave’s c. Optic neuritis b. Retroorbital tumor d. Diabetic neuropathy Headache from errors of refraction include a. nearsightedness c. astigmatism b. farsightedness d. myopia Testing near reaction is used in diagnosis of a. Argyll Robertson pupil c. Oculomotor nerve paralysis b. Anisocoria d. Horner’s syndrome Fixed defects (scotoma) are seen in a. Retina c. Lens b. Cornea d. Pupil Excessive tearing from increased production is due to a. Corneal irritation c. Entropion b. Extropion d. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction Most important attribute of headache a. Severity c. Quality b. Chronological pattern d. location Hyperthyroidism a. Intolerance to cold c. Involuntary weight loss b. Preference for warm clothing d. Decreased sweating The tug test is painful in a. Otitis media c. Chronic otitis externa b. Acute otitis externa d. Purulent otitis media Bilateral, painless change in refractory may be due to a. Chemical exposure c. Steroids b. Radiation exposure d. Diabetes Family history may be positive is a. Tension c. Migraine b. Cluster d. Medication obveruse The eardrum itself is scarred, no landmarks visible, often closes in healing processs a. Tympanosclerosis c. Otosclerosis b. Perforation of eardrum d. Serous effusion
Retinal Arteries and Arteriovenous Crossing C 16. Arteries may show focal or generalized narrowing B 17. Opaque wall and no blood visible
a. Copper wore b. Silver wire
29
A 18. Arteries close to the disc become full and somewhat torturous c. Retinal Arteries in Hypertension C 19. Arterial wall is invisible A-‐V crossing is visible d. Normal Retinal Artery C 20. Light reflex is narrow about one-‐fourth the diameter of blood column Pupillary Abnormalities D 21. pupils that accommodate but do not react to light a. Anisocoria C 22. dialted pupil is fixed to light and near effort b. Adie’s pupil B 23. slow accommodation causes blurred vision c. Oculomotor nerve paralysis B 24.pupil is large regular, usually unilateral d. Argyll Robertson pupil A 25.causes include blunt trauma to the eyes, open-‐angle glaucoma Diplopia A 26. Images are side by side a. Horizontal diplopia A 27. Caused by palsy of CN III or IV b. Vertical diplopia D 28. Diplopia in one eye with the other closed c. Both B 29. Images are on top of each other d. None A 30. One kind of this diplopia is physiologic
30
Hearing Loss A 31. Abnormality is usually visible except in the otosclerosis a. Conductive hearing loss B 32. In Weber test, room noise not appreciated b. Sensorinueral hearing loss B 33. Voice is loud because hearing is difficult c. Both C 34. To estimate hearing, test one ear at a time d. None B 35. In Rinne test, the normal pattern prevails Eardrum D 36. Pink, grayish, intact a. Serous Effusion C 37. Caused by acute purulent infection of the middle ear b. Perforated Eardrum B 38. Eardrum itself is scarred, no landmarks are visible c. Acute Otits Media with Purulent Effusiion A 39. Amber fluidbehind the eardrum is characteristic. d. Normal Eardrum Air bubbles can be seen with the amber fluid C 40. Eardrum is bulging and redden, most landmarks are obscured Clinical Findings D 41. Diptheria a. Benign midline lump F 42. Apthous ulcer b. Nasal sputum G 43. Epulis c. Poor convergence E 44. Fever blister d. Pseudomembrane J 45. Microaneurysm e. Cold sore H 46. Sentinel node f. Canker sore B 47. Transilumination g. Pregnancy tumor I 48. Hyperthyroidism h. Thoracic malignancy K 49. Hypothyroidism i. (+) lidlag A 50. Torus palatus j. Diabetes k. None of the above 1. Major attributes to headache a. Location b. Quality c. Chronologic pattern d. Hindi kya AOTA to? Kasi tama lahat 2. Headache is episodic and tends to peak after several hours. a. Migraine b. Cluster c. Brain tumor d. Meningitis 3. Nausea and vomiting is common in (MIGRAINE ang sagot, wala s choices. Lahat ng choices walang assoc. nausea and vomiting) a. Meningitis b. Tension c. Brain tumor d. Rebound
31
4.
5. 6.
7.
8.
9.
10. 11. 12.
13.
14.
Cough, sneezing, changing position of the head can increase the pain from: a. Tension headache – sustained muscle tension b. Migraine – noise and bright lights c. Brain tumor (and sinusitis) d. Cluster – alcohol Aging vision – PRESBYOPIA Bilateral painful eye a. Chronic radiation exposure b. Cholinergic medication – bilateral, painless c. Central retinal artery occlusion – unilateral, painless d. Corneal ulcer-‐ unilateral, painful Horizontal diplopia a. Weakness or paralysis of EOM b. Lesion of CN III or IV c. Lesion of CN III or VI d. Corneal problems Conductive hearing loss a. Have particular trouble understanding speech – sensorineural b. Noisy environment makes hearing worse – sensorineural c. Problem in inner ear – sensorineural d. Noisy environment may help Perception that the patient or the environment is spinning\ a. Tinnitus – perceived sound without external stimulus b. Vertigo c. Dizziness d. Meniere’s disease – tinnitus + hearing loss + vertigo Perceived sound without external stimulus – TINNITUS Sensation of spinning – VERTIGO (hindi kaya dizziness to?) Fever, pharyngeal exudates, anterior lymphadenopathy, no cough a. Viral pharyngitis b. Strep pharyngitis c. Diphtheria d. Infectious mononucleosis Hyperthyroidism a. Cold intolerance – hypo b. Preference of warm clothing – hypo c. Weight loss d. Decrease sweating – hypo nd Leading cause of blindness in African American and 2 leading cause of blindness overall a. Cataract b. Glaucoma c. Macular degeneration d. Retinal detachment
32
15. 20/40 corrected is a. Patient can read line 40 with glasses b. Patient can read the line without glasses c. Vision is normal d. Presbyopia 16. An enlarged blind spot occurs in conditions effecting the optic nerve such as: (glaucoma, optic neuritis, papilledema) a. Optic atrophy b. Cataract c. Glaucoma d. Papilledema 17. Contraindications for mydriatic drops (head injury, coma, suspicion of narrow angle glaucoma) a. Coma b. Cataract c. Arcus senilis d. Pterygium 18. Tug test is painful in a. Otitis media b. Acute otitis externa c. Chronic otitis externa d. Purulent otitis media 19. Unilateral sensorineural loss a. Sound is heard in good ear b. Sound is heard in impaired ear – unilateral conductive c. Impacted cerumen d. Eardrum perforation 20. The nasal mucosa is pale, bluish, or red a. Viral rhinitis b. Acute sinusitis c. Allergic rhinitis d. Normal mucosa 21. Triangular thickening of bulbar conjunctiva – PTERYGIUM 22. Characteristic of optic atrophy a. Visible optic vessel b. Tiny optic vessel c. Absent optic vessel d. No vascular pulsation 23. Normal retinal artery a. Arterial wall is transparent b. Narrow column of blood vessel – HPN c. Narrow light reflex d. Focal narrowing – HPN 24. Fullness and popping sound in the ear with mild conductive hearing loss and ear pain – SEROUS EFFUSION 25. Bulging eardrum (Parang wala tamang sagot. Dapat acute otitis media with purulent effusion) a. Hearing loss is sensorineural – conductive
33
26.
27. 28. 29.
30.
31.
b. Obscured c. Accentuated d. Changes in atmospheric pressure – serous effusion The patient complains of earache and hearing loss. The eardrums are reddened, loses its landmark, and bulges lateral towards examiner’s eye. a. acute otitis media with purulent effusion b. chronic otitis media externa c. chronic otitis media d. acute otitis externa skin of the ear canal is often thickened, red and itchy – CHRONIC OTITIS EXTERNA Button like lesion – CHANCRE IN SYPHILLIS Benign condition that may follow antibiotic therapy a. Geographic tongue – dorsum shows scattered smooth areas denuded of papillae b. Fissured tongue – increasing age c. Smooth tongue / atrophic glossitis – deficiency of riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, vitB12, pyridoxine, iron or treatment with chemotherapy d. Hairy tongue – HIV, AIDS Deficiency of riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, B12, pyridoxine a. Atrophic glossitis b. Fissured c. Hairy d. Geographic Basic landmark of thyroid cartilage a. Thyroid cartilage b. Cricoid cartilage c. Trachea d. Isthmus
34
EXTREMITIES Clinical Medicine EXTREMITIES 1. Test for nerve irritation.. a. Trendelenberg – HIP DISLOCATION (PAINLESS LIMPING) b. Faber Test c. Thomas Test – HUGH OWEN THOMAS SIGN (TEST THIGH AND HIP JOINT) LUMBAR PELVIC DISEASE, HIP JOINT DISEASE d. None THOMAS SIGN-‐ TEST FLEXION (FLATTENING OF LUMBAR CURVE IS OBSERVE) 2. Type of primary joint articulation that allows free movement.. a. Fibrous b. Synovial c. Cartilagenous d. All 3. Manifestation / Cause of extreme dorsiflexion foot a. Ruptured Achilles tendon – absence plantar flex (simmond’s test) b. Soleus tear – malformation leg severe pain and tenderness c. Gastrocnemius strain d. All 4. Site of muscle of the rotator except a. Infraspinatus b. Supraspinatus c. Teres major d. None 5. ROM of elbow Ans. Flexion, extension, supination, pronation 6. Anterior knee cyst – INFLAMMATION OF THE BURSA a. Housemaid – PREPATELLAR BURSITIS b. Clergyman – INFRAPATELLAR BURSITIS c. Baker’s cyst – MORRANT BAKER POPLITEAL ARTERY ENTRAPMENT d. A &b BAKER -‐ COMPLICATION OF RA 7. Osteoarthritis a.Heberden’s nodes b. Bouchard’s nodes c. asymmetric..
LORDOSIS,
d. all 8. Palmar erythema except a.portal HPN b.aplastic anemia c. pregnancy d.valvular heart dse 9. Wrist ROM Ans. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction 10. True regarding neck ROM a.flexion and extensionat the skull and C1 – C3-‐C7 b.rotation at c1 and c2 – ATLANTO-‐AXIAL c.a&b d. none 11. Visual examination from behind.. landmarks except a.spinous process of T1 -‐ PALPATION b.iliac crest C.POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE d. dimple of venus 12. Test for Lumbar lordosis ANS. THOMAS TEST 13. Examination of motor function a.look for tremor b.look for coordinated movement c.muscle size d.all 14. Pronated hand dropped from wrist a. Carpal tunnel syndrome b. Ulnar nerve palsy c. Median nerve palsy (MEDIAN = RADIAL) d. None 15. Lateral deviation from midline ANS. GENU VALGUM 16. Rheumatoid arthritis A.MIP &POP INVOLVEMENT
35
36
B.HAYGARTH’S NODES c.Bouchard’s nodes -‐ OA d.all e.a&b 17. Unequal shoulder length A.SCOLIOSIS B.SPRENGEL’S DEFORMITY c.a&b d.none 18. Unequal leg length except Ans. Kyphosis 19. Long narrow nails except a.hypopotuitarism b.eunochoidism c. cretinism -‐ SQUARE d.none 20. Lordosis except Ans. A. …convexity NOTE: Kindly Recheck all the answers! God bless!
37 A. Matching type
E 1. Drumstick fingers C 2. Spider fingers 3. Subungal haemorrhage A 4. Graenlen's test H 5. Lesague's test E 6. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy G 7. Trendelenburg's sign 8. Tinel' sign K 9. Infrapatellar bursitis 10. Genu recurvatum M 11. Acromegaly F 12. Azure half-‐moon D 13. Hypothenar -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
B. MULTIPLE CHOICE 16. Thumb in Filipino is: A. Hinlalaki B. Palasingsingan 17. Hinlalato is: A. Thumb B. Index finger 18. Severe carpal tunnel syndrome is managed by: A. NSAIDs B. Physical therapy 19. Not a malposture of the hand: A. Claw hand B. Ape hand 20. Most common hypothesis of clubbing: A. Unknown mechanism B. Hypoxia 21. Lateral bending of the spine: A. Atlanto-‐axial joint B. Midcervical vertebra 22. Eggshell nails: A. Vitamin A deficiency B. Hypochromic anemia
A. Passive hyperextension B. Radial nerve injury C. Arachnodactyly D. Ulnar nerve injury E. Clubbing F. SBE G. Hip dislocation H. Straight leg test I. Carpal tunnel syndrome J. Housemaid's knee K. Clergyman's knee L. Small patella M. Square & round nail plate N. -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ O. -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ P. -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐
C. Hinlalato D. None
C. Middle finger D. None C. Complete rest of the wrist D. Surgical decompression
C. Wrist drop D. Polydactyly C. Parrot beak nails D. (?)
C. Atlanto-‐occipital D. C3-‐C7 C. Thyrotoxicosis D. Bronchiectasis
23. Brittle nails: A. Onycholysis C. Onychocrytosis B. Onychorrhexis D. Onychocryptosis 24. Ram's horn nails: A. Onycholysis C. Onychocrytosis B. Onychorrhexis D. Onychocryphosis 25. Fixation of the 2nd toe in flexion: A. Hallus valgus C. Hammer toe B. Hallus rigidus D. Callus 26. Point of reference of the fingers: A. Wrist joint C. Ulnar nerve B. Middle finger D. Radial nerve 27. Rheumatoid arthritis is mostly seen in A. Fingers C. Elbow B. Knees D. Hip joint 28. Pain referred to the shoulder: A. Pneumonia C. Winged scapula B. Supraspinatus tendinitis D. All 29. Excessive transverse growth of the nail plate causing lateral edge to lacerate: A. Onychauxis C. Ram's horn nails B. Onychocryptosis D. Onychogryphosis 30. One of the following regarding the examination of the spine is incorrect: A. From the side inspect the spinal profile B. From behind inspect the lateral curve C. Percuss the spine with a neurological hammer D. Use your thumb to palpate for the para vertebral area 31. One of the following is a cause of kyphosis in postmenopausal women: A. Osteoporosis C. Osteus deformans B. Faulty posture D. Ankylosing spondylitis 32. When the legs deviate towards the midline and the knees farther apart, it is called: A. Genu varum C. Genu recurvatum B. Genu valgum D. None of the above 33. Presence of blood in the joint cavity: A. Hemarthrosis C. Hemoptysis B. Hematemesis D. Hematochezia 34. The length of the lower extremities can be measured by: A. ASIS to the tip of the medial malleolus with the tape crossing the patella B. ASIS to the tip of lateral malleolus C. From iliac crest to Achilles tendon D. From iliac crest to medial malleolus
38
35. When doing the lumbar puncture, iliac crest is at: A. 4th lumbar vertebrae C. T12-‐ L1 B. L1-‐L2 D. S4 36. Extreme dorsiflexion of the foot A. Ruptured Achilles tendon C. Soleus tear B. Fracture of the tibial shaft D. Fracture of the fibular shaft 37. Pressure diverticulum of the synovial sac protruding thru the joint capsule of the knee A. Baker's cyst C. Pyarthrosis B. Popliteal abscess D. Prepatellar bursitis 38. Swelling in the popliteal fossa A. Baker's cyst C. Prepatellar bursitis B. Popliteal abscess D. Infrapatellar bursitis 39. Which of the following is the most common cause of painful swelling in young males? A. Paget's disease B. Ankylosing spondylitis C. Pott's disease D. Osteoporosi
39
UPPER EXT 1. Hands (ROM – ABDUCTION, ADDUCTION, EXTENSION, FLEXION) Condition impaired ROM = FAT 1. Fibrosis of palmar fascia (DUPUYTREN’S CONTRACTURE) 2. Arthritis 3. Tenosynovitis (inflammation of tendon sheaths) Size hands LONG ACROMEGALY AFTER EPIPHYSIS CLOSE (ADULT) EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION GH NOT SYMMETRICAL GIGANTISM BEFORE EPIPHYSIS CLOSE (CHILD) PROPORTIONATE AND SYMMETRIC ND NOTE: BOTH ARE 2 TO TUMOR + BY AN EXCESS OF SOMATOTROPHIC HORMONE FROM EOSINOPHILIC ADENOMA OF ANTERIOR PIT GLAND LOND AND SLENDER HANDS *SPIDER FINGERS SMALL, THICK HANDS CRETINISM (CHILD) DWARF PX MYXEDEMA (OLD) ABSOLUTE DEF OF TH HANDS SHORT, THICK, FAT RADIUS MAY BE SHORTENED MONGOLISM CHROMOSOMAL ABN HANDS SHORT, THICK, THUMB DIVERGES FROM NEARER THE WRIST THAN NORMAL LITTLE FINGER IS CURVED (RADIAL WARD) MALPOSTURE (ABNORMALITY IN POSTURE) = CAW CLAW HAND BUSMA BRACHIAL PLEXUS ULNAR NERVE INJURIES SYRINGOMYELIN MUSCULAR ATROPHIES ACUTE POLIOMYELITIS APE HAND PAS PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS SYRINGOMYELIN WRIST DROP RPP RADIAL NERVE INJURIES POLIOMYELITIS POISONING (LEAD, ARSENIC, ALCOHOL) 2. PALM ABNORMALITIES CAROTENODERMA HEPATIC DISEASE MYXEDEME THENAR ATROPHY MEDIAN NERVE HYPOTHENAR ATROPHY ULNAR NERVE HANSEN’S THICK AND CORD LIKE
40
PALMAR ERYTHEMA
3. FINGERS MALFORMATION POLYDACTYL (SUPERNUMENARY FINGER)
SYNDACTYL (WEBBED FINGERS) HEBERDEN’S NODES (OSTEOARTHRITIS)
HAYGARTHS NODES (RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS)
5. DIGITS INFECTION PARONYCHIA
FELON
6. FINGERNAILS MALFORMATION ONYCHORREXIS -‐ BRITTLE NAIL PLATE -‐ BORDER FRAYED AND TORN CLUBBING W/O PERIOSTOSIS -‐ CONVEX ND -‐ 2 HYPOXIA -‐ PARROT-‐HIPPOCRATIC-‐SERPENT-‐DRUMSTICK ABSENCE OF NAILS -‐ CONGENITAL BITTEN NAILS -‐ IRREGULAR -‐ SHORT NAILS SQUARE AND ROUND
41 HYPOTHENAR = FLAT AND ATROPHIED +NUMBNESS LLV LIVER CIRRHOSIS LATE STAGE PREGNANCY VULVAR HEART DISEASE
LAURENCE – BIEDL SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH: 1. JUVENILE OBESITY 2. RETINAL DEGENERATION 3. GENITAL HYPOPLASIA 4. MENTAL RETARDATION CONGENITAL/HEREDITARY OSTEOARTHRITIS PAINLESS – DIJ HARD OLD WOMEN MEN (DUE TO TRAUMA, SINGLE JOINT) INFLAMMATORY MIDDLE AND PROXIMAL FUSIFORM PAINFUL JOINT CAPSULE THICKENED
SWOLLEN REDDENED PAINFUL ABSCESS TERMINAL PULP ND 2 BACTERIAL INFECTION ONSET SWELL AND DULL PAIN
MALNUTRITION IRON DEFICIENCY THYROTOXICOSIS CALCIUM DEFICIENCY TB COPD BROCHIECTASIS ICHTHYOSIS TRAUMA PERSONALITY DISORDER NEUROLOGIC CAS ACROMGELY
LONG AND NARROW
SPOON -‐ CONCAVE -‐ KOILONYCHOSIS
EGGSHELL -‐ CONCAVE ONYCHAUXIS -‐ HYPERTHOPHY -‐ NAILS ON TOP OF ANOTHER -‐ IRREGULAR DISCOLORED -‐ UNKNOWN CAUSE RED HAFT MOON AZURE BLUE HAFT MOON ONYCHOLYSIS -‐ SEPRATION OF NAIL FROM NAILBED
42 CRETINISM HEM HYPOPITIUTARISM EUNOCHOIDISM MARFAN’S SYNDROME HIS HYPOCHROMIC ANEMIA IRON DEFICIENCY RARE: RLS -‐ RHEUMATIC -‐ LICHEN PLANUS -‐ SYPHILIS VIT A DEFICIENCY ND
2 TO FUNAL INFECTION WASHER WOMEN
CARDIAC LANULA RED WILSON LANULA BLUE ND 2 TO FUNAL INFECTION AND TRAUMA +FOUL ODOR -‐ THYROTOXICOSIS -‐ ECZEMA -‐ PSORIASIS -‐ MYENTERIC DISEASE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS TRICHINOSIS
SUB UNGCAL HEMORRHAGE -‐ SPLINTER HEMMORAGE -‐ LINEAR RED -‐ EMBOLIC BEUS’S LINE ACUTE SEVERE ILLNESS -‐ TRANSVERSE DEPRESSION 7. WRIST – ROM DORSIFLEX, PALMARFLEXION, ULNAR AND RADIAL DEVIATION CONDITIONS A.CHRONIC ARTHRITIS – PAINFUL AND FUSIFORM ENLARGMENT B. NON-‐SUPPURATIVE TENOSYNOVITIS – PAINFUL SWELLING ANATOMIC SNUFFBOX -‐ (SAUSAGE LIKE SWELLING) -‐ TENDON SHEATHS (EXTERNAL POLLICIS BREVIS AND ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS) -‐ +CREPITUS -‐ DUE TRAUMA AND INFLAMMATION (GOUT AND GONOCCOCAL) C. CARPAL TUNNER SYNDROME -‐ COMPRESSION, NEUROPATHY MEDIAN NERVE -‐ (+) TPN (TINGLING, PAIN, NUMBNESS) -‐ FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS AND FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS -‐ PHYSICAL SIGN ATROPHY HYPERSTHESIAS PROGESSIVE WEAKNESS AND AWKWARDNESS NOTE:
43 1. 2.
TINEL’S SIGN – TINGLING PALMARIS LONGUS PHALEN SIGN – HYPEREXTENSION BOTH HANDS FOR 3 MINS (PRAYER SIGN)
8. FOREARM -‐ MOST SUSCEPTIBLE FRACTURE -‐ VOLAR MASS FORM BY FLEXORS -‐ SMITH’S FRACTURE 9. ELBOW -‐ SWELLING MORE COMMON EXTENSOR SURFACE -‐ RHEUMATOID NODULE – FOUND OLECRANON BURSAE AND ULNAR REGION NOTE: HUMERO-‐ULNAR = EXTENSION AND FLEXION HUMERO-‐RADIAL = PRONATION AND SUPINATION CUBITUS VALGUS = OUTWARD (ANGLE LESS THAN 170) CUBITUS VARUS = INWARD OLECRANON BURSITIS = STUDENT MINER’S ND ARTHRITIS ELBOW = TENNIS 2 TENDONITIS 10. SHOULDER WINGED SCAPULA -‐ SPRENGELS SCAPULA -‐ PARALYSIS LONG THORACIC NERVE -‐ CONGENITAL -‐ SOMETIMES ASSOCIATED WITH SHORT WEBBLED NECK 11. SPINE NODDING AND LIFTING = ATLANTO-‐OCCIPITAL FLEXION AND EXTENSION = C3 AND C7 LATERAL BENDING = MIDCERVICAL ROTATION = ATLANTO-‐AXIAL (C1-‐C2) CONDITIONS: PANCOAST -‐ SUPERIOR PULMO SULCUS SYNDROME -‐ TUMOR PULMO APEX, UPPER MEDIASTINUM AND SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE +NECK PAIN PARESIS OR ATROPHY OF ARM MUSCLE MAY OCCUR HORNER UNI MIOSIS, PTOSIS OF EYELIDS -‐SWEAT TUMOR LUNG APEX OR NECK CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS DEGENERATION OF NUCLEUS PULPOSUS CERVICAL OSTEOARTHRITIS WHISPLASH RUPTURE OF LIGAMENTUM NUCHAE SUDDEN FORCEFUL HYPEREXTENSION OF NECK WITH HYPERFLEX RECOIL POST TRAUMA HYPERREFLEXION OF NECK – C5 PARTIAL DISLOCATION FROM HYPEREXT – UNABLE TO NOD FRACTURE ATLAS – SEVER OCCIPITAL HEADACHE
THORACOLUMBAR CONDITIONS 1. WHIPLASH CERVICAL – GRADUAL NUMBNESS AND TINGLING SENSATION THAT GOES DOWN TO THE HAND 2. KYPHOSIS – FORWARD DEFORMITY OF THORACIC (HUNCHBACK) 3. SMOOTH CURVE 4. ANGULAR CURVE -‐ +GIBBUS 5. LORDOSIS – POSTERIOR CONCAVITY OF LUMBAR SPINE, DEEP FURROW, POT BELLY 6. SCOLIOSIS – FEMALE WALK SEXY, CONGENITAL, PARALYSIS BACK OR ABDOMINAL MUSCLE LOWER EXT 1. HIP JOINT AND THIGH TEST FOR HIP LESAQUE’S TEST STRAIGHT LEG RAISING SCIATIC NERVE TEST THE RANGE OF HIP FLEXION PATRICS LATERAL ROTATION OF THE HIP GRAELEN’S PASSIVE HYPEREXTENSION ACTIVE HYPEREXTENSION ONLY TEST IN PRONE 2. KNEE CONDITIONS GENU VARUM BOW LEG LEGS DEVIATE TOWARD MIDLINE 1. RICKETS 2. OSTEITIS DEORMANS 3. COWBOY AND JOCKEY GENU VALGUM KNOCKED KNEE LATERAL DEVIATION OUTWARD GENU RECURVATUM KNEES FIXED IN HYPEREXTENSION WITH LITTLE ABILITY TO FLEX ABSENSE PATELLA 1. Which of the following disease manifest a big hand, big bones and muscles? a. Gigantism b. Acromegaly c. Polydactyl d. Marfan syndrome 2. What is the action of axiohumeral muscle group? a. Internal rotation of shoulder b. External rotation of shoulder c. Shrug shoulder at the back d. All of the above 3. What is the action of axioscapular muscles? (same choices) 4. This disease is cause of adenoma in pituitary gland related to hypothyroidism? a. Cretinism b. Ehler danlos syndrome c. mongolism 5. The following are changes seen in carpal tunnel syndrome? a. Thenar atrophy b. Hypothenar atrophy c. Ape hand d. All of the above 6. Which of the following has a smooth curve of spine? a. Cancer b. Infectious spondylitis c. Ankylosis spondylitis d. Pott’s disease
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7. Which of the following has an angular curve of spine? a. Ostetitis deformans b. Ankylosis spondylitis c. Senile osteoporosis d. Infectious spondylitis 8. Manifestation of Achilles tendon damage . Positive simmond test . Body weight is applied to base of the foot because of plantar flexion . Because of hyper extension and dorsiflexion . A and b only 9. This is associated with eunochoidism a. Eggshell nail b. Spoon nails c. Long narrow nails d. Square and round nails 10. Sub ungal haemorrhage is the cause of the following disease except? a. Cardiac disease b. SBE c. Trichinosis d. None of the above 11. This line is associated with acute severe illnesses – Beau’s Line This is associated with renal disease something?haha! forgot exact na sakit a. Red half moon b. Blue half moon c. Onychauxis d. None of the above 12. Test for lateral rotation a. Graenlen b. Stretching of legs upward c. Patrick d. Owen Test for hip flexion (same choices) 13. Type 3 pitting edema is? a. 2mm b. 4mm c. 6mm d. 8mm 14. This is a congenital disease associated with damage to long thoracic nerve? – Winged scapula 15. Location of tumor in pancoast syndrome a. Apex b. Mediastinum c. Base d. A and b e. All of the above 16. Responsible for movement of neck from left to right a. C3-‐c7 b. Atlanto occipital c. Axial d. Midcervical vertebrae 17. Scoliosis can be? a. Paralysis of back muscle b. Congenital c. 1 leg is paralyzed d. A and b e. All of the above 18. Genu recurvatum a. Fixed hyperextension b. Fixed flexed c. Congenital d. A and c 19. Morrant baker cyst is associated with? – Popliteal artery syndrome 20. Genu Valgum? a. Lateral deviation of leg b. Bow leg c. Cause of rickets d. . ? 21. Genu Varus a. Can be cause of occupational b. Paget’s disease c. Can be cause by rickets d. All of the above 22. Associated with Marfan Syndrome a. Long slender nails b. Arachnodactyl c. Claw hand d. A and b e. All of the above 23. Cause of claw hand a. Brachial plexus injury b. Syringomyelia c. Muscle dystrophy d. All of the above 24. Nodes found in DIP is associated with? a. Osteoarthirits b. Systemic rheumatic arthritis c. Gout arthritis d. Infectious arthritis 25. Combing of hair is associated with? a. Internal rotation and abduction b. External rotation and abduction c. Internal rotation and adduction d. External rotation and adduction 26. Movement of the right arm?
a. Counter clockwise on pronation and clockwise on supination b. Counterclockwise on supination and clockwise on pronation c. Both are correct d. None of the above 27. What should you assess when looking at the spine sideward? a. Height of shoulder b. Curvature c. Location of ASIS d. All of the above 28. What should you assess if you are looking at the back of patient? a. Height of shoulder b. Dimples? c. ASIS d. All of the above 30. If a person cannot raise greater than 10 degrees in elbow joint? a. Dislocation b. Fracture c. Damage of supraspinatus tendon d. All of the above 31. Heloma Durum is? a. Hard corn b. Callus c. Soft corn d. Stiffened toe 32. If there will be a fracture in humerus, what should you check? a. Brachial artery b. Radial artery c. Brachioradial artery d. ? Medicine Extremities 1. Dorsiflexion – Soleus Tear 2. Housemaid’s – anterior knee cyst 3. To test range of hip flexion, nerve irritation and lumbar herniation – straight leg test 4. Test done to detect excessive lumbar convexity / lordosis – Hugh Owen Thomas sign 5. Yellow discoloration in palms imparted to the skin by carotene – carotenemia 6. Inspection of vertebral column viewed laterally – AOTA, cervical, thoracic , lumbar curve 7. True about lordosis except: -‐ posterior convexity of lumbar sign Posterior concavity of lumbar sign Deep furrow between paraspinous muscle Pot belly 8. Test for hip dislocation – trendelenberg’s sign 9. What is the joint that allows free movement like knee and shoulder joint – fibrous Synovial Cartilaginous 10. SITS muscle of rotator cuff muscle except: -‐ supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis Muscle None 11. ROM of ELBOW – extension , pronation flexion, supination
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47 12. Drop arm definition (bates) -‐ if patient cannot hold arm fully abducted at shoulder level, possible rotator cuff tear. 13. This can be seen in osteoarthritis -‐ heberdens 14. Bouchards -‐ rheumatoid arthritis Asymmetric deformitiesof the hands and wrists All 15. Range of motion for the wrist: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction 16. Hypertrophy of nailplates caused by chronic fungal infection – onychauxis 17. Long narrow nail plates except: cretinism 18. Pronated wrist drop – radial nerve palsy 19. Rotation of neck – rotation at c1 and c2 20. Difference in shoulder length is due to : scoliosis Sprengels shoulder A and b NONE 21. View person from spine is for : cervical convexity Thoracic convexity Lumbar convexity None 22. Matching type: hugh owen 23. Stretch sciatic muscle – straight leg raising 24. Lateral rotation grip – patricks test 25. Passive hyperextension – graelens test 26. Eversion – talipes valgus 27. Dorsiflexion, defect on neural arch – talipes calcaneus 28. Genu varum occur in – rickettes Pagets Both 29. Length of lower extremities – from ASIS to medial malleolus 30. Thumping of posterior spine – volar surface of wrist 31. Spoon nail – iron deficiency 32. Test for acromioclavicular joint – cross over test 33. Bowleg – genu varum 34. Bitten nails common to personality disorder 35. Knocked knee – genu valgum 36. Onychauxis – chronic fungal infection 37. Subungal hemorrhage – splinter hemorrhage linear red hemorrhage in nailbed 38. Square and round nail plates – cretinism Unequal Leg Length can be seen -‐ Scoliosis, Hip Fracture, Poliomyelitis except: Kyphosis
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EXTREMITIES 1. Lumbar concavity: false regarding lordosis(dapat lumbar concavity) 2. Soleus tear: extreme dorsiflexion 3. Flexion and extension occur primarily between the skull and C1, the atlas; rotation at C1-‐C2; both 4. Sits muscles: supraspinatus,infraspinatus,teres minor and subscapularis 5. In osteoarthritis, Heberden’s nodes at DIP joints, Bouchard’s nodes at the PIP joint. In rheumatoid arthritis, symmetric deformity in the PIP,MCP and wrist joints with ulnar deviation. 6. Wrist movement: flex,extend, abduct, adduct 7. Wrist drop: radial nerve 8. Unequal shoulder heights seen in scoliosis;: Sprengel’s deformity of the scapula(from the attachment of an extra bone or band between the upper scapula and C7); in “winging” of the scapula (from loss of innervations of the serratus anterior muscle by the long thoracic nerve); and in contralateral weakness of the trapezius 9. Anterior knee cyst: prepatellar(housemaid’s knee) and infrapatellar(clergyman’s knee) 10. Genu varum: legs deviate towards the midline 11. Long narrow nails: all except cretinism(included: Marfan’s, eunochoidism, hypopituitarism) 12. Palmar erythema: except hemolytic anemia(included: pregnancy, portal HPN, vulvar heart dse) 13. Motion of elbow: supination, pronation, flexion, extension 14. Thomas sign: test for lumbar lordosis 15. Lesaque’s test 16. Synovial: freely movable(knee, shoulder) 17. Scoliosis, kyphosis, hip fracture 18. You may wish to percuss the spine for tenderness by thumping, but not too roughly with your fist 19. Patrick’s test 20. Dorsiflexion: either ankle motion or talipes calcaneus 21. Housemaid’s: anterior knee cyst 22. To test range of hip flexion, nerve irritation, and lumbar herniation: straight leg test 23. Test done to detect excessive lumbar convexity/lordosis: Hugh owen Thomas sign 24. Yellow discoloration in palms imparted to the skin by carotene: carotenemia 25. Inspection of vertebral column viewed laterally:
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27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
AOTA, cervical, thoracic, lumbar curve True about lordosis except: posterior convexity of lumbar sign, post concavity of lumbar sign, deep furrow between paraspinous muscle, pot belly Test for hip dislocation: trendelenberg’s sign What is the joint that allows free movt like knee and shoulder joint: fibrous, synovial, cartilaginous SITS muscle of the rotator cuff muscle: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, none ROM of elbow: extension, pronation, flexion, supination Drop arm definition(BATES) This can be seen in osteoarthritis: heberden’s, bouchard’s, asymmetric deformities of the hands and wrists, all Range of motion of the wrist: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction Hypertrophy of the nail plates caused by fungal infection: onychauxis Pronated wrist drop: radial nerve palsy Rotation of the neck: rotation at c1 and c2 Difference in shoulder length is due to: scoliosis, sprengel’s shoulder, a and b, none Long narrow nail plates except: Cretinism View person for spine is for: cervical convexity, thoracic convexity, lumbar convexity, none Matching type: hugh owen Stretch sciatic nerve: straight leg raising Lateral roattion grip: Patrick’s test Passive hyperextension: graenlen’s test Eversion: talipes valgus Dorsiflexion, defect on neural arch: talipes calcaneus Genu varum occurs in: rickettes, paget’s, both Length of the lower extremities: from ASIS to medial malleolus Thumping of posterior spine: volar surface of wrist Spoon nail: iron deficiency Test for acromioclavicular joint: cross over test
50 51. Bowleg: genu varum 52. Bitten nails common to: personality disorder 53. Knocked knee: genu valgum 54. Onychauxis: chronic fungal infection 55. Subungal hemorrhage: splinter hemorrhage linear red hemorrhage 56. Square and round nailplates: cretinism 57. Dorsiflexion: either ankle motion or talipes calcaneus 58. Test done to detect excessive lumbar convexity/lordosis: hugh owen Thomas sign 59. True about lordosis except: posterior convexity of lumbar sign 60. Test for hip dislocation: trendelenberg’s sign 61. Joint that allows free movement like knee and shoulder joint: synovial joint 62. ROM of elbow: extension, pronation, flexion, supnation 63. Rotaion of neck: rotation at c1 and c2 64. Difference in shoulder length: scloiosis, sprengel’s shoulder 65. Lateral rotation: patrick’s test 66. Passive hyperextension: graenlen’s test 67. Eversion: talipes valgus 68. Stretch sciatic nerve: straight leg test
51 1.
One of the following regarding examination of spine is incorrect a. From the side inspect the spinal profile b. From behind inspect lateral curves c. Percuss the spine with a neurological hammer d. Inspect and palpate paravertebral muscles 2. Conditions that impair range of motion of fingers and wrist are: a. Arthritis b. Tenosynovitis c. Fibrous in the palmar fascia d. AOTA e. A & B 3. All of the following are associated with Marfan’s syndrome Except: a. Thumb sign b. Hyperextensible joints c. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy d. Elongated long bones 4. The following statements about carpal tunnel syndrome are correct Except: a. There is atrophy of the radial half of thenar eminence b. Pain especially at night is experience c. Weakness and loss of finer movements is not common on this disease d. Trauma from excessive flexion of the wrist is common cause 5. Which of the following statements is associated with clawhand: a. Claw is formed by hyperextension of the interphalangeal joint b. The condition maybe secondary to Rheumatoid arthritis c. Brachial plexus injury is one of the possible cause d. AOTA 6. Ruptured Achilles tendon is manifested by: a. pain at the heel b. inability to plantar flex the foot c. inability to dorsiflex the foot d. shortening of the tendon 7. Pain on elevation of the arm 60-‐120 degrees is due to: a. Chronic tendinitis b. Partial rupture of of supraspinatous tendon c. Dislocation d. Complete fracture 8. One of the following is a cause of kyphosis in post menopausal a. Osteoporosis b. Faulty posture c. Osteitis deformans d. Ankylosing spondylitis 9. Gibbus deformity maybe secondary to: a. Pagets dse b. Hypercalcemia c. Metastatic carcinoma d. Cervical spondylosis 10. Internal rotation of the shoulder joint is tested by: a. Raising both arms to a vertical position
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11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
b. Putting both hands behind the small ___ of the back c. Putting both hands behind the neck d. NOTA st Among the tests of the hip joint the most gentle test that should be done 1 is: a. Anvil test b. Active hyperextension c. Graenlen’s test d. Rotation of the thigh Deviation of the legs toward the midline , leads to condition called: a. Genu valgum b. Bowlegs c. Knock knee d. Genu recurvatum Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome maybe secondary to: a. Prepatellar bursitis b. Popliteal abscess c. Clergyman’s knee d. NOTA The landmarks of the shoulder joint are: a. Coracoid process, medial epicondyle and greater tuberosity b. Acromion, coracoid process, greater tuberosity of humerus c. Greater tuberosity, lateral epicondyle, clavicle d. NOTA Excessive transverse growth of the nail plate causing the lateral edge to lacerate a. Onychauxis b. Onychocryptosis c. Ram’s horn nail d. onychogryphosis
53 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Acromegaly Mongolism Palmar Erythema Phalen’s Sign/ Tinel’s Sign Trendelenberg test/ Anvil test Lesaque’s sign Hugh Owen Thomas Sign Patrick’s test Winged Scapula Talipes Equinus Talipes Varus Eggshell nails Carotenoderma Thumb sign/ Wrist Sign Pituitary tumor Straight Leg Raising PIPJ Lateral Rotation of hip Toe wear of shoes Short fat hand Yellow vegetables Hip dislocation Flexure contracture of hip joint Liver Cirrhosis Arachnodactyly Sprengels deformity Median Nerve Median nerve Lateral wear of shoes Active hyperextension Little finger is curved Vitamin A deficiency
Answer Key C A P J M H B I D L E N Q G K
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O.
Rheumatoid Arrthritis/ Haygarth’s Node Acromicria Mongolism Palmar Erythema Tinel’s Sign Simmond’s test Lesaques sign Hugh Owen Thomas test Graenlen’s test Azure Half moon Whiplash Injusry Nodding and lifting the head Fracture of humeral back Winged scapula Olecranon Bursitis Little finger is curved PIPJ Passive hyperextension shoulder pain small hand Flexion contracture, hip joint Straight leg raising Ruptured ligamentum nuchae Median nerve Achilles tendon Hepatolenticular regeneration Cirrhosis Short thick hands Atlanto occipital joint Paralysis long thoracic nerve Miner’s elbow Atlanto axial joint
Answer Key B E A L I J G F C K H N D O P
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EXTREMITIES 1. Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome maybe due to: A.Housemaid’s cyst B. Infrapatellar cyst C. Popliteal abcess D. Large Baker’s cyst 2. Splinter hemorrhage in nailbeds is suggestive of: A..SubAcute bacterial endocarditis B. Anemia C. Hepatolenticular degeneration D. Iron deficiency 3. Congenital small patella A.Genu Varum B. Genu Recurvatum C. Genu Valgus D. Degenerative osteoarthritis 4. The thumb is held in extension by its inability to flex A.Ape hand B.Claw hand C.Wrist drop D. Benediction Hand 5. In performing the ROM of the spine the examiner should assist the elderly patient by A.Holding one hand of the patient B.Asking him to be careful C.Asking him to hold Hand Rails D.Stabilizing the pelvis by holding the pelvis of the patient while patient performs ROM 6. Lesion of the Ulnar Nerve leads to: A.Wrist drop B. Claw hand C. Hypothenar atrophy D. Palmar Erythema 7. As the examiner positions himself behind the patient, he does the ff: A.Inspect for lateral curves B. Locate the dimples of venus C. Take note of the height of shoulders and iliac crest D.Inspect cervical, thoracic and lumbar curves 8. When looking for rheumatic nodules the most likely area to look is: A.Medial Epicondyle B. Extensor surface near olecranon process C.Knee Joint D. Lateral Epicondyle 9. The paravertebral muscles are evaluated by: A.Inspection for fasiculations B. Ascultation for crepitus C. Palpate for tenderness and spasm D.All are correct 10. Motions of the forearm: A.Pronation & Supination B. Flexion & Extension C. Both D. Neither 11. The popular theory as to the cause of clubbing of the finger is/are: A.Floating nail B.-‐20 degress angulation of the nail C.hypozia D. All 12. Haygarth’s Node except A.Distal Interphalangeal joint B. Rheumatoid arthritis C.Prodromal Interphalengeal joint D. Metacarphophalengeal gout 13. A casue of kyphosis in young males due to painful disease of the spine is A.Paget’s Disease B. Osteoporosis C. Faulty posture D.Ankylosis spondylitis 14. Legs are outwardly deviated: A.Genu recurvatum B. Genu varus C. Genu valgum D. Osteoarthritis Knee 15. Nodding and lifting the head involves: A.Midcervical Vertebra B. C3-‐C7 C. Atlantooccipital joint D. Atlantoaxial joint 16. Conditions that impair range of motion of the hands and wrists because of scarring A.Arthritis B.Dupuytren’s Contracture C. Tendenitis D. ALL 17. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: st nd rd th A.Numbers if the Small & Ring fingers B. Numbness of the 1 , 2 ,3 & 4 fingers C. Wrist drop D.ALL 18. Ruptures ligamentum nuchae A.C5 fracture B. Cervical Spondylosis C. C1 fracture D. whiplash cervical injury 19. A line drawn across the iliac spine approximates the nd th th st A.2 lumbar vertebra B.4 lumbar vertebra C.7 thoracic vertebra D.1 lumbar Vertebra 20. Absence of plantar flexion A.Tibial Fracture B.Ruptured tendon od Achilles C. Ruptured Baker’s cyst D. Soleus tear
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CHEST, LUNGS, BOOBS Medicine I nd Midterms 2 Semester (February, 2013) 1. Acute onset but chronic progressive. -‐ SMOKING 2. Which is likely the mechanism of cough among patients with heart failure? -‐ DECREASED LUNG COMPLIANCE 3. Which is likely the mechanism of cough among patients with heart failure? a. Pressure in the airway b. Decreased lung compliance c. Inflammation of the airway d. Thermal change 4. 50 y.o. patient male with > 5 months cough. He cough when he lays down wearing tight clothes. It is productive with watery whitish sputum. a. Congestive heart failure b. Gastroesophageal regurgitation c. Bronchiectasis d. Intestinal fibrosis 5. 45 year old male has cough for 3 months now and claims to clear his throat every morning a. Smoking b. Post Nasal Drip 8. A 62 years old female was found unconscious and at the ER she was noted with very fast and deep breathing with fruity breath. Her pattern of breathing is: a. Biot’s respiration b. Tachypnea c. Kassmaul’s respiration d. Hyperpnea 9. 17 yo female consulted at the ER because of high grade fever w/o other symptoms. She is observed w/ abnormal respiration. Her abnormal respiration expected to be: a. Tachypnea b. Platypnea c. Hyperpnea d. Kussmaul’s 10. An IV drug user presents to ER due to hemoptysis and DOB but denies any fever and cough. What is the most common cause of hemoptysis? a. PTB b. Lung Abscess c. Pneumonia d. Vasculitis 12. Kussmaul’s respiration is heard among patient with: a. Meningitis b. Ascites c. CVD d. Renal failure 13. 38 y/o female, rushed to ER because of severe retrosternal pain, relieved by nitroglycerine; pain occurs when cold substance ingested. a. Angina b. Trachitis c. Esophagitis d. Esophageal spasm 14. Acute onset of Difficulty of Breathing precipitated by valsalva maneuver a. Pulmonary edema b. Rupture of aortic aneurism
15. 16. 17. 18.
19. 20. 21. 22. 24.
26.
27.
29. 31.
33.
34.
57 c. Pneumothorax d. Pulmonary emboli Most common cause of hemoptysis -‐ Bronchiectasis Patient with heart failure -‐ Orthopnea Dry cough and unilateral effusion -‐ Trepopnea Pneumococoniosis is due to exposure to: a. Silica b. Coal c. Asbestos d. Silver Bagasse -‐ Sugar cane Primary malignancy -‐ Silica Psittacosis -‐ Parrot Lagging of one side of the chest is best identified by: -‐ Palpation Where is the landmark for the posterior rib? a. C7 b. T1 c. Superior scapular line d. Inferior scapular line Referenced used in identifying posterior ribs a. C7 b. T1 c. Superior scapular line d. Inferior scapular line Tactile fremitus is usually decreased with: a. Atelactasis b. Emphysema c. Bronchitis d. Pneumonia Stridor -‐ Epiglottis Normal breath sound heard in intrascapular area a. Vesicular b. Bronchovesicular c. Bronchial d. Tracheal Sounds of secreations produce on bronchi? a. Stridor b. Rhonchi c. Rales d. Wheezes Bilateral hyperresonance a. Tension pneumothorax b. Pneumomediastinum c. Chronic bronchitis d. Emphysema
35. Findings on the exam of the anterior chest would mostly involved which of the following: a. Upper lobe b. Middle lobe c. Lower lobe d. A & B 36. Shorter I:E ratio a. Metabolic acidosis b. Bronchitis c. Pleurisy d. Fever 37. Describe the type of breathing for patient with heart failure: a. Cheyne-‐stokes b. Biot c. Kusmail d. Apneustic 38. Fremitus is decreased a. Pneumonia b. Obesity c. Pleural effusion d. Atelectasis 40. Early inspiratory crackles is heard at: a. Interstitial lung disease b. Pneumonia c. CHF d. Chronic bronchitis 41. Breast extends from? nd th -‐ 2 to 6 ICS 42. Most frequently palpable lymph node in Breast Ca: -‐ Central Lymph Node 43. Mastitis -‐ Lactation 44. Dividing into quadrants is toL a. Clinical finding b. Staging 46. Seen in acute onset and chronic progressive DOB: a. Bronchiectasis b. Asthma c. Pneumonia d. Anemia 47. Orange peel in breast cancer: a. Protrusion of mass b. Lymphatic abscess c. Venous abscess d. Increased blood flow Q: Mediastinal mass cough, described as signs of respiratory distress, except: Q: Diaphragmatic excursion except: a. Atelectasis b. Pneumonia c. Pneumothorax d. Pleural effusion Q: A 35 y/o consulted for fear of breast cancer. Her sister died of breast cancer at 23 y/o. What is the risk?
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59 a. b. c. d.
>40 2.1-‐4 1.1-‐2 None
Q: Suggestive of barky cough Q: Brassy cough A: Emphysema Q: Brassy A: Trachea Q: Barky A: Glottis Q: Pink puffer A: Emphysema Q: Mastitis A: Lactation Q: Man can’t keep up with friend at same age A: Grade 2 Q: Occupational asthma common among workers exposed to which of the following dust: a. Asbestos b. Coal c. Cotton dust d. Silicon Q: Pneumocosis A: Coal Q: Heart Failure A: Orthopnea Q: Apex above clavicle A: 2-‐4cm Q: COPD A: 10x Q: Lung cancer in women A: 13x Q: Basilan A: Paragoniasis Q: Rusty color of sputum A: S. pneumonia Q: Pursed lip A: Emphysema
Q: Crescendo=decrescendo with apnea A: Cheyne strokes Q: Afferent limb A: IX Q: Decreased or low fremitus A: Thick chest wall Q: Soft and low A: Vesicular Q: Early inspiratory crackles A: Chronic bronchitis Q: Most common palpable lymph node of breast cancer A: Central Node Q: High (4x) breast density A: Highest to relative risk for breast cancer Q: Modifiable risk for breast cancer A: Obesity Q: Chronic cough A: 2 months Q: Cough complication A: Pneumothorax Q: IE ration is decreased in fever A: Chronic bronchitis Q: Chest pain associated with chest tenderness pathology of A: Chest wall Q: Pursed lip breathing is manifested by patients with: a. Bronchiectasis b. Asthma c. Emphysema d. Pneumonia Q: Pink puffer also known as a. Asthma b. Emphysema c. Chronic bronchitis Q: Below are hereditary diseases except a. HPN b. Leprosy c. Heart Disease d. DM
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BREAST 1. Intraductal Papilloma > SPONTANEOUS UNILATERAL BLODDY DISHARGE FROM ONE/TWO WARANTS FURTHER EVALUATION 2. 1.1– 2.0 > OBESITY, LATE AGE ETC. 3. Surface of Areola > SMALL, ROUNDED ELEVATION FORMED BY SEBACCEOUS GLANDS , SWEAT GLANDS & ACCESSORY AREOLAR GLANDS 4. Tail of Spence > EXTENDS ACROSS THE ANTERIOR AXILLARY FOLD 5. Female Breast ND TH > CLAVICLE, 2 RIB DOWN TO THE 6 RIB AND FROM THE STERNUM ACROSS TO THE MIDAXILLARY LINE Recall – Clinical Medicine “Chest and Lungs” (Dec. 17, 2012) 1. During cough, the speed of airflow in the airway is as fast as the speed of: a. Light c. Airplane b. Sound d. Lightning 2. What is etiology of cough in pleural effusion? a. Inflammation c. Decrease pulmonary compliance b. Mechanical irritation d. Chemical/thermal 3. 18 y.o. female with acute onset of cough associated with runny nose, sore eyes, and chest discomfort. What condition? a. Pneumonia c. Mycoplasm pneumonia b. Acute bronchitis d. Tracheobronchitis 4. Chronic cough, sputum purulent, often copious and foul-‐smelling a. Bronchiectasis c. Obstructive pneumonia b. Chronic bronchitis d. PTB 5. Cause of brassy cough a. Glottis c. Bronchiole b. Trachea d. Lung parenchyma 6. Patient with which of the following lung problem would present with sudden onset of difficulty of breathing preceded by pleuritic chest pain? a. Pulmonary edema c. Pulmonary emboli b. Pneumothorax d. Pulmonary hemorrhage 7. Sudden onset of difficulty of breathing precipitated by exposure to grass pollen a. Asthma c. Pneumonia b. COPD d. Hypersensitive Pneumonitis 8. Alpha I antitrypsin increase risk: a. Asthma c. Chronic bronchitis b. Cystic fibrosis d. Emphysema 9. 49 y.o. DB, he has DOB for 3 years. Lately, he can’t keep up with his friends of the same age. What is the grade or American Thoracic Dyspnea Scale? a. Grade 1 c. Grade 3 b. Grade 2 d. Grade 4
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10. Considered as the most common cause of hemoptysis? a. Pneumonia c. Bronchiectasis (not sure) b. PTB d. Lung CA 11. Lung parenchyma, common cause of hemoptysis? a. Bronchiectasis c. Bronchogenic CA (not sure) b. Good pasteur’s syndrome d. Cystic fibrosis 12. Squeezing retrosternal pain felt after ingestion of cold liquid and relieved by nitroglycerin is felt in? a. Heart c. Chest Wall b. GIT d. 13. 40 y.o. female with rheumatoid arthritis of more than 15 years now and taking methotrexate. Started to have cough and difficulty of breathing 2 years ago. What respiratory disease is the most likely the cause? a. Non-‐cardiogenic pulmonary edema c. Pulmonary vasculitis b. Pulmonary emboli d. Interstitial infiltrative disease 14. Which of the following occupational inorganic substances will cause pneumoconiosis? a. Bagasse c. Coal b. Asbestos d. Silica 15. Exposure to which of the following dusts increases the risk of lung cancer? a. Bagasse c. Coal b. Tin oxide d. Silica 16. Cigarette smoking increases risk of COPD mortality by: a. 2.3x c. 10x b. 4x d. 13x 17. Smoking increases lung cancer mortality in men by: a. 4x c. 20x b. 6x d. 23x 18. Alcoholics have higher risk of getting pneumonia and they are more prone to develop: a. Aspiration pneumonia c. Pneumonia due to tularemia b. Psittacosis d. Pneumocystic pneumonia 19.To decrease tension pneumothorax where will you insert the big bore needle: nd th a. 2 ICS MCL (Mid Clavicular Line) c. 6 ICS AAL (Anterior Axillary Line) th th b. 4 ICS MAL (Mid Axillary Line) d. 8 ICS MAL 20. Which of the following vertebrae has the most prominent spinous process a. C6 c. T1 b. C7 d. 21. Needle insertion of thoracocentesis nd th a. 2 ICS c. 6 ICS th th b. 4 ICS d. 8 ICS 22. The apex of the lungs is extended above the inner 1/3 of the clavicle by as much as: a. 1-‐3cm c. 3-‐5cm b. 2-‐4cm d. 4-‐6cm 23. Diaphragmatic excursion from resting to full inspiration is at: a. 1-‐3cm c. 5-‐6cm
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b. 3-‐5cm d. 6-‐7cm 24. Bifurcation of trachea at: nd a. Manubrium c. 2 ICS rd b. Sternal Angle d. 3 Rib 25. Pursed lip breathing a. Emphysema c. Asthma b. d. 26. Blue bloater a. Chronic bronchitis c. Bronchiectasis b. Emphysema d. 27. Ribs angle is usually more horizontal compared to normal individual if patient have which of the following problem: a. Pneumonia c. Pneumothorax b. COPD d. Mild Asthma 28. Normal angle of the rib: a. 35 degrees c. 45 degrees b. 40 degrees d. 50 degrees 29. Narrowing of ICS may cause shift to the chest to the one side: a. Massive effusion c. Disc atelectasis b. Severe pneumonia d. Obstruction of main bronchus 30. Unilateral widening and even bulging of ICS is suggestive of: a. Massive effusion c. Large lung mass b. Severe pneumonia d. Pneumothorax 31. IE ratio in emphysematous patient: a. 1:2 c. 1:4 b. 1:3 (not sure) d. 1:5 32. Which among the following abnormal respiratory rhythm is seen in the lesion of the PONS? a. Cheyne stroke c. Kussmaul b. Biot’s d. Apneustic 33. Diabetic Ketoacidosis: a. Cheyne stroke c. Kussmaul b. Biot’s d. Apneustic 34. Type of respiration associated with morphine overdose: a. Cheyne stroke c. Kussmaul b. Biot’s d. Apneustic 35. Clubbing of fingers are seen in this pathologic, except: a. Bronchiectasis c. Mesothelioma (not sure) b. COPD d. Pulmonary fibrosis 36. 37. Which of the following breath sounds have intermediate pitch and loudness? a. Tracheal c. Broncho-‐vesicular b. Bronchial d. Vesicular
38. Which of the following breath sounds has loud and high pitched sound? a. Tracheal c. Broncho-‐vesicular b. Bronchial d. Vesicular 39. 40. Mid inspiratory & expiratory crackles usually heard in patients with: a. Bronchiectasis 41. Normally breast tissue extend from the sternum to: a. AAL c. PAL b. MAL d. Between AAL & MAL 42. Rounded elevations seen in the areola is caused by the following except: a. Sebacceous glands c. Accessory glands b. Sweat glands d. Fat globule 43. Fibroadenoma of the breast is a common cause of breast mass among female aging: a. 15-‐20 y.o. c. 50-‐65 y.o. b. 25-‐50 y.o. d. >65 y.o. 44. 40 y.o. nullipara, married, no family history of breast CA, what is the risk factor? a. >4 c. 1.1-‐2.0 (not sure) b. 1-‐4 d. 45. Which of the following can decrease the risk of breast CA? a. Use of contraceptive c. Breast feeding b. Late pregnancy d. Post menopausal 46. MRI of the breast is recommended for the following except: a. Older woman c. High risk group b. Newly diagnosed breast CA d. Women with dense breast 47. Galactorrhea may be seen in patient with a. Herpes zoster c. Ovarian CA b. Pituitary adenoma d. 48. Benign condition of breast may cause bloody breast discharge a. Adenofibrosarcoma c. Fibroadenoma b. Intraductal papilloma d. Neurosarcoma 49. Breast malignancy is most likely to have if breast tumor is about: a. 2cm c. 4cm b. 3cm d. 5cm (not sure) 50. Breast malignancy is highly considered if the patient have a. Smooth border c. Palpable mass b. Wall delineated d. Immobile
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CARDIOLOGY Areas of Auscultation nd a. 2 ICS LSB nd b. 2 ICS RSB c. Erb’s Point th d. 4 ICS LSB th e. 5 ICS LMCL nd
36. Pulmonary Stenosis – 2 ICS LSB th 37. Mitral Stenosis – 5 ICS LMCL nd 38. Opening Snap – 2 ICS LSB th 39. Mitral valve prolapse – 5 ICS LMCL nd 40. PDA – 2 ICS LSB nd 41. Aortic stenosis – 2 ICS RSB th 42. S3 & S4 – 5 ICS LMCL th 43. Mitral regurgitation – 5 ICS LMCL nd 44. Splitting of S2 – 2 ICS LSB th 45. Tricuspid regurgitation – 4 ICS LSB Clinical Medicine: CVS exam 1 to 5 choices: a. concentric d. RVH b. eccentric e. LVH c. LV dilatation 1. Not palpable in PE 2. Forceful apical beat but not displaced 3. Markedly displaced at the left axillary line, hardly palpable th th 4. Displaced to axillary line 5 or 6 ICS anterior axillary line 5. Palpable parasternally but retract in systole 6 to 20 choices: nd th a. 2 Left ICS d. 4 ICS PS nd th b. 2 Right ICS e. 5 ICS MCL c. Erb’s point D 6. Pulmonic stenosis C 7. VSD D 8. ASD A 9. PDA 10. 11. Aortic valve regurgitation E 12. Mitral valve regurgitation D 13. Mitral prolapse B 14. Aortic stenosis E 15. Mitral stenosis E 16. Loud S1 A 17. Opening snap
A 18. Loud P2 D 19. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy E 20. LV hypertrophy Multiple choice ito na super haba, eto yung summary 21. Mitral stenosis – diastolic rumbling 22. Aortic stenosis – transmitted to the carotid 23. Aortic regurgitation – Diastolic rumbling murmur 24. VSD – pansystolic 25 to 30 choices: a. Caravallo’s sign d. Gallavardin’s b. Kussmauls e. Austin-‐Flint c. (+) Hepatojugular f. Machinery-‐like D 25. Aortic stenosis A 26. Tricuspid regurgitation F 27. PDA E 28. Chronic aortic regurgitation C 29. CHF B 30. Constrictive pericarditis 31 to 35 choices: a. Loud P2 d. Opening snap b. Loud A2 e. Ejection Click c. Non-‐ejection sound D 31. Mitral stenosis C 32. Mitral valve prolapse 33. Constrictive pericarditis A 34. Pulmonary hypertension B 35. Chronic uncontrolled hypertension 36 to 40 choices: a. Paradoxical b. Wide c. Loud d. Negative hepatojugular reflex 36. Mitral stenosis 37. Hypertensive urgency 38. Pulmonary hypertension A 39. Severe aortic stenosis 40. Pulmonary hypertension
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41 to 45 choices: a. Pulsus parvus et tardus b. Corrigan pulse c. Pulsus bisferiens d. Hepatojugular e. Neck vein distention at 60˚ D 41. Normal PE finding E 42. Pulmonary edema A 43. Aortic stenosis C 44. Combined aortic regurgitation and aortic stenosis 45. Chronic aortic regurgitation 46 to 50 choices: a. Ejection systolic murmur best heard at b. Persistent splitting c. Diastolic murmur d. Rumbling e. Blowing 46. A 47. Aortic stenosis D 48. Mitral stenosis 49.Aortic regurgitation 50. Pulmonic stenosis CVS A.Concentric B. RVH C. Kussmaul Sign D. +Hepatojugular Reflex E. LV Dilatation
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1. 52 year old female known to be diabetic and hypertensive patient admitted because of severe dyspnea (Orthopnea), cardiomegaly and bilateral basal crackles. Neck vein is visible and become more distended upon application of pressure in the liver 2. 27 year old male complained of fever, dyspnea and chest pain aggravated by breathing. Apical beat is markedly displaced to midaxillary region with distant heart sound. The patient is diagnosed with viral cardiomyopathy. 3. 42 year old male who was not aware that he was hypertensive, when seen in OPD his BP was 180/110 on sitting position. Apex beat at 5th ICS LAAL with apical beat to be sustained and foreceful. 4. 36 year old female school teacher with history of frequent sore throat was admitted because of pedal edema, esay fatigability and DOE. +Parasternal retraction during systole and an apical diastolic rumbling murmur 5. 65 years old male known CAD patient status post bypass graft surgery 10 years ago is now suffering from fatigue, dyspnea, orthopnea, edema and pulmonary edema. Apical beat is hardly palpable at 6th ICS. Axillary region faintly audible heart sounds and adynamic precordium ***** A. Loud S1 B. Soft S1 C. Loud A2 D. Loud P2 1. Chronic regurgitation 2. Hypertensive Urgency with BP 220/120 3. Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis 4. Pulmonary edema in a patient with CHF 5. Chronic mitral regurgitation ***** A. Physiologic Splitting S2 B. Persistent Splitting S2 C. Paradoxical Spilitting S2 D. Wide Splitting S2 1. ASD 2. Pulmonic Stenosis 3. Aortic Stenosis 4. Complete RBBB 5. LBBB ****
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A. Right mitral stenosis B. Right aortic with mitral regurgitation C. Congenital bicuspid aortic stenosis D. Congenital pulmonic stenosis E. Right aortic regurgitation 1. 36 year old male admitted because or bilateral pedal edema and orthopnea. P.E revealed a hyperdynamic apical pulse seen adn palpable at 6th ICS LMA region and a diastolic blowing murmur at the ERBS point transmitted to the apex 2. A 42 year old GRO was admitted because of easy fatigability pedal edema orthopnea and PND which started around 6 months PTC becoming progressive. P.E revealed diastolic thrill and murmur with Loud S1 and opening snap 3. 42 year old male admitted because of chest pain and episode of syncope. P.E revealed +ejection systolic murmur at 2nd ICS RSB transmitted to the neck 4. 30 year old female presents a persistent spilitting of S2 with expiratory splitting of S2 at the 2nd ICS LCB ejection systolic murmur at the same time 5. 42 year old male known RHD patient was admitted because of severe dyspnea, jaundice, ascites, hepatomegaly, P.E revealed apical beat markedly displaced at the 6th ICS left midaxillary region with apical lift, apical diastolic blowing murmur transmitted from the axilla and posterior scapula Significant Clinical Findings 1. Important physical examination finding in CHF – (+) hepatojugular reflux 2. Systolic ejection murmur of chronic severe aortic regurgitation is accompanied by which sound – Austin-‐Flint murmur 3. Mid-‐diastolic murmur heard over the pulmmonic area is ASD is accompanied by which sound – Persistent splitting of S2 4. Increased loudness of holosystolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation upon inspiration – Caravallo’s sign 5. Heard in aortic stenosis – Paradoxical splitting of S2 Cardiomyopathies th 6. Apex beat is displaced at the 6 ICS LAAL, (+) para sterna heave, (+) lift – Eccentric 7. 40 year old female, with apical beat that retracts during systole – Right Ventricle Hypertrophy 8. Hardly palpable – Left ventricle dilatation th 9. 40 year old female with chronic hypertension complained of chest pain, PE revealed apex beat at the 5 ICS LMCL with a (+) apical lift – Concentric 10. A 52 year old, Male, chronic hypertensive and DM2 complained of chest pain and SOB (DOB?), PE revealed (+) th murmur of AR and MR, apex beat is displaced at 5 ICS left anteroaxillary line with (+) lift. – Eccentric Abnormal Sounds 11. Pulmonary Hypertension – loud P2 12. Mitral stenosis – Loud S1 13. Atrial Fibrillation – Soft S1 14. BP 220/120 – loud S1 15. Pulmonic stenosis –Paradoxical splitting of S2 16. Sinus Tachycardia – loud S1 17. Chronic aortic regurgitation – Loud A2 18. LBBB – Paradoxical splitting of S2 19. Severe aortic stenosis – Loud A1 20. Normal PE findings – splitting of S2 upon inspiration
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Abnormal Pulses 21. Chronic aortic regurgitation and aortic Stenosis-‐ Pulsus Bisfierens 22. Aortic regurgitation – Corrigan’s pulse 23. Constructive pericarditis – Pulsus Paradoxus 24. Severe aortic Stenosis – Pulsus parvus et tardus 25. CHF – pulsus alterans Cases 26. Diastolic blowing murmur – aortic regurgitation th 27. 4 ICS parasternal line – Tricuspid regugitation 28. Ejection systolic murmur transmitted to carotid – aortic stenosis 29. Ejection systolic murmur loud on expiration – pulmonic stenosis 30. Holosystolic murmur displaced to left axilla, diminished S1 – Mitral regurgitation 1. Important physical examination finding in CHF + Hepatojugular reflux 2. Mid diastolic murmur heard over the pulmonic area in ASD is accompanied by what sound? Persistent splitting of S2 3. Loudness of holosystolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation upon inspiration Caravallo’s Sign th 4. Apex beat is displaced at the 6 ICS LAAL, faint heart sound, (+) parasternal heave, (+) lift. Eccentric Hypertrophy 5. 40 year old female, with apical beat that retracts during systole RVH th 6. SOB, apex at 6 ICS left midaxillary line..faint heart sound, alcoholic and elicit drug use Eccentric th 7. 40 year old with chronic hypertension complained of chest pain. PE revealed apex beat @ 5 ICS LMCL with a (+) apical lift. Concentric 8. A 52 year old Male, chronic hypertension & DM2 complained of chest pain and SOB. PE revealed (+) murmur of th AR & MR. Apex beat is displaced @ 5 ICS left anteroaxillary line with (+) lift. Eccentric 9. Pulmonary hypertension Loud P2 10. Atrial fibrillation Soft S1 11. BP 220/120 Loud S1 12. RBBB persistent 13. Sinus Tachycardia Loud S1 14. Chronic Aortic Regurgitation Soft S1 15. LBBB Paradoxical splitting of S2 16. Severe Aortic Stenosis Paradoxical splitting of S2
71 17. Normal PE findings Split S2 on inspiration 18. Chronic aortic regurgitation and aortic stenosis Pulsus bisfiriens 19. Severe aortic stenosis 20. CHF Pulsus Alterans
21. A 27 year old female, worried about ECG finding of RBBB. Auscultation revealed presence of ejection systolic murmur which became louder during forceful expiration. Pulmonic stenosis 22. 65 year old patient with DM, HPN, has a holosystolic murmur displaced to the left axilla, has a diminished S1 Mitral regurgitation 23. Machinery-‐like murmur PDA 24. Greater BP in the upper extremities compared to the lower extremities Coarctation of Aorta 25. Characteristics peripheral pulse in CHF Pulsus Alterans 26. DM hypertensive 64 year old experienced pain in right calf muscle on walking for 20 mins and relived by rest Intermittent Claudication 27. PDA nd 2 Left ICS 28. Aortic Stenosis nd 2 Right ICS 29. S3 & S4 th 5 ICS LMCL 30. Mitral Regurgitation 31. Fixed splitting of S2 ASD 32. Holosystolic murmur at the left parasternal area are transmitted to the right sternal border VSD 33. Sail Sound Ebstein’s anomaly 34. BP elevated in the upper extremities markedly lower in the lower extremities Coarctation of Aorta 35. Machinery-‐like murmur PDA 36. Pulmonary Stenosis nd 2 Left ICS
Clinical Medicine : CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM EXAM For 1 to 5, choices are: a. concentric d. RVH b. eccentric e. LVH c. LV dilataion 1. Not palpable in PE C 2. Forceful apical beat but not displaced. A 3. Markedly displaced at the left axillary line, hardly palpable. C 4. Displaced to axillary line 5th or 6th ICS anterior axillary. B 5. Palpable parasternally but retract in systole. D For 6 to 20, choices are: a. 2nd LEFT ICS d. 4th ICS PS b. 2nd RIGHT ICS e. 5th ICS MCL c. Erb's point 6. Pulmonic Stenosis A 7. VSD C 8. 9. 10. 11. Aortic valve regurgitation A or D 12. Mitral valve regurgitation E 13. Mitral Prolapse E 14. Aortic stenosis B 15. Mitral stenosis E 16. Loud S1 E 17. Opening snap A 18. Loud P2 A 19. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy D 20. LV Hypertrophy E multiple choice ito na super haba, eto yung summary: 21. Mitral stenosis -‐ diastolic rumbling 22. Aortic stenosis -‐ transmitted to the carotid 23. Aortic Regurgitation -‐ diastolic rumbling murmur 24. VSD -‐ pansystolic For 25 to 30, choices are: a. Caravallo's d. Gallavardin's b. Kussmaul's e. Austin-‐Flint c. + hepatojugular f. Machinery-‐like 25. aortic stenosis D 26. tricuspid regurgitation A 27. PDA F 28. chronic aortic regurgitation E
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29. CHF C 30. constrictive pericarditis B For 31 to 35, choices are: a. loud P2 d. opening snap b. loud A2 e. ejection click c. non-‐ejection sound 31. Mitral stenosis D 32. Mitral valve prolapse C 33. Constrictive pericarditis E 34. Pulmonary Hypertension A 35. Chronic uncontrolled hypertension B For 36 to 40, choices are: a. Paradoxical b. Wide c. Loud d. Negative hepatojugular reflex 36. Mitral stenosis C (Loud S2) 37. Hypertensive urgency 38. Pulmonary hypertension C (Loud S2) 39. Severe aortic stenosis A (Paradoxical splitting of S2) 40. Pulmonary hypertension C (Loud S2) For 41 to 45, choices are : a. Pulsus parvus et tardus d. negative hepatojugular b. Corrigan's pulse e. neck vein distention at 60 degrees c. pulsus bisferiens 41. normal PE finding D 42. Pulmonary edema E 43. Aortic stenosis A 44. Combined aortic regurgitation and aortic stenosis C 45. Chronic aortic regurgitation B For 46 to 50, choices are: a. ejection systolic murmur best heard at b. persistent splitting c. diastolic murmur d. rumbling e. blowing 46. Mitral regurgitation D 47. Aortic stenosis A 48. Mitral stenosis C 49. Aortic stenosis E 50. Pulmonic stenosis B
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74 1.
2.
3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
The anterior portion of the heart a. LV b. RV c. Aorta d. Pulmonary Artery The diameter of the apical beat a. 1.5cm b. 2.5cm c. 2.0cm d. .5cm Patient with COPD has palpable pulse at the epigastric and subxiphoid region a. Abdominal aorta b. RVH c. LVD d. Biventral hypertrophy Mitral stenosis a. loud s1 CAR b. soft s1 Atrial fibrillation c. loud s2 MSD d. ejection a. deep inspiration b. forceful expiration MVP c. leaning forward d .LL decubitous Einsteins Anomaly a. Caravalla’s Chronic Tricuspid Regurgitation b. Galavardin’s Aortic Stenosis c. Snail sound Chronic Severe Aortic Regurgitatin d. Paradox pulse nd Opening snap at rheumatic mitral stenosis a. 2 LICS nd Pulmonic regurgitation b. 2 RICS VSD c. Parasternal MVP d. Erb’s Congenital Pulmonic Stenosis e. Apex Position of the apical beat during physical exam a. upright, leaning forward b. supine c. LLD
75 21. Normal location of the apical beat a. Strong and forceful th b. Always at 5 ICP, L MCL c. Gentle tap d. Strong during inspiration 22. Concentric LV 23. Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy 24. Chronic Severe Aortic Stenosis 25. ASD 26. Normal
a. Persistent S2 b. Paradox S2 c. Physiologic S2 d.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
Ventricular Septal Defect > HEARD @ APEX Very loud S1 > BEST HEARD ON APEX Opening Snap > BEST HEARD ON PULMONIC AREA Apical mid-‐diastolic rumbling murmur > BEST HEARD ON APEX Chronic Aortic Regurgitation > ERBS POINT Acute Severe Mitral Regurgitation w/ s3 Gallop RD > 3 LICS Right–Bundle Branch Block > PERSISTENT / WIDE S2 SPLITTING Left–Bundle Branch Block > PARADOXICAL S2 SPLITTING Non-‐Systolic Click > (MVP) ERB’S POINT Less Prolapse: SQUAT ; More Prolapse: STAND Ejection Systolic Murmur (HEARD LOUDEST @ BASE) Atrial Septal defect ND > 2 LICS Concentric L-‐ventricular Hypertrophy th > 5 ICS LAAL Restrictive Hypertrophy Cardiomyopathy > STANDING –SQUATTING POSISTION Kussmaul Sign > CAUSE BY INABILITY OF THE (R) HEART TO ACCOMODATE INCREASE VENOUSE RETURN Loud/accentuated S1 > HYPERTENSION Physiologic Splitting > 2-‐3 (L) ICS Paradoxical Splitting of S2 > (L) BUNDLE BRANCHING BLOCK
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ABDOMEN 36-‐40: Draw and label the 4 quadrants of the abdomen and its landmarks: 40-‐50: Draw and label the nine regions of the abdomen and its landmarks: Abdomen – Finals Samplex 1. A palpable left flank mass is probably the left kidney if: a. You’re palpating fingers can probe deep to the medial and lateral borders (splenomegaly to) b. Preservation of normal tympany in LUQ c. A notch is palpated on medial border (splenomegaly din) d. Edge of mass extend beyond the midline 2. An extremely tight sphincter tone on rectal examination is due to: a. Neuropathy (seen in lax sphincter to) c. Cerebrovascular disease b. Spinal cord lesion d. Anxiety 3. A 35 y/o male complains of sudden severe epigastric pain radiating to the back, duration noted after a heavy meal. If this is acute abdominal pain, the following statement is/are correct a. Always mandate surgical intervention c. Can be manage medially b. Duration of pain is less than 2 days d. Consider if the pain is severe 4. A 21 y/o male with acute leukemia have a palpable splenic notch. The traube’s percussion will be: a. Hyperresonant c. Resonant b. Dull d. Tympanic 5. A 60 y/o diabetic had stroke 1 month ago with right sided hemiparesis and dysarthria..for sensation of food won’t go down and just stay on the mouth and repeatedly attempts to swallow. This type of dysphagia is: a. Oropharyngeal c. Esophageal dysphagia b. Esophageal web 6. In patient complaining of burning sensation that begins inferiorly and radiates up to the entire retrosternal area to the neck should avoid the following except: a. NSAIDs c. Meperidine e. Citrus food b. Coffee d. Beta blockers ______________________________________________________________________________________ Abnormal contour – xymphoid to symphisis pubis Portal HPN:Except -‐ SMJ nodule Puddle sign – flicking sound becomes louder, as the stet goes farther Hypoactive bowel – Ruber test Abdominal paradox – chest in, abdomen expand upon inspiration Ovarian cyst and ascites – hypokalemia, furosemide, abdominal distention Difference of voluntary form involuntary rigidity – Inspire with wide open mouth Carnette’s sign – Abdominal vs Intramural tendencies Normal liver span – 4-‐8 cm Midsternal, 6-‐12 RMCL Normal size of aorta – 3 cm To palpate liver:except – Castell technique (splenomegaly) th
Kidney punch – 12 rib, costovertebral angle Methods to assess Appx: except – Boa’s sign
Sim’s position – Left knee flex, side of the table Rectal exam in women – mass, tenderness, nodules, lateral wall, uterus Acute prostatitis – Boddy and tender Grade 3 – 3-‐4 cm protrusion Murphy’s sign – Inspiratory arrest Using Ulnar surface of the pt hand at midline – fluid wave _____________________________________________________________________________________ Alcoholic portal hpn massive ascites except: a. shifting dullness c. everted umbilicus b. fluid wave d. Typhanitic Nixon – lateral decubitus To confirm secondary hpn a. Epigastric c. R/L iliac e. All b. R/L upper q d. A and B Obese pt a. light palpate c. Reinforced palpate b. deep palpate d. Ballotment ABDOMEN 1. Abdominal contour → Xyphoid to symphysis pubis 2. Portal Hypertension → Except: SMJ nodule 3. Puddle Sign → Flicking sound becomes louder, as the stet goes farther 4. Hypoactive bowel → Hypokalemia, Furosemide, Abdominal distention 5. Ovarian cyst and ascites → Ruler Test 6. Differentiate voluntary to involuntary rigidity → Inspire with wide open mouth 7. Garnett’s Sign → Abdominal versus intramural tenderness 8. Normal liver span → 4-‐8 cm Midsternal; 6-‐12 RMCL 9. Normal size of the aorta → 3cm 10. To palpate liver → Except: Castell’s technique (for splenomegaly) th 11. Kidney punch → 12 rib, costovertebral angle 12. Method to assess AP (Appendicitis) → Except: Boa’s Sign 13. Sim’s Position → Left knee flexed side of the table 14. Rectal exam in women → Mass, tenderness, nodules, lateral wall, uterus 15. Acute prostatitis → Boggy and tender 16. Grade 3 → 3-‐4cm protrusion 17. Murphy’s sign → Inspiratory arrest 18. Using ulnar surface of patient hand in the midline → Fluid wave
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ABDOMEN 1. In doing fluid wave, the ulnar surface of the patient’s hand is pressed into the midline of the abdomen to a. Prevent movement of intestines b. Direct the movement of the wave to the opposite side c. Block the movement of the mesenteric fat d. Clearly visualize the fluid wave 2. A 60 yo CHF for which he was maintained on Furosemide developed hypokalemia. He has abdominal distention without abdominal pain. The auscultatory findings will be a. Succusion splash b. Hyperactive bowel sounds c. Hypoactive bowel sounds d. Normal bowel sounds 3. A smoker with emphysema was noted to have palpable liver 3 finger breaths below the right subcostal margin. The expected liver span is a. 4-‐8 cm midsternal b. 6-‐12 MCL c. 8-‐14cm anterior axillary line d. All 4. All but one are expected findings in a 46 yo male alcoholic with portal hypertension (All are expected findings in a 46 yo male alcoholic with portal hypertension EXCEPT) a. Globular abdomen with everted umbilicus b. Sister Mary Joseph nodules c. Spider angioma d. Obliterated Traube’s space e. (+) Castells’s sign percussion 5. A 19 yo male have severe attacks of bronchial asthma was noted to have abdominal paradox. The abdominal respiratory motion is a. Abdomen contract with expiration b. Rocking motion of chest and abdomen c. Abdomen expands while chest is pulled inward d. All 6. To differentiate ascites from large ovarian cyst, you must do a. Ballotment palpation b. Deep palpation c. Shifting dullness d. Fluid wave e. Ruler Test
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8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
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Carnett’s sign will differentiate (please double check na lang po yung correct answer, thanks!) a. Intraabdominal mass from intramural mass b. Rebound tenderness from direct tenderness c. Intraabdominal tenderness from abdominal tenderness d. Subcutaneous crepitus from cutaneous hyperthesia A 45 yo female complaining of RUQ pain was diagnosed to have acute cholecystitis. A positive Murphy’s sign is a. Tenderness on RUQ b. Inspiratory arrest c. (+) fist tenderness on percussion of right subcostal margin d. Exaggerated pain on gentle lifting of a fold of skin on RUQ In a 22 yo male with RLQ pain suspected to have acute appendicitis, the ff are positive abdominal signs, EXCEPT a. Markle’s b. Blumberg’s c. Aaron’s d. Boa’s e. Obturator Positive puddle’s sign is a. Distinct tap on your palpating hand b. The sound becomes louder while the stethoscope moves away from the flicking spot c. Dullness shift to the dependent side while tympanitic shift to the top d. A visible movement as a tap was done on the other side of the puddle In doing the kidney punch, a direct percussion with the fist should be applied to a. Subcostal margin b. Flank th c. 12 rib and vertebral angle d. ASIS A 66 yo male with enlarged prostate Grade III on rectal examination, have this amount of protrusion a. 1-‐2 cm b. >2-‐3 cm c. >3-‐4 cm d. >4 cm A 30 yo male complaining of dysuria and fever with pyuria on urinalysis. The expected rectal examination findings if this is acute bacterial prostatitis is/are a. Sulcus is obliterated b. >1 cm protrusion c. Nodular d. Boggy and tender e. All
80 14. The ff statements is/are true with regards to significance of rectal examination in female EXCEPT a. Cervix may be palpable through anterior wallt b. Uterus is never palpable on rectal examination c. Tenderness of peritoneal inflammation can be appreciated d. Nodularity of peritoneal metastasis can be felt 15. Sequence of abdominal examination ANS. Inspection, Auscultation, Palpation, Percussion, Special Examination 16. Reference used in determining abdominal contour is an imaginary line drawn from a. Breast to umbilicus b. Clavicle to the symphysis pubis c. Rib margin to umbilicus d. Xiphoid or rib margin to the pubis 17. To differentiate between abdominal rigidity amd voluntary muscle guarding, examiner should do this while doing palpation a. Distract the patient by conversation b. Ask the patient to breathe with mouth wide open and feel relaxation of abdomen during expiration c. Ask patient to raise his head from supine position d. All e. A and B only 18. Technique to palpate a large organ is freely movable as mass obscured by ascites a. Capture technique b. Deep palpation c. Reinforced palpation d. Ballotment 19. Sim’s position of patient in rectal examination a. Bent over the examining table b. Lateral position lying on the left side with right hip and knee flexed with buttocks close to edge of table c. Knee-‐chest position d. Lithotomy position 20. An enlarged prostate gland on rectal examination has the following findings EXCEPT a. Firm, rubbery consistency b. Obliteration of sulcus c. >1cm protrusion into the rectum d. Lateral lobes are palpable
Abdomen A.MATCHING TYPE D1.Ovarian cyst vs Ascites A2.Obesity vs. Ascites B3.Intramural vs. Intraabdominal mass C4.Peritonitis vs. Organomegaly E5.-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ A. Inverted umbilicus B. Lift head while in supine position C. Carnette’s sign D. Ruler test E. Traube’s space B.MULTIPLE CHOICE 6.Visceral pain has the following characteristics A. More intense and more localized B. Patient move about in an effort to relieve the discomfort C. Aggrevated by moving or coughing D. Felt in areas remote to diseased organ 7.Acute abdominal pain,except A. Approximately 3cm b. direction of aortic pulsation is directly on the palpating fingers c. lateral pulsation of aorta is noted d. all e. a & b only 10. An 80y/o male, developed anuria & complaining of hypogastric pain. Rectal examination revealed grade 4 prostate enlargement. The expected abdominal finding/s is/are a. palpable mass on hypogastric area d. all b. dullness on percussion of hypogastric area e. a & b c. symmetrically globular abdomen
11. Normal prostate gland on rectal examination has the following findings, except a. firm and rubbery in consistency c. nontender and movable b. prominent median sulcus d. 5cm diameter with >1cm protrusion 12. On rectal examination the examining finger can palpate a distance of a. 2-‐4 cm b. 4-‐6 cm c. 6-‐10 cm d. 8-‐12cm 13. On PE of the abdomen, auscultation is done before doing palpation because: a. it will prevent ticklishness of the patient b. palpation alters frequency of bowel sounds c. more convenient for the examiner d. it is more preferred by the patient 14. Reference used in determining the abdominal contour is an imaginary line drawn from: a. rib margin to the umbilicus c. xiphoid to rib margin to the symphysis pubis b. breast to the umbilicus d. clavicle to the symphysis pubis 15. All but one are use to overcome ticklishness of the patient on palpation of the abdomen, EXCEPT a. ask patient to perform self-‐palpation b. talk to the patient c. place your hands over patients finger and after sometime drift slowly your fingers onto the abdomen d. use diaphragm of stethoscope as palpating instrument
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ABDOMEN 1. PARIETAL PAIN -‐ More intense and more precisely located -‐ Aggravated by movement or coughing 2. ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN -‐ 1L) 8. OCCULT GI BLEEDING -‐ Chronic anemia -‐ No change in color -‐ (+) Guiac’s test 9. BLEEDING OF OBSCURE ORIGIN -‐ All of the above 10. PEPTIC ULCER -‐ Upper GI bleeding or massive bleeding 11. AMOEBIC COLITIS -‐ Small painful stool (tenesmus) 12. ALLERGY IN CRABS AND OYSTERS -‐ Vibrio species, salmonella, hepatitis A 13. All are part of ROME 2 CRITERIA except: -‐ Lumpy or hard stool -‐ Sensation of incomplete evacuation -‐ bowel action per week 14. CONSTIPATION IN ELDERLY -‐ Decrease food intake -‐ Weak abdominal and pelvic muscles -‐ Slow colonic transit 15. HESITANCY -‐ Delay between attempting to initiate urination and actual flow of urine 16. CAUSE OF PYURIA -‐ All of the above 17. OLIGURIA -‐
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