Claves Biológicas y Culturales de La Evolucion Humana

 

  ECDYMU LAFCÕBAEDU Q E]C_]\DCMU OM CD MYFC]EAF@ H]KD@D ^F\ Gfsá kdrëd Lmrk÷omz om Edstrf Um trdtd om hdlcdr om cd mvfcueaõ` hukd`d, m` bm`mrdc trdtd`of om ef`tdr eudcms hd` saof om cdsdôfs. ecdvmsCflafcõbaeds y eucturdcms, qum mstdkfs om 9,2 8 kaccf`ms qum ms eamrtf qum efkpdrtakfs ef` hdlcd`of cd bm`mdcfbëd om fcfs ehakpd`eás y cfs bfracds qum sm ef`fem qum efkpdrtakfs u` em`tëkmtrfs e÷laefs. Hdem 5,< kaccf`ms om dôfs `fs m`ef`trdkfs ef` Cuey cd kdorm om cd hukd`aodo sm omseulraõ pfr cfs dôfs 2>, tm`ëd u` dspmetf pdrmeaof d cfs Droapathmeus su mstdturd mrd kuy pmqumôd 4 kmtrf , cd edlmzd rmdckm`tm pmqumôd ?>> em`tëkmtrfs e÷laefs, cfs lrdzfs smbuëd` sam`of kuy cdrbfs m` prfpfreaõ` ef` cds pamr`ds, smbuëd` vavam`of m` mc kaskf dklam`tm. @f hdy smcmeeaõ` mvfcutavd qum hdbd ifrzdr mc iumrtm edklaf pfr msf Cuey `f mrd td` oaimrm`tm om cfs Droapathmeus, smbuëd` mrbuaofs omsom mc pra`eapaf vd smkadbdehdod. Cd mvaom`ead mstä m` u` mgmkpcf m` cds humccds qum omgdrf` Cuey y ftrfs kamklrfs omc brupf m` u`ds drm`ds prfvfedods m` u`ds em`azds vfceä`aeds, qum ccfvaõ sm hukmomeamrf` ifrkd`of u` ldrrazdc cumbf dccë sm omgdrf` sus humccds qum sm hd` mstuoadof pdrd sdlmr efkf mrd cd pasdod om dqumccfs d`emstrfs käs cds pasdods om ftrfs kamklrfs. Hdem 5,2 kaccf`ms om dôfs mc pam yd hdlëd edkladof, ald` mrbuaofs, pmrf ef` pmqumôfs edklafs omc pam omc ehakpd`eá su omof bfrof ef` mc qua`tf lam` smpdrdof om cfs omkäs pfrqum `f edka`d` mrbuaofs sf` eudor÷pmofs, cds om Cdmtfca tam`m mc omof bfrof mc qua`tf omof yd mstd u`aofs d cfs omkäs omofs. ¶Tuá efkëd`6 Uamkprm saof efkëd` fk`ëvfrfs hmkfs efkaof mstä ecdrf qum vavëd` m` cd hmkfs smcvd qum vmbmtdcms y irutfs,om ytfof, `f mrd` vmbmtdrad`fs tdklaá` efkëd` eudcquamr efsd frubds, a`smetfs m a`ecusf edzdld`. Mc ecakd mkpamzd d m`iradrsm, cd tmkpmrdturd ourd`tm cfs ÷ctakfs = kaccf`ms om dôfs mkpamzd d m`iradrsm hd hdlaof u`d oaska`ueaõ` omc edklaf ecakätaef. Hdy edklafs ecakätaefs edod vmz käs pftm`tms hdy bcdeadeaf`ms. Efkf mstm edklaf ecakätaef hdlëd` mspmeams qum sm dodptdld` dc kmoaf f sm mxta`buëd`, `umstrd bm`mdcfbëd `f sm mxta`buamrf` kuehds mspmeams. Dhfrd edkladkfs om ecakd om u`d smcvd ef` vmbmtdcms y irutfs, ef` rëfs dhfrd dpdrmem` cfs omsamrtfs ef` mxtm`saf`ms kuy brd`oms y tdklaá` cds säld`ds, cfs hukd`fs iuakfs d vavar dccë y hdlëd qum dodptdrsm dc edklaf, mc Hfkf Hdlacas mkpamzd`, d smr edr`ëvfrfs, edrrfômrfs f edzdofrms. Hdead pfr eam`tf omc ermeakam`tf ermeakam`tf omc emrmlrf ms kuehf käs akpfrtd`tm cd vmcfeaodo omc ermeakam`tf sflrm tfof m` cd bmstdeaõ`, ourd`t ourd`tmm mc prakmr dôf om vaod m` mc qum cd vmcfeaodo om ermeakam`tf omc emrmlrf ms kuy pdrmeaof d cd om cd ÷ctakd idsm om bmstdeaõ` hdstd cfs 9 f 2 dôfs om vaod vd oaska`uym`of u` mgmkpcf tdsd om ermeakam`tf emrmlrdc m` cd smkd`d 5< om m` bmstdeaõ` om u` ms om ? e÷laefs cd tdsd om ermeakam`tf emrmlrdc cd smkd`d 5 kaccf`ms om dôfs sf` =>>.>>> bm`mrdeaf`ms, `umstrfs d`tmpdsdofs hd` trd`skataof sa` omsed`sf su sdlmr d sus hagfs pdrd qum ccmbum d `fsftrfs, hfy mstm sdlmr ms cf qum `fs pmrkatm rmkf`tdr`fs d mccfs msedrldr `umstrf pdsdof y m`ef`trdr sus humccds, ms cd mstd ms cd mxtrdfroa`drad foasmd om `umstrd brd` idkacad. ]` kf`f mxtrdôf mstä d pu`tf om `demr dcbf oasta`tf d cfs omkäs, sus pdorms vavm` m` cfs ärlfcms, oumrkm` m` cds rdkds pfr kamof d smr omvfrdofs pfr cfs qum kmrfomd` pfr cd `fehm, mc `f vavarä ef` mccfs, omgdrä cfs ärlfcms y sm cmvd`tdrd sflrm sus pdtds trdsmrds, mc prakmr prm-hukd`f vd d edkladr cd idz om cd _amrrd. Cfs kf`fs supmrvavam`tms sm oavaom` m` ofs brupfs cfs omc Lfsqum y cfs om Uäld`d, cd pmfr pdrtm sm cd ccmvd` cfs om cd Udld`d, yd qum omlaof dc edklaf ecakätaef, cfs ärlfcms hd` omsdpdrmeaof cfs sakafs om cd Udld`d sm m`eum`trd` m` pmcabrf om mxta`eaõ`, cfs oasta`tfs ecd`ms oasmka`dofs sm rmpdrtm` d cfs ÷ctakfs rmeursfs om vaod drvëefcd, pmrf cd vaod m` cfs ärlfcms ms u`d trdkpd, pdsd` hdklrm, hdy qum ldgdr mc prakmrf om cfs `umstrfs `demrä m` mstds oaiëeacms ef`oaeaf`ms. Uus pdorms `f tam`m tam`m`` ef` qum odrcm om efkmr cd Udld`d ssm m hdstd mc a`ia`atf ccm`d om pmcabrfs, prakmrf tam`m` kamof pforëd rm`u`eadr y mspmrdr. ^mrf cm pfsmm u` mxtrdfroa`draf a`sta`tf om supmrvavm`ead `a`bu`f om sus d`tmpdsdofs cf hdlëd` hmehf d`tms, efrrmrä u` brd` ramsbf, mc prakmrf kaom 4 kmtrf 5> d eudtrf pdtds `f sm sdlm of` vd tam`m qum cmvd`tdrsm sflrm sus pdtds trdsmrds y, m`tf`ems pumom flsmrvdr pmrf sa quamrm omspcdzdr dvd`zd om vumctd d mkpmzdr dvd`zdr su pfsaeaõ` cm akpaom vmr y pumom flsmrvdr, m`tf`ems tam`m u`d a`tm`eaõ` dvd`zdr om pam ourd`tm mc kdyfr tamkpf pfsalcm. Qd mstä, pmrf iu`eaf`d sm ccdkdrä lëpmof. Cfs prakmrfs pdsfs cm od smburaodo quazäs sam`td cd `fvmodo, omsom dhë drrald sm sam`tm käs brd`om, käs iumrtm y pumom vmr d cfs suyfs omsom cmgfs mkpamzd su cdrbd kdrehd ef`iëd m` su a`tuaeaõ`, tam`m qum m`ef`trdr efkaod y rmiubaf, sm cms edrbd` cds pamr`ds ef` mstd ifrkd om d`odr, cm oumcm` cfs k÷seucfs om cd mspdcod tam`m qum pdrdr, u`fs efckaccfs diacdofs mstä` dc demehf, castfs pdrd smr omvfrdofs pfr smr oálacms y mstdr dascdofs smrä `umstrd pmfr pmsdoaccd tfof mc edka`f, m` mstm tamkpf cd vaod ompm`om om u` hacf `doam sdlm rmdckm`tm efkf omim`omrsm om cfs omprmodofrms edod u`f sm sdcvd efkf pumom. @f sdlm` omim`omrsm pfr së kaskfs om cfs d`akdcms sdcvdgms, kuehfs pamrom` cd vaod. D >> jacõkmtrfs om mstm cubdr ftrf sakaf sm hd pumstf m` pam, pmrf hd` tdrodof kacms om dôfs pdrd dodptdrsm d mstd pfsaeaõ`, y vd` omsdpdrmeam`of sa` sdlmr pfr quá, cds ef`oaeaf`ms kmoafdklam`tdcms vumcvm` d edkladr ef` u`d

 

brd` smquëd y omlm` om ar dodptä`ofsm pdrd `f omsdpdrmemr omsom Mtafpëd hdstd Ehdo y Äiraed omc Uur. Kuehds mspmeams omspdrmem` efkf edcaeftmrf, cfs kmgfrms dodptdofs sflrmvavarä` efkf cfs Dustrdcfpatmefs kuehds mspmeams ef`vavm` m` cd ccd`urd y sfcf u`d om mccds odrä cuz d cd mspmeam hukd`d. ]`d kugmr om msd mspmeam ms Cuey qum vavm m` mc vdccm omc rait Mtafpëd (cd dlumcd om cd hukd`aodo) pdrmem smr qum tfod su idkacad hd omsdpdrmeaof y mstä mccd sfcd tam`m dôfs y d tm`aof ? hagfs y mspmrd mc qua`tf, vm d brupf om lëpmofs y sm demred d mccfs, omsmd ifrkdr pdrtm u` brupf, msiëd, u`dpmrf Ifrm`sms y cfs ftrfs `f sm efku`aed` om cdom kaskd ifrkdCuey `f sm ms demptdod m` mcD`dk`msas brupf. Mstfs sf` edrrfômrfs, pmrf mccd mstä defstuklrdod d dcakm`tdrsm om irutfs y pcd`tds. Cfs D`dkm`sas od` cdrbds edka`dtds mstä` defstuklrdofs, pmrf mccd `f, mc gmim omc brupf cd sabum d tfods pdrtms, pmrf `f cm dyuod d lusedr efkaod, mc gmim quamrm efpucdr ef` mccd `f quamrm. Hdy u`d oasputd y mc gmim om cd kd`dod ms ftrf, u` oëd sm m`eum`trd` ef` u` rëf pmrf cfs Dustrdcfpatmeus `f sdlm` `dodr y eruzd` pfr mc cubdr käs dprfpadof Cuey cf a`tm`td pmrf sm dhfbd. Mc eumrpf om Cuey sm qumoõ m` rëf om Mtafpëd y sm qumoõ hdstd cd m`ef`trdkfs. Hdem 5 kaccf`ms om dôfs mc prakmr smr hukd`f mstä d pu`tf om `demr, d edusd om u` edklaf ecakätaef Brd` Bcdeadeaõ`, ldgd mc `avmc om cfs feád`fs y cds tmkpmrdturds y cds ccuvads oaska`uym` y m` äiraed hdy käs smquëd. Ccmbd u` `umvf hfkë`aof mc Hfkf Hdlacas mc smr hukd`f hälac sus a`vm`tfs edkladrä` `umstrf omsta`f, ms käs dctf qum cfs d`tmrafrms y su emrmlrf ms käs brd`om pfr cf qum ms käs castf, sm dtrmvm` hdemr efsds qum sus d`tmpdsdofs `f cf hdlrëd` hmehf y tam`m u`d km`tm käs omspamrtd y omseulrm` cds utacaodoms om cds pamords m a`vm`td` cds hmrrdkam`tds efkf pfr mgmkpcf pdrd efrtdr cd edr`m om cfs d`akdcms, y mkpamzd d dcakm`tdrsm kmgfr, pfrqum efkm käs prftmë`ds y su emrmlrf sm omsdrrfccd kmgfr m a`vm`td` käs hmrrdkam`tds y pforä sflrmvavar kmgfr y eud`of omsdrrfccd u`d aomd cd prumld y kaom su miaedead. Mstm ms mc a`aeaf om cd deeaõ` omc hfklrm sflrm mc ku`of, mstm sdlmr om trd`skatm om pdorms d hagfs y sm vd pmrimeeaf`d`of cd táe`aed ef` mc tamkpf. Mc Hfkf Hdlacas ms mc prakmrf m` pfomr smr ccdkdof smr hukd`f, mxpcfrdofr, a`vm`tfr y kd`apucdofr om aomds, hdy m sam`tm käs smburf om së kaskf, hdy käs sfcaodraodo m`trm mccfs y mc ecd` mstä kmgfr drkdof pdrd omim`omrsm omprakmrfs cfs pmcabrfs sflrmm`tfof pfr cdmc`fehm sf` käs vuc`mrdlcms, y sm hdem` sus rmiubafs mc sumcf Hfkfqum Hdlacas ms mc prakmr ef`struetfr om edldôds. Mstfs vmrä` efkf sus prakfs cfs Dustrdcfpatmeus omsdpdrme omsdpdrmem`. m`. Hdem < kaccf`ms om dôfs, hdy u`d efkpmtaeaõ` m`trm Hdlacas y cds omkäs mspmeams om hfkë`aofs y cfs Hdlacas pfr cds bd`ds om vmr ku`of ccmvd` d vdrads idkacads d omspcdzdrsm. Mc Hfkf Mrbdstmr `dem y sus hmrrdkam`tds sf` käs pmrimetds sm cm ccdkd mc ef`quastdofr. Bcdeadeaõ` trds bcdeadeaõ` qum hdem ldgdr mc `avmc om cfs kdrms y om cfs edcm`tdkam`tfs qum cfs hdem` sular cfs hfklrms vd` pflcdof cd tamrrd d cds qum pumom` deemomr, ms käs dctf y edka`d käs mrbuaof pumom pdsdr käs tamkpf sa` lmlmr y efkmr su emrmlrf sabum dukm`td`of, y tm`orä u`d pmrempeaõ` om sa kaskf y omc ku`of oaimrm`tm dyuod`of d cfs omkäs ms käs sfcaodraf y cm ms oaiëeac demptdr cd kumrtm tam`m sm`takam`tfs.

 

Ef`ta`ud su edka`f y ccmbd hdstd Dsad y sm hd ef`vmrtaof Hfkf Mrmetus, sdlm utacazdr sus drkds pdrd edzdr yd y d `f ms edrrfômrf, omoaed` kuehf tamkpf d edzdr y efkm` käs edr`m qum demcmrd mc omsdrrfccf omc em emrmlrf rmlrf y cds tdrmds sm rmpdrtm` m` mc brupf y efkam`zd cd mspmeadcazdeaõ` cfs douctfs efkm` cfs prakmrfs y cfs `aôfs tam`m` qum mspmrdr, cd idkacad Mrmetus sm prftmbm` m`trm mccfs y sm dvasd` y sm sfkmtm` d cd dutfraodo om cfs pdorms y tfkd` edraôf d cfs qum cm trdtd` lam`, kam`trds u`fs edzd` ftrfs efbm` irutfs cfs omkäs sarvm` d cd efku`aodo, utacazd` kuehds pdrd tfof mc Mrmetusmseumcds vamgf yd dc `fdarm pumom edzdr pmrf m`smôd dhmrrdkam`tds cfs gõvm`ms mc y laidz sm ifrkd` cds prakmrds calrm, m`trm mc hfklrm y cd kugmr cds efstuklrms tdklaá` hd` mvfcueaf`dof cd smoueeaõ` m`trm hfklrms y kugmrms hd` edkladof, cfs bm`atdcms om cd kugmr sm hd` msef`oaof dc pf`mrsm om pam y mc hfklrm yd `f sdlm euä`of quamrm cd kugmr. Mkpamzd` d oaimrm`eadrsm smb÷` mc ecakd y mc kmoaf, mc efcfr om cd pamc, mc pmcf pmcf,, cd ifrkd om cfs fgfs `f sf` abudcms m` tfods pdrtms, pmrf sf` oaimrm`eads supmriaeadcms. Cd hukd`aodo hdrä u` omseulrakam`tf qum cm edkladrä cd vaod7 –Mc Iumbf‛ y suemoaõ pfr edsudcaodo. ^rf`tf efkprm`oamrf` qum eud`tf käs sm cm dcakm`tdld käs ermeëd y käs tdrom omseulramrf` pfr edsudcaodo cd efeeaõ` y cm sm`tdld kmgfr mstd dcakm`tdeaõ`. Hdem =>>>>> dôfs omseulramrf` mc iumbf pfr tfof mc pcd`mtd kmgfrd`of `umstrd vaod, `fs omim`oaõ om cfs d`akdcms sdcvdgms, `fs oaf cuz, m` pfoëd cds `fehms fseurds, ef`smrvdof `memsatdrf`y kacms om tm`tdtavds pdrdedcfr sdlmrsmburaodo qum mc iumbf smr m`em`oaof, dpdbdof pfr mc hfklrm. Cfs hfklrms qum iumrf` dc `frtm om äiraed sm m`eum`trd` ef` bcdeadrms eud`of a`tm`td` ldgdr hdead mc sur mc `avmc omc feád`f vumcvm d sular, mstä` dtrdpdofs y tm`orä` qum sfpfrtdr cds irëds ef`oaeaf`ms. M` Murfpd dpdrmem mc @mdrom`tdc qum ms omsem`oam`tm omc Mrmetus, d pmsdr omc iraf sm hd dodptdof, ms mc käs rflustf mc käs rmsastm`tm qum ofka`drä Murfpd ourd`tm kacms om dôfs, m` mc a`vamr`f sfcf cd edzd cm pmrkatm dcakm`tdrsm y vmstarsm, ms mxpmrtf m` smbuar pastds y hdemr trdkpds y su detavaodo pra`eapdc ms ef`smbuar prmsds hdstd sus prfpads budraods pdrd edzdr y qumodrsm pdrd vavar. Cds pamcms omc gmim rmprmsm`td` u` brd` pfomr sflrm tfof cf qum eulrm` cd edlmzd, eud`of hfklrm sm kumrm hdy qum defkpdôdrcf cm pf`ëd` omefrdeaf`ms, y sm dpdrmf ef` cd kugmr omc gmim. @fs m`ef`trdkfs d km`fs om =>>>> dôfs dpdrmem mc Hfkf Udpam`s , –mc smr hukd`f sdlaf‛ y hd `deaof m` u` cubdr omsef`feaof . Mc @md`omrtdc sabum ofka`d`of m` Murfpd y Fram`tm vavm m` pmqumôds tralus idkacadrms y sm omspcdzd dc ratkf om cds mstdeaf`ms, dprfvmehd cds raqumzds om cd `dturdcmzd pmrf omsdpdrmemrä m` pfeds bm`mrdeaf`ms omspuás, efa`eaom` ef` mc Hfkf Udpam`s qum tam`m` cd edrd käs k äs ehdidod, `draz pu`tadbuods y pamr`ds cdrbds, tam`m` cd`zds kuy ia`ds y diacdods y m` cd pu`td om cfs omofs u`ds pmqumôds bdrrds, qum pa`ehd` sus pamcms, sm pf`m` ef`ehds m` cds pamcms y ldrrf pfr mc eumrpf y humsfs m` mc pmcf, tam`ods ef` pamcms y vm` d cfs @md`omrtdcms sdcvdgms m ab`frd`tms pmrf omseulrm qum trds msd dpdram`ead tfsed mxastm u` hfklrm ef` u`ds ermm`eads y qum präetaed u`ds efstuklrms rmia`dods, m`tamrrd` d sus kumrtfs efkf mccfs cf hdem`, `a`b÷` hagf pumom `demr om su u`aõ` @mdrom`tdc y Udpam`s `f pumom` rmprfouearsm sf` omkdsadofs oasta`tfs lafcõbaedkm`tm

 

@md`omrtdcms y Udpam`s vavarä` m` pdrdcmcf kacms om dôfs y sm dpfrtdrd` oaimrm`tm efsds kutudkm`tm pmrf `dod pforä akpmoar cd omsdpdraeaõ` om cfs @mdrom`tdcms. Ms u` kastmraf of`om `deaõ mc Hfkf Udpam`s. ^mrf sm sdlm qum m`trm 4>>>>> y ?>>>>dôfs. Ef`ecusaõ`7 Ms mc frabm` omc hfklrm omsom mc prakmr hfkë`aof qum d`od d ofs pdtds hdstd mc Hfkf Udpam`s, cd mvfcueaõ` efkam`zd ef` Dustrdcfpatmefs, Ifrm`sas, (d Cuey), D`dk`msas, Hfkf Hdlacas, Hfkf Mrbdstms, Hfkf Mrmetus, @mdrom`tdc y Hfkf Udpam`s