Class-X Physics

Physics Concept Maps Class X • Electricity • Magnetic Effect of Current • Spherical Lens • Refraction • Spherical Mirror • Human Eye • Non Conventional Sources • Conventional Sources

1 1 1 1 = + + Rp R1 R2 R3

Rs= R1+R2+R3+ ...

Parallel

Series

Amount of heat H = VIt = I2Rt = (V2/R)t

At constant temperature V = IR

System of resistances

Where Unit:ohm W r= resistivtiy depends Formula:R=rL/A only on temperature Dependence: and material •temperature •material •Length •area

Electric heater

Ohm's Law

Heating effect of current

Fuse

Heat in to work

Bulb

Resistance

Electric current

ELECTRICITY

Rate of flow of electric charges Unit:ampere

Defination: Electric energy per unit time

Power

Unit : watt(W) Formula:2 P=I2R= V =VI R

House hold electricity

Electric Potential

Circuit Diagram Ammeter in series with the circuit

Commercial unit: KWH=3.6×106J

kWh Meter

Parallel combination of resistances

Main Fuse

Connecting Wire

V A

+ –

Cell

Open

Close

Bulb:

Company Fuse or Pole Fuse Local Earthing

Voltmeter Connected in parallel with the resistor

Switch:

N L

Galvanometer: Double Pole Switch or Main Switch

Formula:I=Q/t Measurement: by ammeter

Unit:volt(V)

Resistor

L N E

Definition: Work done to move a unit charge

G

A

Formula:V=W/Q Measurement: by voltmeter

V

Magnitude: F=IlBsinq

Direction of the force

•Fleming left hand rule •Right hand palm rule

Temparory magnet Force on current carrying conductor in magnetic field

Artificial magnet Permanent magnet

Due to change in magnetic flux current induces Electromagnetic induction

Types

Direction of the emf Natural magnet

MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT

Magnet Attractive property Directional property

Properties

Pole always exist in pair •Same pole repel each other •opposite pole attract each other

Solenoid Field strength µ Numbers of turns µ Current µNature of core material N×mo×I B= 2pr

Tangential drawn at any point gives the direction of field Field lines

Field due to current carrying conductor

Circular loop

•Fleming right hand rule •Lenz rule

Field strength depends on the closeness of the field lines From north to south pole in form of closed curve

Straight conductor

Field strength µ current µ 1 N×mo×I B= distance 2r

µ Numbers of turns

Polarity of coil: Clock rule

Field strength µ current 1 1 µ distance between magnet and conductor

A Current

Cardboard

•Right hand thumb rule Direction of the field •Maxwell's screw rule B

Anticlockwise Current

Clockwise Current

Position of the object

Position of the image

At infinity

•Degree of convergence or divergence • Measured in diopter(D) Position of the object

Position of the image

Size of the image

Nature of the image

At infinity

At F

Highly diminished

Virtual and erect

Between O and #

Between O and F

Diminished

Virtual and erect

Image formation

P!

1 f Same as mirrors

Nature of the image

At the focus F Highly diminished

Real and inverted

Beyond 2F

Between F and 2F

Diminished

Real and inverted

At 2F

At 2F

Same size

Real and inverted

Between F and 2F

Beyond 2F

Magnified

Real and inverted

At F

At infinity

Highly magnified

Real and inverted

Between O and F

On the side of the object

Magnified

Virtual and erect

Sign convention

Power of lens

Size of the image

Optical Centre

Image formation

Radius of Curvature

Centre of Curvature

Concave lens

SPHERICAL LENS

Convex lens

C2

R1 P1 P2

O

R2

C1 Principal axis

(a)

Ray diagram Ray diagram

Lens formula

G

A

Magnification (m)

E

E

B

F

B'

2F

O

F

B

A'

2F

A

F

1 1 1 " ! v u f v = image distance u = object distance f = focal length

Height of image Im age dis tan ce ! Height of object object dis tan ce m = positive= virtual & erect image m = negative= real & inverted image

F

O

2F B'

A'

A

Dispersion R O

I V

PRISM (P)2

A

R

R

v

v

PRISM (P)1

is refractive index of med.2 wrt medium 1 v1 %1 $ 2 = = 1$ 2 = v2 %2 $ 1 =

SCREEN

Recombination

Through glass slab

Through prism

A

1$ 2

1$ 2

Y G B

•

sin i $ =1 2 sin r

Laws of refraction

• incident,refracted ray & normall lie in same plane

Real depth Apparent depth

REFRACTION

Colour

Twinkling of stars

Through atmosphere

S

•Planets are much closer to earth •Planets are a collection of large number of point sized source of light •total variation in the amount of light entering our eye average to zero

Apparent Position of Sun

Atmosphere Horizon Observer

Scattering of light S

Sun nearly overheated Light travels shorter distance

Blue scattered away Sun appears reddish

Sun near horizon Light travels longer distance

Less blue scattered

Observer

Colour of sun at sunrise & sunset

Blue colour of sky The fine particles in air reflect blue colour

Actual Position of Sun

Tyndall effect Dispersion of light due to particles in the atmosphere

Hence for an astronaut outside atmosphere sky appears dark instead of blue

Earth

Position of the image

Nature of the image Highly Real At the focus F diminished and inverted Between Real and Diminished F and C inverted Real and At C Same size inverted

Position of the object At infinity Beyond C At C

Size of the image

Between F and C

Beyond C

Magnified

Real and inverted

At F

At infinity

Highly magnified

Real and inverted

Between optical centre and F

Behind the mirror

Magnified

Virtual and erect

Image formation

Light gets reflected from concave surface

Principal axis

v = image distance m = positive = virtual & erect image u = object distance f = focal length Measured in m = negative= real & inverted image diopter(D) 1 1 1 & ! v h v u f 2 1 m ! " ! P!" u h 1 f

mirror formula

Power & magnification

Position of the object

Position of the image

Size of the image

Nature of the image

At infinity

At F

Highly diminished

Virtual and erect

Between O and #

Between O and F

Diminished

Virtual and erect

Image formation

Silver coating

Aperture C Centre of curvature

Silver coating Pole

Pole

Uses:torches, search light

SPHERICAL MIRROR

Concave mirror

Uses:Rear view mirror

Convex mirror

Light reflect from convex surface

Aperture C

Centre of curvature

Radius of curvature

Convex mirror

Radius of curvature

Ray diagram

Concave mirror

Ray diagram

Incident Light

Incident Light A

B

Laws of reflection

Sign convention

A

C

B' F A'

P

B

•Angle of incidence= angle of reflection •incident,refracted ray & normal lie in same plane

A' P

B' F

C

Principal axis

Forms an inverted real image on retina

Fine focal adjustments

sclera choroid retina

aqueous humour lens iris

Controls size of pupil

Dark muscular diaphragm

Image formed

muscles

Controls amount of light

opticnerve

pupil cornea

Light enters through cornea

Get activated upon illumination and generate electrical signals

Has enormous light sensitive cells Electrical signals sent to brain via optic nerves

vitreous humour

ciliary muscels muscles To change focal length of lens

Eye ball

Normal near point Short eyeball

N

Sphere diameter 2.3 cm

25 cm (a)

Structure & working N'

Myopia Hypermetropia

N

Near point of defective eye

25 cm (b)

HUMAN EYE

N' Near point of defective eye

N 25 cm (c)

Defects

Cataract

Caused due to old age Correction:Bifocal lens with both concave and convex lens

Presbyopia Accomodation

•For old people lens becomes milky & cloudy •Lens restored by cataract surgery

•Ability to adjust focal length its self •Can't decreased below certain minimum limit •The farthest point for normal eye-infinity •The least distance for normal eye-25 cm

Source is molten trapped in hotspots

Geo thermal energy

Uses : Solar cell, Solar cooker, etc.

NON C0NVENTIONAL SOURCES

Solar energy

Tidal energy

Energy from sea

Nuclear fission: Nucleus of heavy atom bombarded with low energy neutrons

Nuclear energy

Wave energy

Kinetic energy of waves into electrical energy Ammonia Vapours

Due to difference in sea levels

Generator

Ocean thermal

Due to difference in temperature of layers

Turbine

Heat Exchanger (Evaporator)

Warm Sea Water

Pump

Liquid Ammonia

Cold Sea water

Heat Exchanger (Condenser)

Discharge

Source is molten trapped in hotspots

Hydro Power Plant

High maintenance and needs high wind speed but renewablesource

wind energy

C0NVENTIONAL SOURCES

Nuclear fission: Nucleus of heavy atom bombarded with low energy neutrons

Fossil Fuels

Water

Slurry of cattle dung and water

Slab Cover

Bio Gas Plant

Outlet for Biogas Dome

Slab cover

Gas Control Valve

Overflow Tank

Ground level Mixing Tank Biogas

Spent Slurry

Source is scurry used as manure, smokeless, 75% is methane

Dung and water mixture

Inlet Tank Digestor Outlet Tank