CLASE - Karl Marx

 

GKXFTCK ACFEACK ^IJÇXCAK-AËXFHTK LITQXFT-ADA-GIHKJCHKH \CTXVKJ-GÑHVJI 4- OKTJ GKTR  

OKTJ GKTR (;2;2-;221)

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^rfsfetkacñe   ¡Bijk! Dcfevfechks y dcfevfechis k fstf eufvi feaufetri hf jk gktfrck Acfeack ^ijçtcak. Fe fstk ipirtuechkh, vkgis k prfsfetkr jks chfks prceacpkjfs hfj pfeskhir pfeskhir Okrj  Okrj GKTR. GKTR. Hurketf fj sc`ji RCR, prihuati hf jks `rkehfs trkeslirgkaciefs siackjfs suafhchks, sur`cfrie hcstcetks tfirçks, hcstcetks trkhcaciefs pijçtcaks, hcstcetks pfrspfatcvks kekjçtcaks, quf drcehkrie ajkvfs cetfrprftktcvks pkrk kekjczkr jk siacfhkh. Jks trfs gës cgpirtketfs sie= fj jcdfrkjcsgi (quf, aigi vcgis fe fj feaufetri ketfrcir, ilrfaf kr`ugfetis pkrk mustclcakr tketi k jk ir`keczkacñe akpctkjcstk hf jk siacfhkh aigi kj Fstkhi), fj gkrxcsgi (auyk gcrkhk arçtcak prfsfetkrfgis kquç) y fj kekrqucsgi (hf fsti bkdjkrfgis fe fj feaufetri quf vcfef, eis ketcacpkgis k aietkrjfs quf tkgdcãe aiestruyf uek gcrkhk arçtcak sidrf jk rfkjchkh). Ei fxcstf eueak uek ýecak gkefrk hf cetfrprftkr jis lfeñgfeis siackjfs? fj fstuhci hf fstks trfs pfrspfatcvkss ji tirek fvchfetf. pfrspfatcvk

Cetrihuaacñe Gkrx luf ue pfeskhir trksafehfetkj pufs sus chfks -pjketfkhks fe fj sc`ji RCR- tuvcfrie ue cgpkati feirgf tketi fe fj gigfeti fe fj quf lufrie hcluehchks aigi k ji jkr`i j kr`i hf tihi fj sc`ji RR y ji quf vk hfj RRC. Jk sce`ujkrchkh hf su pfeskgcfeti tuvi aiesfaufeacks kj cetfrcir hf jis hfdktfs tfñrcais, pfri khfgës tuvi t uvi cgpjcakeacks pijçtcaks aiearftks yk quf sus chfks sf aievcrtcfrie fe pri`rkgks hf kaacñe pkrk cgpjfgfetkr gihfjis hf ir`keczkacñe siackj kjtfrektcvis k jk ir`keczkacñe akpctkjcstk. Ajksf fsarctk y hfskrrijjkhk pir jk Hrk. Airk Krcks y jk Hrk. Afacjck Gfjfjjk, kgdks sie hiafetfs hf jk gktfrck Acfeack ^ijçtcak hfj ADA, aëtfhrk Lirstfr. Mueci 4>4;.  ;

 

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GKXFTCK ACFEACK ^IJÇXCAK-AËXFHTK LITQXFT-ADA-GIHKJCHKH \CTXVKJ-GÑHVJI 4- OKTJ GKTR  

Gkrx ceku`urñ uek gkefrk pkrtcaujkr hf cetfrprftkr c etfrprftkr k jk siacfhkh fe su aiemueti. Fjkdirñ ue kehkgckmf tfñrcai-aieafptukj tfñrcai-aieafptukj vksti, aigpjf aigpjfmi mi y guy ýtcj pkrk flfatukr keëjcscs sidrf jis hclfrfetfs kspfatis hf jk vchk siackj (jk faieigçk, jk pijçtcak, jk chfiji`çk, fetrf itris). Qu tfirçk luf rftigkhk, rfsc`eclcakhk f ceajusi cgpjfgfetkhk pir hclfrfetfs aijfatcvis tketi kakhãgcais aigi pijçtcais. \kjf jk pfek rfairhkr quf fxcstfe kutirfs y pfeskhirfs quf sf chfetclcake aigi gkrxcstks, ksç aigi pkrtchis pijçtcais quf jfvketke jks dkehfrks hfj gkrxcsgi, y fxpfrcfeacks bcstñrcaks hf ir`keczkacñe quf sf jjfvkrie khfjketf sc`ucfehi fj pri`rkgk fjkdirkhi pir Gkrx (jk Tfvijuacñe Tusk, jk Abcek i jk Audkek, fetrf itrks). Qce fgdkr`i, fs efafskrci fstkr kjfrtk pirquf fe rfctfrkhks iaksciefs -aigichfks suafhf akhk vfz quf sf cetfrprftke hf itris y, guabi gës, sc sf jjfvke k jk prëatcak- Gkrx luf y aietceýk scfehi tfr`cvfrskhi. Fe jis gýjtcpjfs y hcvfrsis `rupis y airrcfetfs quf sf prfsfetke aigi gkrxcstks, fe iaksciefs, iaksciefs, acraujke aieafpaci aieafpaciefs efs guy hcstketfs k jks pjketfkhks pi pirr fj kutir. Fe hflcectcvk, jf bkafe hfacr k Gkrx aisks quf ãj eueak hcmi y sf hfskrrijjke fstrktf`cks pijçtcaks aie jks quf ceajusi ãj ei budcfrk fstkhi hf kaufrhi. ka ufrhi. ^krk fvctkr aukjqucfr trkcacñe k jk idrk hf Gkrx y pihfr kprfbfehfr su tfirçk fe tihk su aigpjfmchkh, jfs pripiefgis ijvchkrsf pir ue gigfeti hf tihis kqufjjis skdfrfs prfvcis quf pufhke tfefr sidrf fstf kutir hfdchi k quf guabks vfafs sf feaufetrke ktrkvfskhis pir jñ`caks hfj sfetchi aigýe. Fj idmftcvi hf fstf feaufetri fs cetrihuacreis fe kj`ueis tfxtis fjkdirkhis pir fj pripci Gkrx (fe uei hf jis aksis, fe aijkdirkacñe aie Fe`fjs) pkrk aieiafr jis aieafptis ajkvfs hf su tfirçk. Eis aieafetrkrfgis fe jis his quf sf feaufetrke fe fj ^ri`rkgk hf eufstrk gktfrck= Fj Gkeclcfsti Aiguecstk  (fsarcti  (fsarcti fe ;282 mueti k Fe`fjs) y jk Aietrcduacñe k jk arçtcak hf jk faieigçk pijçtcak ( fjkdirkhi fjkdirkhi fe ;263 ).  Ei idstketf, tkgdcãe tigkrfgis aufstciefs aufstciefs pjketfkhks fe itrks idrks hf su vkstk prihuaacñe cetfjfatukj. Vek vfz aigprfehchis, pihrfgis hftfatkr jk fxcstfeack hf fsks tfr`cvfrskaciefs quf gfeacieëdkgis ketfrcirgfetf aie fj idmftcvi hf fjkdirkr eufstrk pripck gcrkhk sidrf fj chfkrci gkrxcstk. Xihk tfirçk `fefrk khbfrfetfs y hftrkatirfs pirquf akhk sumfti aiestruyf su pripck vcscñe hfj guehi. Qce fgdkr`i, pir jks akrkatfrçstcaks hfj pfeskgcfeti hf Gkrx quf kquç hfsarcdcrfgis, `fefrk hfdktfs hf gkyir gk`ectuh tketi fetrf kakhãgcais aigi fetrf pijçtcais. ^krk fmfgpjclcakr, rfaufrhfe quf, hurketf tihi fj pfrçihi hf jk @ufrrk Lrçk, fj guehi fstuvi hcvchchi fe his= fetrf qucfefs hfaçke hcrc`cr priyfatis aiguecstks y kqufjjis quf sf ipieçke. 4

 

GKXFTCK ACFEACK ^IJÇXCAK-AËXFHTK LITQXFT-ADA-GIHKJCHKH \CTXVKJ-GÑHVJI 4- OKTJ GKTR  

Aietfxti bcstñrcai Fj pfeskgcfeti hf Gkrx sur`cñ aigi rfspufstk k jk arcscs hf jk siacfhkh furipfk hfj sc`ji RCR. Furipk ei jjf`ñ k fstk arcscs hf ‚ue hçk pkrk fj itri‗ ? luf ue priafsi y su `ãefscs sf vceaujk aie uek aiemueacñe hf lkatirfs. ^ir ue jkhi, rfsujtk afetrkj pkrk aigprfehfr fj irc`fe hfj akpctkjcsgi, rfpkrkr fe Tfvijuacñe jks trkeslirgkaciefs siacifaieñgcaks quf kakrrfñ pkrk;06>. fj vcfmi aietcefetf jk hfeigcekhk Cehustrckj quf tuvi ju`kr kjrfhfhir hfj kûi Hf lirgk guy suacetk, pihfgis sfûkjkr quf fetrf jis sc`jis sc `jis RC\ k R\C R \C fe Ce`jktfrrk hfskpkrfacñ aksc titkjgfetf fj scstfgk hf sfrvchugdrf lfuhkj, sctukacñe quf tuvi aigi aiesfaufeack fj arfacgcfeti hf jk aketchkh hf akgpfsceis jcdrfs quf gc`rkrie bkack jks acuhkhfs fe dýsqufhk hf supfrvcvfeack, pufs jis pri`rfsis tfaeijñ`cais (aigi jk gëqucek k vkpir) gkrakrie akgdcis rituehis rituehis fe jk lirgk hf prihuaacñe (hfshf fetieafs= cehus cehustrckj) trckj) y tkgdcãe fe fj trkespirtf, jjf`kehi k hfspjkzkr k jk trkaacñe k ske`rf y kj gcsgi bigdrf. Qc dcfe jk trkeslirgkacñe hf jk acuhkh gfhcfvkj fe acuhkh gihfrek ei suafhf hf lirgk rfpfetcek (rfctfrkgis, fs ue priafsi) y fxafhf fj idmftcvi hf fstk ajksf, pihfgis sfûkjkr quf luf afetrkj fe fj sc`ji R\CCC fj hfskrrijji hf ji quf usukjgfetf sf hfeigcek Ftkpk Gkeulkaturfrk hf jk ;¾ Tfvijuacñe Cehustrckj, dkskhk fe jk fefr`çk k dksf hf akrdñe.  Hurketf fstf pfrçihi, aigfezñ k tigkr lufrzk fe jks j ks acuhkhfs fj sfatir i `rfgci hf jjis is gfrakhfrfs, qucfefs sf feakr`kdke hf aigprkr y vfehfr, yk quf pkrk bkafrji ei sf efafsctkdk ece`ýe krtf fspfaçlcai. Fstis `rfgcis aigfezkrie k kdsirdfr pkrtf hf jk gkei hf idrk afsketf quf qufhkdk hfj rã`cgfe k`rcaujtir fe hfdkajf, y aiehfeskrie acfrtks gihclcakaciefs quf sfrçke eihkjfs aigi jk hcvcscñe hfj trkdkmi bkack fj cetfrcir hf jis tkjjfrfs (fe ftkpks ketfrcirfs, jk hclfrfeackacñe tfeçk ju`kr fetrf  jis  jis `rfgcis y ei hfetri hfj gcsgi tkjjfr). Fstk ftkpk fstuvi jc`khk k jk kpkrcacñe hf eufvis gfrakhis cetfrekaciekjfs, cetfrekaciekjfs, `rkacks k jk Aiequ Aiequcstk cstk hf Kgãrcak y jk kefxcñe hf Ksck ‑Abcek f Cehck‑. Juf`i, aigi yk bfgis sfûkjkhi, sf `fstñ fj pkskmf bkack fj akpctkjcsgi cehustrckj fe fj quf jk bfrrkgcfetk luf rffgpjkzkhk pir jk gkqucekrck y sf priluehczñ jk aieafetrkacñe hfj akpctkj fe gkeis hf jk dur`ufsçk. ^krk jis kjdirfs hf ;2, pkrtf hf Furipk iaachfetkj sf khfetrkdk fe jk hfeigcekhk 4¾ Tfvijuacñe Cehustrckj k pkrtcr hf jk utcjczkacñe hfj pftrñjfi y jk pftriquçgcak aigi rfaursis luehkgfetkjfs hf hfskrrijji. hfskrrijji. ^ir itrk pkrtf, fj sur`cgcfeti hf jis Fstkhis ekaciekjfs furipfis hurketf jis sc`jis R\C y R\CC (luehkgfetkjgfetf Ce`jktfrrk y Lrkeack) kdrcñ acfrtis cetfrri`ketfs y prfiaupkaciefs pir fj tcpi hf `idcfrei y su jf`ctcgchkh, jk afetrkjczkacñe y fj gketfecgcfeti hfj pihfr luf hkehi lirgk kj khvfecgcfeti hf ji quf biy hfeigcekgis scstfgk akpctkjcstk . Aigi yk bfgis vcsti, hf fstks aufstciefs sf iaupkrie ia upkrie kutirfs aigi Biddfs, Jiaof, Tiussfku, fetrf itris. Fe fstf sfetchi, jk Tfvijuacñe Lrkeafsk hf ;023 piscdcjctñ, fe fj pjkei pijçtcai, jk acraujkacñe hf jks chfks hf c`ukjhkh fetrf jis bigdrfs, bigdrfs, ksç aigi jk cgpirtkeack hf jk jcdfrtkh y jk hf`rkhkacñe hf jis hfrfabis eidcjckrcis quf gkrakrie jk prfpiehfrkeack prfpiehfrkeack hf jjkk dur`ufsçk (Xiaqufvcjjf hfsarcdcñ fsf priafsi, aigi yk vcgis). Qce fgdkr`i, hfdfgis rfaieiafr quf tkgdcãe sf sfetkrie jks dksfs pkrk jk aiestruaacñe hf ue pri`rkgk rfvijuaciekrci pripci hfj sc`ji RCR pjksgkhi fe jks hfeigcekhks Tfvijuaciefs hf ;282 y fe jk Aiguek hf ^krçs hf ;20;, kgdks ‑fe hcstceti `rkhi‑ hf `rke rfjfvkeack pkrk Gkrx. 1

 

GKXFTCK ACFEACK ^IJÇXCAK-AËXFHTK LITQXFT-ADA-GIHKJCHKH \CTXVKJ-GÑHVJI 4- OKTJ GKTR  

Jks Tfvijuaciefs hf ;282 lufrie cesurrfaaciefs fe hcvfrsis pkçsfs furipfis auyi idmfti frk rfstkurkr fj scstfgk rfpudjcakei. Fe Lrkeack hfshf ;21>, y hf jk gkei hf rfvijuaciekrcis aigi Djkequc y Djkea, suafhcfrie cesurrfaaciefs rfpudjcakeks quf prftfehçke rfstkurkr jk Tfpýdjcak quf bkdçk schi arfkhk fe ;023 y hfmkr ktrës jk Giekrquçk ^krjkgfetkrck feakdfzkhk pir Jucs Lfjcpf Lfjcpf hf Irjfkes. Ksç, fe ;282 sf prihumi prihumi uek rfdfjcñe kpiykhk pir jk @ukrhck Ekaciekj quf ji`rñ quf fj Tfy kdhcakrk y sf cestctuyfrk jk Qf`uehk Tfpýdjcak. Fetrf sus gfhchks, sf priajkgñ= jcdfrtkh hf prfesk, sulrk`ci uecvfrskj, kdijcacñe hf jk fsajkvctuh fe jks aijiecks y hf jk pfek hf gufrtf pir hfjctis pijçtcais, fetrf itrks. Qce fgdkr`i, sur`cfrie rupturks fetrf lkaaciefs kj hcsarfpkr sidrf jks gfhchks k tigkr yk quf, pir fmfgpji, uek rkgk hf jis siackjcstks prftfehcñ cestkurkr ue priyfati pijçtcai gës rkhcakjczkhi uechi k acfrtks chfks quf sf rfljfmke fe fj Gkeclcfsti Aiguecstk hf Gkrx y Fe`fjs. ^fesfgis quf fj aietfxti ketfs hfsarcti tuvi aigi aiesfaufeack uek priluehk hfsc`ukjhkh hfetri hf jks siacfhkhfs furipfks. Jks aiehcaciefs hf vchk hf jis prijftkrcis fgpfirkrie hrëstcakgfetf k pkrtcr hfj priafsi hf cehustrckjczkacñe y jks acuhkhfs ac uhkhfs sf aievcrtcfrie fe ju`krfs hf bkacekgcfeti hiehf prcgkdk uek rfjkacñe cetrçesfak fetrf fspkaci, aufrpi  y tãaecaks tãaecaks prihuatcvks. prihuatcvks. Kjjç  Kjjç frk fvchfetf jk hf`rkhkacñe sfesirckj akuskhk pir fj ruchi hf jks gëquceks lueaciekehi hçk y eiabf, jis aufrpis ktfstkhis hf bijjçe, fj akeskeaci hf tureis hf trkdkmi hf ;< birks, ksç aigi fj trkdkmi hf gumfrfs y ecûis. Fstk sctukacñe fj tfjñe tf jñe hf liehi feaie fj quf sf `fefrkrie jis felrfetkgcfetis felrfetkgkcfetis ske`rcfetis fetrf fmãracti yfrk idrfris hurketf ;282 fj airijkrci hf jk aieviaktirck fjfaaciefs fe jks quf Akrjis Jucs Ekpijfñe Diekpkrtf i Ekpijfñe CCC (sidrcei hf Ekpijfñe) rfsujtñ `kekhir. Fe ;26; y hfdchi k quf ei jf pfrgctçke jk rffjfaacñe, hci ue `ijpf hf Fstkhi y fe ;264 sf hfajkrñ Fgpfrkhir. Qidrf fstf kaietfacgcfeti, Gkrx fsarcdcñ Fj ;2 Drugkrci hf Jucs  (fsarcti fetrf hcacfgdrf hf ;26; y gkrzi hf ;264) fe fj quf hfsarcdcñ y kekjczñ fj Diekpkrtf  (fsarcti priafsi pijçtcai lrkeaãs hf jks rfvufjtks hf ;282, fj `idcfrei fjf fjfati ati hf Akrjis Jucs Ekpijfñe Diekpkrtf y su kuti`ijpf hf Fstkhi pkrk jf`ctcgkr jk hcatkhurk quf pfrhurñ bkstk jk `ufrrk lrkeai-prusckek hf ;20>. ^ir ýjtcgi, jk Aiguek hf ^krçs  luf  luf ue givcgcfeti rfvijuaciekrci rfvijuaciekrc i idrfri quf sf `fstñ aukehi fj 8 hf sfptcfgdrf hf ;20> jis trkdkmkhirfs hf jk acuhkh lrkeafsk hfajkrkrie jk Tfpýdjcak, y tuvi su pueti hf celjfxcñe fe gkrzi hf ;20; aie jk cestkurkacñe flfatcvk hf jk Aiguek. Fstk Tfpýdjcak rfspiehcñ k ue chfkrci siackjcstk quf prigivçk jk kuti`fstcñe hf jks lëdrcaks, jk jkcachkh hfj Fstkhi, jk kdijcacñe hf hfuhks, fetrf itrks gfhchks auyi prceacpkj idmftcvi frk frrkhcakr jks aiehcaciefs hf hfsc`ukjhkh quf, trks jk `ufrrk lrkeai-prusckek, sf bkdçke priluehczkhi fe fj pkçs. Gkrx sf bkdçk vcsti aigprigftchi y fetuscksgkhi pir fstf suafsi auyi keëjcscs pjksgñ fe fj tfxti Jk `ufrrk acvcj fe Lrkeack  hf  hf ;20;. Ei idstketf, jk Aiguek hurñ ei guabi gës hf ueis gfsfs kj sfr hcfzgkhk pir uek drutkj rfprfscñe quf aujgceñ aie jk fmfauacñe hf jis jçhfrfs y jk gufrtf hf gës hf hcfz gcj aiguefris fe hcvfrsks acrauestkeacks.

Dci`rklçk Okrj Bfcercab Gkrx (Xrãvfrcs, 6 hf gkyihf hfDiee ;2 ;2‑‑udcakhk ;2;2  Jiehrfs, gkrzi ;221) Kjfgkeck rfkjczñ sus‑  fstuhcis hf Hfrfabi fe jk Vecvfrschkh fe;8 jk hf rf`cñe hf hf Tfekeck, 8

 

GKXFTCK ACFEACK ^IJÇXCAK-AËXFHTK LITQXFT-ADA-GIHKJCHKH \CTXVKJ-GÑHVJI 4- OKTJ GKTR  

pfri jis hfmñ pkrk fstuhckr Lcjisilçk fe Dfrjçe. Qf hiatirñ fe kdrcj hf ;28; fe Mfek aie uek tfscs tctujkhk Hclfrfeack fetrf jk lcjisilçk hf jk ekturkjfzk hf Hfgñarcti y jk hf Fpcauri . ^rieti sf cevijuarñ fe jk fjkdirkacñe hf trkdkmis fe tirei k jk rfkjchkh siackj, aijkdirkehi fe ;284  mueti aie Druei Dkufr (uei hf sus aigpkûfris aigpkûfris fe fj fstuhci hf jk idrk hfj lcjñsili kjfgëe @fir` Bf`fj k jis quf sf aieiaf aigi ‚mñvfefs bf`fjckeis‗) fe jk fhcacñe hf jk @kaftk Tfekek  (Tbfcecsabf  (Tbfcecsabf ]fctue`), pfrcñhcai jcdfrkj rkhcakj hf `rke cgpirtkeack fe su ãpiak, hfj

quf prieti jjf`ñ k sfr mflf rfhkatir. Jk pudjcakacñe lcekjgfetf luf cetfrvfechk pir jk afesurk y pistfrcirgfetf, pistfrcirgfetf, Gkrx tuvi quf gkrabkr kj fxcjci fe Lrkeack. Fe ^krçs, hurketf fj kûi ;288, Gkrx aieiacñ y fetkdjñ kgcstkh aie Lrcfhrcab Fe`fjs (;24>;236), qucfe sf trkeslirgñ fe su prceacpkj aijkdirkhir y jf ilrfacñ ue kpiyi lrktfrekj quf fe gýjtcpjfs iaksciefs sf trkhumi fe fj sustfeti faieñgcai pkrk sus priyfatis. Xkgdcãe aieiacñ fe Lrkeack k itris cgpirtketfs pfeskhirfs siackjcstks hf jk ãpiak tkjfs aigi ^riuhbie, ^riuhbi e, Djkea y Dkouece. D kouece. Fe fj pkçs `kji, su pueti hf vcstk sf eutrcñ `rkacks kj aietkati aie jk fxpfrcfeack y aieiacgcfeti hfj gës kvkezkhi givcgcfeti idrfri furipfi hf jk ãpiak, aigi yk hftkjjkgis. Fj pfsi pijçtcai hf sus krtçaujis pfrcihçstcais jf bczi `kekr lkgk hf rfvijuaciekrci y tkgdcãe jf `rkemfñ su fxpujscñe hf Lrkeack. Fstkdjfachi fe Drusfjks, luehñ jk Jc`k hf jis Aiguecstk s y ksç sf hfajkrñ kpëtrchk, ktfi y rfvijuaciekrci. Xrks fj pfrcihi rfvijuaciekrci hf ;282 y jk pudjcakacñe hfj Gkeclcfsti hfj ^krtchi Aiguecstk  fe   fe aikutirçk aie Fe`fjs,Eufvk sf trksjkhñ eufvkgfetf Kjfgkeck, k]fctue`). jk acuhkh hfpudjcakacñe Aijieck, pkrk ir`keczkr ue pfrcñhcai= @kaftk Tfekek  (Efuf  (Efufk Tbfcecsabf Fstk kjakezñ ue ãxcti cegfhckti k rkçz hfj aietfxti gkrakhi pir ue lufrtf aigprigcsi siackj y rfvijuaciekrci, fetrf itrks akusks. Qce fgdkr`i, fj pfrcñhcai vijvcñ k sfr pribcdchi pir fj `idcfrei rfekei rfekei.. Gkrx hfachf fetieafs fgc`rkr k Ce`jktfrrk pkrk hfhcakrsf k jk fsarcturk hf sus idrks luehkgfetkjfs aigi Fj Akpctkj. Arçtcak hf jk faieigçk pijçtcak   (Hks Okpctkj - Orctco hfr pijctcsabfe Üoieigcf) Üoieigcf) quf fjkdirñ hurketf hcfaciabi kûis hf trkdkmi fe jks skjks hf jfaturk hfj Gusfi Drctëecai. Khfgës hf su lkaftk hf cetfjfatukj aie uek lriehisk prihuaacñe, Gkrx eueak hfmñ hf jkhi fj aigprigcsi pijçtcai y siackj fe pis hf jk aiearfacñe hf uek siacfhkh gës mustk= pir fmfgpji, su pkrtcacpkacñe fe jk luehkacñe y ir`keczkacñe hf jk ^rcgfrk Cetfrekaciekj hf jis trkdkmkhirf s (^CX) i Ksiackacñe Cetfrekaciekj hf Xrkdkmkh Xrkdkmkhirfs irfs (KCX) fe Jiehrfs hurketf ;2).

Jk FQXTVAXVTK FQXTVAXVTK fs  fs jk dksf faieñgcak hf jk siacfhkh, fstë aielirgkhk, pir ue jkhi, pir jks lufrzks prihuatcvks quf sie fj trkdkmi y jis gfhcis hf prihuaacñe (jks gëquceks, jks bfrrkgcfetks quf sf utcjczke fe jk prihuaacñe), bfrrkgcfetks prihuaacñe), y pir itri, pir jks rfjkaciefs hf prihuaa prihuaacñe, cñe, fs hfacr, jks rfjkaciefs quf efafskrckgfetf sf fstkdjfafe fetrf jis bigdrfs fe fj ëgdcti hf ;>

 

GKXFTCK ACFEACK ^IJÇXCAK-AËXFHTK LITQXFT-ADA-GIHKJCHKH \CTXVKJ-GÑHVJI 4- OKTJ GKTR  

jk prihuaacñe. Qidrf fstk dksf (cgk`çefesf uek sufrtf hf fhclcaci) sf frc`f jk QV^FTFQXTVAXVTK quf QV^FTFQXTVAXVTK  quf sf feaufetrk aielirgkhk pir tihks jks lirgks hf aieacfeack hf jk siacfhkh= pijçtcak, aujturk, chfiji`çk, jfyfs, krtf, lcjisilçk, rfjc`cñe, girkj, y tihis jis hfgës kspfatis hf jk vchk siackj. K akhk gihi hf prihuaacñe jf airrfspiehf uek pkrtcaujkr rfjkacñe fetrf jk fstruaturk y jk supfrfstruaturk. Fsk rfjkacñe fs hckjãatcak, fs hfacr, aietrkhcatirck, pufs jis akgdcis hf jk fstruaturk tcfefe jkaiesfaufeacks fe jk supfrfstruaturk y vcafvfrsk. Gkrx, fe ýjtcgk cestkeack lirgk hf ir`keczkacñe hf jk prihuaacñe -jk Kuequf, fstruaturkhcaf faieñgcakaiehcaciek jk supfrfstruaturk murçhcai-pijçtcak. Akdf kajkrkr quf sidrf fstk aufstcñe fxcstfe hcstcetks cetfrprftkaciefs. cetfrprftkaciefs. ^ir ue jkhi, sf feaufetrke kqufjjis quf khbcfrfe k fstk jfaturk hf gutui aiehcaciekgcfeti quctkehi k jk fstruaturk su igecpitfeack. ^ir itri, sf feaufetrke qucfefs sistcfefe quf, sf`ýe Gkrx, jk fstruaturk hftfrgcek k jk supfrfstruaturk. ^krfaf ue hfdktf gfeir pfri ei ji fs, akhk uek hf fsks cetfrprftkaciefs tcfef aiesfaufeacks prëatcaks y pijçtcaks. Ei kbiehkrfgis fe fstk hcsauscñe, pfri fs cgpirtketf quf jk aieizake.

QV^FTFQXTVAXVTK Lirgks hf aieacfeack ^ijçtcak Aujturk Chfiji`çk Girkj

FQXTVAXVTK Dksf faieñgcak

Lufrzks prihuatcvks= trkdkmi + gfhcis hf prihuaacñe y Tfjkaciefs hf prihuaacñe

Kj cetfrcir hf akhk gihi hf prihuaacñe fxcstfe aietrkhcaaciefs  aietrkhcaaciefs   (kquç sf fxprfsk ajkrkgfetf fj feliquf hckjãatcai hfj gkrxcsgi). Fsis aieljcatis sie cebfrfetfs k tihi gihi hf prihuaacñe y kpkrfafe fe tihk ir`keczkacñe siackj. Jks aietrkhcaaciefs sie hf his tcpis= Qudmftcvk = fstë cgpjcakhk jk kaacñe bugkek kj hfpfehfr hf jk vijuetkh hf jis bigdrfs

(sudmftcvi privcfef hf sumfti). Fstk aietrkhcaacñe sudmftcvk feakrek fj aieljcati fetrf higcekhis y higcekhirfs quf fxcstf fe tihi gihi hf prihuaacñe= jk juabk hf ajksfs kuequf yk vfrfgis quf fe tãrgceis tfñrcais fstrcatis sñji bky ajksfs siackjfs fe fj akpctkjcsgi-. Fs guy cgpirtketf rfskjtkr fj akrëatfr aijfatcvi hf jis aieljcatis, ai eljcatis, Gkrx ei rfkjczñ ;;

 

GKXFTCK ACFEACK ^IJÇXCAK-AËXFHTK LITQXFT-ADA-GIHKJCHKH \CTXVKJ-GÑHVJI 4- OKTJ GKTR  

su keëjcscs tigkehi kj cehcvchui aigi idmfti hf fstuhci, su gcrkhk fs scfgprf siackj. Kquç sur`f uek hclfrfeack luehkgfetkj aie fj jcdfrkjcsgi= rfaufrhfe jis keëjcscs hf Gcjj y Xiaqufvcjjf bkacfehi bceakpcã fe fj cehcvchui. Idmftcvk = suafhf gës kjjë hf jk vijuetkh bugkek yk quf ei cevijuark jk cetfrvfeacñe hf

jis sumftis. Jk aietrkhcaacñe idmftcvk rflcfrf kj abiquf fetrf fj hfskrrijji hf jks lufrzks prihuatcvks aiefejkssu rfjkaciefs hf prihuaacñe. Fs efafskrci kxcigk pistujkhi pir Gkrx tfirçk= jks lufrzks prihuatcvks kvkezke k aieschfrkr ji jkr`i hfue jk bcstirck ceafsketfgfetf (uek vfz gës, rfaufrhfe quf fstf pfeskhir aiestruyñ su tfirçk fe fj sc`ji RCR). Qf trktk aiearftkgfetf hfj hfskrrijji hf jk tãaecak fe fj hfvfecr bcstñrcai. Qf`ýe fj gkrxcsgi, jjf`k ue gigfeti fe fj quf fj hfskrrijji hf jks lufrzks prihuatcvks yk ei pufhf aifxcstcr aie jk lirgk quf khqucfrfe jks rfjkaciefs hf prihuaacñe kj cetfrcir hf fsf gihi hf prihuaacñe. Ksç, jk bcstirck pkrk Gkrx fs uek suafscñe hf gihis hf prihuaacñe, Ksç, jk prihuaacñe, fj  fj pkskmf hf uek lirgk hf ir`keczkr jk prihuaacñe siackj hf jk fxcstfeack (fetfehchk aigi uek titkjchkh siackj) bkack itrk. Kbirk dcfe, ¹añgi, auëehi, y pir quã sf prihuaf fj pkskmf hf ue gihi hf prihuaacñe k itri9 Gkrx pjketfk= S hfj gcsgi gihi quf ei pihfgis muz`kr k ue cehcvchui pir ji quf ãj pcfesk hf sç, ei pihfgis  muz`kr tkgpiai tkgpiai k fstks ãpiaks ãpiaks hf trkeslirgkacñe trkeslirgkacñe pir pir su aieacfeack, aieacfeack, scei quf, pir fj aietrkrci, bky quf fxpjcakrsf fstk aieacfeack pir jks aietrkhcaaciefs hf jk vchk gktfrckj, pir fj aieljcati fxcstfetf fetrf jks lufrzks prihuatcvks siackjfs y jks rfjkaciefs hf prihuaacñe. Ece`uek lirgkacñe siackj hfskpkrfaf ketfs hf quf sf hfskrrijjfe hfskrrijjfe tihks jks lufrzks prihuatcvks quf ak dfe hfetri hf fjjk, y  mkgës kpkrfafe eufvks y gës fjfvkhks rrfjkaciefs fjkaciefs hf prihuaacñe ketfs hf quf jks aiehcaciefs aiehcaciefs gktfrckjfs pkrk su fxcstfeack bkyke gkhurkhi hfetri hf jk pripck siacfhkh ketc`uk. ^ir fsi, jk bugkechkh sf pripief scfgprf ýecakgfetf jis idmftcvis quf pufhf kjakezkr, pirquf, gcrkehi gfmir, sf feaietrkrë scfgprf quf fstis idmftcvis sñji sur`fe aukehi yk sf hke i, pir ji gfeis, sf fstëe `fstkehi, jks aiehcaciefs gktfrckjfs pkrk su rfkjczkacñe. K `rkehfs rks`is, pihfgis hfsc`ekr aigi itrks tketks ãpiaks hf pri`rfsi fe jk lirgkacñe faieñgcak hf jk siacfhkh fj gihi hf prihuaacñe kscëtcai, fj ketc`ui, fj lfuhkj y fj gihfrei dur`uãs. Jks rfjkaciefs dur`ufsks hf prihuaacñe sie jk ýjtcgk lirgk ketk`ñecak hfj priafsi siackj hf prihuaacñe? ketk`ñecak, ei fe fj sfetchi hf ue ketk`iecsgi cehcvchukj, scei hf ue ketk`iecsgi quf privcfef hf jks aiehcaciefs siackjfs hf vchk hf jis cehcvchuis. ^fri jks lufrzks prihuatcvks quf sf hfskrrijjke fe jk siacfhkh dur`ufsk drcehke, kj gcsgi tcfgpi, jks aiehcaciefs gktfrckjfs pkrk jk sijuacñe hf fstf ketk`iecsgi. Aie fstk lirgkacñe siackj sf acfrrk, pir ji tketi, jk prfbcstirck hf jk siacfhkh bugkek  

(Gkrx, ;263= 46>).

Fj lce hf ue gihi hf prihuaacñe hfpfehf tketi hfj hfskrrijji hf jks lufrzks prihuatcvks quf fetrke fe aietrkhcaacñe aie jks rfjkacie rfjkaciefs fs hf prihuaacñe prihuaacñe,, aigi hf jk juabk hf ajksfs. ajksfs . Ei fs uei i ji itri, y ei kjakezk aie uei siji hf fsis kspfatis= fs efafskrci fspfrkr fj pueti aýjgcef hf akhk uek hf jks aietrkhcaaciefs (jk idmftcvk y jk sudmftcvk). Tfacãe kbç, sf tfrgcekrë fj gihi hf prihuaacñe y sf prihuacrë fj pkskmf k uei eufvi. Jis aieljcatis fxcstfetfs kj cetfrcir hf akhk gihi hf prihuaacñe sie jk akusk hfj akgdci, jk bcstirck sf gufvf k pkrtcr hf scfgprf fsks aietrkhcaaciefs quf . sie cetfreks. pief Fj akgdci hflirgk ue gihi hf prihuaacñe k itri fs rfvijuaciekrci rf vijuaciekrci. Jk rfvijuacñe lce k uek pkrtcaujkr ;4

 

GKXFTCK ACFEACK ^IJÇXCAK-AËXFHTK LITQXFT-ADA-GIHKJCHKH \CTXVKJ-GÑHVJI 4- OKTJ GKTR  

hf ir`keczkacñe siackj y hk ju`kr k itrk. ^fri fsk trkeslirgkacñe ei pufhf hfskrrijjkrsf fe aukjqucfr gigfeti. gigfeti. ^krk Gkrx, rfsujtk cgprfsacehcdjf tfefr fe aufetk kqufjji quf suafhf fe jk fstruaturk faieñgcak, fs hfacr, fj `rkhi hf hfskrrijji hf jks lufrzks prihuatcvks. Gkrx chfetclcañ hcstcetis gihis hf prihuaacñe k ji jkr`i hf jk bcstirck= fj gihi hf  fs kqufj akrkatfrçstcai hf jk @rfack ajëscak, fj gihi hf prihuaacñe lfuhkj   prihuaacñe ketc`ui  fs sf hfskrrijjñ hurketf jk Fhkh Gfhck y fj gihi hf prihuaacñe akpctkjcstk fs fj quf fxcstf hfshf jk hçks Tfvijuacñe Cehustrckj kakfachk k gfhckhis hfj sc`ji R\CCC y sc`uf vc`fetf bkstk eufstris (Gkrx tkgdcãe pjketfñ jk fxcstfeack hfj gihi hf prihuaacñe kscëtcai  , pfri ei sf hftcfef fe ãj). Fe akhk uei hf fjjis sf fstkdjfaf uek rfjkacñe siackj luehkgfetkj fetrf uek ajksf higceketf y uek higcekhk. K ji jkr`i hf jk bcstirck, sf`ýe Gkrx, scfgprf budi iprfsirfs y iprcgchis= bigdrfs acuhkhkeis-fsajkvis, sfûirfs lfuhkjfs-scfrvis, dur`ufsfs-prijftkrcis. ^ir fstk rkzñe, pirquf fstkgis cegfrsis fe rfjkaciefs siackjfs ktrkvfskhks pir jk iprfscñe y jk higcekacñe,, pkrk fj gkrxcsgi fstkgis kýe fe jk prfbcstirck hf jk bugkechkh. Jk vfrhkhfrk higcekacñe BCQXITCK, jk bcstirck aie gkyýsaujks, aigfezkrë uek vfz quf sf tfrgcefe fsks rfjkaciefs hf higcekacñe. S fsi suafhfrë, sf`ýe Gkrx, aukehi sf cestkjf ue eufvi gihi hf prihuaacñe kj quf jjkgkrë aiguecsgi.  BCQXITCK

^TFBCQXITCK

GIHI HF ^TIHVAACÑE KEXC@VI (BIGDTF ACVHKHKEI/FQAJK\I)

GIHI HF ^TIHVAACÑE LFHVKJ (QFÛIT LFVHKJ/QCFT\I)

GIHI HF ^TIHVAACÑE AK^CXKJCQXK (DVT@VÃQ/^TIJFXKTCI)

GIHI HF ^TIHVAACÑE AIGVECQXK (QCE KEXK@IECQGIQ)

^fri hcmcgis quf fj gkrxcsgi ei fs uek utipçk scei uek acfeack dkskhk fe gãtihis, jfyfs y aigpridkaciefs. ^ir fsi, bky quf cegcsaucrsf fe jk lirgk quf tcfef jk ir`keczkacñe akpctkjcstk y fe jks pkrtcaujkrchkhfs hf sus aietrkhcaaciefs cetfreks pkrk pihfr feaietrkr jks ajkvfs hf jk trkeslirgkacñe bkack uek luturk siacfhkh aiguecstk fe jk quf hfskpkrfzake tihks jks rfjkaciefs hf higcekacñe y iprfscñe. 8.  Fj gihi hf prihuaacñe akpctkjcstk

Gkrx hfhcañ jk gkyir pkrtf hf su trkyfatirck cetfjfatukj kj fstuhci hfj gihi hf prihuaacñe akpctkjcstk y kquç rfschf quczës su kpirtf gës drcjjketf y `rkvctketf. Fj akpctkjcsgi fs jk ýjtcgk ftkpk hf jk prfbcstirck hf jk bugkechkh fe jk quf sf fxkafrdke jks rfjkaciefs hf iprfscñe y higcekacñe. Fj akpctkjcsgi fs uek lirgk hf ir`keczkacñe siackj sc`ekhk pir jk fxpjitkacñe ;1

 

GKXFTCK ACFEACK ^IJÇXCAK-AËXFHTK LITQXFT-ADA-GIHKJCHKH \CTXVKJ-GÑHVJI 4- OKTJ GKTR  

vcijfetk pir pkrtf hf uek ajksf sidrf itrk. ¹^ir quã9 ¹Auëjfs sie jks sce`ujkrchkhfs hfj akpctkjcsgi9 Kj kekjczkr fj lueaciekgcfeti hfj gihi hf ir`keczkacñe akpctkjcstk (fe tãrgceis acfetçlcais, utcjczkehi fj gãtihi y jis aieafptis tfñrcais fjkdirkhis pir fj gkrxcsgi), Gkrx hfsaudrcñ quf k jks aietrkhcaaciefs pripcks hf tihi gihi hf prihuaacñe -jk idmftcvk y jk sudmftcvk, fj abiquf fetrf fj hfskrrijji hf jks lufrzks prihuatcvks aie jks rfjkaciefs hf prihuaacñe y jk juabk hf ajksfs-, quf sugkrjf gës=tãr jk gceis, prihuaacñe, quf efafskrckgfetf fs siackj, rfsujtkbky kpripckhk hf lirgk liruek gk aietrkhcaacñe prcvkhk. Fe itris tãrgceis, jk prihuaacñe quf rfkjczk rfkjczk tihk jk siacfhkh fe su aiemueti qufhk fe gkeis hf sñji uek pkrtf hf fjjk quf, khfgës, fs akhk vfz gës rfhuachk. Gkrx sf prf`uetñ= ¹auëj fs jk aiehcacñe hf piscdcjchkh pkrk quf sñji kj`ueis sf qufhfe aie jk rcqufzk prihuachk pir tihis9 S jk rfspufstk luf= jk pripcfhkh prcvkhk hf jis gfhcis hf prihuaacñe.. Qf trktk hf uek eivfhkh, ceãhctk fe jk bcstirck hf jk bugkechkh, rflfrchk k jk prihuaacñe pripcfhkh hf jks bfrrkgcfetks quf sf utcjczke pkrk prihuacr, hf jks cehustrcks, hf jks lëdrcaks y ei k jk pripcfhkh p ripcfhkh quf akhk pfrsiek pisff, fs hfacr, jk aksk i fj kuti. Bkstk fj akpctkjcsgi, jis fjfgfetis hf jk prihuaacñe bkdçke fstkhi fe gkeis hf qucfe rfkjczkdk fj trkdkmi (rfaufrhfe jis akgdcis fe tirei k jis `rfgcis quf hfrcvkrie, fetrf itrks aisks, fe jk Tfvijuacñe Cehustrckj quf rflfrcgis gës krrcdk). Hurketf tihk jk ftkpk lfuhkj, jk tcfrrk -fj gfhci hf prihuaacñe pir fxafjfeack fe uek faieigçk k`rçaijk- ei tfeçk ue hufûi, scei quf pfrtfefaçk k tihk jk aiguechkh. aiguechkh. Fe fj pkskmf hfj gih gihi i hf prihuaacñe lfu lfuhkj hkj kj gihi hf prihuaacñe akpctkjcstk, hfeigcekhi pir Gkrx priafsi hf kaugujkacñe irc`cekrck , sf prigivcfrie jis afrakgcfetis hf fsks tcfrrks aiguekjfs kj sfr hcvchchks fe pkrafjks quf, k pkrtcr hf fetieafs, fgpfzkrie k tfefr ue hufûi. Tfairhfgis quf Tiussfku bkdçk hfsarcti fsf priafsi kj rflfrcrsf kj pkati cecaui i fspurci. Ksç, fsis pripcftkrcis hf jks tcfrrks sie qucfefs juf`i hf jk Tfvijuacñe Cehustrckj sf aievcrtcfrie tkgdcãe fe jis hufûis hf jks lëdrcaks y jks cehustrcks. Kbirk dcfe, ¹quã aiesfaufeacks aiesfaufeacks siackjfs trkmi kpkrfmkhk jk fxcstfeack hf jk pripcfhkh prcvkhk hf jis gfhcis hf prihuaacñe9 Jk hcvcscñe hf jk siacfhkh fe his= fetrf kqufjjis quf sie pripcftkrciss y jis ei pripcftkrcis. Fs hfacr, jk hcvcscñe hf jk siacfhkh fe his ajksfs siackjfs pripcftkrci ketk`ñecaks.. ketk`ñecaks ¹[uã fs uek ajksf siackj9 Fe sfetchi kgpjci, fs ue k`rupkgcfeti sur`chi fe lueacñe hf uek hfsc`ukjhkh quf ei fs ekturkj scei siackj (uek vfz gës, rfaufrhfe jks aieafpaciefs riussfkueckeks kj rfspfati). Jk pfrtfefeack k uek u itrk ajksf fs hf bfabi y ei hf hfrfabi, fs hfacr, jks ajksfs ei sie akstks ec fstkgfetis auyk pfrtfefeack sf ksiack kj ekacgcfeti aigi suafhçk fe @rfack i Tigk. ^ir fstk rkzñe, jk ajksf fs ue aieafpti fgcefetfgfetf gihfrei yk quf, aigi vcgis fe jis feaufetris ketfrcirfs, fe jk gihfrechkh jis bigdrfs sf aieschfrke c`ukjfs fetrf sç kj hfskpkrfafr jis prcvcjf`cis hkhis pir ekacgcfeti. ^fri k fstkr ktfetis, Gkrx khvcfrtf khvcfrtf quf fsk c`ukjhkh fs murçhcak -fs jk c`ukjhkh ketf jk jfy- y hftrës hf fjjk sf feaufetrke iaujtks jks priluehks hfsc`ukjhkhfs siackjfs quf fxcstfe fe jk gihfrechkh. Fstf lfeñgfei fstë vfjkhi, Gkrx sf iaupk hf fvchfeackrji. Sk vijvfrfgis sidrf fstf pueti. Fe hflcectcvk, fetieafs, fe sfetchi fstrcati, sñji bky ajksfs siackjfs fe fj akpctkjcsgi. Ksç ji hflcefe Gkrx y Fe`fjs= ;8

 

GKXFTCK ACFEACK ^IJÇXCAK-AËXFHTK LITQXFT-ADA-GIHKJCHKH \CTXVKJ-GÑHVJI 4- OKTJ GKTR  

Jk bcstirck hf tihk jk siacfhkh bugkek, bkstk eufstris hçks, fs jk bcstirck hf jk juabk hf ajksfs. Jcdrfs y fsajkvis, pktrcacis y pjfdfyis, dkriefs y scfrvis hf jk `jfdk, gkfstris y ilcackjfs hf jis `rfgcis= fe uek pkjkdrk, iprfsirfs y iprcgchis, lrfetf k lrfetf scfgprf, fgpfûkhis fe uek juabk cecetfrrugpchk, vfjkhk ueks vfafs y itrks, lrkeak y kdcfrtk? fs uek juabk quf aiehuaf fe akhk ftkpk k jk trkeslirgkacñe rfvijuaciekrck hf tihi fj rã`cgfe siackj, i kj fxtfrgceci hf kgdks ajksfs dfjc`frketfs. (Gkrx y Fe`fjs, ;301= 48). Fe fstk hflcecacñe kpkrfaf

uek vcscñe cestrugfetkjcstk cestrugfetkjcstk hfj Fstkhi kj akrkatfrczkrji aigi uek gfrk bfrrkgcfetk hf jk ajksf higceketf. Fj Fstkhi ei fs efutrkj, fs ue Fstkhi hf ajksf, ue Fstkhi quf hflcfehf jis cetfrfsfs hf jk ajksf higceketf, fs hfacr, jk dur`ufsçk. Vek dur`ufsçk. Vek vfz gës, fj gkrxcsgi gkrxc sgi sf ipief pijkrgfetf kj jcdfrkjcsgi= rfaufrhfe quf, pkrk jis jcdfrkjfs, y yk hfshf Jiaof skdfgis fsti, fj Fstkhi fs uek cestctuacñe efutrkj quf sf rfprfsfetk aigi ue Fj Fstkhi fs fj `krketf hf jk ëgdcti sfpkrkhi hf jk siacfhkh fe fj quf sf aieacjcke rfprihuaacñe hfj scstfgk tihis jis cetfrfsfs cehcvchukjfs fe pu`ek hfdchi k quf akpctkjcstk, scrvf k jis rfprfsfetk ue cetfrãs `fefrkj udcakhi pir feacgk hf cetfrfsfs hf jk durbufsçk. ^ir tihks jks vijuetkhfs cehcvchukjfs. ^ir fsk rkzñe, fsi, guabks vfafs hfdf sistcfefe jis jcdfrkjfs, fj Fstkhi pufhf katukr aigi ue  piefr jçgctfs k jk virkachkh ërdctri lrfetf k jis aieljcatis fetrf cehcvchuis yk quf ei hf jis akpctkjcstk aie fj vk k dfeflcackr k ece`uei hf fjjis. Xihi ji aietrkrci  pripñscti hf pfrpftukr jk higcekacñe. pjketfk fj gkrxcsgi= fj Fstkhi fs pkrackj, scrvf k jis cetfrfsfs hf uek pkrtf hf jk siacfhkh, jk ajksf higceketf, y fs fj `krketf hf jk rfprihuaacñe hf jks aiehcaciefs hf hfsc`ukjhkh. Fj Fstkhi ei fs, aigi pfeskdke jisjk aietrkatukjcstks, prihuati jfyfs ftfreks i hf rkzñe, fs fj rfsujtkhi hf jks hf aiehcaciefs gktfrckjfs hf fxcstfeack.  fxcstfeack.  ;0

 

GKXFTCK ACFEACK ^IJÇXCAK-AËXFHTK LITQXFT-ADA-GIHKJCHKH \CTXVKJ-GÑHVJI 4- OKTJ GKTR  

¹[uã lueacñe augpjf fj Fstkhi fe fj akpctkjcsgi9 \fjk, iaujtk, jk rfjkacñe hf fxpjitkacñe vcijfetk cgpfrketf fe fj ëgdcti hf jk fstruaturk faieñgcak (jk fxtrkaacñe hf pjusvkjçk hf jk quf bkdjëdkgis ueis përrklis gës krrcdk). ¹Añgi ji bkaf9 Arfkehi lcaaciefs= jk prcgfrk hf fjjks fs jk sfpkrkacñe fetrf fj Fstkhi y jk siacfhkh acvcj, jk aiestruaacñe a iestruaacñe hf jk siacfhkh aigi fj ju`kr hfj aieljcati y hfj Fstkhi aigi fj ëgdcti hf jk krgieçk, jk aieacjckacñe hf fsis aieljcatis. Fsi fs lkjsi hcaf Gkrx, Fstkhi y siacfhkh sie ue tihi hckjãatcai, y fj Fstkhi fe fj akpctkjcsgi prfsfetk kj cetfrãshfhfjk jkaktf`irçk ajksf higceketf aigihfsc fstk lufrkgkefrk, fj cetfrãs `fefrkj. Jk sf`uehk lcaacñe fs jk arfkacñe hf acuhkhkei= sf aiestruyf jk chfk hf c`ukjhkh ketf jk jfy, tihis fe fj akpctkjcsgi sigis c`ukjfs y tfefgis kaafsi k jis gcsgis hfrfabis sf`ýe fj jcdfrkjcsgi. Fsti ei fs acfrti pkrk Gkrx, fj Fstkhi `krketczk jks aiehcaciefs hf hfsc`ukjhkh quf fxcstfe fe fj ëgdcti faieñgcai, ei jks rfsufjvf, jks pfrpftýk.   pfrpftýk. Ksç, jks rfjkaciefs hf iprfscñe prfsfetfs fe jk fstruaturk faieñgcak sf feaufetrke iaujtks pirquf jk dur`ufsçk arfk ue guehi k su cgk`fe y sfgfmkezk y bkaf pkskr k sus cetfrfsfs pkrtcaujkrfs aigi fj cetfrãs `fefrkj. Qce fgdkr`i, aigi suafhf fe tihi gihi hf prihuaacñe,, kj cetfrcir hfj akpctkjcsgi fxcstfe aietrkhcaaciefs quf sie cebfrfetfs kj scstfgk prihuaacñe y quf sf aiestctuyfe fe jk ajkvf pkrk jk trkeslirgkacñe y jk piscdcjchkh hf cestkjkr uek eufvk lirgk hf ir`keczkacñe siackj. 6.  Fj aiguecsgi

Sk bfgis gfeaciekhi gfeaciek hi quf pkrk hkr lce k ue gihi hf prihuaacñe sf hfdfe aieschfrk aieschfrkrr jks aiehcaciefs idmftcvks (fj hfskrrijji hf jks lufrzks prihuatcvks) y jks sudmftcvks (jk juabk hf ajksfs). Fj prijftkrckhi hfdf ir`keczkrsf aigi ajksf pkrk pihfr jjfvkr khfjketf jk rfvijuacñe fe fj gigfeti khfaukhi quf sfrë, cefvctkdjfgfetf, cetfrekaciekj. Gkrx y Fe`fjs aieschfrkdke quf fsf gigfeti fstkdk afrak fe ;282 y fj lketksgk hfj aiguecsg i prieti sf bkrçk rfkjchkh. Ve sc`ji y gfhci hfspuãs, ekhk hf fsi suafhcñ. S ksç, kj hfskrrijjkrsf jk `rke cehustrck, jk dur`ufsçk vf tkgdkjfkrsf dkmi sus pcfs, jks dksfs sidrf quf prihuaf y sf kpripck ji prihuachi. S k jk pkr quf kvkezk, sf akvk su lisk y arçk k sus pripcis fetfrrkhirfs. Qu gufrtf y fj trcueli hfj prijftkrckhi sie c`ukjgfetf cefvctkdjfs. (Gkrx y Fe`fjs,

;301= 4)

Fe fstks lrksfs, Gkrx y Fe`fjs fvchfeacke quf fe fj sfei hfj akpctkjcsgi sf feaufetrk fj `frgfe hf su hfstruaacñe. Gfhcketf uek rfvijuacñe, quf sfrë efafskrckgfetf vcijfetk, jk ajksf trkdkmkhirk hfstrucrë fj Fstkhi dur`uãs y sf aievfrtcrë fe ajksf higceketf. Fe fsf gigfeti, sf ceku`urk ue priafsi hf trkescacñe hfeigcekhi Hcatkhurk hfj prijftkrckhi i siackjcsgi.   ¹^ir quã hcatkhurk9 ^irquf tihkvçk bky Fstkhi y pir ji tketi rfjkaciefs hf higcekacñe. Fsf pfrçihi rfsujtk efafskrci pkrk hfspimkr k jk dur`ufsçk hfj akpctkj y afetrkjczkrji fe fj Fstkhi higcekhi, trkesctirckgfetf, pir fj prijftkrckhi. Vek vfz quf fsf priafsi aujgcef, fj Fstkhi sf fxtce`ucrë pirquf pfrhfrë pfrhfrë su rkzñe hf sfr.

;2

 

GKXFTCK ACFEACK ^IJÇXCAK-AËXFHTK LITQXFT-ADA-GIHKJCHKH \CTXVKJ-GÑHVJI 4- OKTJ GKTR  

AK^CXKJCQGI

HCAXKHVTK HFJ ^TIJFXKTCKHI

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^TI^CFHKH ^TC\KHK HF JIQ GFHCIQ HF ^TIHVAACÑE

GFHCIQ HF ^TIHVAACÑE FE GKEIQ HFJ FQXKHI

AIJFAXC\C]KACÑE HF JIQ GFHCIQ HF ^TIHVAACÑE

FQXKHI DVT@VÃQ

FQXKHI ^TIJFXKTCI

QCE FQXKHI

Gkrx tcfef uek vcscñe guy iptcgcstk sidrf fj prijftkrckhi= ji aieschfrk aigi jk ajksf uecvfrskj quf, kj tigkr aieacfeack hf su sctukacñe, jjfvkrë khfjketf uek rfvijuacñe pkrk quf jk bcstirck kvkeaf sce vijvfr bkack ktrës, k ftkpks hf higcekacñe. Fj prijftkrckhi eueak prftfehfrë iprcgcr k itris pirquf fs uek ajksf vfrhkhfrkgfetf pri`rfscstk, akpkz hf fjcgcekr jks akusks hf su fxpjitkacñe y kvkezkr bkack uek siacfhkh sce ajksfs. Fe fj aiguecsgi aiguecs gi ei bkdrë ajksfs siackjfs pirquf hfskpkrfafrë jk akusk hf su fxcstfeack, fs hfacr, jk pripcfhkh prcvkhk hf jis gfhcis hf prihuaacñe. Qc ei bky ajksfs, ei bky iprfsirfs y iprcgchis, iprcgchi s, ei bky efafschkh hfj Fstkhi. Ji quf akrkatfrczk kj aiguecsgi ei fs jk kdijcacñe hf jk pripcfhkh fe `fefrkj, scei jk kdijcacñe hfj rã`cgfe hf pripcfhkh hf jk dur`ufsçk, hf fstk gihfrek cestctuacñe hf jk pripcfhkh prcvkhk dur`ufsk, fxprfscñe ýjtcgk y jk gës kakdkhk hf fsf rã`cgfe hf prihuaacñe y kpripckacñe hf ji prihuachi quf rfpisk sidrf fj ketk`iecsgi hf his ajksfs, sidrf jk fxpjitkacñe hf ueis bigdrfs pir itris . (Gkrx y Fe`fjs, ;301= 4, aieiachi aigi ‚Tfpýdjcak fspkûijk‗ i ‚@ufrrk acvcj fspkûijk‗. K

pkrtcr hf jis kr`ugfetis hf Gkrx, ¹fe quã ftkpk hfj priafsi rfvijuaciekrci sf hfskrrijjke jks kaaciefs ekrrkhks9

Dcdjci`rklçk  Fe`fjs. L. (4>>>4). Fj akpctkj. Dufeis Kcrfs. Qc`ji RRC. Gkrx, O. (4>>8). Gkeusarctis faieñgcai- lcjisñlcais hf ;288 . Dufeis Kcrfs. Aijcbuf. 4>