Clase 4. Acondicionadores de Señal

 

Jfkf yc sm bc kmejlfec`f dfs smesfrms sm mejcrace `m jfevmrtlr uec kcaeltu` fhtmel`c km`lcetm momjtfs oësljfs f quëkljfs me uec kcaeltu` usucdkmetm mdìjtrljc. Dc smócd `m scdl`c `m ue smesfr `mhl`f c dcs jcrcjtmrëstljcs `m jc`c uef y c su prlejlplf `m fpmrcjlúe ef sumdm smr vãdl`c pcrc su prfjmsc`f pfr dfs lestrukmetfs le`ljc`frms, jfetrfdc`frms f cjtuc`frms, cjtuc` frms, pfr df tcetf emjmslt emjmsltc c smr c`cptc`c f cjfe`l cjfe`ljlfec` jlfec`c. c. ]e prfjmsf `m cjfe`ljlfecklmetf jfetlmem cd kmefs uec `m dcs slaulmetms mtcpcs7 •

  Jfevmrslúe

•

  Ckpdloljcjlúe

•

  Dlemcdlzcjlúe

•

  Oldtrc`f

•

  Clsdcklmetf mdìjtrljf

Lea. Achrlmd Kfrmcef KZj.

 

Ms ue l` jlrjultf letmarc`f `mems hcgf jfstm, qum pfsmm uec ouejlfecklmetf y ms l`mc mcdd pc pcrc rc cp cpdl dljc jcjlf jlfem s `m lest le stru rukme kmetc tcjl jlúe úe ycarce qum qu mmstchldl`c` pmrkl pmr kltm tme e `m ckpdl ckp dlol oljc jcrr sm smóc ócdm dms s prfv pr fvme melm lmet etms ms am amem emrc rcdk dkme metm tm `m sm smes esfr frms ms cj cjtl tlvf vfs s jf jfkf kf tm tmrk rkfp fpcr crms ms f sm smes esfr frms ms plmzfmdìjtrljfs.

Ms kuy smejlddf `m utldlzcr y tlmem uec arce vcrlm`c` `m jfeolaurcjlfems jfkf7 •

  Ckpdloljc`fr 

•

  Jfkpcrc`fr 

•

  Oldtrfs

•

  Jfevmrsfr ceãdfaf `laltcd

•

  Xmaudc`frms ^L@

 

^lems7 3- metrc`c ef levmrsfrc 8- Metrc`c levmrsfrc :- ^fdcrlzcjlúe pfsltlvc 0- ^fdcrlzcjlúe emactlvc =- Zcdl`c

 

•

  Me amemrcd, md C.F. utldlzc `fs oumetms `m cdlkmetcjlúe slkìtrljcs.

•

  C vmjms pum`me smr cslkìtrljcs.

•

  ^crc jlmrtcs cpdljcjlfems, cpdljcjlfems, pum`m mkpdmcrsm uec sfdc oumetm `m cdlkmetcjlúe

 

]e ckpdloljc`fr ms ue `lspfsltlvf qum km`lcetm dc utldlzcjlúe `m memraëc, kcae kc aelo lolj ljc c dc ck ckpd pdlt ltu` u` `m ue ome meúk úkme mef, f, mx mxls lstm tme e ck ckpd pdlo lolj ljc` c`fr frms ms kmjãeljfs, bl`rãudljfs y mdmjtrúeljfs. ]e ckpdloljc`fr mdmjtrúeljf  pum`m slaeloljcr ue jlrjultf f uec mtcpc `m jlrjultf juyc ouejlúe ms ckpdloljcr dc jfrrlmetm, md vfdtcgm f dc pftmejlc `m uec smócd

^crc ckpdloljcr dc pftmejlc ms emjmscrlf fhtmemr memraëc `m uec oumetm `m cdlkmetcjlúe mxtmrec

 

Me ame memr mrc cd df dfss ckpdl dlooljc ljc`frms mdm dmjjtrúeljfs sm usce pcrc `fs cpdljcjlfems oue`ckmetcdms7 oue`ckmetcdms7 3.

Ckpdlo lolj ljc cr smóc mócdms dms `m cu` cu`lf (kljrúo (kljr úofef fefs, s, scdl`c scdl`css `m mqulpf mqulpfss `m sfel`f, mtj)

8. Ckpd Ckpdlo lolj ljcr cr smó smócd cdms ms `m smesf smesfrm rmss (tmrkfpcrms, smesfrms `m `lstc `ls tcejl ejlc, c, smesfr smesfrms ms `m prmslú prmslúe, e, mtj)

 

Ms ue ckpd ckpdlo lolj ljc` c`fr fr qu qum m le levl vlmr mrtm tm dc sm smóc ócdd `m metrc`c, ms kuy jfefjl`f c elvmd `m lestrukmetcjlúe ]tldlzc ÷eljckmetm 8 rmslstmejlcs pcrc jfeolaurcr dc acecejlc `md ckpdloljc`fr Dc acecejlc ms laucd c7

  ; ∘  ; ∘    Zm pum`m jfeolaurcr jfkf smaul`fr `m vfdtcgm f ckpdloljc`fr `m acecejlc 3

 

Amemrc uec scdl`c Ef levmrtl`c, ef tlmem lkpm`cejlc `m metrc`c pfr df qum ef ms kuy utldlzc`f c elvmd `m lestrukmetcjlúe Zu acecejlc ms7

  ;

 

;3+

 

Ms lkpfslhdm jfeolaurcrdf jfkf smaul`fr `m vfdtcgm f ckpdloljc`fr `m acecejlc 3.

 

Mstc jfeola Mstc jfeolaur urcjl cjlúe úe `md ckpdlol ckpdloljc jc`fr `fr `lomr `lomrmej mejlcd lcd ckp ckpdlol dloljc jc dc `lomrmejlc `m vfdtcgms qum learmsce c sus tmrklecdms, md vfdtcgm `m dc metrc metrc`c `c EF le levmr vmrsfr sfrc c kmefs kmefs md vfdtc vfdtcgm gm `m dc metrc metrc`c `c levmrsfrc. ^crc slkpdloljcr md prfjm`lklmetf `m `lsmóf y `c`f qum jcsl slmkprm dc rmdcjlúe `m vfdtcgms ms slkìtrljf sm pum`m csuklr qum    ;  y    ;  Xmsudtce`f md vfdtcgm `m scdl`c jfkf7

   ;

 

(  ∘  )

 

3. Zm `lspfem `m `m ue smesfr `m tmkpmrcturc tmkpmrcturc qum crrfgc ue ue vfdtcgm `m `m  >  c  > ℊ y ue vfdtcgm `m  3  3= =  juce`f mstã sfkmtl`f c uec tmkpmrcturc `m  2> ℊ. @lsmócr ue ckpdloljc`fr qum dfarm qum md rceaf `m vfdtcgm vcrëm `m  >  c =  pcrc qum sm pum`c jfemjtcr me ue kljrfprfjmsc`fr. Zm `lspfem `m uec oumetm `m  ³3  ³38  .

 ∘3> 3>  juce`f kl`m ue vcdfr `m >  y ue vfdtcgm 8. Zm `lspfem `m ue sme smesfr sfr `m prmslúe prmslúe qum kcrjc kcrjc ue vcdfr `m ∘ `m  0  0> >   juce`f sm sfkmtm c uec prmslúe `m  8>   . @lsmócr ue cjfe`ljlfec`fr pcrc md smesfr tcd qum mevëm uec smócd qum vcrëm metrm  >  =   juce`f kl`c   >  8>   rmspmjtlvckmetm. Zm `lspfem `m uec oumetm `m ³ 3 8 .

:. Dc ol olau aurrc sl slau aulme lmetm tm pr prms msme metc tc dc vcrl vcrlcj cjlúe lúe `m vfdt vfdtcg cgm m rmspm mspmjt jtf f c dc tm tmkp kpmr mrc ctu turrc `m ue tmrkfpcr `lsmócr tmrkfpcr `lsmócr ue jlrjultf jlrjultf cjfe`ljlfe cjfe`ljlfec`fr c`fr `m `mdd kl klsk skf f tcd tcd qu qum m mevëm mevëm ue uec c smócd smócd `m   >  juce`f kl`c uec tmkpmrcturc `m  8> ℊ y  3>  juce`f kl`c uec tmkpmrcturc `m  3  3> >> ℊ

 

Jfkf sm vlf cetmrlfrkmetm dfs smesfrms rmslstlvfs vcrëce uec rm vcrëce rmsls slstme tmejlc jlc mdìj mdìjtrl trljc jc me ouejlúe ouejlúe `md jckhlf `m dc vcrlchdm km`l`c, mstc vcrlcjlúe `m rmslstmejlc `mhm smr jfevmrtl`c f trcesofrkc`c trcesofrkc`c me uec smócd `m vfdtcgm f jfrrlmetm pcrc qum pum`c smr letmrprmtc`c pfr ue le`ljc`fr f ue

Dc pf pfsl sljl jlúe úe `m `mdd sm smes esfr frms ms `m `mpm pme` e`mr mrã ã `m dcs dcs jcrcjtmrëstljcs `md smesfr y `m dfs rmqumrlklmetfs `md slstmkc, cd laucd qum md vcdfr `m dc rmslstmejlc qum df cjfkpcóc. cjfkpcóc.

   ;

   + 



jfetrfdc`fr. X3

Md jlrjultf `lvlsfr `m vfdtcgm `m `fs rmslstmejlcs ms md kìtf`f kãs smejlddf, jdãsljf y jfeolchdm pcrc jf jfe evmrt vmrtlr lr ue uec c smóc smócdd rm rmsl slst stlv lvc c c ue uec c smóc smócdd `m vfdtcgm.

 

3.>

 

D@X8 D@X

vfdtcgm

3.>

 

Zm jfdfjc md smesfr rmslstlvf me duacr `m uec `m dcs rmslstmejlcs `md jlrjultf y km`lcetm dc vcrlcjlúe `m rmslstmejlc y dc cpdljcjlúe `m dcs dmyms `m Fbk y Ilrjbbfoo sm pum`m fhtmemr uec smócd `m vfdtcgm vcrlchdm. Lea. Achrlmd Kfrmcef KZj.

D@X3 D@X

vfdtcgm

X8

 

@l @lsm smóc ócrr ue jlrj jlrjul ultf tf `lvls `lvlsfr fr `m vfdt vfdtcg cgm m qu qum m cj cjfe fe`l `ljl jlfe fem m dc vcrl vcrlcj cjlú lúe e `m rm rmsls slstm tmej ejlc lc `m ue pftmejlúkmtrf pftmejlúkmtr f c uec vcrlcjlúe `m vfdtcgm `m  > c 3> . Zm `lspfem `m uec oumetm `m  38  .

Lea. Achrlmd Kfrmcef KZj.  

]e XP@ pum`m vcrlcr su rmslstmejlc mdìjtrljc `ms`m dfs   > ά  juce`f mstã sfkmtl`f c uec tmkpmrcturc `m ∘ 8=> ¾ bcstc dfs :=  :=> ά juce`f mstã sfkmtl`f c ue ckhlmetm `m  1>  1>> > ¾ tcd jfkf sm kumstrc me dc Olaurc. Zm `msmc `lsmócr ue jlrjultf cjfe`ljlfec`fr qum trcesofrkm dc vcrlcjlúe `m rmslstmejlc mdìjtrljc me uec vcrlcjlúe `m vfdtcgm `m  >   juce`f md smesfr kl`c  ∘8  ∘8=> => ¾ y `m  =   juce`f kl`c  1>  1>> > ¾. Zm `lspfem `m uec oumetm `m  3  38 8 .

Lea. Achrlmd Kfrmcef KZj.  

]e D@X pum`m vcrlcr su rmslstmejlc mdìjtrljc `ms`m ue vcdfr cprfxlkc`f c  => ά juce`f mstã c pdmec duz bcstc dfs  3>  3>> > ά juce`f sm mejumetrc c pdmec fsjurl`c` tcd jfkf sm kumstrc me dc Olaurc. Zm `msmc `lsmócr ue jlrjultf cjfe`ljlfec`fr qum trcesofrkm dc vcrlcjlúe `m rmslstmejlc mdìjtrljc me uec vcrlcjlúe `m vfdtcgm `m  >  juce`f md smesfr mstì c pdmec duz y `m  3>  juce`f mstì me tftcd fsjurl`c`. Zm `lspfem `m uec oumetm `m 38 .

Lea. Achrlmd Kfrmcef KZj.  

¶\ sl md rmqumrlklmetf `md mgmkpdf 3 oumsm tmemr ue vfdtcgm `m  >  juce`f md smesfr kl`c > ¾6

Lea. Achrlmd Kfrmcef KZj.  

Ms ue jlr jlrjult jultf f ofr frk kc`f c`f amemr memrc cdkme dkmettm pfr juc juctr trf f rmslstmejlcs, c kf`f `m `fs `lvlsfrms `m tmeslúe, `m kcemrc qum trms `m mddcs sfe jfefjl`cs y uec juyf vcdfr ms md `md smesfr sme sfr qum qum vcrëc vcrëc me ouejlú ouejlúe e `m `mtmrk `mtmrklec lec`fs `fs oc ocjtf jtfrms rms,, tmkp mkpmrc mrctu turrc, duz duz, mtj. mtj. Dc sc scdl dl` `c `m ms msttm jlrj jlrju ult ltf f cjfe`ljlfec`fr ms dc `lomrmejlc `m vfdtcgms qum mxlstm metrm dfs `fs `lvlsfrms.

   ;   ∘  Mstm jlrjultf ms cdlkmetc`f pfr uec tmeslúe y su scdl`c smrã eudc slmkprm qum mstì me mquldlhrlf, ms `mjlr    ;  .

X3

X:

3>i

3>i

_C

_H

X8

X0

3>i

3>i

Lea. Achrlmd Kfrmcef KZj.  

¶\ sl md rmqumrlklmetf `md mgmkpdf 3 oumsm tmemr ue vfdtcgm `m  >  juce`f md smesfr kl`c > ¾6 Dc sfdujlúe tëpljc sm dfarc me `fs mtcpcs7 3- ue pumetm `m Qbmctstfem y 8- ]e ckpdloljc`fr `lomrmejlcd f `m lestrukmetcjlúe

Lea. Achrlmd Kfrmcef KZj.  

Dfs smesfrms oftf mdìjtrljfs tcetf `m hcrrmrc jfkf `m rmodmxlúe usce uec tmjefdfaëc hlecrlc, ms `mjlr, `m `fs mstc` mst c`fs, fs, pcrc pcrc `mt `mtmrk mrklec lecrr dc mxlstm mxlstmejl ejlc c f ef `m ue fhgmtf. Jf Jfkf kf tcd tcd mstm mstm tlpf tlpf `m jlr jlrjult jultfs fs ef em emjm jmsl sltc tce e ue cjfe`ljlf cjfe `ljlfecklme ecklmetf tf slef schmr utldlzcrdf utldlzcrdfss `m kcemrc kcemrc c`mjuc`c. Mxlstme `fs ofrkcs `m fpmrcjlúe qum sfe7 3. Fpmrc Fpmrcjlú jlúe e `lrmjt `lrmjtc c (ms `mjlr, `mjlr, sm mklt mkltm m uec smócd smócd juce`f sm `mtmjtm ue fhgmtf) 8. Fpmrc Fpmrcjlú jlúe e le levmr vmrsc sc (ms `mjlr, `mjlr, sm mkl mkltm tm uec smócd juce`f EF sm `mtmjtm ue fhgmtf)

Lea. Achrlmd Kfrmcef KZj.  

Dfs trcesklsfrms `laltcdms lejfrpfrce ue jfevmrsfr ceãdfaf `laltcd (C@J) qum jfevlmrtm uec smócd mdìjtrljc ceãdfac me `laltcd. ]ec smócd `laltcd mstc jfkpumstc pfr lkpudsfs `m vfdtcgm ddckc`fs hlts, ue hlt ms dc uel`c` këelkc `m leofrkcjlúe leofrk cjlúe `laltcd y sfdf pum`m vcdmr > f 3 (jú`laf hlecrlf) qum rmprmsmetce > f = vfdtlfs rmspmjtlvckmetm. ]e hytm ms ue crrmadf `m 2 hlts, y sl jc`c hlt pum`m tmemr `fs mstc`fs `lomrmetms > f 3, qulmrm `mjlr qum ue hytm pum`m carupcr vcdfrms `m > cd 8== me ofrkctf `mjlkcd

8 ; 8=? ]e trcesklsfr `m 2 hlts sm jfesl`mrc qum tme`rã uec mxcjtltu` `m7

3 8==

∑ 3> 3>>% >% ; >,0% >,0%

_mckfs ftrf mgmkpdf, sl ue jfevmrsfr ceãdfaf `laltcd tlmem uec rmsfdujlúe `m 3> hlts qulmrm `mjlr qum pum`m letmrprmtcrr vcdfrms `m > cd 3>8: (8 ; 3>80) y su mxcjtltu` smrã7 letmrprmtc

3

∑ 3> 3>>% >% ; >,>3% >,>3%

3>8:

Lea. Achrlmd Kfrmcef KZj.

 

]ec sm ]ec smóc ócdd md mdìj ìjtr trlj ljc c ce cecd cdúa úalj ljc c ms cq cqum umdd ddc c me dc qu qum m df dfss vc vcdf dfrm rmss `m dc tm tmes eslú lúe e f vf vfdt dtcg cgm m vc vcrë rëc c jfestc jfe stcet etmkme mkmetm tm y pum pum`me `me tf tfkcr kcr juc jucdqu dqulmr lmr vc vcdf dfrr. ^fr mgm mgmkpd kpdf f dc jfrr jfrrlme lmetm tm cdt cdtmre mrec, c, dc smó smócd cd cecdúaljc lejrmkmetc su vcdfr jfe slaef mdìjtrljf pfsltlvf (+) `urcetm km`lf jljdf y `lskleuym c jfetleucjlúe jfe slaef mdìjtrljf emactlvf (‚) me md km`lf jljdf slaulmetm. slaulmetm. ]e slstmkc `m jfetrfd (jfkf ue kljrfjfetrfdc`fr) ef tlmem jcpcjl`c` cdauec pcrc trchcgcr jfe smócdms cecdúaljcs, `m kf`f pcrc pf`mr trchcgcr jfe mddcs. qum emjmsltc jfevmrtlr dcs smócdms cecdúaljcs me smócdms `laltcdms Dc smócd `laltcd fhtmel`c `m uec cecdúaljc tlmem `fs prfplm`c`ms oue`ckmetcdms7 •

•

  _cdfrms.  Sum vcdfr me vfdtlfs `molem > y 3. Me eumstrf jcsf ms tmjefdfaëc PPD (> ‚  =_)   Xmsfdujlúe cecdúaljc7  # `m hlts qum usckfs pcrc rmprmsmetcr jfe uec eftcjlúe `laltcd uec smócd cecdúaljc

Dc kcyfrëc `m kljrfprfjmsc`frms `m 3? hlts tlmem jfevmrsfrms C@J `m 3> hlts `m rmsfdujlúe y me dc cjtucdl`c` mxlstme kljrfprfjmsc`frms `m :8 hlts `m hcgf jfstf qum pum`me tmemr jfevmrsfrms C@J `m bcstc 3? hlts `m rmsfd rmsfdujlúe. ujlúe.

Lea. Achrlmd Kfrmcef KZj.  

Dfs Dfs jf jfev evmrs mrsfr frms ms ce ceãd ãdfa faf f `l `lal altc tcdm dmss fpmr fpmrce ce hãsljckmetm me trms mtcpcs7 3) Kumstr Kumstrmc` mc`fr fr..- rmjfam rmjfam leofrk leofrkcjl cjlúe úe me ue pmrlf`f `m tlmkpf 8) Ju Juce cetl tlol oljc jc`f `frr.- @mtm @mtmrk rkle lec c md vcdfr cdfr `md `md vfdtcgm ceãdfaf :) Jf`lol Jf`loljc` jc`fr fr..- Jfevl Jfevlmrtm mrtm md vcdfr vcdfr `m vfdtc vfdtcgm gm ceãdfaf me ue vcdfr hlecrlf Md mgmkpdf `m dc olaurc kumstrc ue jfevmrsfr C@ jfe uec rmsfdujlúe `m : hlts.

Lea. Achrlmd Kfrmcef KZj.