CKB 20104 Reaction Engineering UniKL MICET Experiment 2a Effect of RTD on the Reaction in CSTR full lab report

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 2a: Effect of RTD on the

1.0

Reaction

in CSTR

SUMMARY Continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs) composed of a reactor and a mixer such

as a stirrer, a turbine wing or a propeller. This reactor is free to enter or exit the system, which operate on a steady-state basis, where the conditions in the reactor do not change with time. This flow reactor is used primarily in the study of the kinetics of heterogeneous reactions. Reactants are continuously introduced into the reactor, while products are continuously removed. CSTRs are very well mixed, so the contents have relatively uniform properties such as temperature, density. Also, conditions in the reactor's exit stream are the same as those inside the tank. The objectives of this experiment of saponification reaction between NaOH and Et(Ac) are to determine the effect of residence time,Ʈ on the extent of conversion and to determine the reaction rate,rA. The experiment runs with 30L of 0.1 M Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH and 30L of 0.1 M Ethyl Acetate, Et(Ac) at flowrate 200 mL/min and 400 mL/min. Based on the data obtained by the experiment in Appendix B, it can say that the residence time, Ʈ is decreasing as the flowrate increase. From the graph plotted in Figure 1, it can be seen that the conversion,X (%) versus reaction time,t (min) for flow rate 400mL/min is higher than 200mL/min where it can conclude that the conversion,X (%) is increases as the Reaction Time,t (min) increase. A plot of the experimental data in Figure 1 of Calibration curve of Concentration of NaOH (M) versus Conductivity (mS/cm) which is a straight line in which its give equation y=140x + 4. The order of reaction of this experiment is second order. From calculation, at 200mL/min, the rate constant,k is 0.32 dm3/mol.min and rate of reaction,-rA is 2.88001 x 10-4 mol/dm3.min while at 400mL/min the rate constant,k is 7.95 dm3/mol.min and rate of reaction,-rA is 5.0861 x 10-4 mol/dm3.min. The objectives of study are successfully achieved.

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 2a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction

in CSTR

Graph of Conversion,X (%) versus Reaction Time,t (min) for the different flow rate of 200mL/min and 400mL/min 100.0000 90.0000 80.0000 70.0000 60.0000 Conversion,X (%)

200 mL/min

50.0000

400 mL/min

40.0000 30.0000 20.0000 10.0000 0.0000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Reaction time,t (min)

Figure 1 Graph of Conversion,X (%) versus Reaction Time,t (min) for the different flow rate of 200mL/min and 400mL/min

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 2a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction

in CSTR

Calibration curve of Conductivity (mS/cm) versus Concentration of NaOH (M) 12.0 11.0

f(x) = 140x + 4 10.0 R² = 0.99 9.0 8.0 7.0 Conductivity (mS/cm)

6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0000 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0400 0.0500 0.0600 Concentration of NaOH (M)

Figure 2 Graph Calibration curve of Conductivity (mS/cm) versus Concentration of NaOH (M)

P

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 2a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction

in CSTR

1. For 200 mL/min Reaction rate constant,k

=

(CAo−CA) (0.0460 M −0.0300 M ) = Ʈ avg CA ² ( 55.54 min ) (0.0300 M )²

=

0.3200 min. M

= 0.32 dm3/mol.min

=

7.9470 min. M

= 7.95 dm3/mol.min

Rate of reaction, -rA = kCA2

=

0.3200 min. M

x (0.0300 M)2

= 2.8801 x 10-4 mol/dm3.min 2. For 400 mL/min Reaction rate constant,k

=

(CAo−CA) (0.0210 M −0.0080 M ) = Ʈ avg CA ² ( 25.56 min ) (0.0080 M )²

Rate of reaction, -rA = kCA2

=

7.9470 min. M

x (0.0080 M)2

= 5.0861 x 10-4 mol/dm3.min

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 2a: Effect of RTD on the

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Reaction

in CSTR

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs) are open systems, where material is free

to enter or exit the system, that operate on a steady-state basis, where the conditions in the reactor don't change with time. Reactants are continuously introduced into the reactor, while products are continuously removed. CSTRs consist of a tank, usually of constant volume, and a stirring system to mix reactants together. Also, feed and exit pipes are present to introduce reactants and remove products. CSTR was used to study liquid phase reaction kinetics in a CSTR. The conversion at different residence time can be determined. Lastly, the effect of temperature on the reaction in CSTR can be studied. The purposed of this experiment is to find out the effect of RTD on the reaction in a CSTR by carrying out saponification reaction between NaOH and Et(Ac) in a CSTR. Other than that, the effect of residence time on the extent of conversion and the reaction rate constant was determined. The equipment was run with two different flowrate which were 200ml/L and 400ml/L. For 200ml/L flowrate, the concentration of NaOH was obtained from the calibration curve. The highest concentration of NaOH is 0.046 M and the lowest concentration is 0.03 M. The concentration decrease along with the increase of time. For 400ml/L flowrate, the highest concentration of NaOH is 0.021 M and the lowest concentration of NaOH is 0.008 M. With the obtained data, the conversion, X can be calculated. For 200ml/L flowrate the highest conversion recorded was 34.7826% at 55th minutes. While for 400ml/L flowrate the highest conversion recorded was 61.9048% at 40th minutes. Based on the graph of conversion, X vs reaction time, the graph for 200ml/L the conversion increase with reaction time. While for 400ml/L the graph increase drastically. The conversion also increase along with reaction time, t.

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 2a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction

in CSTR

Residence time is the average amount of time that a particle spends in particular system. The residence time is a representation of how long it takes for the concentration to significantly change in the sediment. Conversion is an improve way of quantifying exactly how far has the reaction moved, or how many moles of products are formed for every mole of reactant consume. Rate of reaction is defined as the rate of disappearance of reactants or the rate of formation of products. Rate of reaction can describe about how fast a number of moles of one chemical species reaction to form another species. Rate of reaction of each species corresponds respectively to their stoichiometric coefficient. If the size of the system is changed, the residence time of the system will be changed as well. The larger the system, the larger the residence time. If the inflow and outflow are increased, the residence time of the system will be shorter. However, if the inflow and the outflow of a system are decreased, the residence time will be longer.

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 2a: Effect of RTD on the

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Reaction

in CSTR

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions As a conclusion, it can be seen that the effect of RTD on the reaction in a CSTR affect the saponification reaction between NaOH and Et(Ac), residence time on the extent of conversion and the reaction rate constant. Based from the result obtained, the higher the flow rate the shorter the time taken for the reaction to occur until it reached a constant conductivity value. At 200L/min, the k value is 0.32 dm³/mol.min while at 400mL/min is 7.95 dm³/mol.min. The conversion is the highest at 400L/min, 61.9% and lowest at 200L/min, 34.78%. The average residence time is highest at 200L/min compared to other flow rates. The residence time increase as the conversion increase.

Recommendations There are some recommendations that are needed for improvement in order to increase the efficiency of the result obtained. During the experiment, make sure the solution used is measured correctly. The eyes must be perpendicular to the measuring scale to avoid parallax error. The mixture of the reaction might not be stirred evenly as the reaction just started at that time. Lastly, check the flow rate constantly as it needs to approximately reach 200 L/min for a better value of conductivity. Make sure the feed stock is sufficient so that the experiment can be conduct until the conductivity is constant.

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 2a: Effect of RTD on the

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Reaction

in CSTR

TUTORIAL 1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using CSTR reactors in chemical reaction. Describe an example of industrial applications that utilized CSTR reactors in its process. A continuous stirred tank reactor actually equipped with stirred tank with continuous

inflow of the reactants and outflow of the product mixture. It normally run under unsteady state conditions and usually used for proper mixing of reactants. The reactor is also known as mixed flow reactor. In this reactor there is no variation of concentration, temperature and reaction rate within reactor volume. ADVANTAGES 

It is possible to maintain this reactor

DISADVANTAGES 

It is not recommended for high

at isothermal conditions for high heat of

pressure reactions because of cost

reaction.

consideration.



It is quite easy to maintain good

temperature control with this reactor. 

Due to large volume, it provides a

long residence time. 

It also has low cost of construction.

For

high

pressure

reactions it requires complex sealing arrangements for the agitator which increase

the

initial

as

well

as

maintenance cost. 

Conversion of these reactors is low

due to this they are not preferred. 

These reactors are not suited for

high heat effect since availability of both heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer per unit area is low.

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 2a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction

in CSTR

Conversion of this reactor is lower compared to plug flow reactor because a CSTR is well mixed, and the average reaction rate will be that of the conditions of the bulk mixture. The composition of the reactor product is also the same as that in the reactor. For most reactions (especially equilibrium reactions) the rate of reaction decreases with increasing concentrations of final product (and decreasing concentrations of reagent).The reaction desired is to get high concentration of final product from the reactor but in order to achieve that it will cause with lower average reaction rate in the reactor. In a plug flow reactor, the rate is not constant. In the first section of the reactor, the rates are high (high concentration of feed and low concentration of product). As the material goes through the reactor the rates drop. The average rate is still higher and hence the conversion for a given reactor volume is also better. Due to the bigger reactor size compared to PFR, it will provide a longer residence time.The residence time distribution (RTD) of a chemical reactor is a probability distribution function that describes the amount of time a fluid element could spend inside the reactor. Chemical engineers use the RTD to characterize the mixing and flow within reactors and to compare the behavior of real reactors to their ideal models. This is useful, not only for troubleshooting existing reactors, but in estimating the yield of a given reaction and designing future reactors. CSTR is also more preferred compared to PFR because it low cost of construction compared to PFR. Due to the low cost, the company which preferred CSTR will have no problem due to the budgetary control in order to run the maintenance jobs towards the equipment. CSTR are commonly used in biological processes, such as cell cultures.It can be used for high density animal cell culture in research or production.Fermentors are CSTRs used in biological processes in many industries, such as brewing, antibiotics, and waste treatment. In fermentors, large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, with alcohol produced as a by-product

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction in CSTR

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2. Write a one-paragraph summary of any journal article that studies chemical reaction in a CSTR. The article must have been published within the last 5 years. Explain on the CSTR reactor used in the study and its significance to the study done.

Article:

A continuous stirred tank reactor investigation of the gas-phase reaction of

hydroxyl radicals and toluene

A continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) was used to study the gas-phase reaction between Hydroxyl radicals (HO) and toluene. HO was generated by the in situ photolysis of nitrous acid. Flow reactor operation at steady-state conditions with a residence time of 20 min allowed investigation of primary and very rapid secondary reactions. CSTR and batch reactor experiments were also performed with selected products. Both gas-phase and aerosol products were identified by chromatography and mass spectroscopy, with total product yields between 55 and 75% of reacted carbon. Toluene reaction products included cresols, nitrocresols, nitrotoluenes, 3,5-dinitrotouluene, benzaldehyde, benzyl nitrate, nitrophenols, methyl-pbenzoquinone, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, formaldehyde, methyl nitrate, PAN, and CO. The fraction of HO methyl hydrogen abstraction was calculated to be 0.13 ± 0.04. The ratio of reaction rate constants for nitrotoluene versus cresol formation from the HO-adduct was calculated to be about 3.3 × 104. Also, the ratio of cresol formation versus O2 addition to the HO -adduct was estimated to be ≥ 0.5 for atmospheric conditions. Comparisons of these measurements with previous values and the implications with respect to photochemical kinetics modeling of the atmosphere are discussed.

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REFERENCES 1. Fogler S. H., Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering (3rd ed.) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, New York, 1998. 2. Hill C. G. Jr., An Introduction to Chemical Engineering Kinetics and Reactor Design, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York, 1977. 3. Perry, Robert H. and Don W. Green. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook. 7th ed, McGraw-Hill Inc, New York, 1997, p7-19. 4. Trambouze, P., Van L. H. and Wauquier J.P., Chemical Reactors, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, 1988. 5. Walas, S. M., Chemical Process Equipment: Selection and Design. Butterworth- Heinemann, Boston, 1990. 6. Reactor Design and Types.(2015) Continuous stirred tank reactor(CSTR).[online]. [Accessed 2 April,2016]. Available from World Wide Web: http://chemicalfunda.com/reactors-design-and-types-its-advantages-and-disadvantages/ 7. Continuous stirred tank reactor.(1985) International Journal of Chemical Kinetics. [online].[Accessed 2 April,2016]. Available from World Wide Web : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/kin.550170903/full 8. http://www.academia.edu/3635145/Residence_Time_Distribution_Data

7.0

APPENDICES APPENDIX A

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction in CSTR

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RESULTS FOR PREPARATION OF CALIBRATION CURVE Concentration

Conductivity

of NaOH (M)

(mS/cm)

0.0500

10.7

0.0375

9.7

0.0250

7.5

0.0125

5.6

0.0000

4.0

Calibration curve of Conductivity (mS/cm) versus Concentration of NaOH (M) 12.0 11.0

f(x) = 140x + 4 10.0 R² = 0.99 9.0 8.0 7.0 Conductivity (mS/cm)

6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0000 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0400 0.0500 0.0600 Concentration of NaOH (M)

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction in CSTR

Sample calculation For flow rate = 200mL/min 1. Time = 0 min, Temperature = 31.1°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 193mL/min + 201mL/min = 394 mL/min

2. Time = 5 min, Temperature = 31.5°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 190mL/min + 195mL/min = 385 mL/min

3. Time = 10 min, Temperature = 31.7°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt

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CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction in CSTR

= 189mL/min + 190mL/min = 379 mL/min 4. Time = 15 min, Temperature = 31.8°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 180mL/min + 187mL/min = 367 mL/min

5. Time = 20 min, Temperature = 31.9°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 175mL/min + 186mL/min = 361 mL/min

6. Time = 25 min, Temperature = 32.0°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 173mL/min + 183mL/min = 356 mL/min

7. Time = 30 min, Temperature = 32.1°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 166mL/min + 184mL/min = 350 mL/min

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CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction in CSTR

8. Time = 35 min, Temperature = 32.3°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 162mL/min + 183mL/min = 345 mL/min

9. Time = 40 min, Temperature = 32.4°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 160mL/min + 184mL/min = 344 mL/min

10. Time = 45 min, Temperature = 32.5°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 165mL/min + 180mL/min = 345 mL/min

11. Time = 50 min, Temperature = 32.7°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 163mL/min + 181mL/min = 344 mL/min

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CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction in CSTR

For flow rate = 400mL/min 1. Time = 0 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 408mL/min + 383mL/min = 791 mL/min

2. Time = 5 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 404mL/min + 396mL/min = 800 mL/min

3. Time = 10 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 395mL/min + 396mL/min

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CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction in CSTR

= 791 mL/min 4. Time = 15 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 400mL/min + 384mL/min = 784 mL/min

5. Time = 20 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 396mL/min + 391mL/min = 787 mL/min

6. Time = 25 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 392mL/min + 383mL/min = 775 mL/min

7. Time = 30 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 382mL/min + 386mL/min = 768 mL/min

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CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction in CSTR

8. Time = 35 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 376mL/min + 378mL/min = 754 mL/min

9. Time = 40 min, Temperature = 32.7°C Total flow rate of solutions, F0 (mL/min)

= FNaOH + FEt = 394mL/min + 400mL/min = 794 mL/min

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CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

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Residence time,Ʈ (min) For 200mL/min 1. Time = 0 min, Temperature = 31.1°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 2. Time = 5 min, Temperature = 31.5°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 3. Time = 10 min, Temperature = 31.7°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 4. Time = 15 min, Temperature = 31.8°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 5. Time = 20 min, Temperature = 31.9°C

=

10 000 mL 394 mL/min

= 25.38min

=

10 000 mL 3 85 mL /min

= 25.97min

=

10 000 mL 3 79 mL /min

= 26.39min

3 67 mL /m∈¿ 10 000 mL = = 27.25min ¿

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction in CSTR

Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 6. Time = 25 min, Temperature = 32.0°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 7. Time = 30 min, Temperature = 32.1°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 8. Time = 35 min, Temperature = 32.3°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 9. Time = 40 min, Temperature = 32.4°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 10. Time = 45 min, Temperature = 32.5°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 11. Time = 50 min, Temperature = 32.7°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑

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=

10 000 mL 3 61 mL /min

= 27.70min

=

10 000 mL 3 56 mL /min

= 28.09min

=

10 000 mL 3 50 mL/min

= 28.57min

=

10 000 mL 3 45 mL/min

= 28.99min

=

10 000 mL 3 44 mL /min

= 29.07min

=

10 000 mL 3 45 mL/min

= 28.99min

=

10 000 mL 3 44 mL /min

= 29.07min

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

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For 400mL/min 1. Time = 0 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 2. Time = 5 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 3. Time = 10 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 4. Time = 15 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 5. Time = 20 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 6. Time = 25 min, Temperature = 32.6°C

=

10 000 mL 791 mL /min

= 12.64min

=

10 000 mL 800 mL/min

= 12.50min

=

10 000 mL 791 mL /min

= 12.64min

=

10 000 mL 784 mL/min

= 12.76min

=

10 000 mL 787 mL /min

= 12.71min

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction in CSTR

Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 7. Time = 30 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 8. Time = 35 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑ 9. Time = 40 min, Temperature = 32.7°C Volume CSTR (mL) mL Residence time,Ʈ = F 0( ) min❑

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=

10 000 mL 775 mL /min

= 12.90min

=

10 000 mL 768 mL /min

= 13.02min

=

10 000 mL 754 mL/min

= 13.26min

=

10 000 mL 794 mL/min

= 12.59min

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction in CSTR

Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) (from calibration curve): For 200mL/min 1. Time = 0 min, Temperature = 31.1°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0460 M 2. Time = 5 min, Temperature = 31.5°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0441 M 3. Time = 10 min, Temperature = 31.7°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0439 M 4. Time = 15 min, Temperature = 31.8°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0420 M 5. Time = 20 min, Temperature = 31.9°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0400 M 6. Time = 25 min, Temperature = 32.0°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0390 M 7. Time = 30 min, Temperature = 32.1°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0362 M 8. Time = 35 min, Temperature = 32.3°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0350 M

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CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction in CSTR

9. Time = 40 min, Temperature = 32.4°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0330 M 10. Time = 45 min, Temperature = 32.5°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0310 M 11. Time = 50 min, Temperature = 32.7°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0300 M

For 400mL/min 1. Time = 0 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0210 M 2. Time = 5 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0200 M

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CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

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3. Time = 10 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0170 M 4. Time = 15 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0150 M 5. Time = 20 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0140 M 6. Time = 25 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0125 M 7. Time = 30 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0110 M 8. Time = 35 min, Temperature = 32.6°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0090 M 9. Time = 40 min, Temperature = 32.7°C Concentration of NaOH, CNaOH (M) = 0.0080 M

Conversion,X (%) For 200mL/min 1. Time = 0 min, Temperature = 31.1°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

2. Time = 5 min, Temperature = 31.5°C

0.0460 M −0.0460 M 0.0460 M

x 100% = 0 %

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

Reaction in CSTR

0.0460 M −0.0441 M 0.0460 M

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x 100% = 4.1304 %

3. Time = 10 min, Temperature = 31.7°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0460 M −0.0439 M 0.0460 M

x 100% = 4.5652 %

4. Time = 15 min, Temperature = 31.8°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0460 M −0.0420 M 0.0460 M

x 100% = 8.6957 %

5. Time = 20 min, Temperature = 31.9°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0460 M −0.0400 M 0.0460 M

x 100% = 13.0435 %

6. Time = 25 min, Temperature = 32.0°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0460 M −0.0390 M 0.0460 M

7. Time = 30 min, Temperature = 32.1°C

x 100% = 15.2174 %

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

Reaction in CSTR

0.0460 M −0.0362 M 0.0460 M

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x 100% = 21.3043 %

8. Time = 35 min, Temperature = 32.3°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0460 M −0.0350 M 0.0460 M

x 100% = 23.9130 %

9. Time = 40 min, Temperature = 32.4°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0460 M −0.0330 M 0.0460 M

x 100% = 28.2609 %

10. Time = 45 min, Temperature = 32.5°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0460 M −0.0310 M 0.0460 M

x 100% = 32.6087 %

11. Time = 50 min, Temperature = 32.7°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0460 M −0.0300 M 0.0460 M

x 100% = 34.7826 %

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

Reaction in CSTR

P a g e | 13

For 400mL/min 1. Time = 0 min, Temperature = 32.6°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0210 M −0.0210 M 0.0210 M

x 100% = 0 %

2. Time = 5 min, Temperature = 32.6°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0210 M −0.0200 M 0.0210 M

x 100% = 4.7619 %

3. Time = 10 min, Temperature = 32.6°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0210 M −0.0170 M 0.0210 M

x 100% = 19.0476 %

4. Time = 15 min, Temperature = 32.6°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0210 M −0.0150 M 0.0210 M

5. Time = 20 min, Temperature = 32.6°C

x 100% = 28.5714 %

CKB20104- Reaction Engineering Experiment 3a: Effect of RTD on the

C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

Reaction in CSTR

0.0210 M −0.0140 M 0.0210 M

P a g e | 13

x 100% = 33.3333 %

6. Time = 25 min, Temperature = 32.6°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0210 M−0.0125 M 0.0210 M

x 100% = 40.4762 %

7. Time = 30 min, Temperature = 32.6°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0210 M −0.0110 M 0.0210 M

x 100% = 47.6190 %

8. Time = 35 min, Temperature = 32.6°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0210 M −0.0090 M 0.0210 M

x 100% = 57.1429 %

9. Time = 40 min, Temperature = 32.7°C C NaOH ( t=0 )−¿ C

NaOH (t)

C NaOH (t=0 ) X=¿

×100

=

0.0210 M −0.0080 M 0.0210 M

x 100% = 61.9048 %