CJR Matematika Ipa - Kelompok 5
October 3, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Crltlcna Gburmna _kvlkw (CG_) " Nmnalsls Strntk`l Okrmnanr Ab`ls Fnm Jkjon`l Ensus Tnfn Tkrjnsnanhnm Mbm _utlm Ebjolmntbrlen" (Kvl Vrlntjl>), _uobmb Sktlnwnm?))
(Gurmna Tkmflflenm Jntkjntlen fnm Jntkjntlen (GTJJ) , Yba. LL, Mb. 3, ?4>8)
FL S[S[M BAKH 7 EKABJTBE ; TLTN O >. N_TLM G[SJNMVB TNETNHNM (6?43>;>4>>) ?. NWWNH_N SL_K@N_ (6?43>;>46?) 3. JL_NMFN MLHFNV[A WNHPN (6?433;>4>>) 6. YNM\N [AILN T[V_L (6?43>;>446) ;. T[V_L ANSJLFN JN_TN[M@ (6?433;>4?4) JNVN E[ALNH7JNVKJNVLEN LTN FBSKM TKM@NJT[7HNMMN FKPL JN_LMN H[VNON_NV S.Sl,J.Sl
T_B@_NJ SV[FL S> TKMFLFLENM LTN INE[AVNS JNVKJNVLEN FNM LAJ[ TKM@KVNH[NM NANJ [MLYK_SLVNS?4?4 MK@K_L JKFNM
ENVN TKM@NMVN_ Tugl syueur enjl ucnpenm ntns ekhnflrnt Naanh SPV, enrkmn fkm`nm rnhjnt fnm enrumln-Myn enjl jnslh flokrl ekskjpntnm umtue jkmykaksnlenm tu`ns Crltlcna Gburmna _kvlkw (CG_) lml. Crltlcna Gburmna _kvlkw _kvlkw (CG_) lml enjl susum fkm`nm fkm`nm jnesuf skon`nl snanh sntu tu`ns eualnh Jntkjntlen LTN fnm skon`nl pkmnjonh wnwnsnm fnm pkjnhnjnm on`l enjl jkm`kmnl jntkrl ynm` skfnm` enjl pkangnrl ynltu jkm`kmnl Tkrjutnsl fnm Ebjolmnsl. Hnrnpnm enjl sktkanh jkmuals Crltlcna Gburmna _kvlkw (CG_) lml ,enjl fnm tkjnm-tkjnm ynm` jkjoncn nenm akolh jkm`krtl tkmtnm` jntkrl lml. Vlfne aupn enjl ucnpenm tkrljnenslh ekpnfn fbskm pkm`njpu Lou Hnmmn Fkwl Jnrlmn Hutnonrnt S.Sl,.J.Sl fnm tkjnm-tkjnm ynm` tkanh jkjokrlenm fueum`nm fnanj jkmykaksnlenm Crltlcna Gburmna _kvlkw (CG_) lml . Enjl jkmynfnrl onhnwn tu`ns Crltlcna Gburmna _kvlkw (CG_) enjl lml jnslh jkjlalel onmyne ekeurnm`nm,bakh enrkmn ltu enjl okrhnrnp nfnmyn erltle fnm snrnm nenm tu`ns Crltlcna Gburmna _kvlkw (CG_) enjl lml. Nehlr pkmuals okrhnrnp skjb`n Naanh jkjokrlenm ljonanm ynm` sktljpna pnfn jkrken, ynm` tkanh jkjokrlenm onmtunm, fnm fnpnt jkmgnflenm skjun onmtunm lml skon`nl lonfnh. Njlm \nn _boona“Nanjllm. _boona“Nanjllm.
Jkfnm,Jnrkt ?4?> Tkmyusum
Ekabjpbe ;
l
FNIVN_ LSL
ENVN TKM@NMVN_ .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ...................................... ................ l FNIVN_ LSL .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................... ......... ll ONO L TKMFNH[A[NM......................................... ............................................................... ............................................. ................................... ............ >
>. Tkmtlm`myn _nslbmnalsnsl CG_........................................... CG_.................................................................. ...................................... ............... > ?. Vugunm Tkmualsnm CG_ ......................... ................................................ ............................................. ............................................ ........................ > 3. Jnminnt Tkmualsnm CG_ ........................... ................................................. ............................................ .......................................... .................... > 6. Lfkmtltns Gurmna ynm` flrkvlkw ................................................. ........................................................................ ............................... ........ ? ONO LL _LM@ENSNM G[_MNA ........................................... ................................................................. .......................................... .................... 3
>. Gurmna > ................................................ ....................................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ........................ 3 ?. Gurmna ? ................................................ ....................................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ........................ 0 ONO LLL JKVBFK TKMKALVLNM ............................................ ................................................................... ...................................... ............... <
>. Gurmna > ................................................ ....................................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ........................ < ?. Gurmna ? ................................................ ....................................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ........................ < ONO LY NMNALSLS G[_MNA ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ........................ >4
>. Ekakolhnm fnm Ekakjnhnm lsl ekfun Gurmna ..................................... ........................................................... ........................ >4 ONO Y TKM[V[T............................. TKM[V[T.................................................... .............................................. .............................................. .................................. ........... >?
3. Eksljpuanm ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ .......................................... .................... >? 6. Snrnm ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................... ......... >3 FNIVN_ T[SVNEN ........................................ .............................................................. ............................................ .......................................... .................... >6 ANJTL_NM..................................... ANJTL_NM.............. ............................................. ............................................ ............................................ ...................................... ................ >;
ll
ONO L TKMFNH[A[NM >.Tkmtlm`myn _nslbmnalsnsl CG_
Ektkrnjplanm jkjount CG_ pnfn pkmuals fnpnt jkm`ugl ekjnjpunm fnanj jkrlm`ens ,jkm`nmnalsls ,jkm`kmna skounh Gburmna fnm jkjokrl mlanl skrtn jkm`erltle skounh Gburmna ynm` flnmnalsls. Jkaneuenm Crltlcna Gburmna _kvlkw pnfn suntu Gburmna snm`nt pkmtlm` umtue flaneuenm, fnrl ek`lntnm lml anh eltn fnpnt jkm`ktnhul ekakolhnm fnm ekeurnm`nm suntu Gburmna. Skanlm ltu jkmuals CG_ gu`n fnpnt jkmnjonh wnwnsnm eltn fnanj jkm`nmnalsn Gburmna fkm`nm akolh onle. Eltn fnpnt jkjokrlenm erltle ,mnjum ouenm skounh erltle ynm` jkmgntuhenm tktnpl erltle ynm` jkjonm`um jnmnenan olsn jkmgnfl rkskmsl on`l pkjoncn ntnupum pkmuals anlmmyn. Fkm`nm jkmuals CG_ lml flhnrnpenm pnrn pkjoncn fnpnt akolh jkjnhnjl tkmtnm` jntkrl Tkrjutnsl fnm Ebjolmnsl fnm ehususmyn on`l snyn skmflrl. ?.Vugunm Tkmualsnm CG_ Vugunm fnrl Tkmualsnm CG_ lml ,ynltu7
>. [mtue jkmykaksnlenm tu`ns fnrl jntn eualnh Jntkjntlen LTN. ?. Jkmnjonh pkm`ktnhunm jkm`kmnl ‑Tkrjutnsl fnm Ebjolmnsl‚. Ebjolmnsl‚. 3. Jkmlm`entenm ekjnjpunm eltn skon`nl jnhnslswn umtue jkm`nmnalsn skounh Gburmna.
3.Jnminnt Tkmualsnm CG_ Jnminnt fnrl pkmualsnm Crltlcna Gburmna _kvlkw (CG_) lml,ynltu7
>. Crltlcna Gburmna _kvlkw okrjnminnt umtue jkmnjonh wnwnsnm fnm altkrntur pkmuals jkm`kmnl Tkrjutnsl fnm Ebjolmnsl. ?. Crltlcna Gburmna _kvlkw okrmnminnt umtue jkantlh fnyn plelr jnhnslswn jnhnsls wn fnanj jkmlanl Gburmna fkm`nm cnrn jkjokrlenm erltlenm ynm` jkjonm`um, fnm umtue jkjkmuhl tu`ns pkreualnhnm.
>
F. Lfkmtltns Gurmna ynm` flrkvlkw >. Gurmna [tnjn >.
Gufua Gurmna
Nmnalsls Strntk`l Okrmnanr Ab`ls Fnm Jkjon`l Ensus
Tnfn
Tkrjnsnanhnm
Mbm
_utlm
Ebjolmntbrlen ?.
Mnjn Gurmna
Gurmna Tkmflflenm Jntkjntlen fnm Jntkjntlen (GTJJ)
3.
Kflsl Vkrolt
6.
Tkm`nrnm` Gurmna
;.
Tkmkrolt
Ybaujk LL Mbjbr 3 ?4>8 Kvl Vrlntjl, _uobmb Sktlnwnm Tkmflflenm Jntkjntlen, I.ELT, [mlvkrsltns Skokans Jnrkt Gnanm Lr. Sutnjl Mb.39 N, Ekmtlm`nm Surnenrtn
9.
Ebtn Vkrolt
Ekmtlm`nm Surnenrtn
0.
Mbjbr LSSM
?9>6-43;0
8.
Nanjnt Sltus
gurmna.ums.nc.lf
?. Gurmna Tkjonmflm` >.
Gufua Gurmna
Nmnalsls Ekjnjpunm Okrilelr Vlm`ent Vlm``l Jnhnslswn
fnanj
Tkjkcnhnm
Jnsnanh
Ebjolmntbrlen Fnsnr ?.
Mnjn Gurmna
Jnth Flfnctlc7 Gurmna Tkmflflenm Jntkjntlen
3.
Kflsl Vkrolt
Ybaujk ; Mbjbr ? ?4><
6.
Tkm`nrnm` Gurmna
;.
Tkmkrolt
9.
Ebtn Vkrolt
Eupnm`
0.
Mbjbr LSSM
p-LSSM ?66?-346>5 ?66?-346>5 k-LSSM ?;0. TKMFNH[A[NM Sktlnp slswn jkjlalel ekjnjpunm ynm` okrokfn-okfn fnanj okangnr. Jkmurut
_lsmnwntl (?4487 ?6), ekjnjpunm nfnanh ekcnenpnm umtue jkaneuenm suntu tu`ns ehusus fnanj ebmflsl ynm` tkanh fltkmtuenm.Ekjnjpunm pnfn flrl slswn tkrskout jkmgnfl tugunm ynm` lm`lm flcnpnl pnfn prbsks pkjokangnrnm. Snanh sntu nspke ekjnjpunm ynm` snm`nt pkmtlm` fnanj pkjokangnrnm nfnanh ekjnjpunm jkjkcnhenm jnsnanh. Okhrjnm, Ealk`jnm, fnm Nrvlm (?4447 >34) jkm`ntnenm onhwn pkmtlm`myn ekjnjpunm pkjkcnhnm jnsnanh ltu flalhnt fnrl ek`umnnmmyn fnanj jkjkcnhenm fnm jkmcnrl sbausl ntns jnsnanh fl ekhlfupnm skhnrl-hnrl. Ebjolmntbrlen nfnanh snanh sntu cnonm` jntkjntlen. Sbna-sbna jntkjntlen jntkrl ebjolmntbrlen fnanj Baljplnfk Snlms Mnslbmna Jntkjntlen SJT jkrupnenm sbna mbm rutlm ynm` jkmfbrbm` slswn okrmnanr skcnrn ab`ls fnm jkantlh slswn okrplelr pkjkcnhnm jnsnanh. Gkmls sbna ebjolmntbrlen ynm` jumcua fnanj sbna-sbna baljplnfk olnsnmyn umtue jkmcnrl onmynemyn ekjum`elmnm-ekjum`elmnm fnanj suntu ekgnflnm fnm ntnu jkmkmtuenm pkaunm` suntu ekgnflnm. Tnfn pkmkaltlnm lml pkmuals hnmyn ibcus pnfn pkm``umnnm ebjolmnsl strntk`l okrmnanr ab`ls fnm jkjon`l ensus pnfn jnsnanh mbm rutlm ebjolmntbrlen. Skanlm ltu, pkmuals gu`n nenm jkjonhns jkm`kmnl pkmkrnpnm strntk`l tkrskout okrfnsnrenm pnfn anm`enh-anm`enh Tbayn umtue pkmykaksnlnm jnsnanh mbm rutlm ebjolmntbrlen. Vugunm fnrl pkmualsnm lml nfnanh umtue jkm`ktnhul on`nljnmn pkm``umnnm ebjolmnsl strntk`l jkjon`l ensus fnm okrmnanr ab`ls umtue jkmykaksnlenm pkrjnsnanhnm mbm rutlm ebjolmntbrlen fnm pkmkrnpnmmyn okrfnsnrenm anm`enh Tbayn.
?. ENGLNM VKB_L
Jnsnanh jntkjntlen fnpnt flnrtlenm skon`nl suntu sbna ntnu pkrtnmynnm ntnupum ikmbjkmn ynm` jkjlalel tnmtnm`nm umtue jkjkcnhenmmyn.Tbayn (fnanj Juzfnalpnh, ?44;) pum jkm`urnlenm prbsks ynm` fnpnt flaneuenm pnfn sktlnp anm`enh pkjkcnhnm jnsnanh. Trbsks tkrskout tkrnm`euj fnanj kjpnt anm`enh okrleut7
3
✓
Jkjnhnjl jnsnanh (umfkrstnmflm` thk prboakj).
✓
Jkrkmcnmnenm pkmykaksnlnm (fkvlslm` n panm).
✓
Jkanesnmnenm rkmcnmn (cnrrylm` but thk panm).
✓
Jkjkrlesn prbsks fnm hnsla (abbelm` once )).. Ebjolmntbrlen nfnanh cnonm` jntkjntlen ynm` jkjpkangnrl kmujkrnsl, ebjolmnsl,
fnm pkrjutnsl hljpumnm fnrl umsur-umsur fnm rkansl jntkjntls ynm` jkmclrlenm slintslintmyn. sli ntslintmyn. Skcnrn skfkrhnmn, ebjolmntbrlen flnrtlenm skon`nl olfnm` jntkjntlen ynm` jkjpkangnrl tkmtnm` susumnm okmfn-okmfn. n. Enlfnh Fnsnr Jkm`hltum`
>) Enlfnh Tkrenalnm (ruak bi prbfuct) Jlsnaenm pkrcbonnm > jkjpumynl p hnsla pkrcbonnm, fnm pkrcbonnm ? jkjpumynl q hnsla, jnen olan pkrcbonnm > fnm pkrcbonnm ? flaneuenm nenm tkrfnpnt p Ð q hnsla pkrcbonnm. ?) Enlfnh Tkmgujanhnm (ruak bi suj) Jlsnaenm pkrcbonnm > jkjpumynl p hnsla pkrcbonnm, fnm pkrcbonnm ? jkjpumynl q hnsla, jnen olan pkrcbonnm > ntnu pkrcbonnm ? flaneuenm (hnmyn snanh sntu pkrcbonnm sngn ynm` flaneuenm) nenm tkrfnpnt p + q hnsla pkrcbonnm. o. Tkrjutnsl
Tkrjutnsl nfnanh gujanh urutnm ynm` okrokfn fnrl pkm`nturnm bogke-bogke.Tkrjutnsl jkrupnenm okmtue ehusus npalensl enlfnh pkrenalnm. c. Ebjolmnsl
Okmtue ehusus fnrl pkrjutnsl nfnanh ebjolmnsl. Glen pnfn pkrjutnsl urutnm ekjumcuanm flpkrhltum`enm, jnen pnfn ebjolmnsl, urutnm ekjumcuanm flnonlenm. f. Tkaunm`
_unm` snjpka nfnanh hljpumnm skjun ekgnflnm ynm` jum`elm tkrgnfl Tkaunm` suntu ekgnflnm nfnanh ekjum`elmnm tkrgnflmyn ekgnflnm tkrskout.
3. JKVBFK TKMKALVLNM
Gkmls pkmkaltlnm ynm` fl`umnenm nfnanh _ksknrch nmf Fkvkabpjkmt (_ & F). Tkmkatlnm lml fljuanl fkm`nm jkm`ujpuaenm fnm jkm`nmnalsls okokrnpn jnsnanh Baljplnfk fnm jnsnanh mbm rutlm ynm` okrsujokr fnrl oueu. Jnsnanh lml flgnwno fnm flskaksnlenm fkm`nm ebjolmnsl strntk`l pkjkcnhnm jnsnanh jntkjntle okrmnanr ab`ls fnm jkjon`l ensus. Tkanesnmnnm pkjkcnhnm jnsnanh lml gu`n hnrus flsksunlenm fkm`nm anm`enh pkjkcnhnm jnsnanh Tbayn ynm` tkrflrl fnrl kjpnt tnhnp. Anm`enh Tbayn fl`umnenm umtue jkjokrlenm struetur pkjkcnhnm jnsnanh ynm` akolh tkrstruetur. 6
6. HNSLA FNM TKJONHNSNM
Sbna-sbna jntkjntlen jntkrl ebjolmntbrlen fnanj Baljplnfk Snlms Mnslbmna Jntkjntlen SJT jkrupnenm sbna mbm rutlm ynm` jkmfbrbm` slswn umtue okrmnanr ab`ls fnm jkantlh slswn okrplelr pkjkcnhnm jnsnanh ynm` sksunl. Sbna-sbna ynm` jumcua olnsnmyn tkrenlt pkaunm` ekgnflnm, pkrjutnsl, fnm ebjolmnsl. [mtue fnpnt jkmykaksnlenm sbna-sbna tkrskout fnpnt fkm`nm jkm`bjolmnslenm strntk`l okrmnanr ab`ls fnm jkjon`l ensus fnpnt jkjpkrslm`ent hltum`nm. Okrmnanr Ab`ls
Okrmnanr ab`ls jkrupnenm strntk`l ynm` okrenltnm fkm`nm pkm``umnnm pkmnanrnm ntnupum pkmnrlenm eksljpuanm ynm` snh ntnu vnalf fnrl okron`nl lmibrjnsl ntnu fntn ynm` nfn. Tkm``umnnm strntk`l lml ynltu fkm`nm jkmykakesl fnm jkm`nmnalsn lmibrjnsl ynm` fltkrljn jkmgnfl eksljpuanm ynm` tkpnt okrfnsnrenm fntn-fntn ynm` nfn. Jkjon`l Ensus
Jnsnanh ynm` fnpnt flskaksnlenm fkm`nm jkjon`l ensus nfnanh jnsnanh-jnsnanh ynm` tlfne fnpnt flskaksnlenm skenal`us.Skrlm` tkrgnfl onhwn jnsnanh fnpnt flon`l jkmgnfl skgujanh suojnsnanh ekcla, ynm` jnslm`-jnslm` fnpnt fltnm`nml skcnrn tkrplsnh fnanj ensus pkr ensus. Enfnm`enfnm`, suojnsnanh fnpnt flntur skcnrn hlkrnrels ek fnanj suo-tugunm. Tnfn tnhnp nwna nmnalsls pkrau flplelrenm on`nljnmn jnsnanh fnpnt flon`l jkmgnfl skgujanh ekcla suojnsnanh ynm` akolh skfkrhnmn fnm skanmgutmyn flekrgnenm skcnrn tkrplsnh sktlnp suojnsnanhmyn fnanj ensus pkr ensus.Fnanj jkmykaksnlenm pkrjnsnanhnm jntkjntlen jntkrl ebjolmntbrlen, skrlm`enal eltn jkmgujpnl sbna-sbna ynm` tlfne fnpnt flskaksnlenm skenal`us. Skhlm``n pkrau flpkrhntlenm ensus-ensus ynm` jum`elm tkrgnfl pnfn jnsnanh tkrskout. Tkm``umnnm Ebjolmnsl Strntk`l Okrmnanr Tkrjnsnanhnm Mbm _utlm Ebjolmntbrlen
ab`ls
fnm
Jkjon`l
Ensus
pnfn
Fnanj jkmykaksnlenm pkrjnsnanhnm jntkjntlen mbm rutlm ebjolmntbrlen, eltn fnpnt jkjnminntenm ebjolmnsl strntk`l okrmnanr ab`ls fnm strntk`l jkjon`l ensus. Anm`enh pkm``umnnm ebjolmnsl strntk`l lml ynm` pkrtnjn nfnanh jkm``umnenm strntk`l okrmnanr ab`ls a b`ls fkm`nm jkmykakesl fnm jkm`nmnalsn lmibrjnsl ynm` fltkrljn jkmgnfl eksljpuanm ynm` tkpnt okrfnsnrenm fntn-fntn ynm` nfn. Tnfn anm`enh lml, jnsnanh-jnsnanh ynm` nfn flnmnalsn fnrl fntn-fntn ynm` nfn hlm``n fnpnt jkmyljpuaenm npn ynm` fljnesuf sbna. Anm`enh ekfun nfnanh fkm`nm jkjon`l ensus-ensus fnrl jnsnanh ynm` nfn. Sbna-sbna ynm` fnanj pkmykaksnlnmmyn jkm``umnenm strntk`l jkjon`l ensus jkrupnenm sbna ynm` fnpnt flpkcnh an`l jkmgnfl suosbna fnm flcnrl pkmykaksnlnmmyn skcnrn tkrplsnh tlnp suo sbna. Jlsnamyn sbna ;
ynm` jkalontenm onmyne hljpumnm, skhlm``n pkrau fltlmgnu jnslm`jnlsm` hljpumnm on`lnm fnm fltkmtuenm pkmykaksnlnmmyn tlnp hljpumnm on`lnm. Cbmtbh anlm jlsnamyn fnanj sbna ynm` pkjkcnhnm jnsnanhmyn nfnanh jkmcnrl pkmykaksnlnm umtue ensus skjun olanm`nm ouant, jnen fnanj pkmykaksnlnmmyn fnpnt flon`l jkmgnfl ensus-ensus ynm` flskaksnlenm skcnrn tkrplsnh ynltu umtue olanm`nm ouant pbsltli, olanm`nm olant mk`ntli, fnm umtue olanm`nm mba.
;. EKSLJT[ANM Fnrl englnm lml, tkrfnpnt okokrnpn hna ynm` fnpnt flsljpuaenm 7
>. Fnrl hnsla nmnalsls cbmtbh sbna baljplnfk ynm` tkanh flekrgnenm, sbna tkrskout tkanh jkm`nrnh ekpnfn npalensl sbna fnrl ebjolmntbrlen. Ekfun cbmtbh sbna tkrskout fnpnt fkm`nm jufnh glen flekrgnenm fkm`nm jkm``umnenm strntk`l okrmnanr ab`ls fnm jkjon`l ensus.Tkmkrnpnm okrmnanr ab`ls flaneuenm fkm`nm jkm`krgnenm sbna tkrskout fljuanl fkm`nm jkm`nmnalsls lmibrjnsl fnrl fntn-fntn ynm` nfn. Ekjuflnm flon`l jkmgnfl ensus-ensus n`nr akolh jufnh fnanj pkmykaksnlnm. Sktlnp ensus tkrskout ekjuflnm flskaksnlenm sntu pkr sntu. ?. Fnrl cbmtbh-cbmtbh sbna tkrskout,
akolh
kiketli
glen
flekrgnenm
fkm`nm
jkm`bjolmnslenm ekfun strntk`l ynltu okrmnanr ab`ls fnm jkjon`l ensus. Enrkmn npnolan slswn jkm`krgnenm skcnrn jnmuna ynltu fkm`nm cnrn jkmfnitnr skjun ekjum`elmnm ynm` nfn tnmpn jkjon`l ensus-ensus, jnen wnetu ynm` flhnolsenm tkranau onmyne skrtn nfn ekjum`elmnm sbausl ekjum`elmnm ynm` sufnh fltuals nenm fltuals an`l. Tnfnhna olnsnmyn fnanj jkm`krgnenm sbna- sbna baljplnfk hnmyn flokrlenm wnetu ynm` slm`ent, skhlm``n strntk`l- strntk`l ynm` flplalh slswn hnrusanh tkpnt fnm ckpnt.
9
Gurmna ? >. TKMFNH[A[NM
Ekjnjpunm
okrplelr
erltls
fnm
erkntli
skskbrnm`
fnpnt
tkralhnt
jkanaul
ekjnjpunmmyn fnanj jkjkcnhenm jnsnanhjnsnanh jntkjntls. Jnsnanh jntkjntls jkrupnenm pkrsbnanm jntkjntls ynm` tlfne jkjpumynl nturnm ynm` gkans fnanj pkmykaksnlnmmyn (Vnjoumnm, ?4>9). Ebjolmntbrlen jkrupnenm snanh sntu ebmskp jntkjntls ynm` krnt enltnmmyn fkm`nm ekhlfupnm skhnrl-hnrl. Ilschoklm & Schmnrch (fnanj Nlsynh, Sujlmtbmb, & Lsjnla, ?4>6) jkmyntnenm onhwn tbple fnanj ebjolmntbrlen okrslint ‑tlfne gkans fnm ibrjna‚. Enrkmn Enrkmn slintmyn ltu jnen pkjkcnhnm jnsnanh-jnsnanh ebjolmntbrlen pkrau jkalontenm ekjnjpunm okrplelr erltls fnm erkntli (Synhputrn, ?4>;). Ekjnjpunm okrplelr okrplelr erltls floutuhenm umtue jkjonm`um prbskfur ekrgn okrfnsnrenm pnfn prbsks okrmnanr ynm` okrekslmnjoum`nm5 skfnm`enm, ekjnjpunm okrplelr erkntli floutuhenm umtue jkjonm`um ebmkesl nmtnr ebmskp jntkjntls fnm ntnu nmtnr flslpalm laju umtue jkjkcnhenm jnsnanh jntkjntls ynm` flokrlenm.
?. JKVBFK TKMKALVLNM
Tkmkaltlnm lml jkrupnenm pkmkaltlnm eunaltntli okrgkmls stufl ensus ynm` okrtugunm umtue jkmfkserlpslenm ekjnjpunm okrplelr tlm`ent tlm``l jnhnslswn fnanj jkjkcnhenm jnsnanh ebjolmntbrlen fnsnr. Suogke pkmkaltlnmmyn ynltu tl`n jnhnslswn prb`rnj stufl pkmflflenm jntkjntlen ynm` tkrflrl fnrl sntu jnhnslswn okrekjnjpunm tlm``l, sntu jnhnslswn okrekjnjpunm skfnm`, fnm sntu jnhnslswn okrekjnjpunm rkmfnh ynm` flplalh skcnrn purpbslvk. Tkmkaltlnm flaneuenm fkm`nm cnrn jkm`nmnalsls ekjnjpunm okrplelr erltls fnm erkntli suogke pkmkaltlnm fnanj jkjkcnhenm jnsnanh enlfnh pkm`hltum`nm, pkrjutnsl, fnm ebjolmnsl.
0
3. HNSLA TKMKALVLNM FNM TKJONHNSNM
Fnrl slsl ekjnjpunm okrplelr erltls, hnsla pkmkaltlnm jkmumgueenm onhwn ekjnjpunm rk`uansl flrl pnrn jnhnslswn jnslh rkmfnh. Ekjnjpunm okrplelr erltls pnfn ujujmyn jnslh tkrontns pnfn ekjnjpunm jkm`lmtkrprktnsl fnm jkm`nmnalsls jnsnanh5 hnmyn jnhnslswn okrekjnjpunm tlm``l ynm` jkmumgueenm ekjnjpunm fnanj jkm`kvnaunsl jnsnanh. Mnjum, rkmfnhmyn ekjnjpunm rk`uansl flrl jkmykonoenm ektl`n jnhnslswn tkrskout okauj jnjpu jkmynfnrl eksnanhnm pnfn strntk`l ynm` flount. Skfnm`enm, fnrl slsl ekjnjpunm okrplelr erkntli, pnrn jnhnslswn, tkrutnjn jnhnslswn okrekjnjpunm tlm``l, jnjpu jkm`hnslaenm lfk brlslmna fnanj jkjkcnhenm jnsnanh ebjolmntbrlen fnsnr. Mnjum, rkmfnhmyn ekjnjpunm okrplelr iakesloka ynm` flfueum` bakh rkmfnhmyn ekjnjpunm jkrk`uansl flrl jkmykonoenm ektl`n jnhnslswn tkrkout jkm`nanjl eksualtnm fnanj jkm`hnslaenm lfk-lfk ynm` okrokfn.
6. EKSLJT[ANM FNM SN_NM Eksljpuanm Fnanj pkmkaltlnm lml, ekjnjpunm okrplelr tlm`ent tlm``l flontnsl pnfn ekjnjpunm
okrplelr erltls fnm ekjnjpunm okrplelr erkntli. Hnsla pkmkaltlnm jkmumgueenm onhwn ekjnjpunm okrplelr erltls ektl`n jnhnslswn pnfn ujujmyn jnslh tkrontns pnfn ekjnjpunm jkm`lmtkrprktnsl fnm jkm`nmnalsls jnsnanh. Hnmyn jnhnslswn okrekjnjpunm tlm``l ynm` jkmumgueenm ekjnjpunm fnanj jkm`kvnaunsl. Fnrl slsl ekjnjpunm okrplelr erkntli, jnhnslswn okrekjnjpunm tlm``l fnm skfnm` tkanh jkmumgueenm ekjnjpunmmyn okrplelr anmcnr fnm brlslmna, mnjum jnslh jkm`nanjl eksualtnm fnanj okrplelr iakesloka. Hnmyn jnhnslswn okrekjnjpunm tlm``l ynm` jkmumgueenm ekjnjpunmmyn fnanj jkm`kanobrnsl. Snrnm
Okrfnsnrenm eksljpuanm fl ntns jnen okokrnpn snrnm ynm` fnpnt flokrlenm ynltu7 (>) pnrn jnhnslswn pkrau akolh `lnt fnanj jkjpkangnrl ebmskp ebjolmntbrlen n`nr jnjpu jkjnhnjlmyn fkm`nm onle5 (?) enrkmn slintmyn ynm` ‑tlfne gkans‚, ebjolmntbrlen pkrau flpnhnjl skcnrn ebmskptuna ynltu okangnr ebjolmntbrlen ouenm skontns jkm`hninaenm rujus fnm cnrn pkm`npalenslnmmyn skjntn, mnjum pkrau flpkangnrl skon`nl sntu eksntunm ebmskp ynm` snalm` tkrenlt ynm` fnpnt fl`umnenm umtue jkjkcnhenm jnsnanh.
8
ONO LLL JKVBFK TKMKALVLNM Gurmna >
Gkmls pkmkaltlnm ynm` fl`umnenm nfnanh _ksknrch nmf Fkvkabpjkmt (_ & F). Tkmkatlnm lml fljuanl fkm`nm jkm`ujpuaenm fnm jkm`nmnalsls okokrnpn jnsnanh Baljplnfk fnm jnsnanh mbm rutlm ynm` okrsujokr fnrl oueu. Jnsnanh lml flgnwno fnm flskaksnlenm fkm`nm ebjolmnsl strntk`l pkjkcnhnm jnsnanh jntkjntle okrmnanr ab`ls fnm jkjon`l ensus. Tkanesnmnnm pkjkcnhnm jnsnanh lml gu`n hnrus flsksunlenm fkm`nm anm`enh pkjkcnhnm jnsnanh Tbayn ynm` tkrflrl fnrl kjpnt tnhnp. Anm`enh Tbayn fl`umnenm umtue jkjokrlenm struetur pkjkcnhnm jnsnanh ynm` akolh tkrstruetur.
Gurmna ?
Tkmkaltlnm lml jkrupnenm pkmkaltlnm eunaltntli okrgkmls stufl ensus ynm` okrtugunm umtue jkmfkserlpslenm ekjnjpunm okrplelr tlm`ent tlm``l jnhnslswn fnanj jkjkcnhenm jnsnanh ebjolmntbrlen fnsnr. Suogke pkmkaltlnmmyn ynltu tl`n jnhnslswn prb`rnj stufl pkmflflenm jntkjntlen ynm` tkrflrl fnrl sntu jnhnslswn okrekjnjpunm tlm``l, sntu jnhnslswn okrekjnjpunm skfnm`, fnm sntu jnhnslswn okrekjnjpunm rkmfnh ynm` flplalh skcnrn purpbslvk. Tkmkaltlnm flaneuenm fkm`nm cnrn jkm`nmnalsls ekjnjpunm okrplelr erltls fnm erkntli suogke pkmkaltlnm fnanj jkjkcnhenm jnsnanh enlfnh pkm`hltum`nm, pkrjutnsl, fnm ebjolmnsl.
<
ONO LY NMNALSLS G[_MNA Ekakolhnm fnm Ekakjnhnm Lsl Ekfun Gurmna
N.Ekakolhnm Lsl Gurmna
>. Jkmgkansenm nmnalsls strntk`l okrmnanr ab`ls
fnm
jkjon`l
pkrjnsnanhnm
ensus
Mbm
pnfn _utlm
Ebjolmntbrlen skcnrn rlmcl fnm gkans. ?. Jktbfk
Nmnalsls Strntk`l Okrmnanr Ab`ls Fnm
pkmkaltlnm
jkm``umnenm
Jkjon`l Ensus Tnfn Tkrjnsnanhnm Mbm
jktbfk _ksknrch nmf Fkvkabpjkmt
_utlm Ebjolmntbrlen
(_ & F) skhlm``n gkans fnm jufnh flpnhnjl bakh pkjoncn. 3. Fnrl
sk`l
onhnsn,
onhnsn
ynm`
fl`umnenm nfnanh onhnsn oneu ynm` jufnh flpnhnjl bakh pkjoncn.
>. Jkmgkansenm skcnrn rlmcl jkm`kmnl nmnalsls ekjnjpunm okrilelr tlm`ent tlm``l jnhnslswn fnanj pkjkcnhnm jnsnanh Ebjolmntbrlen Fnsnr. ?. Jktbfk pkmkaltlnm ynm` fl`umnenm nfnanh jktbfk eunaltntli okrgkmls stufl
Nmnalsls Ekjnjpunm Okrilelr Vlm`ent
ensus
Vlm``l Jnhnslswn fnanj Tkjkcnhnm
ynm`
okrtugunm
umtue
jkmfkserlpslenm ekjnjpunm okrplelr
Jnsnanh Ebjolmntbrlen Fnsnr
tlm`ent
tlm``l
jnhnslswn
fnanj
jkjkcnhenm jnsnanh ebjolmntbrlen fnsnr,hna lml snm`nt jufnh umtue flpnhnjl enrkmn hnsla pkmkaltlnm ynm` flfnpntenm akolh neurnt fnm gkans.
>4
3. Gurmna lml gu`n jkjnpnrenm hnsla pkmkaltlnm
ynm`
ebmerlt,skhlm``n pkjoncn
jufnh
snm`nt jkjount
sl
jkjnhnjl
lsl
pkjonhnsnm. 6. Tnfn on`lnm nostrne tkrfnpnt fun onhnsn,ynltu onhnsn Lmfbmksln fnm onhnsn lmtkrmnslbmna,hna lml jkjount gurmna lml akolh jkjlent sl pkjoncn nenm
ekon`usnm
lsl
fnrl
gurmna
onhnsn
ynm`
tkrskout. ;. Fnrl
sk`l
onhnsn,
fl`umnenm nfnanh onhnsn oneu ynm` jufnh flpnhnjl bakh pkjoncn. 9. Vnjplanm fnm ekakm`enpnm gurmna gu`n snm`nt jkjunsenm. 0. Jkjlalel FBL pnfn gurmna.
O.Ekakjnhnm Lsl Gurmna
>. Tnfn
on`lnm
pkmualsnmmyn
nfn
okokrnpn eksnanhnm. ?. Vlfne flpnpnrenm `njonr jnupum tnoak pnfn gurmna tkrskout.
Nmnalsls Strntk`l Okrmnanr Ab`ls Fnm
3. Nanm`enh onlemyn glen gurmna ynm`
Jkjon`l Ensus Tnfn Tkrjnsnanhnm Mbm
okr-LSSM
_utlm Ebjolmntbrlen Ebjolmntbrlen
lml
jkmgnonrenm
umtue
nostrne ynm` okronhnsn Lm``rlsmyn. 6. Vlfne jkjlalel FBL pnfn gurmna. >. Tnfn
Nmnalsls Ekjnjpunm Okrilelr Vlm`ent
on`lnm
pkmualsnmmyn
nfn
okokrnpn eksnanhnm.
Vlm``l Jnhnslswn fnanj Tkjkcnhnm
?. Vlfne flpnpnrenm `njonr jnupum
Jnsnanh Ebjolmntbrlen Fnsnr
tnoak pnfn gurmna tkrskout. >>
ONO Y TKM[V[T >.Eksljpuanm Fnrl englnm lml, tkrfnpnt okokrnpn hna ynm` fnpnt flsljpuaenm 7
>. Fnrl hnsla nmnalsls cbmtbh sbna baljplnfk ynm` tkanh flekrgnenm, sbna tkrskout tkanh jkm`nrnh ekpnfn npalensl sbna fnrl ebjolmntbrlen. Ekfun cbmtbh sbna tkrskout fnpnt fkm`nm jufnh glen flekrgnenm fkm`nm jkm``umnenm strntk`l okrmnanr ab`ls fnm jkjon`l ensus.Tkmkrnpnm okrmnanr ab`ls flaneuenm fkm`nm jkm`krgnenm sbna tkrskout fljuanl fkm`nm jkm`nmnalsls lmibrjnsl fnrl fntn-fntn ynm` nfn. Ekjuflnm flon`l jkmgnfl ensus-ensus n`nr akolh jufnh fnanj pkmykaksnlnm. Sktlnp ensus tkrskout ekjuflnm flskaksnlenm sntu pkr sntu. ?. Fnrl
cbmtbh-cbmtbh
sbna
tkrskout,
akolh
kiketli
glen
flekrgnenm
fkm`nm
jkm`bjolmnslenm ekfun strntk`l ynltu okrmnanr ab`ls fnm jkjon`l ensus. Enrkmn npnolan slswn jkm`krgnenm skcnrn jnmuna ynltu fkm`nm cnrn jkmfnitnr skjun ekjum`elmnm ynm` nfn tnmpn jkjon`l ensus-ensus, jnen wnetu ynm` flhnolsenm tkranau onmyne skrtn nfn ekjum`elmnm sbausl ekjum`elmnm ynm` sufnh fltuals nenm fltuals an`l. Tnfnhna olnsnmyn fnanj jkm`krgnenm sbna- sbna baljplnfk hnmyn flokrlenm wnetu ynm` slm`ent, skhlm``n strntk`l- strntk`l ynm` flplalh slswn hnrusanh tkpnt fnm ckpnt.
Fnanj pkmkaltlnm lml, ekjnjpunm okrplelr tlm`ent tlm``l flontnsl pnfn ekjnjpunm okrplelr erltls fnm ekjnjpunm okrplelr erkntli. Hnsla pkmkaltlnm jkmumgueenm onhwn ekjnjpunm okrplelr erltls ektl`n jnhnslswn pnfn ujujmyn jnslh tkrontns pnfn ekjnjpunm jkm`lmtkrprktnsl fnm jkm`nmnalsls jnsnanh. Hnmyn jnhnslswn okrekjnjpunm tlm``l ynm` jkmumgueenm ekjnjpunm fnanj jkm`kvnaunsl. Fnrl slsl ekjnjpunm okrplelr erkntli, jnhnslswn okrekjnjpunm tlm``l fnm skfnm` tkanh jkmumgueenm ekjnjpunmmyn okrplelr anmcnr fnm brlslmna, mnjum jnslh jkm`nanjl eksualtnm fnanj okrplelr iakesloka. Hnmyn jnhnslswn okrekjnjpunm tlm``l ynm` jkmumgueenm ekjnjpunmmyn fnanj jkm`kanobrnsl.
>?
?.Snrnm
Gurmna utnjn fnm gurmna pkjonmflm` skonlemyn snalm` jkm`lsl ekeurnm`nmyn.Olsn jkmlm`entenm skjnm`nt pkmuals ektlen lm`lm jkrkvlsl jnslm`-jnslm` gurmna tkrskout.Onle fnrl sk`l ilsle jnupum lsl ynm` eurnm` onle fnpnt flpkronlel fkm`nm jkalhnt ekakolhnm fnm ekeurnm`nm fnrl jnslm`-jnslm` gurmna.Jntkrl ynm` eurnm` gkans pkjnhnjnmmyn flfnanj gurmna utnjn jnupum gurmna pkjonmflm` pkjonmflm` hkmfnemyn olsn flpkrauns.
>3
FNIVN_ T[SVNEN
Fbslmnkm`, P. O. (?4>33->60.
Kvl Vrlntjl, _. S. (?4>8). NMNALSLS SV_NVK@L OK_MNAN_ AB@LS FNM JKJON@L ENS[S TNFN TK_JNSNANHNM MBM _[VLM EBJOLMNVB_LEN. Gurmna Tkmflflenm Jntkjntlen fnm Jntkjntlen (GTJJ), LL (3), (3), ?3>-?6>.
>6
ANJTL_NM
>.Gurmna [tnjn
>;
?.Gurmna Tkjonmflm`
>9
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