civil engineering project

PROJECT REPORT on

PLANNING AND DESIGN OF NET ZERO ENERGY RESIDENTAL BUILDING Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in

CIVIL ENGINEERING by

KARTHIK V (1010910090) SASIDHAR K.V (1010910092) NEERAJ PORWAL (1010910118) ABHINAV N (1010910119) Under the guidance of

Mrs. VASANTHI.P Assistant Professor (O.G)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SRM UNIVERSITY 1

(Under section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur- 603203 Kancheepuram District MAY 2013

PROJECT REPORT on

PLANNING AND DESIGN OF NET ZERO ENERGY RESIDENTAL BUILDING Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in

CIVIL ENGINEERING by

KARTHIK V (1010910090) SASIDHAR K.V (1010910092) NEERAJ PORWAL (1010910118) ABHINAV N (1010910119) Under the guidance of

Mrs. VASANTHI.P Assistant Professor (O.G)

2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SRM UNIVERSITY (Under section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur- 603203 Kancheepuram District MAY 2013

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report titled “PLANNING AND DESIGN OF NET ZERO ENERGY RESIDENTAL BUILDING” is the bonafide work

of

KARTHIK.V(1010910090),

REDDY.K.V(1010910092),

NEERAJ

PORWAL

SASIDHAR (1010910118),

ABHINAV. N (1010910119) who carried out the research under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion or any other candidate.

3

Signature of the Guide

Signature of the HOD

Mrs. VASANTHI .P Assitant Professor (O.G) Department of Civil Engineering Engineering SRM University Kattankulathur- 603203

Dr. R. ANNADURAI Professor & Head Department of Civil SRM University Kattankulathur- 603203

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXAMINER

EXTERNAL

DATE:

ABSTRACT The proposed Net zero residential building is located at Urapakkam. The NZERB has G+1 floor. The total land surface covered by the Net zero energy residential building is 99 square meters. A complete design shall be done for the proposed NZERB using Indian standard codes. There are three main phases in a construction project which are planning, designing and estimation. The first stage in a project is planning, in which preparation of layout of plot has to be done. To conclude the project a detailed estimate of the residential building has also been prepared.

4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to alma mater for congenial cooperation and granting me permission to accomplish a work on “PLANNING AND DESIGN OF NET ZERO ENERGY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING”

The author is grateful

and

records

his sincere thanks to

Dr. T. P.

GANESAN Pro Vice Chancellor (P&D) and Dr. C. MUTHAMIZHCHELVAN, Director, (E&T), SRM UNIVERSITY for providing all the necessary facilities for carrying out this work.

5

The author expresses his sincere thanks and Gratitude to HOD Dr. R. ANNADURAI, Department of Civil Engineering, for his valuable suggestions and advice in carrying out this thesis work.

The author expresses his sincere thanks to Department Coordinator/Civil Dr.K.GUNASEKARAN, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, for initiative and motivation during the course of this work.

The author hereby acknowledges with deep sense of gratitude the valuable guidance given by the Guide Mrs.VASANTHI P, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, for initiative and motivation during the course of this work.

The author is extremely grateful to the valuble advices given by the class incharge Mr.K.PRASANNA, Assistant professor,Department of Civil Engineering, for constant support.

The author is grandly indebted to all the Faculty Members of Department of Civil Engineering, for their valuable help rendered during the course of study.

Finally, the author expresses his hearty thanks to Friends for their kind help and encouragement throughout the course of this thesis work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

TITLE

ABSTRACT 6

PAGE

iv

1

2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

v

LIST OF TABLES

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

x

ABBREVATIONS

xi

OVERVIEW

1

1.1

OBJECTIVE

1

1.2

NECESSITY

1

1.3

SCOPE

2

1.4

METHODOLOGY

2

1.5

MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE

2

1.6

REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

3

1.7

REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARS

3

1.8

APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORKS

4

1.9

MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND TEAM WORK

4

1.10

SOFTWARE USED

5

1.11

CONCLUSION

5

1.12

FUTURE SCOPE

5

INTRODUCTION

6

2.1

GENERAL

6

2.2

LITERATURE REVIEW

7

2.3

DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES FOR CHENNAI

2.4

METROPOLITAN AREA, 2004

8

2.3.1

8

Primary Residential Use Zone

CONFORMATION TO NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2.4.1

9

Fire Safety, Detection And Extinguishing System

10

7

2.4.2

3

4

Security Deposits

10

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE

11

3.1

OBJECTIVE

11

3.2

SCOPE

12

3.3

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

12

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

13

4.1

PLANNING

13

4.1.1

Selection of Site

13

4.1.2

Plot Layout

14

4.1.3

Plan of the Building

15

4.2

DESIGNS

16

4.2.1

16

Design of Hall 4.2.2

Design of Bedroom

20 4.2.3

Design of Bedroom

23

4.2.4

Design of Bathroom

27

4.2.5

Design of Portico

30

4.2.6

Design of Kitchen

33

4.2.7

Design of Dining Room

37

4.2.8

Design of Wall

40

4.2.9

Design of Footing

44

4.2.10

Design of Hollow Brick Wall

44

4.2.11

Design of Footing (Hollow Brick)

49

4.2.12

Design of Stair Case

51

8

4.3

DESIGN OF SOLAR PANEL AND ITS COMPONENTS

54

4.3.1 Solar power system components 54

4.3.2

Working of Solar Panel

55 4.3.3

4.3.4

Description of Individual Solar Panel components

55

4.3.3.1

Solar Panels

55

4.3.3.2

Solar Regulator

55

4.3.3.3

Power Inverter

56

4.3.3.4

Solar Batteries

56

Designing of Solar Panel

57

4.4

RATE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PANELS

59

4.5

INFRARED THERMOMETER

60

4.6

HOLLOW BRICK

62

4.6.1

Parameters of Hollow Brick

62

4.6.2

Advantages of Hollow Bricks

64

4.7

ESTIMATION

65

4.7.1

65

Abstract Estimate of Conventional Building 4.7.2

Abstract Estimate of NZERB

67 4.7.3

5

Rate Analysis

70

CONCLUSION

72

5.1

CONCLUSION

72

5.2

FUTURE SCOPE

72

REFERENCES

73

9

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

TITLE 1.1

Codes Used 3

1.2

Earlier Course Work Used

4

10

2.1

Front Setback

8 2.2

Rear Setback

9 2.3

Side Setback

9 4.1

Values of slenderness ratio

48 4.2

Stress reduction factor for slenderness ratio

48 4.3

Calculation of permissible stress

49 4.4

Safe allowable load

49 4.5

Calculations of loads

57 4.6

Abstract Estimate of Conventional Building

65 4.7

Abstract Estimate of NZERB

67 4.8

Rate Analysis of Proposed Conventional Building

70 4.9

Rate Analysis of Proposed NZERB

71

11

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

TITLE

PAGE

4.1

Plot Layout

13

4.2

Ground Floor Plan

14

4.3

First Floor Plan

15

4.4

Footing Design

51

4.5

Working of Solar Panels

54

4.6

Infrared Thermometer

60

4.7

U- Values

63

12

ABBREVIATIONS

deff

-

Effective depth

c.c

-

Clear cover

D

-

Total depth

b

-

Width

Mu,lim

-

Ultimate limiting moment of resistance

fck

-

Characteristic compressive strength of concrete

Mu

-

Ultimate moment

Pt

-

Percentage of tension reinforcement

Pc

-

Percentage of compression reinforcement

Ast

-

Area of steel in tension zone

Asc

-

Area of steel in compression zone

13

Sv

-

Spacing of stirrups

fy

-

Yield stress of steel

Asv

-

Total cross sectional area of stirrup legs

kt

-

Modification factor for tension reinforcement

kc

-

Modification factor for compression reinforcement

kf

-

Reduction factors for flanged beams

Pu

-

Ultimate load

τc

-

Permissible shear stress

Ag

-

Gross area of cross section

Ly

-

Length in y direction

Lx

-

Length in x direction

Wu

-

Ultimate load

αx

-

Bending moment coefficient for short span

αY

-

Bending moment coefficient for long span

Mx

-

Moment in short span direction

My

-

Moment in long span direction

dreq

-

Required depth

dprov

-

Provided depth

Mu,max

-

Maximum ultimate moment

Ast( reqd)

-

Area of steel required

Ast (min)

-

Area of minimum steel required

ast

-

Area of 1 bar

D.L

-

Dead Load

L.L

-

Live Load

Φ

-

Angle of internal friction

NC , NY, Nq

-

Bearing capacity factors

CMDA

-

Chennai metropolitian development authority

PWD

-

Public works department

NBC

-

National Building Code

14

KKNP

-

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

W.h

-

Watt hour

A.h

-

Ampere hour

CHAPTER 1

15

OVERVIEW 1.1

1.2

OBJECTIVE

i.

Design a building with Net zero energy concept.

ii.

To eliminate the necessity of active energy loads on the building.

iii.

Comparing the net zero energy building with conventional building.

NECESSITY

The basic necessities of such a building are: i.

As the country is developing day by day the consumption of power is also very high.

ii.

Now if we are going for NZERB building we can save energy locally which mean to save energy in global level.

iii.

The use of this technology used in residential buildings has shown huge amount savings in the electricity bill.

iv.

The proper design and alignment of the building can make the building cheaper than that of the conventional type of buildings.

v.

Usage of hollow bricks and avoidance of columns and beams will result in lowering of temperature inside the building

vi.

1.3

To achieve sustainability.

SCOPE

i.

Functional planning of G+1 Residential building

16

ii.

Design of load bearing structure using hollow bricks

iii.

Design of solar panels

iv.

Comparison of room temperature between NZERB and conventional building

v.

Comparison of energy consumption between NZERB and conventional building.

1.4

METHODOLOGY

This entire project is an planning and design in nature and the methodology followed in this project is listed as below.

1.5

i.

Selection of site where renewable energy is available

ii.

Study the climate conditions of area

iii.

Aligning the building to utilize maximum amount of renewable resources

iv.

Planning and design of proposed NZERB building

v.

Comparison of the NZERB building with other conventional building

MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE

Design experience in the following areas has been gained during the course of the project

1.6

i.

Design of slabs

ii.

Design of footings

iii.

Design of wall using Hollow bricks

iv.

Design of solar panels

REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

17

i. Economic: Building shall be designed such that the entire energy requirements are met by solar energy only due to shortage of conventional energy. ii. Sustainability Constraints: The design shall be such that the requirement of cooling do not fluctuate throughout the year. iii. Economic Constraint: The materials adopted for construction are economical compared to conventional materials.

1.7

REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS The codes for design of buildings and structures, Design co-efficient, Limit state design method and Fixing of dimensions are shown in Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Reference to codes and standards

Codes /Standards

Context

IS 875 :1987 -1,2

Design loads for buildings and structures (Dead load , Imposed load )

IS 456 :2000

Design co-efficient, Limit state design method used for slab and footing

IS 2572-1963(R 1997)

Design of Hollow bricks

IS 1905 :1987

Structural use of Unreinforced Masonry

SP 20 :1991

Handbook of Masonry design and Construction

18

1.8

APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORK

The codes for Computer aided building drawing, layout and planning and Byelaws, Setbacks, Open space, Floor area ratio are shown in Table 1.2 Table 1.2 Application of earlier course work Course Code and Name CE 0104- Computer aided building drawing CE0102- Elements of building science and Architecture

Computer aided building drawing layout and planning Byelaws, Setbacks, Open space, Floor area ratio R.C.C Design R.C.C Design

CE0209- Building technology CE0303-Structural Design II CE0304-Structural Design III

1.9

Context

MULTIDISCIPLINARY COMPONENT AND TEAM WORK

i.

This project involves in multidisciplinary team work and helps interacting with the builders who deal with the non conventional building methods and use of waste and cost effective building materials.

ii.

It also involves interaction with software people to learn about the function and operation of the software‟s used in this project for the design, analyse and estimation of the parts of the structure.

1.10

SOFTWARE USED

i.

Auto CAD

ii.

MS EXCEL

iii.

MS WORD

19

1.11

CONCLUSION

The two types of buildings are analyzed with respect to cost, time, availability of skilled labour and ease in construction. AVAILABILITY COST

ELECTRICITY

OF RESOURSES

NORMAL CONVENTIONAL

Low

BUILDING

NZERB

1.12

High

It requires an

Easily Available

active source Produced on its

Difficult

own

FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The building is designed as a NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING which produces its own electricity, thus we can save a huge amount in electricity bill.

20

CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION

2.1 GENERAL

Fast rate of urbanization and increase in the consumption of electricity has become a major problem in Tamil Nadu. Due to increase in consumption of electricity the Tamil Nadu electricity board is unable to fulfill the requirements of the public and industrial sectors .In Tamil Nadu, This is the major problem faced. Officials were banking on a number of projects, which would generate 14,000 MW of power, from thermal, nuclear and other power projects. Most of these should have been completed by 2012. But the projects have got delayed, with the KKNP turning out to be a big challenge .Hence requirement has brought in new building technologies by utilizing the renewable energy resources.

In housing aspects it is necessary to design the material adopted structurally in a proportion with reference standard codes. Designing of building is the most essential work to be proposed in any projects. Before starting the project it is necessary to prepare layout and plan in a plot as per the Government Rules and Regulation for getting an approval without any delay and to execute the project. Overall cost of the project should be economical so estimation of building is very important. As a whole we have incorporated all the needs for a building to be built with efficient, eco-friendly and economic, also abiding by the Government Rules.

21

This project envisages the preparation of a Residential layout by incorporating the Tamil Nadu Government rules and the preparation of a plan for a residential building in a plot by using software AutoCAD. Finally this project will end up with the preparation of an estimation of the prepared plan (Ref 1).

2.2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Anna Joanna, Aalborg University, Department of Civil Engineering, According to ANNA, “With energy conservation arrangements, such as highinsulated constructions, solar heating system. Extra Energy supply for the electric installations in the house is taken from the municipal mains” (Ref 2). Saitoh, (1988) (JAPAN) According to SAITOH, “… a multi-purpose natural energy autonomous house will meet almost all the energy demands for solar panel and cooling as well as supply of hot water. For this purpose, solar energy, the natural underground coldness and sky radiation cooling are utilized.” i.

Solar panels are designed to harness.

ii.

Solar energy in buildings include systems that capture heat (such as Solar water heating systems and passive heating).

iii.

It converts solar energy into electrical energy, its done with the help of photovoltic (PV) systems (Ref 3).

22

2.3

DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES FOR CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA, 2004

2.3.1

Primary Residential Use Zone

In this primary residential use zone, buildings shall be permitted only for the following purposes and accessory uses. (a) Professional consulting offices of the residents and incidental uses there to occupy a floor area not exceeding 40 square meters. (b) Petty shops dealing with daily essentials including retail sale of provisions, soft drinks, cigarettes, newspapers, tea stalls, mutton stall and milk kiosks, cycle repair shops and tailoring shops. (c) Nursery, primary and high school. (d) Parks and playgrounds occupying an area not exceeding 2 hectares. (e) Taxi stands and car parking. Front setback according to the CMDA code is shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Front Set Back Abutting Road Width Front Set Back Above 30m

6.0m

Above 15m but less than 30m

4.5m

Above 10m but less than 15m

3.0m

Below 10m

1.5m

Rear setback according to Chennai Metro Development Authority (CMDA) code is shown in Table 2.2.

23

Table 2.2 Rear Set Back Depth of Plot Rear Set Back Up to 15m

1.5m

Between 15m to 30m

3.0m

Above 30m

4.5m

Side setback according to CMDA code is shown in Table 2.3. Table 2.3 Side Set Back Width of Plot Side Set Back Not more than 6m

1.0m on one side

More than 6m but not more than 9m

1.5m on one side

More than 9m

1.5m on either side

2.4 CONFORMATION TO NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

In so far as the determination of sufficiency of all aspects of structural designs, building services, plumbing, fire protections, construction practice and safety are concerned the specifications, standards and code of practices recommended in the National Building Code of India (Ref.4), shall be fully confirmed to any breach thereof shall be deemed to be a breach of the requirements under these rules.

Every multi-storied development erected shall be provided with (i) Lifts as prescribed in National Building Code; (ii) a stand-by electric generator of adequate capacity for running lift and water pump, and a room to accommodate the generator; (iii) a room of not less than 6 meters by 4.5 meters in area with a minimum head room of 3 meters to accommodate electric transformer in the ground floor; and (iv) at least one meter room of size 2.4 meters by 2.4 meters for every 10 consumers or three floor whichever is less. The meter room shall be provided in the ground floor.

24

2.4.1 Fire Safety, Detection and Extinguishing Systems

All building in their design and construction shall be such as to contribute to and ensure individually and collectively and the safety of life from fire, smoke, fumes and also panic arising from these or similar other causes.

In building of such size, arrangement or occupancy than a fire may not itself provide adequate warning to occupants automatic fire detecting and alarming facilities shall be provided where necessary to warn occupants or the existence of fires, so that they may escape, or to facilitate the orderly conduct of fire exit drills. Fire protecting and extinguishing system shall conform to accepted standards and shall be installed in accordance with good practice a recommended in the National Building Code of India, and for the satisfaction of the Director of Fire Services by obtaining a no objection certificate from him (Ref.4).

2.4.2

Security Deposits

The applicant shall deposit a sum at the rate of Rs.100 per square meters of floor area as a refundable non-interest earning security and earnest deposit. The deposit shall be refunded on completion of development as per the approved plan as certified by CMDA, if not, it would be forfeited.

25

CHAPTER 3 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE 3.1

OBJECTIVE i.

Design a building with Net zero energy concept.

Net-zero energy buildings start with energy-conscious design A zero-energy residential building is a building with zero net energy consumption A net-zero energy (NZE) building is one that relies on renewable sources to produce as much energy as it uses, usually as measured over the course of a year. ii.

To eliminate the necessity of active energy loads on the building.

Solar panels is one of the technologies used to achieve net-zero status. To eliminate the necessity of active energy loads solar techniques are used which include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. iii.

Comparing the net zero energy building with conventional building.

The comparison of NZERB and conventional building is shown in Table 3.1 Table 3.1 Comparison of NZERB and Conventional Building Sl.no 1

Brick Material

NZERB

CONVENTIONAL

Hollow brick

Normal brick More than NZERB

2

Temperature

4 to 5 degree less compared To conventional building

3

Electricity

Produced on its own

4

Initial Cost

High

5

Solar Panels

250 w panels Provided in NZERB

Not provided

6

Energy Efficient

Uses less energy

Uses more energy

26

It requires an active source Less compared to NZERB

3.2

SCOPE i.

Functional planning of G+1 Residential building.

ii.

Design of load bearing structure using hollow bricks.

iii.

Design of solar panels.

iv.

Comparison of room temperature between NZERB and conventional building.

v.

3.3

Comparison of energy consumption between NZERB and conventional building.

METHODOLOGY This entire project is an planning and design in nature and the methodology followed in this project is listed as below. i.

Selection of site where renewable energy is available Urappakam has a tropical wet and dry climate. The weather is hot and humid for most of the year. The hottest part of the year is late May to early June. Hence solar energy is available on the site which makes the site suitable to harness solar energy

ii.

Study the climate conditions of area The city lies on the thermal equator and is also on the coast, which prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature. The weather is hot and humid for most of the year. maximum temperatures is around 35– 40 °C (95–104 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 45 °C (113 °F)

iii.

Aligning the building to utilize maximum amount of renewable resources Elongated east-west and oriented to astronomic south (Ref 5). South-facing windows harvest solar energy.

iv.

Planning and design of proposed NZERB building

v.

Comparison of the NZERB building with other conventional building

27

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1

PLANNING The key plan of the residential building is drawn by considering the alignment of

the building with respect to the CMDA. The key plan of the site is shown in Figure 4.1

Fig. 4.1 Key Plan

28

The ground floor of the building consist of one hall, two bedrooms, one dinning, one kitchen. The allocations of the rooms in the plan has been done with due consideration of sun diagram as per the requirement of zero energy building. The plan has been prepared using Auto CAD software. The Ground Floor plan is shown in Figure 4.2

Fig.4.2 Ground Floor Plan

29

The first floor of the building consist of one hall, two bedrooms, one dinning, one kitchen. The allocations of the rooms in the plan has been done with due consideration of sun diagram as per the requirement of zero energy building. The plan has been prepared using Auto CAD software. The First Floor plan is shown in Figure 4.3

Fig.4.3 First Floor plan

30

4.2

ANALYSIS AND DESIGNS SLAB DESIGN (Ref 6) The analysis and designs of the slab for Hall, Bedroom, Bathroom, Dinning, Kitchen, Stair case, Portico are done with proper considerations as per IS 456:2000. 4.2.1

Design of Hall

Using M 20 Concrete Fe 415 steel Live Load = 2

(Ref 7)

1. Effective Span Lx = 3.26 m Ly = 5.1 m Aspect ratio =

= 1.56 (Mu Short) Hence its ok 4. Calculation of Steel Ast(+) Short =

[1 - 1-4.598

]

Ast(+) Short is calculated by equation 4.3 Where, Ast(+) Short = Area of steel required b = Width d = Effective depth fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete fy = Yield stress of steel = 6.731 × = 0.6105

R=

Ast(+) Short = 1000 × 105 × ( ) × 415 [1 - 1-4.598 = 184.27 mm2 Minimum Steel = 0.12% × D × B Ast,min = (

)× 130 × 1000 = 156 mm2 Ast(+) Short