Civil Engineering Laboratory Uitm Pahang, Kampus Jengka Diploma in Civil Engineering EC110 Open-Ended Lab September 2018 - January 2019

 

 

CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY UITM PAHANG, KAMPUS JENGKA DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING EC110 OPEN-ENDED LAB SEPTEMBER 2018 –  2018 –  JANUARY  JANUARY 2019 TITLE OF EXPERIMENT DATE OF EXPERIMENT GROUP GROUP MEMBERS

LECTURER LEVEL OF OPENESS NO 

: TYPES OF LIGHTING (ILLUMINATION) : 13TH SEPTEMBER 2018 : EC1105G : 1. NOORHUSNA ATIQAH BT MOHD ZAKI (2016475446) 2. NUR ADDINA SYUHADA BT MAT SAAD (2016457854) 3. SITI SYAHIDA BT MOHD SUHAIMI (2016457876) 4. HUSNA NABILAH BT CHE HUSIN (2016475464) 5. WAN NUR FARISHA BT WAN AWANG(2016472638) : SIR ISHA BIN ISMAIL : 0

ELEMENT 

COPO

Marks

COMMENTS

1

INTRODUCTION

2

BASIC CONCEPT

3

SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES/METHOD

4

ANALYSIS AND INTERPETATION OF DATA

5

DISCUSSI DISCUSSION ON OF RESULT

2

4

6

8

10

6

CONCLUSIO CONCLUSIONS NS

2

4

6

8

10

 

 

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as Level 0) will not be able to provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and inculcate creativity and innovation. The traditional method is fully prescriptive where the three elements namely problem, ways & means and answers are provided/fully given to the students. However, it it is still necessary to be implemented as part of the whole laboratory course activity specially to first and second year students In this laboratory activity students will be introduced to the concept, principles and the mechanism of lighting equipment.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

To study the basic concepts concep ts and principles in lighting and to apply appl y the knowledge while familiar with the equipment and their operation of lighting.

3.0 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy energ y consumption in  buildings. Proper P roper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an a n area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes.

 

An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energ energy, y, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light  produced by the fixture.

4.0 PROCEDURE

1.  Prepared ourself for a site visit within the surrounding area of the laboratory. 2.  Lighting equipment that need to be observe was prepared. 3.  Types of lighting, fluorescent light, light bulb, LED, dimmer and timer and sensor.

 

5.0 DATA / RESULT

Picture

Name /location

Efficiency

  Halogen bulb   Blok C, KTG.

  Incandesen t lamp   IST

  Fluorescent lamp   Kolej Tok Gajah

  Compact fluorescent lamp   KFC, Bandar Jengka

















  10%

  2% - 13%



  9%



Special Characteristi c

Uses fluorescent to produce visible light

Use fire tungsten wire as fillament

Color of light

White

Power usage

  10%





Eletronic control gear is capable of operating over a range of supply voltage

White

Use in motion –  picture and slide projector for home and small office. White

32Watt

5 – 1500 Watt

300Watt

5 - 55Watt

Life time

7000-15000hours

1000hours

2000-4000hours

10000hours

Cost of the bulk

RM13

RM18

RM53

RM11

Eco / Friendiness

YES

YES

YES

YES

Dimmimng capability

YES

YES

YES

NO

Lumens

89 lumens per Watt

14 lumens per watt

60 lumens per watt

Voltage

100 to 176 volts

Heat

Waste 30% of their

1.5volts to about 300 volts 90% of energy use

10 to 17 lumens per watt 24volts 90% of energy use

Waste 30% of their energy

generator

energy in heat.

is wasted heat. to generate

is wasted heat to generate

in heat.

white

120volts

 

 

Picture

Name /location

  Led light bulb

  Turbular fluorescent lamp   Surau ist

  Circular fluorescent tube   Kota bharu









  Store gombak





Efficiency

10%

1.65 %

20 %

Special

For general use

Low pressure mercury

Suitable for enclosed

Characteristic

lamps and available as

fixtures and damp locations. 

Color of light

including indoor, commercial and residential use White

Yellow

Yellow

Power usage

32 watt

4-100 watt

40 watt

Life time

6000 hours

7000-15000 hours

13.6 years with 3 hours per day usage.  usage. 

Cost of the bulk

RM 11.20

RM 25

RM 13

Eco /

YES

YES

YES

Dimming capability

YES

NO

YES

Lumens

60 watt

112 lumens per watt  watt 

Voltage

120 volts

500-100 lumens per watt 100-176 volts

Heat generator

Waste 30% of their energy in heat

Waste 30 % of their energy in heat

Reduce light energy up to 80%

“hot cathode” and “cold cathode” 

Friendiness

120 volts

 

  5.0 DISCUSSION

Comparison between Incandescent lamps and Fluorescent lamps The two most common types of lighting fixtures today are incandescent in candescent bulbs and fluorescent lamps. Incandescent bulbs are rather old and outdated while fluorescent lamps are relatively new and is replacing incandescent bulbs in a lot of app applications. lications. The biggest difference  between the two is how they produce light. Incandescent bulbs produce light by a heating a metallic filament until it starts to radiate light. On the other hand, fluorescent fluorescen t lamps produce light  by exciting a gas and causing it to glow. Fluorescent lamps have better characteristic compared to incandescent bulbs. Incandescent bulb consumes from 4 to 8 times as much power than fluorescent lamps. Although fluorescent lamps are cheaper in the long run as they last l ast longer and consume a lot less power, the initial cost of using it is much higher compared to incandescent  bulbs. There are compact fluorescent bulbs in the market today, and they are very similar to incandescent bulbs , but they already contain all the needed elements in it, thus the much higher  price.  Natural lighting and Artificial lighting The Natural lighting is produced by the sun whereas the artificial light sources can include incandescent bulbs , fluorescent tubes and light-emitting diode, known as LED. The  Natural type contain sunlight that all the colours of the spectrum, which is necessary for for  photosynthesis in plants. Although many artificial light do not radiate a full spectrum spectrum of colours, which inhibit plant-growth, full spectrum bulb that mimic natural sunlight are available. The characteristic between both of them are, Natural light which produces heat and colours, comes co mes from the radiation given off by the sun. Then, filtered through the earth’s atmosphere and absorbed by the plants. Artificial light sources can consist of a filament that uses electricity or halogen to glow, or an electronic device that emits light. Some artificial light use gas to glow, and electricity to produce light and heat. Unlike natural sunlight, artificial lighting intensity can  be adjusted to serve the needs of individual plants.

 

CONCLUSION

Based on the experiment, the natural light is the crucial component in determining the sustainable building and the quality of an indoor indoo r environment. Besides, there are many significant factors that determine the quality and quantity of daylight such as site orientation, form of building bu ilding and type, size, location of the glazing space. The artificial light is another initiative for the light source to human in need as the natural light is not always there. The artificial light also can be found in various type and can be categorized according human needs. For example, the road light will only bright on certain time yet the uses of those light will be danger if consume too much energy from the electric. As the result, both type are important to human in their daily life as both type has its own advantage and disadvantages.

REFERENCES

  Internet Website

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https://www.maximumyield.com/definition/2126/artificial-light http://www.continental-lighting.com/lighting-basics/artificial-light-sources.php